Journal articles on the topic 'Vittorio monti'

Czardas merupakan komposisi yang ditulis oleh Vittorio Monti di Era Romantik akhir yang memiliki ciri khas gaya musik tarian orang Romawi atau Gypsy Dance. Penelitian ini fokus membahas mengenai bentuk musik dan interpretasi komposisi Czardas dalam instrumen piano. Adapun teori penelitian yang digunakan yakni teori bentuk musik oleh Karl-Edmund Prier dan teori interpretasi milik Hermeren. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode penelitian kualitatif. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi; serta uji keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan, komposisi Czardas memiliki empat bagian yaitu A–B–C–B’ dengan pola ritmik biner. Komposisi ini menggunakan sukat 2/4 dan 4/4 yang dimulai dari tempo largo dan berakhir pada tempo allegro vivace dengan modulasi dari D minor kemudian berakhir di akor D mayor. Adapun interpretasi dalam komposisi Czardas menunjukkan sisi folklore, dimana detail-detail ritmis dan movement tarian Gypsy dimunculkan melalui pergerakan dinamika, perubahan tempo, teknik, serta ornament dalam upaya perwujudan imajinasi akan tarian Gypsy yang lincah dan indah.

Il tema del'articolo è la soteriologia degli inni di san'Ambrogio. I numerosi inni, specialmente nelle espressive formule della professione di fede nella Santissima Trinità, per respingere le eresie ariane, sottolineano l'ugualianza del Padre e del Figlio. Il Figlio di Dio assume la nostra carne mortale e la fa il segno della vittoria. Molti motivi cristologici e soteriologici sono presenti anche negli inni dei grandi misteri cristiani. Ci sono anche inni, in cui possiamo trovare il tema della relazione fra Cristo e cristiano; cioè si tratta degli inni dedicati ai martiri romani e milanesi e alle vergini.

Il post-razionalismo ha fondato la sua teoria e la sua pratica clinica su due punti fondamentali: la priorità delle emozioni, e la comprensione del mondo dei significati dell'individuo nel suo contesto relazionale. Entrambi questi assunti affondano le loro radici nella Teoria dell'Attaccamento di Bowlby (1969, 1973, 1979, 1980, 1988), attraverso la rielaborazione di P. Crittenden (1999, 2008, 2011), e hanno trovato nel modello della terapia cognitivo-interpersonale l'integrazione con la descrizione dei cicli interpersonali di Lorna S. Benjamin (1974, 1996, 2003). Riflettendo sugli aspetti fondamentali del modello cognitivo-interpersonale (Cantelmi, 2009; Cantelmi, Toro, Lambiase, 2009; Cantelmi, Lambiase, 2010; Cantelmi, Toro, Lambiase, 2010), quest'articolo propone di individuare nella disregolazione emotiva, maturata nei contesti relazionali di sviluppo, il costrutto trans-diagnostico che a distanza di molti anni dalle prime teorizzazioni di Vittorio Guidano (1987, 1991), sta riscuotendo in modelli molto diversi una sempre maggiore validazione empirica, divenendo parte integrante di moderni approcci alla psicoterapia.

Background. Phenobarbital (PB) has been traditionally used as the first-line treatment for neonatal seizures. More recently, levetiracetam (LEV) has been increasingly used as a promising newer antiepileptic medication for treatment of seizures in neonates. Objectives. The aim of our study was to compare the effect of PB vs. LEV on short-term neurodevelopmental outcome in infants treated for neonatal seizures. Method. This randomized, one-blind prospective study was conducted on term neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of S. Bambino Hospital, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele,” Catania, Italy, from February 2016 to February 2018. Thirty term neonates with seizures were randomized to receive PB or LEV; the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HNNE) was used at baseline (T0) and again one month after the initial treatment (T1). Results. We found a significantly positive HNNE score for the developmental outcomes, specifically tone and posture, in neonates treated with LEV. There was no significant improvement in the HNNE score at T1 in the neonates treated with PB. Conclusion. This study suggests a positive effect of levetiracetam on tone and posture in term newborns treated for neonatal seizures. If future randomized-controlled studies also show better efficacy of LEV in the treatment of neonatal seizures, LEV might potentially be considered as the first-line anticonvulsant in this age group.

«n° 1316 cappotti e n° 323 impermeabili confezionati con stoffa fornita dalla Ditta Ebraica G. Spizzichino & C. di Roma, ora Magazzini S. Carlo» giacciono in attesa di sequestro nei magazzini della ditta Scardigli di Empoli, segnala con puntigliosità la prefettura di Firenze il 24 gennaio del 1944. Il 7 febbraio dello stesso anno furono se questrati i beni di un'altra ditta empolese, di cui risulta socio un ebreo di Roma. Il 16 dicembre 1943 si erano invece racchiusi in una cassa di legno tutti i beni di Vittorio Misul, uno dei pochissimi ebrei presenti a Empoli durante la seconda guerra mondiale. Una comunità ebraica a Empoli non esisteva più da molti secoli, da quando cioè, nel 1570, si era istituito il ghetto a Firenze e al momento dell'entrata in vigore delle leggi antiebraiche del 1938 vi erano soltanto due famiglie ebree: quella di Umberto Foà, operaio, e quella di Leonardo Lusena, generale dell'esercito in pensione e membro del direttorio del locale Fascio. Eppure la presenza a Firenze di un unicum nel panorama italiano, ovvero l'Ufficio Affari Ebraici guidato fin dal 21 dicembre 1943 dalle rapaci mani del commissario prefettizio Martelloni, fece sì che ogni angolo della provincia fiorentina venisse indagato alla ricerca di beni ebraici, in collaborazione e talvolta in contrasto con le varie realtà preposte alla persecuzione antiebraica: le forze di occupazione, i carabinieri, la polizia, la GNR, il reparto di Mario Carità, il Sicherheitsdienst tedesco.

Cinquant'anni dopo la pubblicazione del noto saggio di C.P. Snow (1959), l'autore delinea un breve schizzo dello spazio che esso ebbe nel dibattito culturale italiano degli anni Sessanta, prima analizzando alcune pagine di E. Vittorini e I. Calvino e poi soffermandosi sul piů ampio esame fattone dal filosofo G. Preti. Il giudizio di quest'ultimo sul libro di Snow era molto critico, ma egli pensava che il suo successo confermasse la serietŕ di un problema antico: quello della polemica tra cultura scientifica e cultura umanistica, la cui dialettica riteneva per molti versi vitale. La conclusione č dedicata all'ultima opera di G. Steiner, il quale č tornato a parlare di crisi della civiltŕ occidentale, collegandola in particolare al "cataclisma" che si č abbattuto sulle strutture educative, e si č nuovamente riferito alla problematica snowiana, avanzando l'ipotesi che con la rivoluzione elettronica si sia di fronte ormai a una vera e propria "terza cultura".

La sezione si compone di tre contributi. Dal primo, Il duce.. vero o presunto, intervista di Paolo Ferrari a Mimmo Franzinelli (autore di Autopsia di un falso. I Diari di Mussolini e la manipolazione della storia), emergono sia i molti elementi che dimostrano la falsitŕ dei diari di Mussolini editi da Bompiani, sia le ragioni e le modalitŕ del tentativo, da parte di chi ne ha promosso la pubblicazione, di accreditare un'immagine pubblica ‘emendata' del dittatore, puntando a una sua ‘riabilitazione', alla costruzione di un fascismo "immaginato", privato dei suoi aspetti liberticidi, guerrafondai e razzisti: una vicenda culturale di lungo periodo che ha avuto inizio subito dopo la fine della dittatura. Il secondo, Il Discorso della Corona e i falsi diari di Lucio Ceva, illustra e commenta una nuova prova della loro non autenticitŕ. Infatti, mentre in essi, alla data 23 marzo 1939, il preteso Mussolini critica e dileggia i contenuti del Discorso della Corona, pronunciato nel 1939 da Vittorio Emanuele III, questo discorso, secondo gli usi e come confermato dal documento autografo pubblicato in appendice e conservato presso l'Archivio centrale dello Stato (ACS), era stato scritto proprio dal duce. Conclude la sezione la Perizia grafico-grafologica di Nicole Ciccolo, che compara i testi pubblicati da Bompiani sia con gli autografi di Mussolini conservati presso l'ACS sia con gli autografi di Amalia Panvini, giŕ condannata nel 1960 per falso e truffa in quanto creatrice e venditrice di falsi diari di Mussolini, giungendo alla conclusione di attribuire a quest'ultima anche la stesura dei Diari pubblicati da Bompiani, e confermando cosě, da una diversa angolazione di analisi, la tesi formulata da Franzinelli.

IntroduzioneA dispetto delle attese e dei pronostici di molti, non c'è stato pareggio. Il voto ha prodotto un vincente: la coalizione di centro-sinistra formata dai partiti dell'Ulivo e da Rifondazione Comunista. Nelle elezioni del '94 il risultato non era stato così chiaro. Allora, emerse un «Parlamento diviso»: i Poli di Berlusconi vinsero nettamente alla Camera, ma sfiorarono solo la maggioranza assoluta dei seggi al Senato. Anche questa volta si rileva una differenza significativa tra Camera e Senato: al Senato i partiti dell'Ulivo da soli hanno quasi la maggioranza assoluta dei seggi mentre alla Camera non possono in ogni caso prescindere dal sostegno di Rc. Si può dire però che il sistema elettorale ha funzionato. Nonostante le sue imperfezioni la componente maggioritaria è riuscita a trasformare una maggioranza relativa di voti in una maggioranza assoluta di seggi consentendo così la formazione di un governo come diretta emanazione del verdetto elettorale. Si è inoltre realizzata l'attesa alternanza. Una alternanza atipica, visto che il governo entrante non sostituisce il governo installato dopo le elezioni del '94, ma un governo (quasi) tecnico già sostenuto in Parlamento dalla maggior parte dei partiti che hanno vinto le elezioni e che ora sostengono il governo Prodi. Questo articolo tratta delle cause della vittoria del centro-sinistra. Prima di mettere mano alla spiegazione, facciamo il punto sui risultati delle ultime elezioni mettendoli a confronto con quelli delle precedenti.

AbstractTazzoliite, ideally Ba2CaSr0.5Na0.5Ti2Nb3SiO17[PO2(OH)2]0.5, is a new mineral (IMA 2011-018) from Monte delle Basse, Euganei Hills, Galzignano Terme, Padova, Italy. It occurs as lamellar pale orange crystals, which are typically a few m m thick and up to 0.4 mm long, closely associated with a diopsidic pyroxene and titanite. Tazzoliite is transparent. It has a white streak, a pearly lustre, is not fluorescent and has a hardness of 6 (Mohs' scale). The tenacity is brittle and the crystals have a perfect cleavage along {010}. The calculated density is 4.517 g cm–3. Tazzoliite is biaxial (–) with 2Vmeas of ~50º, it is not pleochroic and the average refractive index is 2.04. No twinning was observed. Electronmicroprobe analyses gave the following chemical formula: (Ba1.93Ca1.20Sr0.52Na0.25Fe0.102+)Σ4 (Nb2.88Ti2.05Ta0.07Zr0.01V0.015+)Σ5.02SiO17[(P0.13Si0.12S0.07)Σ0.32O0.66(OH)0.66][F0.09(OH)0.23]Σ0.32.Tazzoliite is orthorhombic, space group Fmmm, with unit-cell parameters a = 7.4116(3), b = 20.0632(8), c = 21.4402(8) Å, V = 3188.2(2) Å3 and Z = 8. The crystal structure, obtained from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, was refined to R1(F2) = 0.063. It consists of a framework of Nb(Ti) octahedra and BaO7 polyhedra sharing apexes or edges, and Si tetrahedra sharing apexes with Nb(Ti) octahedra and BaO7 polyhedra. The structure, which is related to the pyrochlore structure, contains three Nb(Ti) octahedra: two are Nb dominant and one is Ti dominant. Chains of A2O8 polyhedra [A2 being occupied by Sr(Ca, Fe)] extend along [100] and are surrounded by Nb octahedra. Channels formed by six Nb(Ti) octahedra and two tetrahedra, or four A1O8(OH) polyhedra (A1 being occupied by Ba), alternate along [100]. The channels are partially occupied by [PO2(OH)2] in two possible mutually exclusive positions, alternating with fully occupied A3O7 polyhedral pairs [A3 being occupied by Ca(Na)]. The seven strongest X-ray powder diffraction lines [d in Å (I/I0) (hkl)] are: 3.66 (60) (044), 3.16 (30) (153), 3.05 (100) (204), 2.98 (25) (240), 2.84 (50) (064), 1.85 (25) (400) and 1.82 (25) (268). Raman spectra of tazzoliite were collected in the range 150–3700 cm–1 and confirm the presence of OH groups. Tazzoliite is named in honour of Vittorio Tazzoli in recognition of his contributions to the fields of mineralogy and crystallography.

Abstract Approximatively 40% of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients exhibit primary resistance to standard therapy. Moreover, relapse is a common event in first-line responders. Overexpression of BCL-2 is a major determinant of resistance to chemotherapy in several B-cell neoplasms, including DLBCL. While venetoclax, a specific BCL-2 inhibitor, has dramatically changed the therapeutic landscape of other B-cell malignancies, only 12% of DLBCL patients exhibit a complete response to venetoclax, with a mean progression-free survival of 1 month. In this scenario, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. We tested the possibility to overcome the resistance of DLBCL cells to venetoclax by rewiring their reactive oxygen species (ROS) set point, which is higher in cancer cells compared to their healthy counterparts. We employed a panel of 14 DLBCL cell lines of both germinal center B-cell (GCB) and activated B-cell (ABC) derivation. Cell death, ROS accumulation, and NADPH levels were evaluated upon treatment of DLBCL cells with three inhibitors of NADPH production, the central electron donor required to maintain ROS scavengers in their reduced form. The synergism between venetoclax and inhibitors of NADPH production was assessed through isobologram analysis. RNA-Seq, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and western blot techniques were used to dissect the mechanism of cooperation between venetoclax and inhibition of NADPH production. The Zebrafish model was used for in vivo validation of the therapeutic approach. We observed that inhibiting NADPH production dramatically improves the response to venetoclax by more than 500-fold, while no toxic effects were observed in normal B-cells. By generating isogenic cell lines with differing sensitivity to venetoclax, we demonstrated that the resistance to this drug positively correlates with the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-xL. Moreover, RNA-seq and protein analyses indicated that the increase of ROS levels engages the integrated stress response (ISR). Pharmacological inhibition and gene silencing of key effectors of the ISR rescued DLBCL cells from cell death induced by our therapeutic strategy. We also confirmed the ROS-dependency of BCL-xL downregulation using both ROS scavengers and by pulsing cells with exogenous hydrogen peroxide. Finally, in vivo studies confirmed the sensitization of DLBCL cells to venetoclax upon the inhibition of NADPH production. Taken together, these results provide the first proof-of-principle evidence for a ROS-based strategy to increase the therapeutic window of venetoclax in DLBCL, suggesting a viable therapeutic avenue to treat refractory patients. Citation Format: Francesco Ciccarese, Vittoria Raimondi, Alberto Corradin, Natascia Tiso, Giovanni Risato, Micol Silic-Benussi, Ilaria Cavallari, Donna Mia D'Agostino, Vincenzo Ciminale. A novel strategy to overcome resistance of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma to venetoclax [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth AACR International Meeting on Advances in Malignant Lymphoma: Maximizing the Basic-Translational Interface for Clinical Application; 2024 Jun 19-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Blood Cancer Discov 2024;5(3_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-032.

Abstract The impact of the COVID19 pandemic on treatment practices for patients diagnosed with early breast cancer: a cross-sectional study from a large comprehensive cancer centre in Italy. Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) has disrupted health services worldwide. The evidence on the impact of the pandemic on cancer care provision, however, is conflicting. Some reports found that management for patients diagnosed with early breast cancer (EBC) during the pandemic did not differ from pre-pandemic practices; other reports suggested that delays in breast cancer surgery may have occurred. We aimed to audit the management of patients diagnosed with EBC during the pandemic in a large, tertiary-level cancer centre in Italy. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to track the route to first treatment for patients diagnosed with EBC during 2019, 2020, and 2021. We abstracted data for all consecutive patients referred to the Veneto Institute of Oncology (Padua, Italy). We defined as point of contact (POC) the date of the first consultation with a breast cancer specialist of the breast unit. We considered patients with a first POC in the 6 months preceding the multidisciplinary (MDT) meeting and initiating a treatment within 6 months from the POC. We chose the 3-month period April-June because in 2020 it was when health services were first acutely disrupted. We analysed the same period for 2019 and 2021. First treatment was defined as either upfront surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). The time to first treatment was defined as the interval between the first POC and the first treatment. We used the median time to first treatment in 2019 to define the threshold for treatment delay. Results: We reviewed medical records for 878 patients for whom an MDT report during 2019-2021 (April through June) was available. Of these, 431 (49%) were eligible: 144 in 2019, 127 in 2020 and 150 in 2021. Median age at first POC was 61 years. The proportion of screen-detected tumours was larger in 2019 and 2021 than in 2020 (59%). Conversely, the proportion of screen-detected tumours was offset by the proportion of palpable tumours in 2020 (44% versus 56%). These differences were statistically significant (chi-square test 11.12, p=0.004). Distribution of tumour and nodal stage was unchanged over time, but in-situ tumours were slightly fewer in 2020 than in 2019 or 2021. The odds ratio for treatment delay (45 days or more) was 0.87 for 2020 versus 2019 (95% CI, 0.5-1.53) and 0.9 for 2021 versus 2019 (95% CI, 0.52-1.55), after adjusting for type of POC, presentation with symptoms, treatment type, tumour stage, nodal stage, and EBC subtype (i.e., luminal, HER2-positive, triple-negative). Conclusions: There was no evidence for major changes in the management of EBC patients during 2019-2021 and no treatment delays were observed. However, our results show a slight decrease in the absolute number of patients being treated in 2020, offset by an increase in 2021 to levels comparable to 2019. Our findings suggest that disruption of breast cancer screening programmes may have impacted on the characteristics of the patient population, with a larger proportion of women presenting with palpable nodules. Validation on a larger, population-based cohort of patients is warranted to robustly assess the impact of the COVID19 pandemic on treatment practices and outcome for EBC patients. Characteristics of the population Citation Format: Fabio Girardi, Sabrina Marini, Francesca Porra, Ilaria Mietto, Sonia Carpentieri, Alberto Marchet, Tania Saibene, Marcello Lo Mele, Tommaso Giarratano, Carlo Alberto Giorgi, Eleonora Mioranza, Cristina Falci, Giovanni Faggioni, Francesca Caumo, Gaia Griguolo, Maria Vittoria Dieci, Valentina Guarneri. The impact of the COVID19 pandemic on treatment practices for patients diagnosed with early breast cancer: a cross-sectional study from a large comprehensive cancer centre in Italy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-03-01.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (TDxd) is an innovative antibody drug conjugate (ADC) comprising an anti-HER2 antibody, a cleavable tetrapeptide-based linker and a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor. TDxd has demonstrated promising clinical efficacy in previously treated HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients (pts). Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can influence drug activity and potentially affect treatment efficacy or determine increased toxicity. Drug-PIN® (Personalized Interactions Network) is a tool able to identify interactions between drugs and combine them with demographic, clinical and biochemical patient data. In this multicentric retrospective study, we aim to describe clinical outcomes, toxicities and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of TDxd in a real-world population. METHODS: Pts with histological and radiological confirmed HER2+ mBC (defined as HER2 3+ or HER2 2+ with an amplification detected in SISH/FISH) who received TDxd were included in the study. The availability of complete data about clinical outcomes, toxicities and concurrent medications was needed. Pts who received at least one month of treatment were eligible. Radiological response and toxicities were evaluated following RECIST 1.1 and CTCAE v5 criteria. Drug-PIN® was used to define DDis, Drug-PIN® score and Drug-PIN® tier (green for no significant DDis and yellow, dark yellow, orange, red for increasing DDIs) for each pts. Clinical and pathological features were collected from the referral hospital in an anonymous database and analyzed with R-package. Univariate analysis was conducted calculating the AUC of ROC or the PFS using the Kaplan and Meier curves and log- rank test as appropriate. Multivariate analysis was conducted using logistic or Cox proportional hazard regression model as appropriate. RESULTS: One hundred forty-three pts were enrolled from 11 Italian oncological hospitals. Median age was 56 years (33-84). Estrogen receptor (HR) status was positive in 108 (75%) pts and negative in 35 (25%) pts. TDxd was administered as the first, second, third or subsequent line in 4 (3%), 17 (12%), 41 (29%) and 81 (56%) pts, respectively, with an average of 4 treatments received (range 1-11). Among 114 pts with measurable disease, the ORR was 68% (6% of complete response). Eight (7%) pts had a primary resistance to TDxd. Median PFS was not reached and the milestone-1 year PFS was 56.7% in the overall population. PFS at 12 months was 100% vs 54.1 % in pts receiving upfront or second versus subsequent lines (p=0.094). A toxicity of any grade was registered in 80 pts (56%). Most common toxicities were nausea (43, 30%), neutropenia (28, 19%) and asthenia (19, 13%). Severe tox was reported in 21 (15%) pts. Most common severe tox were neutropenia, nausea/vomiting and interstitial lung disease (ILD) observed in 14, 2 and 2 pts, respectively. Concomitant medications were taken by 63 pts, with 8 pts receiving more than 5 drugs. Among pts taking any medications, median Drug-PIN® score was 6.3 (range 1.7-190). 127, 11, 3 and 2 pts were in the green, yellow, dark yellow and red Drug-PIN® tier, respectively. Sixteen pts (11%) had a relevant DDI. The median PFS was not reached vs 12 months in pts with green Drug-PIN® tier compared to yellow or more, however the difference did not reach statistical significance and a longer follow up is needed. Asthenia of any grade was associated with an elevated Drug-PIN® score (AUC 0,681; P= 0.011). Severe ILD was reported in 2/16 pts with DDIs while no cases (0/124) occurred in pts with no DDIs (threshold Drug-PIN® score: 19.4/Drug-PIN® tier: >yellow, P=0.0061). CONCLUSIONS: TDxd demonstrated to be effective and safe in our unselected real world population, even in heavily pretreated pts. No new safety concerns were reported. DDIs seems to be associated with specific toxicities such as asthenia and ILD. Citation Format: Andrea Botticelli, Simone Scagnoli, Simona Pisegna, Daniele Santini, Antonella Palazzo, Roberta Scafetta, Luigi Rossi, Michelino de Laurentiis, Roberta Caputo, Annarita Verrazzo, Rossana Berardi, Vittoria Barberi, Domenico Bilancia, Giuliana D’auria, Daniele Alesini, Michela Palleschi, Agnese Fabbri, Lidia Strigari, Robert Preissner, Paolo Marchetti, Alessandra Fabi. DE-REAL: ITALIAN MULTICENTER EXPERIENCE OF TRASTUZUMAB DERUXTECAN IN A REAL WORLD SETTING [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-11-13.

Abstract Background: Genetically modified T cells expressing an anti-CD19 murine chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) result in response rates of up to 90% in patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Durable remissions are limited by relapses of both CD19+ disease, correlating with loss of persistence, and CD19- disease, due to target antigen loss. The use of humanized CAR T products with improved persistence and dual antigen targeting are strategies that may improve relapse free survival. Methods: Adult patients with r/r ALL were co-administered two humanized autologous CAR T cell products, one targeted to CD19 (huCART19) and the other to CD22 (CART22-65s) after fludarabine and cyclophosphamide lymphodepletion. A three day fractionated adaptive dosing scheme was used in which the second or third huCART19 and CART22-65s infusions could be held for early signs of cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Total planned dose was 2.0x10 6 CART22-65sf2 cells/kg and 2.0x10 6 huCART19 cells/kg. Safety of the novel combination was the primary endpoint of the study; feasibility and efficacy were key secondary endpoints. Results: Of 13 treated patients (median age 46 (range 28-71)), two had received prior murine CART19 cells, 8 had prior blinatumomab, 8 had prior inotuzumab and 10 had a prior allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT). The two products had distinct peak expansions which correlated with two clinically distinct episodes of CRS in some patients. The median time to peak huCART19 expansion was 9 days versus 16 days for CART22-65s. Eleven patients experienced CRS, all Grade 1 or 2. Two patients had immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), one of which was grade 4. Two patients died within 30 days of infusion, one from complications of treatment (Grade 4 ICANS and sepsis) and one from rapidly progressive disease. One patient developed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-like syndrome that was clinically and temporally distinct from a CRS event; this was characterized by delayed pancytopenia, transaminase elevation and hypofibrinogenemia, similar to events reported in other trials of CART22. This syndrome was refractory to IL6 and IL1beta inhibition but ultimately responded to ruxolitinib. Of the 11 patients evaluable for response, 100% achieved CR with unmeasurable residual disease (uMRD) one month after infusion. One of the 11 had molecular recurrence 9 months post infusion. The other 10 patients are alive and remain in an uMRD remission with a median follow up of 6.2 months (range 0.2 to 25 months) and none have proceeded to consolidative SCT. Three months after infusion, 9/11 patients had detectable huCART19 and 8/11 patients had detectable CART22-65s. At 6 months, 7/8 evaluable patients had detectable huCART19 cells and 4/8 patients had detectable CART22-65s. All three patients with 12 months follow-up had detectable huCART19 and CART22-65s. Conclusion: Co-administration and adaptive dosing of CART22-65s with huCART19 in adult patients with r/r ALL is feasible and effective. The two different products demonstrated differential expansion and persistence kinetics. Despite prior exposure to CD19- and/or CD22-specific immunotherapies, all evaluable patients achieved CR with uMRD; we continue to monitor CAR T cell persistence and its impact on durability of response. Disclosures Frey: Novartis: Research Funding; Sana Biotechnology: Consultancy; Syndax Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Kite Pharma: Consultancy. Gill: Interius Biotherapeutics: Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company, Research Funding; Novartis: Other: licensed intellectual property, Research Funding; Carisma Therapeutics: Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company, Research Funding. Luger: Syros: Honoraria; Agios: Honoraria; Daiichi Sankyo: Honoraria; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Brystol Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Acceleron: Honoraria; Astellas: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Onconova: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Biosight: Research Funding; Hoffman LaRoche: Research Funding; Kura: Research Funding. Pratz: Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; Astellas: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; University of Pennsylvania: Current Employment; Agios: Consultancy; Cellgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Millenium: Research Funding. Perl: AbbVie: Consultancy, Research Funding; Roche: Consultancy; Astellas: Consultancy, Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Research Funding; Fujifilm: Research Funding; Arog: Research Funding; BMS/Celgene: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy; Actinium: Consultancy; Forma: Consultancy; Syndax: Consultancy; Loxo: Consultancy; Onconova: Consultancy; Sumitomo Dainippon: Consultancy. Ruella: viTToria biotherapeutics: Research Funding; Tmunity: Patents & Royalties; AbClon: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS, BAYER, GSK: Consultancy; Novartis: Patents & Royalties. Brogdon: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Current Employment. Engels: Novartis: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Levine: In8bio: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Ori Biotech: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Vycellix: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Immusoft: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Tmunity Therapeutics: Other: Co-Founder and equity holder; Immuneel: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Avectas: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Akron: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. June: Tmunity, DeCART, BluesphereBio, Carisma, Cellares, Celldex, Cabaletta, Poseida, Verismo, Ziopharm: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Novartis: Patents & Royalties; AC Immune, DeCART, BluesphereBio, Carisma, Cellares, Celldex, Cabaletta, Poseida, Verismo, Ziopharm: Consultancy. Porter: American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy: Honoraria; Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Kite/Gilead: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Ended employment in the past 24 months; DeCart: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; ASH: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; National Marrow Donor Program: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Tmunity: Patents & Royalties; Wiley and Sons Publishing: Honoraria. Hexner: Tmunity Therapeutics: Research Funding; Blueprint medicines: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; PharmaEssentia: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. OffLabel Disclosure: This trial reports outcomes from investigational products delivered as part of a clinical trial.

Abstract Background . Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CART19) are now a standard treatment for patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory (r/r) large B-cell lymphomas (LBCL). Lymphodepleting chemotherapy (LD) is administered before CART19 to optimize CAR T cell engraftment, expansion, and function. The most widely used LD regimen is the combination of fludarabine (25-30mg/m 2) and cyclophosphamide (250-500mg/m 2) administered daily over 3 days (Flu/Cy). However, Flu/Cy is associated with a significant risk of hematologic toxicity that may preclude administration or result in prolonged cytopenias in pts with pre-existing cytopenias. Bendamustine (Benda) combines both alkylating-agent and purine-analog activities, and has potent anti-tumor efficacy in lymphoid malignancies. Importantly, compared to Flu/Cy, Benda typically has less hematologic toxicity, which may reduce the risk of infections. Therefore, because of its safety profile and lymphocytotoxic activity, Benda has been used as an alternative LD regimen for some pts receiving tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel). In this study, we compare outcomes for Benda 90mg/m 2 for 2 days with Flu/Cy as the LD regimen before tisa-cel in pts with r/rLBCL treated at 3 different institutions. Methods : We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of 133 consecutive r/r LBCL pts treated with commercial tisa-cel at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Oregon Health and Science University, and the Medical University of Vienna between 2018 and 2021. Patients with complete response (CR) at the time of infusion (n=20) were excluded from this analysis as this study aimed at evaluating the role of the LD regimen not only as related to the LD ability but also its effect against the tumor. Therefore, the analysis included 113 adult r/rLBCL pts treated with Flu/Cy or Benda as LD and with measurable disease on the last PET/CT scan before tisa-cel infusion. LD choice was based on physician's preference. Pts were evaluated for response (Lugano criteria), progression (PFS) and overall survival (OS), as well as hematological and CART-specific toxicities (ASTCT criteria). Pts demographics, response rates, and adverse events were compared using chi-squared and t-student tests as appropriate; log rank test was used for survival analysis. Results: Of 113 pts, 68 (60%) had diffuse large BCL not otherwise specified (NOS), 3 (3%) high-grade BCL NOS, 32 (28%) transformed follicular lymphoma, 9 (8%) high-grade BCL with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 translocations, and 1 (1%) primary mediastinal BCL. Forty-one pts (36%) received Flu/Cy and 72 (64%) received Benda LD. Characteristics of Flu/Cy pts were comparable to Benda in terms of sex (female: 37% vs. 32%, p=0.616), age (68 vs. 65 years, p=0.143), performance status (ECOG ≤1: 93% vs. 94%, p=0.709), number of previous lines of therapy (3 vs. 3, p=0.707), previous autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (27% vs. 14%, p=0.089), bridging therapy (73% vs 85% p=0.136), LDH at infusion (elevated: 54% vs. 51%, p=0.708), and bulky disease (>10 cm) (15% vs. 10%, p=0.431). In whole cohort, no difference in obtaining a CR at any point after CART was observed between groups (Flu/Cy: 22% vs. Benda: 33%, p=0.201) (Fig 1A). At a median follow-up of 20.4 months, no difference in PFS was observed between Flu/Cy and Benda pts with 12-month PFS of 22% and 27%, respectively (p=0.512, Fig 1B). OS was also similar between Flu/Cy and Benda groups (2-year OS 41% vs. 49%, respectively, p=0.108). Both cytokine-release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity (ICANS) were more frequent in the Flu/Cy group compared to Benda (any grade CRS: 68% vs. 40%, respectively, p=0.004; any grade ICANS: 22% vs. 7%, respectively, p=0.020). Of note, pts receiving Flu/Cy developed more severe cytopenias compared to Benda. In particular, the median absolute neutrophil count nadir 30 days after tisa-cel was significantly lower in Flu/Cy group (0.20x10 9/L) compared to Benda (2.15x10 9/L) (p<0.001). Similarly, median platelet count nadir was lower in Flu/Cy pts compared to Benda (41x10 9/L vs. 132x10 9/L, p<0.001) (Fig 1C-D). A subset analysis in DLBCL-NOS patients confirmed no difference in efficacy and increased hematological toxicity in the Flu/Cy group. Conclusions: This retrospective study of r/r LBCL pts receiving tisagenlecleucel suggests that Benda is as effective as Flu/Cy and validates a safer adverse event profile with reduced CRS, ICANS, and hematological toxicities. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Svoboda: Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Research Funding; TG: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Imbrium: Consultancy; Merck: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Genmab: Consultancy; Atara: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Astra Zeneca: Consultancy, Research Funding; Adaptive: Consultancy, Research Funding. Dwivedy Nasta: Merck: Other: Data safety monitoring board; AstraZeneca: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; ATARA: Research Funding; Millenium: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Roche: Research Funding; Rafael: Research Funding; Debiopharm: Research Funding. Landsburg: Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; ADCT: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Curis: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; Triphase: Research Funding; Karyopharm: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: DSMB member; Morphosys: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Gerson: Kite: Consultancy; TG Therapeutics: Consultancy; Abbvie: Consultancy; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy. Barta: Daiichi Sankyo: Honoraria; Seagen: Honoraria; Acrotech: Honoraria; Kyowa Kirin: Honoraria. Garfall: Amgen: Honoraria; Tmunity Therapeutics: Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; GSK: Honoraria; Novartis: Research Funding. Porter: National Marrow Donor Program: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Kite/Gilead: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Ended employment in the past 24 months; American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy: Honoraria; Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; DeCart: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; ASH: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Tmunity: Patents & Royalties; Wiley and Sons Publishing: Honoraria. Jaeger: BMS/Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Norvartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Gilead: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Roche: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Maziarz: Novartis: Consultancy, Other: Data and Safety Monitoring board, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers, Squibb/Celgene,, Intellia, Kite: Honoraria; Incyte Corporation: Consultancy, Honoraria; Allovir: Consultancy, Research Funding; Artiva Therapeutics: Consultancy; CRISPR Therapeutics: Consultancy; Intellia: Honoraria; Omeros: Research Funding; Athersys: Other: Data and Safety Monitoring Board, Patents & Royalties; Vor Pharma: Other: Data and Safety Monitoring Board. Ruella: AbClon: Consultancy, Research Funding; viTToria biotherapeutics: Research Funding; Tmunity: Patents & Royalties; BMS, BAYER, GSK: Consultancy; Novartis: Patents & Royalties. Schuster: Abbvie: Consultancy, Research Funding; Acerta Pharma: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Adaptive Biotechnologies: Research Funding; BeiGene: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; DTRM: Research Funding; Genetech: Consultancy, Research Funding; Roche: Consultancy, Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Juno Theraputics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Loxo Oncology: Consultancy; Merck: Research Funding; Nordic Nanovector: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Pharmaclcyclics: Research Funding; Tessa Theraputics: Consultancy; TG Theraputics: Research Funding.

Le Scuole Nazionali d’Arte (Escuelas Nacionales de Arte) de L’Avana, Cuba, restano a tutt’oggi, malgrado lo stato di alto degrado in cui versano, l’esempio più emblematico dell’uso delle bóvedas tabicadas in una architettura modernista. Splendido esempio di architettura organica, furono progettate, nei primi anni ’60 del secolo scorso, su incarico del governo rivoluzionario cubano, dagli architetti italiani Roberto Gottardi e Vittorio Garatti, e dal cubano Ricardo Porro. Consistono in 5 complessi edificati, per una superficie totale di 65.000 mq immersi in un parco naturale di 600.000 mq, dedicate all’insegnamento della danza, della musica, dell’arte teatrale, delle arti plastiche del balletto. Particolarmente disinvolta nell’uso della tecnica catalana o valenziana è la Scuola di Balletto, dove la monta ribassata delle volte doveva permettere, per volontà del progettista Vittorio Garatti, di essere percorribili e vissute anche in estradosso. Nella zona dell’ingresso, la perdita dell’ultimo folio estradossale a causa dell’incuria ed atti di vandalismo, ha suggerito una verifica numerica del suo grado di stabilità, utilizzando la Teoria di Heyman. Si è verificato il sistema voltato, nello stato precario in cui versa attualmente, sia a peso proprio, sia a folla compatta concentrata nella zona di chiave, dimostrando così una perdita di stabilità del 30%, che suggerisce la necessità di un pronto intervento di messa in sicurezza e successivo consolidamento.

L’analisi di una partita di calcio può porre alla semiotica molti interrogativi, ma quello più centrale di tutti sembra essere quanto concerne il ruolo della accidentalità. È lecito augurarci la vittoria di una squadra in teoria sfavorita, cosa deplorata da un giornalista economico ? Possiamo prendere piacere da uno spettacolo che può essere deciso da eventi minori, quasi negligibili ? Più in generale, come valutare il ruolo del caso e il gioco delle possibilità multiple, nella definizione delle strutture narrative ? Dobbiamo forse per certi versi ripensare il rapporto tra il reale e il possibile ? Alla fine, la questione sembra essere assai meno futile e circoscritta di quanto si potrebbe pensare.

Tenotomy is the final step in the corrective phase for the resolution of residual equinus in the Ponseti method of treating clubfoot. There are several methods for obtaining a complete section of the tendon, ranging from mini-open techniques to percutaneous with a scalpel or percutaneous with a large-gauge needle. Since April 2022, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital has performed 36 percutaneous tenotomies of the Achilles tendon in 24 patients using the percutaneous large-gauge needle technique. When compared to the traditional percutaneous scalpel tenotomy procedure, the use of this procedure has allowed us to reduce operating room time, where we routinely perform this type of surgery to optimize pain control and patient safety during the procedure. The technique has proven to be simple, safe, and effective in obtaining a complete section of the tendon; there have been no reports of excessive bleeding, pseudoaneurysms, or nerve injury. There were no differences in clinical outcome or recurrences of equinus that required reoperation during the average three-month follow-up from the previously used technique.

“We have made Italy, now we must make Italians,” in the (probably apocryphal) words of the Prime Minister, sometime after the unification of the nation in 1860. Perhaps in French, if it was said at all. (The quotation is typically attributed to Massimo D’Azeglio, the prime minister of Piedmont and predecessor of the first Italian prime minister Camillo Cavour. Many have suggested that the phrase was misquoted and misunderstood (see Doyle.) D’Azeglio spoke in Italian when he addressed the newly-formed Italian parliament, but my reference to French is meant to indicate the fragility of the national language in early Italy where much of the ruling class spoke French while the majority of the people in the peninsula still spoke regional dialects.) It was television – more than print media or even radio – that would have the biggest impact in terms of ‘making Italians.’ Writing about Italy in the 1950s, a well-known media critic suggested that television, a game show actually, “was able to succeed where The Divine Comedy failed … it gave Italy a national language” (qtd. in Foot). But these are yesterday’s problems. We have Italy and Italians. Moreover, the emergence of global ways of being and belonging are evidence of the ways in which the present transcends forms of belonging rooted in the old practices and older institutions of the nation-state. But, then again, maybe not. “A country that allows you to vote in its elections must be able to provide you with information about those elections” (Magliaro). This was 2002. The country is still Italy, but this time the Italians are anywhere but Italy. The speaker is referring to the extension of the vote to Italian citizens abroad, represented directly by 18 members of parliament, and the right to information guaranteed the newly enfranchised electorate. What, then, is the relationship between citizenship, the state and global television today? What are the modalities of involvement and participation involved in these transformations of the nation-state into a globally-articulated network of institutions? I want to think through these questions in relation to two ways that RAI International, the ‘global’ network of the Italian public broadcaster, has viewed Italians around the world at different moments in its history: mega-events and return information. Mega-Events Eighteen months after its creation in 1995, RAI International was re-launched. This decision was partially due to a change in government (which also meant a change in the executive and staff), but it was also a response to the perceived failure of RAI International to garner an adequate international audience (Morrione, Testimony [1997]). This re-launch involved a re-conceptualisation of the network’s mandate to include both information services for Italians abroad (the traditional ‘public service’ mandate for Italy’s international broadcasting) as well as programming that would increase the profile of Italian media in the global market. The mandate outlined for Roberto Morrione – appointed president as part of the re-launch – read: The necessity of strategic and operative certainties in the international positioning of the company, both with regard to programming for our co-nationals abroad and for other markets…are at the centre of the new role of RAI International. This involves bringing together in the best way the informative function of the public service, which is oriented to our community in the world in order to enrich its cultural patrimony and national identity, with an active presence in evolving markets. (Morrione, Testimony [1998]) The most significant change in the executive of the network was the appointment of Renzo Arbore, a well-known singer and bandleader, to the position of artistic director. At the time of Arbore’s appointment, the responsibilities of the artistic director at the network were ill defined, but he very quickly transformed the position into the ‘face’ of RAI International. In an interview from 1998, Arbore explained his role at the network as follows: “I’m the artistic director, which means I’m in charge of the programs that have any kind of artistic content. Also, I’m the so called “testimonial”, which is to say I do propaganda for the network, I’m the soul of RAI International” (Affatato). The most often discussed aspect of the programming on RAI International during Arbore’s tenure as artistic director was the energy and resources dedicated to events that put the spotlight on the global reach of the service itself and the possibilities that satellite distribution gave for simultaneous exchange between locations around the world. It was these ‘mega-events’ (Garofalo), in spite of constituting only a small portion of the programming schedule, that were often seen as defining RAI’s “new way” of creating international programming (Milana). La Giostra [The Merry Go Round], broadcast live on New Year’s Eve 1996, is often cited as the launch of the network’s new approach to its mission. Lasting 20 hours in total, the program was hosted by Arbore. As Morrione described it recently, The ‘mother of live shows’ was the Giostra of New Year’s ’97 where Arbore was live in the studio for 20 consecutive hours, with many guests and segments from the Pole, Peking, Moscow, Berlin, Jerusalem, San Paolo, Buenos Aires, New York and Los Angeles. It was a memorable enterprise without precedent and never to be duplicated. (Morrione, RAI International) The presentation of television as a global medium in La Giostra draws upon the relationship between live broadcasting, satellite television and conceptions of globality that has developed since the 1960s as part of what Lisa Parks describes as ‘global presence’ (Parks). However, in keeping with the dual mandate of RAI International, the audience that La Giostra is intended to constitute was not entirely homogenous in nature. The lines between the ‘national’ audience, which is to say Italians abroad, and the international audience involving a broader spectrum of viewers are often blurred, but still apparent. This can be seen in the locations to which La Giostra travelled, locations that might be seen as a mirror of the places to which the broadcast might be received. On the one hand, there are segments from a series of location that speak to a global audience, many of which are framed by the symbols of the cold war and the ensuing triumph of global capitalism. The South Pole, Moscow, Beijing and a reunified Berlin can be seen as representing this understanding of the globe. These cities highlighted the scope of the network, reaching cities previously cut off from Italy behind the iron curtain (or, in the case of the Pole, the extreme of geographic isolation.) The presence of Jerusalem contributed to this mapping of the planet with an ecclesiastical, but ecumenical accent to this theme. On the other hand, Sao Paolo, Buenos Aires, and Melbourne (not mentioned by Morrione, but the first international segment in the program) also mapped the world of Italian communities around the world. The map of the globe offered by La Giostra is similar to the description of the prospective audience for RAI International that Morrione gave in November 1996 upon his appointment as director. After having outlined the network’s reception in the Americas and Australia, where there are large communities of Italians who need to be served, he goes on to note the importance of Asia: “China, India, Japan, and Korea, where there aren’t large communities of Italians, but where “made in Italy,” the image of Italy, the culture and art that separate us from others, are highly respected resources” (Morrione, “Gli Italiani”). La Giostra served as a container that held together a vision of the globe that is centered around Italy (particularly Rome, caput mundi) through the presentation on screen of the various geopolitical alliances as well as the economic and migratory connections which link Italy to the world. These two mappings of the globe brought together within the frame of the 20-hour broadcast and statements about the network’s prospective audiences suggest that two different ways of watching RAI International were often overlaid over each other. On the one hand, the segments spanning the planet stood as a sign of RAI International’s ability to produce programs at a global scale. On the other hand, there was an attempt to speak directly to communities of Italians abroad. The first vision of the planet offered by the program suggests a mode of watching more common among disinterested, cosmopolitan viewers belonging to a relatively homogenous global media market. While the second vision of the planet was explicitly rooted in the international family of Italians constituted through the broadcast. La Giostra, like the ‘dual mandate’ of the network, can be seen as an attempt to bring together the national mission of network with its attempts to improve its position in global media markets. It was an attempt to unify what seemed two very different kinds of audiences: Italians abroad and non-Italians, those who spoke some Italian and those who speak no Italian at all. It was also an attempt to unify two very different ways of understanding global broadcasting: public service on the one hand and the profit-oriented goals of building a global brand. Given this orientation in the network’s programming philosophy, it is not surprising that Arbore, speaking of his activities as Artistic director, stated that his goals were to produce shows that would be accessible both to those that spoke very little Italian as well as those that were highly cultured (Arbore). In its attempt to bring these divergent practices and imagined audiences together, La Giostra can be seen as part of vision of globalisation rooted in the euphoria of the early nineties in which distance and cultural differences were reconciled through communications technology and “virtuous” transformation of ethnicity into niche markets. However, this approach to programming started to fracture and fail after a short period. The particular balance between the ethnic and the economically ecumenical mappings of the globe present in La Giostra proved to be as short lived as the ‘dual mandate’ at RAI International that underwrote its conception. Return Information The mega-events that Arbore organised came under increasing criticism from the parliamentary committees overseeing RAI’s activities as well as the RAI executive who saw them both extremely expensive to produce and of questionable value in the fulfillment of RAI’s mission as a public broadcaster (GRTV). They were sometimes described as misfatti televisivi [broadcasting misdeeds] (Arbore). The model of the televisual mega-event was increasingly targeted towards speaking to Italians abroad, dropping broader notions of the audience. This was not an overnight change, but part of a process through which the goals of the network were refocused towards ‘public service.’ Morrione, speaking before the parliamentary committee overseeing RAI’s activities, describes an evening dedicated to a celebration of the Italian flag which exemplifies this trend: The minister of Foreign Affairs asked us to prepare a Tricolore (the Italian flag) evening – that would go on air in the month of January – that we would call White, Red and Green (not the most imaginative name, but effective enough.) It would include international connections with Argentina, where there exists one of the oldest case d’italiani [Italian community centers], built shortly after the events of our Risorgimento and where they have an ancient Tricolore. We would also connect with Reggio Emilia, where the Tricolore was born and where they are celebrating the anniversary this year. Segments would also take us to the Vittoriano Museum in Rome for a series of testimonies. (Morrione, Testimony [1997]) Similar to La Giostra, the global reach of RAI International was used to create a sense of simultaneity among the dispersed communities of Italians around the world (including the population of Italy itself). The festival of the Italian flag was similarly deeply implicated in the rituals and patterns that bring together an audience and, at another level, a people. However, in the celebration of the Italian flag, the notion that such a spectacle might be of interest to those outside of a global “Italian” community has disappeared. Like La Giostra, programs of this kind are intended to be constitutive of an audience, a collectivity that would not exist were it not for the common space provided through television spectatorship. The celebration of the Italian flag is part of an attempt to produce a sense of global community organised by a shared sense of ethnic identity as expressed through the common temporality of a live broadcast. Italians around the world were part of the same Italian community not because of their shared history (even when this was the stated subject of the program as was the case with Red, White and Green), but because they co-existed by means of their experience of the mediated event. Through these events, the shared national history is produced out of the simultaneity of the common present and not, as the discourse around Italian identity presented in these programs would have it (for example, the narratives around the origin around the flag), the other way around. However, this connection between the global television event that was broadcast live and national belonging raised questions about the kind of participation they facilitated. This became a particularly salient issue with the election of the second Berlusconi government and the successful campaign to grant Italians citizens living abroad the vote, a campaign that was lead by formerly fascist (but centre-moving) Alleanza Nazionale. With the appoint of Massimo Magliaro, a longtime member of Alleanza Nazionale, to the head of the network in 2000, the concept of informazione di ritorno [return information] became increasingly prominent in descriptions of the service. The phrase was frequently used, along with tv di ritorno (Tremaglia), by the Minister for Italiani nel Mondo during the second Berlusconi administration, Mirko Tremaglia, and became a central theme in the projects envisioned for the service. (The concept had circulated previously, but it was not given the same emphasis that it would gain after Magliaro’s appointment. In an interview from 1996, Morrione is asked about his commitment to the policy of “so-called” return information. He answers the question by commenting in support of producing a ‘return image’ (immagine di ritorno), but never uses the phrase (Morrione, “Gli Italiani”). Similarly, Arbore, in an interview from 1998, is also asked about ‘so-called’ return information, but also never uses the term himself (Affatato). This suggests that its circulation was limited up until the late 1990s.) The concept of ‘return information’ – not quite a neologism in Italian, but certainly an uncommon expression – was a two-pronged, and never fully implemented, initiative. Primarily it was a policy that sought to further integrate RAI International into the system of RAI’s national television networks. This involved both improving the ability of RAI International to distribute information about Italy to communities of Italians abroad as well as developing strategies for the eventual use of programming produced by RAI International on the main national networks as a way of raising the awareness of Italians in Italy about the lives and beliefs of Italians abroad. (The programming produced by RAI International was never successfully integrated into the schedules of the other national networks. This issue remained an issue that had yet to be resolved as recently as the negotiations between the Prime Minister’s office and RAI to establish a new agreement governing RAI’s international service in 2007.) This is not to say that there was a dramatic shift in the kind of programming on the network. There had always been elements of these new goals in the programming produced exclusively for RAI International. The longest running program on the network, Sportello Italia [Information Desk Italy], provided information to Italians abroad about changes in Italian law that effected Italians abroad as well as changes in bureaucratic practice generally. It often focused on issues such as the voting rights of Italians abroad, questions about receiving pensions and similar issues. It was joined by a series of in-house productions that primarily consisted of news and information programming whose roots were in the new division in charge of radio and television broadcasts since the sixties. The primary change was the elimination of large-scale programs, aside from those relating to the Italian national soccer team and the Pope, due to budget restrictions. This was part of a larger shift in the way that the service was envisioned and its repositioning as the primary conduit between Italy and Italians abroad. Speaking in 2000, Magliaro explained this as a change in the network’s priorities from ‘entertainment’ to ‘information’: There will be a larger dose of information and less space for entertainment. Informational programming will be the privileged product in which we will invest the majority of our financial and human resources, both on radio and on television. Providing information means both telling Italians abroad about Italy and allowing public opinion in our country to find out about Italians around the world. (Morgia) Magliaro’s statement suggests that there is a direct connection between the changing way of conceiving of ‘global’ Italian television and the mandate of RAI International. The spectacles of the mid-nineties, implicitly characterised by Magliaro as ‘entertainment,’ were as much about gaining the attention of those who did not speak Italian or watch Italian television as speaking to Italians abroad. The kind of participation in the nation that these events solicited were limited in that they did not move beyond a relatively passive experience of that nation as community brought together through the diffuse and distracted experience of ‘entertainment’. The rise of informazione di ritorno was a discourse that offered a particular conception of Italians abroad who were more directly involved in the affairs of the nation. However, this was more than an increased interest in the participation of audiences. Return information as developed under Magliaro’s watch posited a different kind of viewer, a viewer whose actions were explicitly and intimately linked to their rights as citizens. It is not surprising that Magliaro prefaced his comments about the transformation of RAI’s mandate and programming priorities by acknowledging that the extension of the vote to Italians abroad demands a different kind of broadcaster. The new editorial policy of RAI International is motivated from the incontrovertible fact that Italians abroad will have the right to vote in a few months … . In terms of the product that we are developing, aimed at adequately responding to the new demands created by the vote… (Morgia) The granting of the vote to Italians abroad meant that the forms of symbolic communion that produced through the mega-events needed to be supplanted by a policy that allowed for a more direct link between the ritual aspects of global media to the institutions of the Italian state. The evolution of RAI International cannot be separated from the articulation of an increasingly ethno-centric conception of citizenship and the transformation of the Italian state over the course of the 1990s and early 2000s towards. The transition between these two approaches to global television in Italy is important for understanding the events that unfolded around RAI International’s role in the development of a global Italian citizenry. A development that should not be separated from the development of increasingly stern immigration policies whose effect is to identify and export undesirable outsiders. The electoral defeat of Berlusconi in 2006 and the ongoing political instability surrounding the centre-left government in power since then has meant that the future development of RAI International and the long-term effects of the right-wing government on the cultural and political fabric of Italy remain unclear at present. The current need for a reformed electoral system and talk about the need for greater efficiency from the new executive at RAI make the evolution of the global Italian citizenry an important context for understanding the role of media in the globalised nation-state in the years to come. References Affatato, M. “I ‘Segreti’ di RAI International.” GRTV.it, 17 Feb. 1998. Arbore, R. “‘Il mio sogno? Un Programma con gli italiani all’estero.’” GRTV.it, 18 June 1999. Foot, J. Milan since the Miracle: City, Culture, and Identity. Oxford: Berg, 2001. Garofalo, R. “Understanding Mega-Events: If We Are the World, Then How Do We Change It? In C. Penley and A. Ross, eds., Technoculture. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1991. 247-270. Magliaro, M. “Speech to Second Annual Conference.” Comites Canada, 2002. Milana, A. RAI International: 40 anni, una storia. Rome: RAI, 2003. Morgia, G. La Rai del Duemila per gli italiani nel mondo: Intervista con Massimo Magliaro. 2001. Morrione, R. “Gli Italiani all’estero ‘azionisti di riferimento.’” Interview with Roberto Morrione. GRTV.it, 15 Nov. 1996. Morrione, R. Testimony of Roberto Morrione to Commitato Bicamerale per la Vigilanza RAI, 12 December 1997. Rome, 1997. 824-841. Morrione, R. Testimony of Roberto Morrione to Commitato Bicamerale per la Vigilanza RAI, 17 November 1998. Rome, 1998. 1307-1316. Morrione, R. “Tre anni memorabili.” RAI International: 40 anni, una storia. Rome: RAI, 2003. 129-137. Parks, L. Cultures in Orbit: Satellites and the Televisual. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2005.

“We have made Italy, now we must make Italians,” in the (probably apocryphal) words of the Prime Minister, sometime after the unification of the nation in 1860. Perhaps in French, if it was said at all. (The quotation is typically attributed to Massimo D’Azeglio, the prime minister of Piedmont and predecessor of the first Italian prime minister Camillo Cavour. Many have suggested that the phrase was misquoted and misunderstood (see Doyle.) D’Azeglio spoke in Italian when he addressed the newly-formed Italian parliament, but my reference to French is meant to indicate the fragility of the national language in early Italy where much of the ruling class spoke French while the majority of the people in the peninsula still spoke regional dialects.) It was television – more than print media or even radio – that would have the biggest impact in terms of ‘making Italians.’ Writing about Italy in the 1950s, a well-known media critic suggested that television, a game show actually, “was able to succeed where The Divine Comedy failed … it gave Italy a national language” (qtd. in Foot). But these are yesterday’s problems. We have Italy and Italians. Moreover, the emergence of global ways of being and belonging are evidence of the ways in which the present transcends forms of belonging rooted in the old practices and older institutions of the nation-state. But, then again, maybe not. “A country that allows you to vote in its elections must be able to provide you with information about those elections” (Magliaro). This was 2002. The country is still Italy, but this time the Italians are anywhere but Italy. The speaker is referring to the extension of the vote to Italian citizens abroad, represented directly by 18 members of parliament, and the right to information guaranteed the newly enfranchised electorate. What, then, is the relationship between citizenship, the state and global television today? What are the modalities of involvement and participation involved in these transformations of the nation-state into a globally-articulated network of institutions? I want to think through these questions in relation to two ways that RAI International, the ‘global’ network of the Italian public broadcaster, has viewed Italians around the world at different moments in its history: mega-events and return information. Mega-Events Eighteen months after its creation in 1995, RAI International was re-launched. This decision was partially due to a change in government (which also meant a change in the executive and staff), but it was also a response to the perceived failure of RAI International to garner an adequate international audience (Morrione, Testimony [1997]). This re-launch involved a re-conceptualisation of the network’s mandate to include both information services for Italians abroad (the traditional ‘public service’ mandate for Italy’s international broadcasting) as well as programming that would increase the profile of Italian media in the global market. The mandate outlined for Roberto Morrione – appointed president as part of the re-launch – read: The necessity of strategic and operative certainties in the international positioning of the company, both with regard to programming for our co-nationals abroad and for other markets…are at the centre of the new role of RAI International. This involves bringing together in the best way the informative function of the public service, which is oriented to our community in the world in order to enrich its cultural patrimony and national identity, with an active presence in evolving markets. (Morrione, Testimony [1998]) The most significant change in the executive of the network was the appointment of Renzo Arbore, a well-known singer and bandleader, to the position of artistic director. At the time of Arbore’s appointment, the responsibilities of the artistic director at the network were ill defined, but he very quickly transformed the position into the ‘face’ of RAI International. In an interview from 1998, Arbore explained his role at the network as follows: “I’m the artistic director, which means I’m in charge of the programs that have any kind of artistic content. Also, I’m the so called “testimonial”, which is to say I do propaganda for the network, I’m the soul of RAI International” (Affatato). The most often discussed aspect of the programming on RAI International during Arbore’s tenure as artistic director was the energy and resources dedicated to events that put the spotlight on the global reach of the service itself and the possibilities that satellite distribution gave for simultaneous exchange between locations around the world. It was these ‘mega-events’ (Garofalo), in spite of constituting only a small portion of the programming schedule, that were often seen as defining RAI’s “new way” of creating international programming (Milana). La Giostra [The Merry Go Round], broadcast live on New Year’s Eve 1996, is often cited as the launch of the network’s new approach to its mission. Lasting 20 hours in total, the program was hosted by Arbore. As Morrione described it recently, The ‘mother of live shows’ was the Giostra of New Year’s ’97 where Arbore was live in the studio for 20 consecutive hours, with many guests and segments from the Pole, Peking, Moscow, Berlin, Jerusalem, San Paolo, Buenos Aires, New York and Los Angeles. It was a memorable enterprise without precedent and never to be duplicated. (Morrione, RAI International) The presentation of television as a global medium in La Giostra draws upon the relationship between live broadcasting, satellite television and conceptions of globality that has developed since the 1960s as part of what Lisa Parks describes as ‘global presence’ (Parks). However, in keeping with the dual mandate of RAI International, the audience that La Giostra is intended to constitute was not entirely homogenous in nature. The lines between the ‘national’ audience, which is to say Italians abroad, and the international audience involving a broader spectrum of viewers are often blurred, but still apparent. This can be seen in the locations to which La Giostra travelled, locations that might be seen as a mirror of the places to which the broadcast might be received. On the one hand, there are segments from a series of location that speak to a global audience, many of which are framed by the symbols of the cold war and the ensuing triumph of global capitalism. The South Pole, Moscow, Beijing and a reunified Berlin can be seen as representing this understanding of the globe. These cities highlighted the scope of the network, reaching cities previously cut off from Italy behind the iron curtain (or, in the case of the Pole, the extreme of geographic isolation.) The presence of Jerusalem contributed to this mapping of the planet with an ecclesiastical, but ecumenical accent to this theme. On the other hand, Sao Paolo, Buenos Aires, and Melbourne (not mentioned by Morrione, but the first international segment in the program) also mapped the world of Italian communities around the world. The map of the globe offered by La Giostra is similar to the description of the prospective audience for RAI International that Morrione gave in November 1996 upon his appointment as director. After having outlined the network’s reception in the Americas and Australia, where there are large communities of Italians who need to be served, he goes on to note the importance of Asia: “China, India, Japan, and Korea, where there aren’t large communities of Italians, but where “made in Italy,” the image of Italy, the culture and art that separate us from others, are highly respected resources” (Morrione, “Gli Italiani”). La Giostra served as a container that held together a vision of the globe that is centered around Italy (particularly Rome, caput mundi) through the presentation on screen of the various geopolitical alliances as well as the economic and migratory connections which link Italy to the world. These two mappings of the globe brought together within the frame of the 20-hour broadcast and statements about the network’s prospective audiences suggest that two different ways of watching RAI International were often overlaid over each other. On the one hand, the segments spanning the planet stood as a sign of RAI International’s ability to produce programs at a global scale. On the other hand, there was an attempt to speak directly to communities of Italians abroad. The first vision of the planet offered by the program suggests a mode of watching more common among disinterested, cosmopolitan viewers belonging to a relatively homogenous global media market. While the second vision of the planet was explicitly rooted in the international family of Italians constituted through the broadcast. La Giostra, like the ‘dual mandate’ of the network, can be seen as an attempt to bring together the national mission of network with its attempts to improve its position in global media markets. It was an attempt to unify what seemed two very different kinds of audiences: Italians abroad and non-Italians, those who spoke some Italian and those who speak no Italian at all. It was also an attempt to unify two very different ways of understanding global broadcasting: public service on the one hand and the profit-oriented goals of building a global brand. Given this orientation in the network’s programming philosophy, it is not surprising that Arbore, speaking of his activities as Artistic director, stated that his goals were to produce shows that would be accessible both to those that spoke very little Italian as well as those that were highly cultured (Arbore). In its attempt to bring these divergent practices and imagined audiences together, La Giostra can be seen as part of vision of globalisation rooted in the euphoria of the early nineties in which distance and cultural differences were reconciled through communications technology and “virtuous” transformation of ethnicity into niche markets. However, this approach to programming started to fracture and fail after a short period. The particular balance between the ethnic and the economically ecumenical mappings of the globe present in La Giostra proved to be as short lived as the ‘dual mandate’ at RAI International that underwrote its conception. Return Information The mega-events that Arbore organised came under increasing criticism from the parliamentary committees overseeing RAI’s activities as well as the RAI executive who saw them both extremely expensive to produce and of questionable value in the fulfillment of RAI’s mission as a public broadcaster (GRTV). They were sometimes described as misfatti televisivi [broadcasting misdeeds] (Arbore). The model of the televisual mega-event was increasingly targeted towards speaking to Italians abroad, dropping broader notions of the audience. This was not an overnight change, but part of a process through which the goals of the network were refocused towards ‘public service.’ Morrione, speaking before the parliamentary committee overseeing RAI’s activities, describes an evening dedicated to a celebration of the Italian flag which exemplifies this trend: The minister of Foreign Affairs asked us to prepare a Tricolore (the Italian flag) evening – that would go on air in the month of January – that we would call White, Red and Green (not the most imaginative name, but effective enough.) It would include international connections with Argentina, where there exists one of the oldest case d’italiani [Italian community centers], built shortly after the events of our Risorgimento and where they have an ancient Tricolore. We would also connect with Reggio Emilia, where the Tricolore was born and where they are celebrating the anniversary this year. Segments would also take us to the Vittoriano Museum in Rome for a series of testimonies. (Morrione, Testimony [1997]) Similar to La Giostra, the global reach of RAI International was used to create a sense of simultaneity among the dispersed communities of Italians around the world (including the population of Italy itself). The festival of the Italian flag was similarly deeply implicated in the rituals and patterns that bring together an audience and, at another level, a people. However, in the celebration of the Italian flag, the notion that such a spectacle might be of interest to those outside of a global “Italian” community has disappeared. Like La Giostra, programs of this kind are intended to be constitutive of an audience, a collectivity that would not exist were it not for the common space provided through television spectatorship. The celebration of the Italian flag is part of an attempt to produce a sense of global community organised by a shared sense of ethnic identity as expressed through the common temporality of a live broadcast. Italians around the world were part of the same Italian community not because of their shared history (even when this was the stated subject of the program as was the case with Red, White and Green), but because they co-existed by means of their experience of the mediated event. Through these events, the shared national history is produced out of the simultaneity of the common present and not, as the discourse around Italian identity presented in these programs would have it (for example, the narratives around the origin around the flag), the other way around. However, this connection between the global television event that was broadcast live and national belonging raised questions about the kind of participation they facilitated. This became a particularly salient issue with the election of the second Berlusconi government and the successful campaign to grant Italians citizens living abroad the vote, a campaign that was lead by formerly fascist (but centre-moving) Alleanza Nazionale. With the appoint of Massimo Magliaro, a longtime member of Alleanza Nazionale, to the head of the network in 2000, the concept of informazione di ritorno [return information] became increasingly prominent in descriptions of the service. The phrase was frequently used, along with tv di ritorno (Tremaglia), by the Minister for Italiani nel Mondo during the second Berlusconi administration, Mirko Tremaglia, and became a central theme in the projects envisioned for the service. (The concept had circulated previously, but it was not given the same emphasis that it would gain after Magliaro’s appointment. In an interview from 1996, Morrione is asked about his commitment to the policy of “so-called” return information. He answers the question by commenting in support of producing a ‘return image’ (immagine di ritorno), but never uses the phrase (Morrione, “Gli Italiani”). Similarly, Arbore, in an interview from 1998, is also asked about ‘so-called’ return information, but also never uses the term himself (Affatato). This suggests that its circulation was limited up until the late 1990s.) The concept of ‘return information’ – not quite a neologism in Italian, but certainly an uncommon expression – was a two-pronged, and never fully implemented, initiative. Primarily it was a policy that sought to further integrate RAI International into the system of RAI’s national television networks. This involved both improving the ability of RAI International to distribute information about Italy to communities of Italians abroad as well as developing strategies for the eventual use of programming produced by RAI International on the main national networks as a way of raising the awareness of Italians in Italy about the lives and beliefs of Italians abroad. (The programming produced by RAI International was never successfully integrated into the schedules of the other national networks. This issue remained an issue that had yet to be resolved as recently as the negotiations between the Prime Minister’s office and RAI to establish a new agreement governing RAI’s international service in 2007.) This is not to say that there was a dramatic shift in the kind of programming on the network. There had always been elements of these new goals in the programming produced exclusively for RAI International. The longest running program on the network, Sportello Italia [Information Desk Italy], provided information to Italians abroad about changes in Italian law that effected Italians abroad as well as changes in bureaucratic practice generally. It often focused on issues such as the voting rights of Italians abroad, questions about receiving pensions and similar issues. It was joined by a series of in-house productions that primarily consisted of news and information programming whose roots were in the new division in charge of radio and television broadcasts since the sixties. The primary change was the elimination of large-scale programs, aside from those relating to the Italian national soccer team and the Pope, due to budget restrictions. This was part of a larger shift in the way that the service was envisioned and its repositioning as the primary conduit between Italy and Italians abroad. Speaking in 2000, Magliaro explained this as a change in the network’s priorities from ‘entertainment’ to ‘information’: There will be a larger dose of information and less space for entertainment. Informational programming will be the privileged product in which we will invest the majority of our financial and human resources, both on radio and on television. Providing information means both telling Italians abroad about Italy and allowing public opinion in our country to find out about Italians around the world. (Morgia) Magliaro’s statement suggests that there is a direct connection between the changing way of conceiving of ‘global’ Italian television and the mandate of RAI International. The spectacles of the mid-nineties, implicitly characterised by Magliaro as ‘entertainment,’ were as much about gaining the attention of those who did not speak Italian or watch Italian television as speaking to Italians abroad. The kind of participation in the nation that these events solicited were limited in that they did not move beyond a relatively passive experience of that nation as community brought together through the diffuse and distracted experience of ‘entertainment’. The rise of informazione di ritorno was a discourse that offered a particular conception of Italians abroad who were more directly involved in the affairs of the nation. However, this was more than an increased interest in the participation of audiences. Return information as developed under Magliaro’s watch posited a different kind of viewer, a viewer whose actions were explicitly and intimately linked to their rights as citizens. It is not surprising that Magliaro prefaced his comments about the transformation of RAI’s mandate and programming priorities by acknowledging that the extension of the vote to Italians abroad demands a different kind of broadcaster. The new editorial policy of RAI International is motivated from the incontrovertible fact that Italians abroad will have the right to vote in a few months … . In terms of the product that we are developing, aimed at adequately responding to the new demands created by the vote… (Morgia) The granting of the vote to Italians abroad meant that the forms of symbolic communion that produced through the mega-events needed to be supplanted by a policy that allowed for a more direct link between the ritual aspects of global media to the institutions of the Italian state. The evolution of RAI International cannot be separated from the articulation of an increasingly ethno-centric conception of citizenship and the transformation of the Italian state over the course of the 1990s and early 2000s towards. The transition between these two approaches to global television in Italy is important for understanding the events that unfolded around RAI International’s role in the development of a global Italian citizenry. A development that should not be separated from the development of increasingly stern immigration policies whose effect is to identify and export undesirable outsiders. The electoral defeat of Berlusconi in 2006 and the ongoing political instability surrounding the centre-left government in power since then has meant that the future development of RAI International and the long-term effects of the right-wing government on the cultural and political fabric of Italy remain unclear at present. The current need for a reformed electoral system and talk about the need for greater efficiency from the new executive at RAI make the evolution of the global Italian citizenry an important context for understanding the role of media in the globalised nation-state in the years to come. References Affatato, M. “I ‘Segreti’ di RAI International.” GRTV.it, 17 Feb. 1998. Arbore, R. “‘Il mio sogno? Un Programma con gli italiani all’estero.’” GRTV.it, 18 June 1999. Foot, J. Milan since the Miracle: City, Culture, and Identity. Oxford: Berg, 2001. Garofalo, R. “Understanding Mega-Events: If We Are the World, Then How Do We Change It? In C. Penley and A. Ross, eds., Technoculture. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1991. 247-270. Magliaro, M. “Speech to Second Annual Conference.” Comites Canada, 2002. Milana, A. RAI International: 40 anni, una storia. Rome: RAI, 2003. Morgia, G. La Rai del Duemila per gli italiani nel mondo: Intervista con Massimo Magliaro. 2001. Morrione, R. “Gli Italiani all’estero ‘azionisti di riferimento.’” Interview with Roberto Morrione. GRTV.it, 15 Nov. 1996. Morrione, R. Testimony of Roberto Morrione to Commitato Bicamerale per la Vigilanza RAI, 12 December 1997. Rome, 1997. 824-841. Morrione, R. Testimony of Roberto Morrione to Commitato Bicamerale per la Vigilanza RAI, 17 November 1998. Rome, 1998. 1307-1316. Morrione, R. “Tre anni memorabili.” RAI International: 40 anni, una storia. Rome: RAI, 2003. 129-137. Parks, L. Cultures in Orbit: Satellites and the Televisual. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2005. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Hayward, Mark. "Two Ways of Being Italian on Global Television." M/C Journal 10.6/11.1 (2008). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0804/05-hayward.php>. APA Style Hayward, M. (Apr. 2008) "Two Ways of Being Italian on Global Television," M/C Journal, 10(6)/11(1). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0804/05-hayward.php>.