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Relevant bibliographies by topics / VITRO PROPAGATION

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Academic literature on the topic 'VITRO PROPAGATION'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "VITRO PROPAGATION"

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Kanwar J, K., and S. Kumar. "In vitro propagation of Gerbera: A Review." Horticultural Science 35, No. 1 (February 12, 2008): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/651-hortsci.

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Gerbera has gained popularity in the past few years in many countries of the world and it is in great demand in the floral industry as cut flower as well as potted plant due to its beauty, colour, long vase life, and ability to rehydrate after long transportation. The most commercial cultivars are propagated through vegetative means by multiplication through divisions of clumps; however, the multiplication by this method is too slow to be commercially viable. To commercialize this crop and to meet the growing demand for planting material, tissue and organ culture techniques are being used as alternative methods for propagation in many countries. Most of the work has been carried on plant regeneration by adventitious organogenesis from capitulum, shoot tip, leaf, petiole and other parts of the plant. Attention should be paid to improve the technology to achieve 100% success in all species/cultivars to meet growing demands of the growers globally. From the literature, it is evident that gerberas are highly amenable to in vitro studies, as various explants were found to favourably respond to different culture media with different types and concentrations of growth regulators.

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Sedlák, J., and F. Paprštein. "In vitro propagation of blue honeysuckle." Horticultural Science 34, No. 4 (January 7, 2008): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1871-hortsci.

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We have developed a rapid shoot multiplication procedure for <I>in vitro</I> propagation of blue honeysuckle (<I>Lonicera kamtschatica</I> [Sevast.] Pojark). Shoot tips of two genotypes 20/1 and Altaj were successfully established <I>in vitro</I> and micropropagated on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) based media containing different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Multiplication rates varied depending on the genotype and concentration of BAP. The highest multiplication rate was obtained for the genotype 20/1 that produced 10.5 ± 0.7 shoots (longer than 10 mm) on the MS medium containing 2 mg/l BAP. The lowest multiplication rate was obtained for Altaj producing only 1.6 ± 0.1 shoots on MS medium containing 4 mg/l BAP. Moreover, <I>in vitro</I> rooting on the modified MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was reported. Rooted shoots were transferred to the greenhouse for further evaluation.

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Fotso, Tchinda Néhémie Donfagsiteli, Duclaire Mbouna, and Ndoumou Denis Omokolo. "Propagation deRicinodendronheudelotiipar bouturagein vitro." Fruits 59, no. 5 (September 2004): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits:2004033.

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Debnath, Samir C. "Propagation ofVaccinium in Vitro." International Journal of Fruit Science 6, no. 2 (February 20, 2007): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j492v06n02_04.

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Al-Aradi, Haleemah J., Ansam M. S., and Khaun A. M. Jihad M. Al-Zewar. "Propagation of water hyssop ( Bacopa monnieri L.) in vitro." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE 14, no. 1 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijaq.2017.14.1.1.

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Chalupa, V. "In vitro propagation of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.)." Journal of Forest Science 50, No. 12 (January 11, 2012): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4656-jfs.

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Methods of in vitro propagation of Larix decidua are described in the paper. The influence of explant source, tree age, genotype, composition of nutrient media and phytohormones on in vitro propagation of Larix decidua has been investigated. Needles, isolated vegetative buds, shoot tips, zygotic embryos and cotyledons were used as initial explants. Axillary and adventitious bud cultures were used for fast in vitro shoot multiplication. Root induction was stimulated on low salt medium supplemented with auxin. After rooting and hardening off, micropropagated trees were planted in experimental plots. The growth of micropropagated trees was comparable with the height and diameter growth of trees originated from seeds.

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Airò, M., G. Giardina, and A. Giovino. "IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF 'FRANGIPANI'." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1083 (May 2015): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1083.72.

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Briggs, B. A., S. M. McCulloch, and L. A. Caton. "IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF RHODODENDRON." Acta Horticulturae, no. 364 (May 1994): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.364.1.

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Vlachou, G., M. Papafotiou, and K. F. Bertsouklis. "In vitro propagation ofBallota acetabulosa." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1113 (March 2016): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1113.25.

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Vlachou, G., M. Papafotiou, and K. F. Bertsouklis. "In vitro propagation ofCalamintha nepeta." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1113 (March 2016): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1113.28.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "VITRO PROPAGATION"

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Ong, Robert C. "In vitro propagation of Betula uber (Ashe) Fernald." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03122009-040812/.

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Wilson, Julia. "In vitro propagation of some Western Australian seagrasses." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2004. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/838.

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The development of a successful protocol for micropropagating seagrass provides a valuable tool for seagrass-restoration programs and a facility to study their biology (especially their physiology). This work reports on some of the culture requirements of some seagrasses that are commonly found in Western Australia: Posidonia coriacea, P. sinuosa, P. australis and Halophila ovalis. The protocol developed for H. ovalis allows very rapid multiplication and sustainable growth of cultures while the protocol developed for Posidonia requires further development. The culture of Posidonia cariacea proved to be problematic however experimental media that provided insights into its culture conditions. The carbohydrate source was the most important medium component as it affected the development of roots and leaves. The presence of sucrose in the culture media enhanced leaf growth (especially glucose) but decreased the proportion of white roots. More fresh weight, roots, leaves and the proportion of white roots were observed in Posidonia when they were grown in glucose-based media than in mannitol-based media. When mannitol was present in the media, the proportion of white roots was high, which could be attributed to its osmotic effects. Similar responses to sucrose, glucose and mannitol were also observed for P. australis and P. sinuosa. Halophila ovalis was able to grow rapidly on most experimental media. Growth was enhanced by the presence of sucrose in the media and was essential for rapid and sustained growth. Other media components altered the growth of this species, in particular levels of nitrogen (most importantly NH4) influenced root growth and morphology. When H. ovalis is grown in media in moderate or high levels of NH4, root length was significantly reduced and root hair was limited. When NH4 was omitted from the medium, roots were significantly longer and root hairs were prolific. Posidonia coriacea and Halophila ovalis have different growth strategies under natural conditions. H. ovalis is an early succession species that grows rapidly and responds to increased nutrients. P. coriacea is slower growing, colonises later and is Jess responsive to environmental changes than H. ovalis. While the growth responses observed for P. coriacea were significant (in some cases), the differences between means were considerably smaller when compared with H. ovalis. This may be due to the different growth strategies of these species or a lack of fundamental requirement in the conditions under which P. coriacea was grown. Much of what is reported in this thesis for Posidonia will need repeating if the reasons for these differences are identified in the future. In summary, in this thesis I have demonstrated that in vitro propagation of these seagrass species is possible, It is necessary for species-specific protocols to be developed which take into consideration the growth strategies employed by each species. This is particularly significant as many researchers attempt to draw comparisons between species and protocols. The protocols developed in this research increase the knowledge of the biology of these seagrasses and can be incorporated into transplantation protocols in the future.

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Wann, Steven R. "In vitro isolation and propagation of mammatoxin-resistant aspen." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5742.

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Siu, Lai-ping, and 蕭麗萍. "Conservation and in vitro propagation of Hong Kong Camellias." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31210545.

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Yardin, Catherine. "Induction, propagation, et blocage de l'apoptose neuronale in vitro." Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO101A.

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Taylor, Mary. "In vitro methods for the construction of chimeras in potato." Thesis, University of Bath, 1988. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383696.

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Bedi, Seema. "Environmental stress and the response of pinus caribaea Morelet cultured in vitro." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335043.

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Deng, Ribo. "Field performance and in vitro hardening studies of micropropagated red raspberry." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41158.

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Field performance of micropropagated (MP) and conventionally propagated (CP) red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. cv. Comet and Festival) was examined under hedgerow and stool cane management systems for 3 seasons (1989 to 1991). All MP plants established well compared to 58% survival rates 45 days after planting and 92% survival rates after replanting for CP plants. The MP plants were more vigorous compared with the CP plants for the duration of this study as indicated by more and taller canes. MP 'Festival' in 1990 yielded 2.2 MT$ cdot$ha$ sp{-1}$, almost half the yield of established commercial plantings in Quebec, while yields from CP 'Festival' and MP and CP 'Comet' were negligible. The MP 'Festival' crop (8.42 MT$ cdot$ha$ sp{-1}$) also outyielded CP 'Festival' (6.8 MT$ cdot$ha$ sp{-1}$) and both MP (5.72 MT$ cdot$ha$ sp{-1}$) and CP (4.91 MT$ cdot$ha$ sp{-1}$) 'Comet' in the second fruiting year. Propagation method had no effects on winter hardiness, photosynthetic capacity nor leaf and stem morphology of either cultivar. The results indicated that MP plants were superior to CP plants for both nursery propagation and fruit production due to their more consistent establishment and increased vigor. Red raspberry plantlets were successfully hardened in vitro on low-sucrose or sucrose-free media through CO$ sb{2}$ enrichment (1500 ppm) and relative humidity reduction (90%) using a forced ventilation system in specially constructed plexiglass chambers. Enriched CO$ sb{2}$ significantly increased general vigor, root formation, root growth, plantlet growth and plantlet photosynthetic capacities. Sucrose in the medium promoted plantlet growth but depressed photosynthesis. In vitro relative humidity at 90% decreased stomatal apertures and improved plantlet ex vitro performance but did not affect the CO$ sb{2}$ uptake rates of cultured plantlets or ex vitro transplants. The maximum CO$ sb{2}$ uptake rates of plantlet leaves were about 52-69% that of greenhouse control pla

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Mohammadi, Jafar. "Studies on the in vitro regeneration and micropropagation of Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber)." Thesis, University of Bath, 1990. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237459.

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Juncker, Bertrand. "Le chêne (quercus robur l. ) in vitro : propagation, mode de croissance." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10014.

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Des protocoles couvrant l'ensemble des étapes de la micropropagation depuis le conditionnement des pieds-mères, et l'introduction in vitro des explants primaires jusqu'à l'enracinement et le sevrage des plantules, ont été mis au point, en attachant une attention toute particulière à l'obtention d'un clonage efficace à long terme à partir de matériel juvénile et adulte. A cette occasion, des variations du mode de croissance des pousses développées in vitro correspondant à une disparition progressive de la croissance rythmique endogène caractéristique de l'espèce, ont été observées. L'étude des conditions permettant leur apparition a montré le rôle primordial de la BA, en présence de BA, l'importance de l'alimentation azotée en tant que facteur de contrôle du modèle de croissance. La réalisation de bilans azotes (n total, n insoluble, n soluble, n minéral, acides aminés et amides libres) au sein des vitroplants, a permis d'associer l'apparition des différents modes de croissance décrits à une accumulation d' n soluble (no#3#, nh#4#+, asparagine, arginine, proline) dans les tiges feuillées, indépendamment des effets induits par l'introduction in vitro elle-même. Ces dosages ont également montré l'importance du cal basal qui assure l'interface entre le milieu de culture et la tige feuillée. Diverses hypothèses permettant d'expliquer le rôle de l'azote dans les mécanismes de contrôle de la croissance rythmique du chêne, ont été proposées

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Books on the topic "VITRO PROPAGATION"

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Jain, S. Mohan, and Sergio J. Ochatt, eds. Protocols for In Vitro Propagation of Ornamental Plants. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-114-1.

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Hvoslef-Eide, Anne Kathrine, and Walter Preil, eds. Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3200-5.

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Protocols for in vitro propagation of ornamental plants. New York: Humana Press, 2010.

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Gertsson, Ulla E. Development of a micropropagation method for Senecio x hybridus Hyl. and study of the progeny plants. Alnarp: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Horticultural Science, 1987.

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S, Bajaj Y. P., ed. High-tech and micropropagation II. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992.

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Dodds, John H. Transport, receipt, and propagation of in vitro potato plantlets. [Lima, Peru]: International Potato Center, 1986.

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Christou, Paul. Genetic engineering and in vitro culture of croplegumes. Lancaster, Pa: Technomic Pub. Co, 1992.

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Christou, Paul. Genetic engineering and in vitro culture of crop legumes. Lancaster, Pa: Technomic Pub. Co., 1992.

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Wilkins, Christopher Paul. Propagation and conservation of temperate fruit-trees by in vitro techniques. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1986.

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Saadat, Yousef Ali. In Vitro Culture of Persian Walnut (Juglans Regia L.). Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "VITRO PROPAGATION"

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Bonga, J. M., and P. von Aderkas. "Clonal propagation." In In Vitro Culture of Trees, 72–125. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8058-8_5.

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Pierik, R. L. M. "Vegetative propagation." In In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants, 183–230. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5750-6_19.

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Pierik, R. L. M. "Vegetative propagation." In In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants, 183–230. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1854-7_19.

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Pierik, R. L. M. "Vegetative propagation." In In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants, 183–230. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3621-8_20.

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Mitra, Sisir, and Pravat K. Ray. "Propagation." In Guava: botany, production and uses, 64–88. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247022.0004.

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Abstract This chapter deals with various propagation methods used in the multiplication of guava and progress made so far in this field. Seeds, stem cuttings, root cuttings, air layering, stooling, grafting, budding, rootstock, and in vitro propagation are discussed.

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Mayor, M. L., G. Nestares, T. Vega, R. Zorzoli, and L. A. Picardi. "Sunflower Propagation." In Protocols for In Vitro Propagation of Ornamental Plants, 271–80. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-114-1_25.

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Pierik, R. L. M. "Vegetative propagation of orchids." In In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants, 159–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5750-6_17.

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Pierik, R. L. M. "Vegetative propagation of orchids." In In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants, 159–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1854-7_17.

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Pierik, R. L. M. "Vegetative propagation of orchids." In In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants, 159–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3621-8_18.

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Pati, Pratap Kumar, Navtej Kaur, Madhu Sharma, and Paramvir Singh Ahuja. "In Vitro Propagation of Rose." In Protocols for In Vitro Propagation of Ornamental Plants, 163–76. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-114-1_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "VITRO PROPAGATION"

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Batukaev, Abdulmalik. "IN VITRO MICROCLONAL PROPAGATION OF STRAWBERRIES AND EX VITRO ADAPTATION." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/6.1/s25.095.

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Lu, Chengqun, and Baoling Huang. "Rapid propagation buds of Pinus massoniana in vitro." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5965983.

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Alatortseva, T. A. "Petchoa in vitro culture." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.015.

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Abubakarov, H. G., E. A. Kalashnikova, R. N. Kirakosyan, and A. V. Shitikova. "In vitro propagation of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-104.

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The results of optimizing the conditions for growing sweet potatoes in vitro are presented. It is shown that the mineral composition of the nutrient medium has a significant effect on the growth of side shoots. With the simultaneous formation of shoots, rooting of micro gears was observed.

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"Induction of in vitro propagation in mature embrios of maize." In Current Challenges in Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/icg-plantgen2019-48.

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Zontikov, Dmitry. "IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF RUBUS CHAMAEMORUS L. AND RUBUS ARCTICUS L." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on NANO, BIO AND GREEN � TECHNOLOGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b61/s25.055.

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Tretyakova, I. N., M. E. Pak, D. V. Kulagin, A. V. Konstantinov, and V. E. Padutov. "Microclonal propagation of Siberian larch by in vitro culture and somaclonal variation." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-439.

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Doi, Marika, Emiyu Ogawa, and Tsunenori Arai. "Evaluation of electrical propagation delay with cardiomyocytes by photosensitization reaction in vitro." In SPIE BiOS, edited by E. Duco Jansen and Hope T. Beier. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2250709.

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Leveque, Philippe, Alice Collin, Marylene Cueille, and Anne Perrin. "Electromagnetic, thermal and convection dosimetry for in vitro microwave exposure system." In 2006 1st European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eucap.2006.4585016.

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Yegorova, N. A., M. S. Zagorskaya, and O. V. Yakimova. "Culture medium for mint micropropagation in vitro." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-88.

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The influence of the culture medium composition on the development of explants at the second stage of clonal micropropagation of mint (Mentha canadensis L. K59(4n)) was studied in order to improve the in vitro propagation technique. It was shown that the maximum multiplication rate (11.5) was provided by MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg/L), IAA (0.5 mg/L) and 2% sucrose.

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Reports on the topic "VITRO PROPAGATION"

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Zayova, Ely, Elisaveta Kitova, and Maria Geneva. Optimized Cultural Conditions for Rapid in Vitro Propagation and Conservation of Mentha piperita L. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2021.06.18.

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Emek, Yelda, and Bengi Erdağ. In Vitro Propagation of Endemic and Endangered Rhaponticoides Mykalea Using Mature and Immature Zygotic Embryos. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.03.08.

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Nasircilar, Ayse Gul. In vitro Clonal Propagation of Endemic Allium junceum Subs. tridentatum via Immature and Mature Embryo Culture Method. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2021.08.18.

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Gafny, Ron, A. L. N. Rao, and Edna Tanne. Etiology of the Rugose Wood Disease of Grapevine and Molecular Study of the Associated Trichoviruses. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575269.bard.

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Rugose wood is a complex disease of grapevines, characterized by modification of the woody cylinder of affected vines. The control of rugose wood is based on the production of healthy propagation material. Detection of rugose wood in grapevines is difficult and expensive: budwood from tested plants is grafted onto sensitive Vitis indicators and the appearance of symptoms is monitored for 3 years. The etiology of rugose wood is complex and has not yet been elucidated. Several elongated clostero-like viruses are consistently found in affected vines; one of them, grapevine virus A (GVA), is closely associated with Kober stem grooving, a component of the rugose wood complex. GVA has a single-stranded RNA genome of 7349 nucleotides, excluding a polyA tail at the 3' terminus. The GVA genome includes five open reading frames (ORFs 1-5). ORF 4, which encodes for the coat protein of GVA, is the only ORF for which the function was determined experimentally. The original objectives of this research were: 1- To produce antisera to the structural and non-structural proteins of GVA and GVB and to use these antibodies to establish an effective detection method. 2- Develop full length infectious cDNA clones of GVA and GVB. 3- Study the roll of GVA and GVB in the etiology of the grapevine rugose wood disease. 4- Determine the function of Trichovirus (now called Vitivirus) encoded genes in the virus life cycle. Each of the ORFs 2, 3, 4 and 5 genes of GVA were cloned and expressed in E. coli and used to produce antisera. Both the CP (ORF 4) and the putative MP (ORF 3) were detected with their corresponding antisera in-GVA infected N. benthamiana and grapevine. The MP was first detected at an early stage of the infection, 6-12 h after inoculation, and the CP 2-3 days after inoculation. The MP could be detected in GVA-infected grapevines that tested negative for CP, both with CP antiserum and with a commercially available ELISA kit. Antisera to ORF 2 and 5 encoded proteins could react with the recombinant proteins but failed to detect both proteins in GVA infected plants. A full-length cDNA clone of grapevine virus A (GVA) was constructed downstream from the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Capped in vitro transcribed RNA was infectious in N. benthamiana and N. clevelandii plants. Symptoms induced by the RNA transcripts or by the parental virus were indistinguishable. The infectivity of the in vitro-transcribed RNA was confirmed by serological detection of the virus coat and movement proteins and by observation of virions by electron microscopy. The full-length clone was modified to include a gus reporter gene and gus activity was detected in inoculated and systemic leaves of infected plants. Studies of GVA mutants suggests that the coat protein (ORF 4) is essential for cell to cell movement, the putative movement protein (ORF 3) indeed functions as a movement protein and that ORF 2 is not required for virus replication, cell to cell or systemic movement. Attempts to infect grapevines by in-vitro transcripts, by inoculation of cDNA construct in which the virus is derived by the CaMV 35S promoter or by approach grafting with infected N. benthamiana, have so far failed. Studies of the subcellular distribution of GFP fusion with each of ORF 2, 3 and 4 encoded protein showed that the CP fusion protein accumulated as a soluble cytoplasmatic protein. The ORF 2 fusion protein accumulated in cytoplasmatic aggregates. The MP-GFP fusion protein accumulated in a large number of small aggregates in the cytoplasm and could not move from cell to cell. However, in conditions that allowed movement of the fusion protein from cell to cell (expression by a PVX vector or in young immature leaves) the protein did not form cytoplasmatic aggregates but accumulated in the plasmodesmata.

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5

Cohen, Yuval, Christopher A. Cullis, and Uri Lavi. Molecular Analyses of Soma-clonal Variation in Date Palm and Banana for Early Identification and Control of Off-types Generation. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592124.bard.

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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the major fruit tree grown in arid areas in the Middle East and North Africa. In the last century, dates were introduced to new regions including the USA. Date palms are traditionally propagated through offshoots. Expansion of modern date palm groves led to the development of Tissue Culture propagation methods that generate a large number of homogenous plants, have no seasonal effect on plant source and provide tools to fight the expansion of date pests and diseases. The disadvantage of this procedure is the occurrence of off-type trees which differ from the original cultivar. In the present project we focused on two of the most common date palm off-types: (1) trees with reduced fruit setting, in which most of the flowers turn into three-carpel parthenocarpic fruits. In a severe form, multi-carpel flowers and fruitlets (with up to six or eight carpels instead of the normal three-carpel flowers) are also formed. (2) dwarf trees, having fewer and shorter leaves, very short trunk and are not bearing fruits at their expected age, compared to the normal trees. Similar off-types occur in other crop species propagated by tissue culture, like banana (mainly dwarf plants) or oil palm (with a common 'Mantled' phenotype with reduced fruit setting and occurrence of supernumerary carpels). Some off-types can only be detected several years after planting in the fields. Therefore, efficient methods for prevention of the generation of off-types, as well as methods for their detection and early removal, are required for date palms, as well as for other tissue culture propagated crops. This research is aimed at the understanding of the mechanisms by which off-types are generated, and developing markers for their early identification. Several molecular and genomic approaches were applied. Using Methylation Sensitive AFLP and bisulfite sequencing, we detected changes in DNA methylation patterns occurring in off-types. We isolated and compared the sequence and expression of candidate genes, genes related to vegetative growth and dwarfism and genes related to flower development. While no sequence variation were detected, changes in gene expression, associated with the severity of the "fruit set" phenotype were detected in two genes - PdDEF (Ortholog of rice SPW1, and AP3 B type MADS box gene), and PdDIF (a defensin gene, highly homologous to the oil palm gene EGAD). We applied transcriptomic analyses, using high throughput sequencing, to identify genes differentially expressed in the "palm heart" (the apical meristem and the region of embryonic leaves) of dwarf vs. normal trees. Among the differentially expressed genes we identified genes related to hormonal biosynthesis, perception and regulation, genes related to cell expansion, and genes related to DNA methylation. Using Representation Difference Analyses, we detected changes in the genomes of off-type trees, mainly chloroplast-derived sequences that were incorporated in the nuclear genome and sequences of transposable elements. Sequences previously identified as differing between normal and off-type trees of oil palms or banana, successfully identified variation among date palm off-types, suggesting that these represent highly labile regions of monocot genomes. The data indicate that the date palm genome, similarly to genomes of other monocot crops as oil palm and banana, is quite unstable when cells pass through a cycle of tissue culture and regeneration. Changes in DNA sequences, translocation of DNA fragments and alteration of methylation patterns occur. Consequently, patterns of gene expression are changed, resulting in abnormal phenotypes. The data can be useful for future development of tools for early identification of off-type as well as for better understanding the phenomenon of somaclonal variation during propagation in vitro.

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Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis, and Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.

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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.

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