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1
Zacharopoulos, George. "The sabre in 19th century Greece." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 6, no. 2 (October 20, 2020): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/apd-2018-012.
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This article gives a brief overview on Greek sabre sources with a special focus on Philipp Müller’s and Nikolaos Pyrgos’ treatises. The article does not aim to give a complete list of treatises neither to analyze the any of the mentioned books in details – rather it aims to give an insight in those two books which might have had the most important impact on the development of the Greek sabre fencing in the 18th and 19th Centuries.
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Kokosalakis, Nikos. "Religion and Modernization in 19th Century Greece." Social Compass 34, no. 2-3 (June 1987): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003776868703400208.
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ΘΑΝΑΗΛΑΚΗ, ΠΟΛΛΗ. "ΟΙ ΠΡΟΤΕΣΤΑΝΤΙΚΕΣ ΙΔΕΕΣ, Ο MARK TWAIN ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΠΡΟΤΥΠΟ TOΥ ΠΑΙΔΙΚΟΥ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΑ ΣΤΟ ΜΙΣΣΙΟΝΑΡΙΚΟ ΒΙΒΛΙΟ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ (19ΟΣ ΑΙ.)." Μνήμων 27 (January 1, 2005): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mnimon.813.
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<p>Polly Thanailaki, The protestant ideas, Mark Twain and the model of the child's character in the missionary books in Greece in the 19th century</p><p>This essay explores the historical evolution which was observed in the shaping of the child's model of character in the American literature books of the 19th century within the frame of the protestant ideas and values. It also studies the impact of this development in the missionary books for children in Greece in the same century. We particularly focus on Mark Twain's revolutionary presence in the American children's literature by, firstly, placing emphasis on the change that the great American author made to the strict puritan model with the shaping of a more liberal and «innocent» children's character and, secondly, by analyzing the response which Twain's books met from the Greek 19th century readers. In this paper we argue that Twain's writing, known for realism, biting social satire and memorable children's characters, influenced the Greek children's literature in the end of the 19th century. The translations of his works started taking the lead in the end of this century in Greece. Moreover, this essay studies the re-shaping of the child's character in the missionary books published in Greece in the mid 19th century. The missionaries also followed the new trend for the children's character. The missionary stories appeared less didactic and strict.</p>
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Antoniou, Georgios P. "Water reservoirs complex of 19th century in Patras, Greece." International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 15, no. 1/2 (2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgenvi.2016.074364.
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Breger, Claudia. "Gods, German Scholars, and the Gift of Greece." Theory, Culture & Society 23, no. 7-8 (December 2006): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276406069886.
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This article argues that the abundance of Greek figures and scenarios in Kittler’s recent work points to a shift in his oeuvre, which, however, does not represent a radical break with his ‘hardware studies’. At the turn of the 21st century, Kittler champions an emphatic notion of culture as a necessary supplement to science and technology. This conceptual marriage mediates grand historical narratives of cultural identity. Specifically, Kittler’s texts provide us with narratives of Greek origin which serve to re-capture collective identities in the age of globalization. On the explicit level, this identity is predominantly European, but the search has national components as well. With his turn to culture, the organizing trope of 19th-century German nationalism, Kittler has also embraced the legacy of German philhellenism, which articulated national identities through the theme of ‘elective affinity’. Kittler’s Greece occupies the very structural place it had in 19th-century German philhellenism: It stands in for both the foundation of European civilization and its virtual better self, a realm of sensual culture untainted by modern capitalism and Empire. Most of the figures inhabiting this realm are familiar from 19th-century discourse as well, but these discursive loops are fueled by contemporary feedback. Kittler’s Greek narratives have developed out of postwar academic discourses and connect to other post-unification Greek fantasies.
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Margaritis, A., G. Papathanakos, M. Korre, and G. Papadopoulos. "Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia in the 19th century in Greece." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 29 (June 2012): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-201206001-00564.
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Romanou, Ekaterini. "Italian musicians in Greece during the nineteenth century." Muzikologija, no. 3 (2003): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz0303043r.
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In Greece, the monophonic chant of the Orthodox church and its neumatic notation have been transmitted as a popular tradition up to the first decades of the 20th century. The transformation of Greek musical tradition to a Western type of urban culture and the introduction of harmony, staff notation and western instruments and performance practices in the country began in the 19th century. Italian musicians played a central role in that process. A large number of them lived and worked on the Ionian Islands. Those Italian musicians have left a considerable number of transcriptions and original compositions. Quite a different cultural background existed in Athens. Education was in most cases connected to the church - the institution that during the four centuries of Turkish occupation kept Greeks united and nationally conscious. The neumatic notation was used for all music sung by the people, music of both western and eastern origin. The assimilation of staff notation and harmony was accelerated in the last quarter of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century in Athens a violent cultural clash was provoked by the reformers of music education all of them belonging to German culture. The clash ended with the displacement of the Italian and Greek musicians from the Ionian Islands working at the time in Athens, and the defamation of their fundamental work in music education.
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Christodoulou, George, Dimitris Ploumpidis, Nikos Christodoulou, and Dimitris Anagnostopoulos. "Mental health profile of Greece." International Psychiatry 7, no. 3 (July 2010): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600005877.
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Since the mid-1980s, a profound reform in the organisation of mental health provision has been taking place in Greece (Madianos & Christodoulou, 2007; Christodoulou, 2009). The aim has been to modernise the outdated system of care (Christodoulou, 1970), which was based on in-patient asylum-like treatment, the beginning of which can be roughly dated to the second half of the 19th century (Christodoulou et al, 2010).
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Hastaoglou‐Martinidis, Vilma, Kiki Kafkoula, and Nicos Papamichos. "Urban modernization and national renaissance: Town planning in 19th century Greece." Planning Perspectives 8, no. 4 (October 1993): 427–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665439308725783.
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Kritikos, Theodore. "Science and Religion in Greece, at the End of 19th Century." Historein 1 (May 1, 2000): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/historein.125.
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Passias, A., Athanasios Margaritis, A. Liarmakopoulou, P. Tzimas, and G. Papadopoulos. "The First Case of Tracheotomy Published in Greece in the 19th Century." Hellenic Journal of Surgery 90, no. 2 (March 2018): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13126-018-0449-z.
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Hastaoglou-Martinidis, Vilma. "City form and national identity: urban designs in the 19th century Greece." Cadernos de Geografia, no. 12 (1993): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0871-1623_12_1.
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Vlahakis, George. "Oceanography, but not As A Profession: Its Status in Greece During the Late 19th and the Early 20th Centuries." Earth Sciences History 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.17.1.g4202571n8k7n4t3.
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Although oceanography in Greece reached international standards only recently, it has its origins as an independent scientific practice in the late 19th century due to the work of Andreas Miaoulis, a brilliant officer of the Hellenic Navy who cooperated with the English admiral Arthur Mansel for the solution of the Euripus problem. During the early 20th century oceanographic studies took a more systematic character under the supervision of the Hellenic Thalassographic Committee and several reports and books were published before World War II, which interrupted the evolution of oceanography in Greece.
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Georgiou, E., E. Karachaliou, and E. Stylianidis. "3D REPRESENTATION OF THE 19TH CENTURY BALKAN ARCHITECTURE USING SCALED MUSEUM-MAQUETTE AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY METHODS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-275-2017.
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Characteristic example of the Balkan architecture of the 19th century, consists the "Tower house" which is found in the region of Epirus and Western Macedonia, Greece. Nowadays, the only information about these heritage buildings could be abstracted by the architectural designs on hand and the model – Tower that is being displayed in the Folklore Museum of the Municipality of Kozani, Greece, as a maquette. The current work generates a scaled 3D digital model of the "Tower house", by using photogrammetry techniques applied on the model-maquette that is being displayed in the Museum exhibits.
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BOŠKOV, SVETOZAR. "ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN 19th CENTURY SERBIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS." ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Researches, no. 32 (December 3, 2021): 144–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2021.32.144-161.
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Alexander the Great (356 B.C – 323 B.C) has gone down in history as one of the greatest conquerors of Antiquity. By the time he was 30, he had conquered most of the known world. The territory under his control lay from Greece in the west, southward through Egypt and eastward to India. His military successes made him an inspiration to many writers of his time and later. Since his life span corresponds to the era that today we call Hellenism, he is mentioned in all the educational systems of Europe. From their first appearance on this continent, school books have alluded to Alexander and his conquests. The first history textbooks in the Serbian language emerged in Serbia in the mid-19th century and they, too, included Alexander the Great. In this paper, we shall show how the history of Alexander was taught at the time and how his feats influenced generations of Serbian children educated at the first schools founded in the areas of the Habsburg Empire that they inhabited.
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Dombrowski, Andrew. "Multiple Relative Marking in 19th Century West Rumelian Turkish." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 38 (September 25, 2012): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v38i0.3322.
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<p>West Rumelian Turkish (WRT) refers to the dialects of Turkish spoken in the western Balkans. It is now spoken primarily in Macedonia and Kosovo, but was previously spoken more broadly in Bosnia, Greece, Albania, and Serbia. They differ from other dialects of Turkish in that they have been heavily affected by neighboring Indo-European languages like Serbian, Albanian, Aromanian, Romani, and Greek, and have undergone many of the changes characteristic of the Balkan Sprachbund (Friedman 2003). In this paper, I present a pattern of multiply-marked relative clauses in Pulevski’s Turkish that has not been attested elsewhere in Turkic, in which relative clauses can be marked with one of six different combinations of overt participial morphology. I argue that this variation is caused by two factors: first, the fusion of the constructions {<em>ći</em> + finite verb} and {participle} into a new construction {<em>ći</em> + participle} and second, the introduction of relative marking using the interrogative ‘which’ based on models in surrounding Indo-European languages.</p>
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Bulycheva, Elena V. "THE ATTITUDE OF GREEK SOCIETY TO RUSSIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY (ACCORDING TO THE MEMOIRS OF THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA)." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 1 (2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2021-1-20-29.
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The article seeks to present the attitude of Greek society to Rus - sia in the second half of the 19th century, based on memoirs of representatives of the Russian intelligentsia who visited Greece at that time. The author draws attention to the fact that the second half of the 19th century was a very difficult time for Greek society. In 1821, as a result of a long struggle, the Greeks gained independence from the Ottoman state and the question arose before them about the ways of further development. There was no consensus in society on that issue. The paper explores the opinions of different strata of Greek society based on the facts and arguments from the memoirs of our compatriots. Representatives of the Russian intelligentsia who visited Greece at that time note that the attitude to Russia was not uniform. The opinion of the Greeks about Russia was particularly impacted by political events and the influence of Western Europe.
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Tsirgialou, Aliki. "The stereotyped vision of Greece: 19th century photographs in the Benaki Museum archives." Μουσείο Μπενάκη 3 (August 10, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/benaki.18237.
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To άρθρο βασίζεται στο πρωτότυπο υλικό που φυλάσσεται στο Τμήμα Φωτογραφικών Αρχείων και πραγματεύεται το έργο των ξένων φωτογράφων στην Ελλάδα του 19ου αιώνα. Μέσα από τη μελέτη των φωτογραφιών αυτών προκύπτει μια ομοιομορφία ως προς τη θεματογραφία. Οι περισσότεροι φωτογράφοι επέλεξαν να καταγράψουν με τον φακό τους τις ελληνικές αρχαιότητες. Παράλληλα, πέρα από αυτή τη θεματική ομοιότητα, αποκαλύπτεται μια διαφορετική προσέγγιση του θέματος από κάθε φωτογράφο. Στις 19 Αυγούστου του 1839 παρουσιάστηκε στη Γαλλική Ακαδημία Τεχνών και Επιστημών στο Παρίσι, η εφεύρεση της φωτογραφίας και συγκεκριμένα η μέθοδος του Louis-Jaques Mandé Daguerre (1787-1851), ο οποίος είχε καταφέρει να αποδώσει μια θετική εικόνα επάνω σε μια χάλκινη πλάκα. Κατά τη διάρκεια της ανακοίνωσης, ο Γάλλος ακαδημαϊκός François-Dominique Arago (1786-1853) δεν παρέλειψε να τονίσει τις πολυάριθμες εφαρμογές της "πρωτότυπης" ανακάλυψης. Συγκεκριμένα ανέφερε ότι «για να αντιγραφούν όλα τα ιερογλυφικά των μεγάλων μνημείων των Θηβών, τον Καρνάκ κ.ά, da χρειάζονταν 20 έτη και λεγεώνες σχεδιαστών, ενώ με τη δαγγεροτυπική μέδοδο ένα μόνο άτομο da μπορούσε να κάνει αντήν την τεράστια εργασία». Εμπνευσμένος από την ανακοίνωση αυτή, ο Γάλλος εκδότης Noël-Marie-Paymal Lerebours (1807-1873) εφοδίασε ταξιδιώτες με φωτογραφικό εξοπλισμό (δαγγεροτυπικές μηχανές) και τους έστειλε να καταγράψουν «τα πιο αξιοσημείωτα μνημεία τον κόσμον». Έτσι ξεκινά το ταξίδι των ξένων φωτογράφων στην Ελλάδα. Αψηφώντας τις καιρικές συνθήκες και το βάρος του φωτογραφικού τους εξοπλισμού, έφταναν στον ελληνικό χώρο με σκοπό να καταγράφουν, ακολουθώντας τις προκαθορισμένες διαδρομές των ταξιδιωτικών οδηγών τους, τα "αξιοσημείωτα" μνημεία του. Η Ακρόπολη, καθώς και τα μνημεία που την περιβάλλουν, αποτελούσαν απαραίτητο σταθμό τους, με αποτέλεσμα η πορεία τους να ακολουθεί το ήδη διαμορφωμένο από τους περιηγητές-ζωγράφους στερεότυπο εικονογραφικό πρόγραμμα, και στο έργο τους να μεταφέρεται η εικόνα μιας ιδεατής Ελλάδας που ταυτίζεται με αυτή της κλασικής αρχαιότητας. Το γεγονός αυτό ενίσχυε η περιορισμένη δυνατότητα του φωτογραφικού φακού, λόγω του μεγάλου χρόνου έκθεσης της φωτοευαίσθητης πλάκας, που καθιστούσε αούναττ] την αποτύπωση της κίνησης. Ανάμεσα στους πρώτους δαγγεροτυπίστες που ανέλαβαν την αποστολή του Lerebours, ήταν και ο Καναδός Pierre-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (1789-1865). Ο Lotbinière, που ταξίδευε στη Μεσόγειο, επισκέφτηκε και φωτογράφισε για πρώτη φορά τις αθηναϊκές αρχαιότητες τον Οκτώβριο του 1839, δύο μόλις μήνες μετά την επίσημη ανακοίνωση της εφεύρεσης. Όπως αναμενόταν, η Ακρόπολη ήταν το πρωταρχικό θέμα που επέλεξε. Η δαγγεροτυπική μέθοδος δεν είχε τη δυνατότητα να παράγει πολλαπλά αντίτυπα, γεγονός που οδήγησε τους φωτογράφους να προτιμήσουν τη μέθοδο της καλοτυπίας, όπου με τη μεσολάβηση ενός αρνητικού μπορούσαν να εκτυπώσουν απεριόριστο αριθμό θετικών εικόνων. Ο διάσημος Γάλλος αρχιτέκτονας Alfred- Nicolas Normand (1822-1909) τράβηξε συνολικά 130 καλοτυπίες κατά τη διάρκεια της παραμονής του στην Ελλάδα. Μέσα από τον φωτογραφικό του φακό απαθανάτισε κυρίως την Ακρόπολη και τις περιβάλλουσες αρχαιότητες της. Τα χρόνια που ακολουθούν αποτελούν μεταβατική περίοδο για τη φωτογραφία. Η μέθοδος της καλοτυπίας αντικαταστάθηκε από την τεχνική του υγρού κολλο δίου και οι μεγάλοι χρόνοι έκθεσης της φωτοευαίσθητης πλάκας μειώθηκαν, προσδίδοντας στη νέα εφεύρεση ευκρίνεια, ευκολία στη χρήση και ανθεκτικότητα σε δύσκολες καιρικές συνθήκες, όπως το θερμό κλίμα της Ελλάδας. Την εποχή αυτή μια σειρά από γνωστούς επαγγελματίες και ερασιτέχνες φωτογράφους επισκέπτονται και φωτογραφίζουν την Αθήνα. Ανάμεσα τους ξεχωρίζει το έργο των James Robertson και Paul Baron des Granges. Αρκετοί ήταν και οι ξένοι φωτογράφοι που εγκαταστάθηκαν στην Ελλάδα. Χαρακτηριστικά αναφέρεται ο Carl Schiffer, πιθανώς βαυαρικής καταγωγής, που εργάστηκε στην Αθήνα από το 1859 έως το 1863. Προς τα τέλη του 19ου αιώνα όλο και περισσότεροι ταξιδιώτες-φωτογράφοι επισκέπτονταν την Ελλάδα. Η φωτογραφία είχε γίνει πιο προσιτή στους ερασιτέχνες, που έως τότε παρέμενε το προνόμιο των οικονομικά ισχυρότερων. Σε αυτό συνέβαλε και η κατασκευή της πρώτης εύχρηστης φωτογραφικής μηχανής από την Kodak, το 1888. Δεδομένου ότι η φωτογραφία πέρασε στη μαζική παραγωγή, το εικονογραφικό ενδιαφέρον άρχισε να αλλάζει. Το στερεότυπο της αποτύπωσης των αρχαιοτήτων έδωσε τη θέση του στις φωτογραφίες της σύγχρονης ζωής. Εμφανίζεται, δηλαδή, φωτογραφικό ενδιαφέρον για τα πολιτικά και κοινωνικά δρώμενα της Ελλάδας, παρά τις δυσκολίες που οφείλονται ακόμα στην αδυναμία της φωτογραφίας να καταγράψει με επιτυχία την κίνηση. Λόγω της ραγδαίας εξέλιξης που έχει γνωρίσει το μέσο με την πάροδο των ετών, η προσπάθεια που κατέβαλλαν οι πρώτοι φωτογράφοι φαίνεται να υποτιμάται. Μελετώντας κανείς τις εικόνες αυτές, σπάνια διακρίνει τις τεχνικές μεθόδους ή ακόμα και τη φαντασία που επενδύθηκε για την πραγματοποίηση τους. Παρά τη θεματική ομοιομορφία που χαρακτηρίζει τη φωτογραφία του 19ου αιώνα στην Ελλάδα, ο κάθε φωτογράφος μετέφερε στις εικόνες του το προσωπικό του ύφος, αποτέλεσμα μιας ιδιαίτερης διερεύνησης του χώρου.
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Cho, Eunjung. "Francis C. Penrose and the Development of Classical Archaeology in 19th Century Greece." Journal of the Association of Western Art History 52 (February 29, 2020): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.16901/jawah.2020.02.52.007.
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Jones, Olivia A. "Demography and burial exclusion in Mycenaean Achaia, Greece." Journal of Greek Archaeology 3 (January 1, 2018): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v3i.523.
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The Late Bronze Age period in Greece, known as the Mycenaean period (Figure 1), has been an influential research topic in Greek archaeology since the excavations at Mycenae (Figure 2) by Heinrich Schliemann in the late 19th century. The mortuary record in particular, with exceptional contexts such as the Shaft Graves filled with golden funerary masks, and the elaborately constructed beehive stone-built tholos tombs (pl. tholoi), have encouraged discussions of conspicuous consumption and shifts of power in early Mycenaean (MH III-LH I) Greece.
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Sepetcioğlu, Tuncay Ercan. "Cretan Turks at the End of the 19th Century: Migration and Settlement." Sosyolojik Bağlam Dergisi 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52108/2757-5942.1.1.3.
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The Cretan Turks (and now their descendants) are a group of people who originally had lived in the Island of Crete till 1923 when the Obligatory Population Exchange Agreement signed between Turkey and Greece. Through almost the entire 19th century, as a result of Greek revolts one after another in different times in history and the public order on the island was disrupted, the Cretan Turkish population in fear of their lives left their living places, became refugees and the demographic structure of the island changed in favor of the Orthodox Christians. Among those migrations, the biggest and the most decisive on the political future of the island is the Heraklion Events that started in 1897 which resulted in the migration of at least 40,000 Turks. This population movement is particularly important as it caused the expansion of Cretan Turks to very different regions. The present existence of a Cretan community in Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Libya, the Rhodes and Kos Islands of Greece, along with (albeit few) Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, the Island of Cyprus and Palestine happened due to this immigration movement. This article approaches the immigration and settlement process that happened at the very end of the 19th century as a result of a revolt in Crete, in a sudden and involuntary manner, in a period where the Ottoman Empire suffered from political, economic and social difficulties. Tracking the official records and by fieldwork where and how immigrants settled, how many and where new settlements were founded for them were analyzed with the methodological approaches of history and historical anthropology.
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Palm, Ulrich, Moussa A. Chalah, and Samar S. Ayache. "Brain Stimulation and Neuroplasticity." Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070873.
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Electrical or magnetic stimulation methods for brain or nerve modulation have been widely known for centuries, beginning with the Atlantic torpedo fish for the treatment of headaches in ancient Greece, followed by Luigi Galvani’s experiments with frog legs in baroque Italy, and leading to the interventional use of brain stimulation methods across Europe in the 19th century [...]
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Trigas, Panayiotis, Eleftherios Kalpoutzakis, Epaminondas Kalogiannis, Anna-Thalassini Valli, Konstantinos Kougioumoutzis, Konstantinos Katopodis, and Theophanis Constantinidis. "Noteworthy new floristic records from Greece." Botanica Serbica 45, no. 2 (2021): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb2102321t.
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This contribution to the Greek flora includes distribution extensions and taxonomic notes for some noteworthy plant taxa. New records for certain phytogeographical regions of Greece are presented for: Arum cylindraceum, Convolvulus pentapetaloides. Cruciata taurica, Galanthus reginae-olgae subsp. vernalis, Ilex aquifolium, Linum decumbens, Lythrum thymifolia, Sedum praesidis, Silene congesta and Trifolium diffusum. Allium karistanum, Helichrysum amorginum, Limonium antipaxorum and L. cephalonicum have been recorded for the first time on some islands. New populations of Allium maniaticum and A. ritsii, previously known only from their loci classici, were discovered in the Peloponnese. Valeriana alliariifolia, Silene auriculata subsp. auriculata and Symphytum creticum were rediscovered in central Evvia, confirming long-lost historical records from previous centuries. The presence of V. alliariifolia in Greece and Europe is confirmed for the first time since the 19th century.
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Schönhärl, Korinna. "Socially Responsible Investment in 19th Century Greece: A Case Study of a Swiss Banker." Vierteljahrschrift f??r Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 106, no. 2 (2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/vswg-2019-0007.
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Hamilakis, Yannis. "Archaeology in Greek higher education." Antiquity 74, no. 283 (March 2000): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00066321.
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The teaching of archaeology in higher education in Greece cannot be viewed in isolation from the broader realms of antiquity, archaeology and the past in modern Greek society and the context of Greek higher education. A growing body of literature has shown that archaeological antiquities have contributed substantially to the generation and perpetuation of a genealogical national myth upon which the modern nation- state of Greece was founded (e.g. Gourgouris 1996; Herzfeld 1982, 1987; Kitromilides 1989; Morris 1994; Skopetea 1988). This ideology of nationalism not only presented the nation-state as the ideal form of political organization for 19th-century Greece, but also presented the inhabitants of Greece as direct descendants of Socrates and Plato. Intellectuals and the emerging middle class merchants imported this western romantic ideology (so popular amongst the European middle-class of the time) into Greece.
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Kasatkin, K. A. "“Balkans” in Russian Encyclopedic Dictionaries of First Half of 19th Century." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 8 (August 24, 2021): 341–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-8-341-355.
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The ways of representing the Balkan Peninsula that existed in Russia in the first half of the 19th century are analyzed in the article. The sources for the study were encyclopedic dictionaries of the first half of the 19th century. (A.A. Plyushar, L.I. Zeddeler, A.V. Starchevsky), as well as an unpublished work by I.P. Liprandi “The Experience of the Word Interpreter of the Ottoman Empire”. The author argues that for a long time the Balkan Peninsula was not perceived as a single region with a set of historically deter-mined features. Arguments are presented confirming that certain areas of the peninsula were elements of different discourses. The relationship between the choice of a particular register of descriptions by the authors of the dictionaries and the political affiliation of the described regions of the Balkan Peninsula is shown. The relationship between the choice of a particular register of descriptions by the authors of the dictionaries and the political affiliation of the described regions of the Balkan Peninsula is shown. A special attitude of the authors of encyclopedias to Serbia and Greece, the newly formed states on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula, has been established. Examples are given that show the duality of their images in the Russian narrative in the first half of the 19th century.
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Kim, Kyung Hwa, and Bong Mann Ko. "The Color Black : Its History and Symbolic Meanings from Ancient Greece to the 19th Century." Korea Institute of Design Research Society 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46248/kidrs.2021.4.353.
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Facorellis, Yorgos, and Dionysis Mourelatos. "Radiocarbon Dating of the Architectural Parts of the Middle Byzantine Monastery of Hosios Loukas, Boeotia, Greece." Radiocarbon 59, no. 5 (July 17, 2017): 1309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.26.
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ABSTRACTThe Monastery of Hosios Loukas is situated at an altitude of 430 m (38°23′43.12′′N, 22°44′48.22′′E) in the western foothills of Mount Helikon, near the village of Steiri, Boeotia, Greece. It is one of the most important monuments of Middle Byzantine art and architecture and has been recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Information varies concerning the construction date of the magnificent church to house the Hosios Loukas relics. Moreover, little is known about the time when the rest of the monastic complex was built. This paper aims to shed light on these chronological questions. For this purpose, 15 wood samples, originating from the outermost rings of the wooden timber preserved from the initial scaffolding of the church and its four supporting buttresses and another two from the wooden gate of the monastery, were radiocarbon (14C) dated using the conventional gas-counting technique. Our results show that the church was built in the beginning of the 11th century. The four buttresses were built in at least two phases, during the 15th through 19th centuries, and the monastery gate may be also attributed to the 19th century.
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Charitonidou, Marianna. "Travel to Greece and Polychromy in the 19th Century: Mutations of Ideals of Beauty and Greek Antiquities." Heritage 5, no. 2 (May 19, 2022): 1050–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5020057.
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The article examines the collaborations between the pensionnaires of the Villa Medici in Rome and the members of the French School of Athens, shedding light on the complex relationships between architecture, art, and archeology. The second half of the 19th century was a period during which the exchanges and collaborations between archaeologists, artists, and architects acquired a reinvented role and a dominant place. Within such a context, Athens was the place par excellence, where the encounter between these three disciplines took place. The main objective of the article is to render explicit how the revelations of archeology, actively disseminated by the members of the French School of Athens—the “Athéniens”—had an important impact on the approach of certain pensionnaires of the Villa Medici in Rome. Particular emphasis is placed on certain pensionnaires, who decided to devote their envois to ancient monuments of Greece. In parallel, the article intends to shed light on the methods that helped the pensionnaires-architects of the Villa Medici in Rome appropriate archaeological discoveries concerning Greek antiquities. The article takes, as a starting point, the following hypothesis: to better understand the figure of the architect-archaeologist, of whom Jacques Ignace Hittorff is an emblematic example, it is pivotal to bear in mind that before the second half of the 19th century neither the figure of Hellenic archeology nor the figure of the architect had yet acquired their autonomy. Taking into account that Johann Joachim Winckelmann, in the middle of the 18th century, forged an ideal Greek model, which was criticized during the second half of the 19th century, the article also sheds light on the fact that the revelations of archaeologists have called into question the Winckelmannian image of Greece. Another aspect that is explored in the article is Jacques Ignace Hittorff’s studies concerning the polychromy of ancient Greek monuments, paying special attention to his Restitution du temple d’Empédocle à Sélinonte ou l’Architecture polychrome chez les Grecs. The article also explores how the shifts of the status of philhellenism are related to the mutations of the meaning of travel to Greece. In parallel, it investigates the impact of Greek independence on the ideals of beauty and nature in arts, as well as how Greek independence is related to the intensification of the interest in the excavations of Greek antiquities.
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Makri K., K., S. B. Pavlides, and N. Kastanis. "AN ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL TEXTBOOKS, AT 1830-1930." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11171.
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The geological education in Greece is essentially rooted in the second half of the 19th century. Since 1836, when the Secondary Education was legislated in Greece, in spite of the fact that Geology is referred to all educational programs, geology was not taught before 1880, due to the lack of competent teachers and their books. The deficiency is limited with the first complete edition of the book Geology addressed in Secondary Education. This work presents and analyzes the content of a representative sample of school textbooks of Geology, as the approach of geological theories, including the definition and interpretation of geological phenomena, is the result of the trend, followed by each author.
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Kondakov, Yuri E. "Petersburg Collection of the ‘Hermetic Library’ of N. I. Novikov as the Heritage of Russian Rosicrucians from Ancient Greece to the 18th Century." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2018): 663–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-3-663-678.
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The article gives the first extensive review of the multivolume ‘Hermetic Library.’ It is stored in the Research Division of Manuscripts of the Russian National Library. This collection includes translations from European authors from Ancient Greece to the 18th century. Some manuscripts of the ‘Hermetic Library’ collection were believed by the Order of the Golden and Pink Cross to belong to the legendary Rosicrucians. The Order of the Golden and Pink Cross emerged in the 18th century within the Masonic movement. Until early 19th century the Order, mostly focused on alchemy, developed as a branch of Freemasonry. In 1782 the Order of the Golden and Pink Cross opened its subdivision in Russia. Having survived a number of prohibitions, the organization of Russian Rosicrucians continued until early 20th century. The ‘Hermetic Library’ is the largest literary heritage of Russian Rosicrucians. The ‘Hermetic Library’ was started by educator and book publisher N. I. Novikov in early 19th century. It was Europe’s largest collection of alchemical and Rosicrucian works of the time. The library was to be kept secret and be used for education of the Order members. Two collections of the library fell into hands of different groups of Rosicrucians. The Moscow collection was kept in Arsenyev's family. The Petersburg collection passed from hand to hand; in late 19th century it was put up for sale. Only after 1917 the two collections of the ‘Hermetic Library’ were acquired by libraries of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The study of the St. Petersburg collection shows that it was copied and translated by several Rosicrucians. After Novikov’s death in 1818, two different groups continued the library, and volumes following the 30th differ in content and design. Novikov’s library included manuscripts on the development of alchemy from Ancient Egypt and to 18th century Europe. They included the most important Rosicrucian works. 35 volumes of the St. Petersburg collection include 191 works. The volumes were compiled to insure consistent training of the Order adepts. The article analyses the St. Petersburg collection of the ‘Hermetic library.’ Within the frameworks of an article it is impossible to review the contents every volume. It offers a summary of the history of writing and storage of the library until the 20th century and an overview of the volumes’ design and layout, which allows to judge the overall design of the library. It also compares the St. Petersburg collection and the Moscow one.
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Moudopoulos Athanasiou, Faidon. "Faidon Moudopoulos Athanasiou, Woodland Values in Zagori, NW Greece (19th–21st Century): Between Heritage and History." 2 8, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v8i2_10.
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The present article exposes a conflict regarding the management of natural and cultural values through time, using the example of woodland management in Zagori (NW Greece) from the late 19th century to the present day (2018). The central question is how a cultural landscape now interpreted as significant enough for potential World Heritage nomination (2014 tentative list), was managed through time by the Greek State in a top-down approach that led to a polarization between natural and cultural values. First, issues of commune woodland management and emic perceptions of values will be addressed, followed by an outline of state economic factors that shaped the national policies that replaced them. The local communities’ reactions during this transformation will be addressed. Finally, it is suggested that such case studies are valuable educational material for heritage professionals, since they offer insights into the processes of site valorization, revealing historical factors, economic stakes, and legislative biases, while also touching upon stakeholder issues.
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Margaritis, George, Mateusz Rozmiarek, and Ewa Malchrowicz-Mosko. "Tangible and Intangible Legacy of the 19th Century Zappas Olympics and their Implications for Contemporary Sport Tourism." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 74, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0008.
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AbstractAs has been shown in the article, the Zappas Olympics generously contributed to the revival of the Olympic Games in the nineteenth century. The course of these competitions has been described, and a brief summary of Zappas’s work, which does not often attract a lot of attention in, for example, Polish academics, has also been made. The fact that the Zappas Olympics mainly enhanced the national identity of the Greeks following Turkish captivity has also been highlighted. The Zappas Olympics allowed the Greeks to become more familiar with sports and fair play. The knowledge that the Greeks acquired from the organization of this event was useful for the organization of the first modern Olympic Games in Athens. These days, material remains of this event serve touristic and cultural functions. The significance of such facilities as the Zappeion and the Panathenaic Stadium have also been underlined. For example, the Zappeion and the Panathenaic Stadium host cultural events and welcome tourists interested in sports history or Greek culture. These are the authorities responsible for touristic policy in Greece and they may decide whether such historic sites and sporting facilities will be included in thematic routes for tourists. According to the authors of the present paper, these sites may effectively compete with mass and recreational attractions in Greece.
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Raftakis, Michail. "What was Killing Babies in Hermoupolis, Greece? An Investigation of Infant Mortality Using Individual Level Causes of Death, 1861–1930." Historical Life Course Studies 12 (July 21, 2022): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs11601.
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This paper employs individual level cause of death data from the port city of Hermoupolis on the Greek island of Syros, in order to test the newly-constructed ICD10h coding system. By constructing cause specific death rates for infants from the late 19th century to early 20th century, the paper contributes to a comparative approach, which aims to show how causes of death differ across several locations within Europe and how they develop over time. Given the scarcity of cause of death data both at the individual and aggregate level in Greece roughly prior to the 1920s, the availability of such data in the draft death registers (for sporadic runs of years in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century) and the civil registration (from 1916 onwards) in Hermoupolis provides a deeper understanding of the history of cause-of-death reporting in the country. Infant mortality in Hermoupolis was relatively high throughout the study period, with water-food borne diseases accounting for the highest number of infant deaths, especially during the hot and dry summer months. While the prominent winter peak of neonatal mortality but also congenital-birth disorders could be partially associated with birth seasonality and/or low temperatures over the winter months. Finally, certain vague terms such as 'atrophy' and 'athrepsy', but especially 'drakos' require further investigation until they are firmly understood.
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Pursley, Sara, and Beth Baron. "EDITORIAL FOREWORD." International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, no. 3 (July 18, 2014): 447–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743814000531.
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The image featured on this issue's cover depicts a 19th-century Greek Orthodox church in the Anatolian town of Derinkuyu. Decades after the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey that forcibly deported the town's Christian residents, the church would be converted into a mosque. This process is examined in the article by Tuğba Tanyeri-Erdemir, Robert Hayden, and Aykan Erdemir, discussed below, but the photograph also resonates with the themes of diaspora and minorities that run through most of the articles and essays in this issue.
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Popek, Krzysztof. "The The Emigration of Muslims from the Greek state in the 19th century. An Outline." Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia 27 (December 13, 2020): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bp.2020.27.7.
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Modern Greek statehood began to take shape with the War of Independence that broke out in 1821 and continued with varying intensity for the next years. As a result of these events, the Greeks cast of the foreign rule, which for many not only meant separation from the Ottoman Empire, but also the expulsion of Muslims living in these lands. During the uprising, about 25 000 Muslims lost their lives, and a similar number emigrated from the territory of the future Greek state. The next great exodus of Muslims from Greek lands was related to the annexation of Thessaly by the Hellenic Kingdom, which was to a larger extent spread over time. Since the region was incorporated into Greece until the beginning of the 20th century, the 40 000-strong Islamic community had virtually disappeared.
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Popek, Krzysztof. "The The Emigration of Muslims from the Greek state in the 19th century. An Outline." Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia 27 (December 13, 2020): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bp.2020.27.7.
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Modern Greek statehood began to take shape with the War of Independence that broke out in 1821 and continued with varying intensity for the next years. As a result of these events, the Greeks cast of the foreign rule, which for many not only meant separation from the Ottoman Empire, but also the expulsion of Muslims living in these lands. During the uprising, about 25 000 Muslims lost their lives, and a similar number emigrated from the territory of the future Greek state. The next great exodus of Muslims from Greek lands was related to the annexation of Thessaly by the Hellenic Kingdom, which was to a larger extent spread over time. Since the region was incorporated into Greece until the beginning of the 20th century, the 40 000-strong Islamic community had virtually disappeared.
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Chouliarás, Ioannis P. "The Catholicon of the Monastery of Agios Panteleimon on the Island of Ioannina, Greece." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (28) (2020): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2020.208.
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The monastery is located at the SE end of the settlement of the Island and became widely known in modern history, as Ali Pasha was assassinated in its cells in 1822. The catholicon today is a three-aisled basilica with a quadruple roof and in its present size was probably built at late 17th or early 18th century. The aisles are separated by wooden colonnades. The W and N walls, probably most of the E, were rebuilt after their destruction in the early 19th century by falling rocks. In the E there is a semicircular arch. The original church was supposed to be a small one-aisled with a semicircular arch, traces of which were discovered on the SE side of the modern church.The monastery is located at the SE end of the settlement of the Island and became widely known in modern history, as Ali Pasha was assassinated in its cells in 1822. The catholicon today is a three-aisled basilica with a quadruple roof and in its present size was probably built at late 17th or early 18th century. The aisles are separated by wooden colonnades. The W and N walls, probably most of the E, were rebuilt after their destruction in the early 19th century by falling rocks. In the E there is a semicircular arch. The original church was supposed to be a small one-aisled with a semicircular arch, traces of which were discovered on the SE side of the modern church.From the early building phase the modern church has incorporated part of the S wall, which dates to the early 15th century. On the W side was added a late 19th-century loggia, which is roofed with a sloping roof lower than that of the church and possibly replaced an older one. The column of the loggia comes from an earlier building phase of the church. On the W side is raised a rectangular narthex, possibly of the same date as the loggia, which is roofed with a quadruple roof. The present entrance door to the main church is located at the W end of the S wall, while the original door was opened in the middle of the same wall and has been walled today. There is a small conch above the walled door.The church is built of stone with irregularly placed stones. More elaborate construction on the arch with carved stones in the pseudo-isodomic system. On the S wall between the stones are inserted bricks. Brick arched frame is formed above the walled gate. The fresco decoration of the catholicon is confined to the outer front of the S wall and the lower parts of the main church. It is of particular importance, as we distinguish five post-Byzantine phases, the first of which at the end of the 15th century. The first is located in the E part of the outer front of the S wall. The rest continue to the W on the outer front of the same wall and on the lower parts inside the main church.In the initial phase of the frescoes belong the Deisis with the Christ and the Virgin, as well as the frontal St. Nicholas, behind the Virgin. The upper parts of the scene have been repainted. The next phase, which can be dated to the 16th century, involves the half-bodied Christ above the conch of the S wall, who blesses with open arms and two full-length archangels on either side of the conch, who have also been repainted. In the third phase of the painting belongs the enthroned Virgin holding the Child amid two angels, pictured behind her massive wooden throne. The composition is to the right of the entrance door to the church. This layer is precisely dated by a dedicatory inscription bearing the date ZΡKϚ (= 1617/18). The penultimate phase is found only in the interior of the catholicon, in the lower parts of the sanctuary, and on the N and S walls of the main church, where a decorative zone is distinguished. The feet of at least two saints are visible on the N wall, another figure of saint next to the iconostasis on the S wall and to the right of the doorway to the church the lower part of the body of a frontal archangel, who steps on a cloud. Above the door there should have been the inscription, mentioned by Aravantinos, but not preserved today, and bearing the date ΑΨΖ (= 1707). During the late 19th century, the outer conch of the S wall was painted with St. Panteleimon, who is depicted half-bodied and holding a vessel and a scalpel.The building phases of the catholicon and the multiple layers of its decoration make it one of the most important monuments of the Ioannina area, as it locates the oldest known frescoes on the Island and throughout the Ioannina basin. At the same time, after reading of one of the dedicatory inscriptions, it was possible to distinguish more clearly the painting layers and to make more effective use of the older reading, by Aravantinos, of the inscription in the interior of the catholicon.
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Mijatović, Slađana, Violeta Šiljak, and Vladan Vukašinović. "Appearance of the Olympic Idea in Civil Gymnastic and other Sporting Societies and Clubs in Serbia." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spes-2016-0011.
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SummaryThe idea of revival of the Olympic Games appeared much before its realization, but creation of the possibilities to reintroduce the Games was closely related to development of modern sport. The first mentioning and proposals originated from the works of the Humanists in 15th and 16th century and in the thirties of the 19th century some practical attempts were made for their revival.The aim of the paper was to determine the time when the first ideas on Olympism appeared in Serbia in civil gymnastic and other sporting societies and clubs. Historical method was used in the paperFor a long period Serbia was cherishing and developing traditional forms of competitions and tournaments but organized forms of physical exercises of citizens appeared only in the mid-19th century when the first private schools for physical exercises were established in many towns of the Principality of Serbia. Therefore, these private schools and the civil gymnastic societies were places where modern sport and the Olympic ideal were gladly accepted and further developed. Thus, it is understandable why, at the time of realization of the idea on revival of Ancient Olympic Games, those societies and clubs used the expression: Olympic competitions for their sporting events, besides they already used names: popular festivals or chivalry competitive plays.In the mid-19th century the Olympic idea took roots also in the Principality and later in the Kingdom of Serbia. Namely, before the revival of the Olympic Games in Athens and before the term „Olympic“ became more significant in reporting from sporting events, the competitions in Serbia had been announced as „Olympic festivities“ although they were not directly linked to the aforementioned Games in Greece.
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Engel, Michael S., Zachary H. Falin, and Jan Batelka. "A new genus of Pelecotominae from Mexico, with notes on the genera Clinops and Scotoscopus and the description of new species (Coleoptera, Ripiphoridae)." ZooKeys 857 (June 25, 2019): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.857.34938.
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Taxonomic notes are provided on species of the uncommonly encountered ripiphorid subfamily Pelecotominae. Zapotecotomasumichrastigen. et sp. nov., is described from southern Mexico based on a unique male likely collected in the later part of the mid-19th Century. The discovery of additional species of the South African genus Clinops Gerstaecker permit a revised diagnosis and distinction of the group from the eastern Mediterranean genus Scotoscopus Brenske and Reitter, resurrected status. Two new species of Clinops are established: Clinopsinexpectatussp. nov. (northeast of Durban near Swaziland) and C.perpessussp. nov. (region of Durban), and Scotoscopusspectabilis (Schaufuss) is newly recorded for the Peloponnese in Greece.
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Perouli, Mary, and Pepy Bareka. "Ethnobotanical survey on medicinal plants from Milos island (Kiklades Islands, Greece)." Mediterranean Botany 43 (April 26, 2022): e75357. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/mbot.75357.
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Milos is a volcanic island in Greece, isolated from the mainland since its birth 480.000 years ago. The present study provides information on plant species used for medicinal purposes by indigenous people during 16th to 21st century. The aim of the study was to collect, preserve and elaborate data on pharmaceutical plants used by Milos’ inhabitants, to find new plants used in traditional medicine or new uses of the already known ones and to reveal and explain changes of medicinal plants used through 16th to 21st centuries. Data on plant species, for other purposes, except eating, were also collected. Additionally, the data collected were compared to previous literature in order to explain the changes in phytopharmaceutical approaches on the island during 16th to 21st centuries. The research was based on interviews of inhabitants, concerning medicinal plant species used in 20th and 21st centuries, on an unpublished manuscript and on local, folk literature on pharmaceutical plant species during 16th and 19th centuries.
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Perouli, Mary, and Pepy Bareka. "Ethnobotanical survey on medicinal plants from Milos island (Kiklades Islands, Greece)." Mediterranean Botany 43 (April 26, 2022): e75357. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/mbot.75357.
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Milos is a volcanic island in Greece, isolated from the mainland since its birth 480.000 years ago. The present study provides information on plant species used for medicinal purposes by indigenous people during 16th to 21st century. The aim of the study was to collect, preserve and elaborate data on pharmaceutical plants used by Milos’ inhabitants, to find new plants used in traditional medicine or new uses of the already known ones and to reveal and explain changes of medicinal plants used through 16th to 21st centuries. Data on plant species, for other purposes, except eating, were also collected. Additionally, the data collected were compared to previous literature in order to explain the changes in phytopharmaceutical approaches on the island during 16th to 21st centuries. The research was based on interviews of inhabitants, concerning medicinal plant species used in 20th and 21st centuries, on an unpublished manuscript and on local, folk literature on pharmaceutical plant species during 16th and 19th centuries.
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Suasthi, I. Gusti Ayu. "Analisis Swot Konsep Dasar Filsafat Idealisme Implikasi dan Aplikasi dalam Pendidikan." Sanjiwani: Jurnal Filsafat 9, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/sjf.v9i1.1607.
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<em>Idealism is a school of philosophy that has existed since the fourth century developed by Plato as a philosopher from Athens / Greece who lived in the year 427-347 BC. This philosophy of idealism is generally referred to as the philosophy of the 19th century. Plato with his view emphasizes the importance of the superiority of mind (mind), spirit (soul) or spirit (spirit) rather than material things. in the senses is a mere appearance, the real reality is the ideas or forms of origin of the apparition. Ideas are an “eternal Universal” world. Hamdani Ali describes that: Plato concludes that there is an apparent reversed value and that value is much more important because the invisible is something metaphysical and continues to exist, that is ideas.</em>
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Gkadolou, Eleni, Katerina Koutsovoulou, Georgios Tolias, and Vassilis Detsis. "Challenges and limitations of modelling historical spatial data on nature: 19th century flora and fauna of Peloponnese, Greece." AGILE: GIScience Series 2 (June 4, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-2-29-2021.
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Abstract. The aim of the study is the consolidation of a methodology suitable for organizing, utilizing and visualizing information regarding species distribution provided as text in historical sources. The work of the French Scientific Expedition in 1829 in Peloponnese, Greece, was used as a case study. We propose a system organized in three geographical levels: for information referring to a certain locality the form of a grid is appropriate, otherwise polygons depicting historical administrative areas or the whole region of Peloponnese should be preferred. There are three important caveats to avoid. First, species presence referring to an administrative area or region does not equal with presence in every locality and should not be transferred to the level of grid mapping, respectively reference of presence in the region should not be transferred to the administrative units’ level. Second, historical sources refer to species names that often are no longer valid; this kind of data must be referred to currently valid species names. Third, absence of reference of species presence should not be misinterpreted as absence of the species.
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Magioris, Stravos N. "Check-list of the bird species have been observed in Cyclades, Aegean-Greece, during 19th and 20th century." Ecologia mediterranea 13, no. 1 (1987): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecmed.1987.1607.
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Kudryavtseva, E. P. "Russian-Greek Political and Ecclesiastical Relations in 20-30s of the 19th Century." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 3 (July 8, 2020): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-3-72-26-40.
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The article is devoted to the Russian-Greek ecclesiastical and political relations before and during the Eastern Crisis of the 1820s. After the start of the Greek uprising in 1821, Russia took an ambivalent position: as a patron of all orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, it sought to support the Greeks, but Russia also had to recognize the Greek revolution as an illegitimate rebellion. As a member of the Holy Alliance of European Powers Russia had no other choice but to adhere to the principles of legitimism. Russia had both political and economic interests in the region. After the Greek uprising, main powers in the Western Europe had no doubt that Russia would support the rebels. Nevertheless, Russia regarded the Greek rebellion as another European revolution. After a successful war of independence, Russia established its diplomatic mission in the Greek capital. The first ambassador was P.I. Rickman, who arrived with aim to provide political relations with this new Balkan state. If political support of the rebellion could find no understanding in the conservative European circles, the aid of the Orthodox Balkan Church was implied by the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1774. Special attention in this support, provided by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Greek monasteries, was paid to the Athos monasteries. This support was designed by a special document. It was adopted in 1735 under the Empress Anna Ivanovna and was subject to execution in subsequent years. The Archive of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has kept lists of all Orthodox monasteries on the territory of the Ottoman Empire that enjoyed material support from the Russian church; a significant part of this list are the Orthodox churches of Greece.
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KOYΣKOYNA, Β. "The (December 28th, 1891) January 9th, 1892 Larissa (Central Greece) earthquake." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17236.
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During the period 1941-1980 Thessalia (Eastern Central Greece) experienced a series of strong earthquakes, which caused damage to a large number of localities and to all its major towns. It is therefore characterized an area of moderate-to-high seismicity. In fact, low-to-moderate seismic activity was also observed in the 19th century, and there are a few sources reporting earthquakes in the area even in the centuries before. In the present study a damaging earthquake in the late 19th century is analyzed, in an effort to build up a detailed picture of the event and its supporting data set and to estimate its parameters with recent techniques. The 1892 shock damaged Larissa, situated in central Thessalia, caused minor damage to a few surrounding towns and was felt up to Thessaloniki to the north. The supporting datasets quoting the earthquake are evaluated according to their sources. Two sources reporting the earthquake, not quoted in the existing studies, were also located. In general, the earthquake effects are described in detail in two studies: one contemporary seismological compilation and one seismological compilation 60 years later, both based on contemporary press reports. The analysis is based on the original sources, contemporary to the earthquake. The macroseismic intensities were assessed using the EMS-98 scale and the focal parameters (magnitude, epicentral coordinates, epicentral intensity) were calculated using the Gasperini et al (1997,1999) method. This method allows for the calculation of earthquake parameters even for a limited number of macroseismic intensities, as in this case. The equivalent moment magnitude of the earthquake and the oriented "box", representing the surface projection of the seismogenic fault, were computed through empirical relations. The equivalent moment magnitude was calculated Mw=5.0, using two different empirical relations and the "boxer" technique, which takes into account all the available macroseismic data. The epicentral intensity of the earthquake was assessed to be I0=6-7 at Larisa and the epicentre was located at a close distance (8 km NE of the town). This location has also been proposed by Galanopoulos (1946), based on the assumption that the 1892 event originated from the same source as the 1941 Larisa earthquake. The calculated length of the associated fault was too small to be correlated with existing main tectonic features
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Katsoni, Vicky, and Anna Fyta. "From Pausanias to Baedeker and Trip Advisor: Textual proto-tourism and the engendering of tourism distribution channels." Turyzm/Tourism 31, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.31.1.11.
Full textAbstract:
The key aim of this article is to provide an interdisciplinary look at tourism and its diachronic textual threads bequeathed by the ‘proto-tourist’ texts of the Greek travel author Pausanias. Using the periegetic, travel texts from his voluminous Description of Greece (2nd century CE) as a springboard for our presentation, we intend to show how the textual strategies employed by Pausanias have been received and still remain at the core of contemporary series of travel guides first authored by Karl Baedeker (in the 19th century). After Baedeker, Pausanias’ textual travel tropes, as we will show, still inform the epistemology of modern-day tourism; the interaction of travel texts with travel information and distribution channels produces generic hybrids, and the ancient Greek travel authors have paved the way for the construction of networks, digital storytelling and global tourist platforms.
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Geropeppa, Maria, Dimitris Altis, Nikos Dedes, and Marianna Karamanou. "The first women physicians in the history of modern Greek medicine." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 17, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.17.1.3.
Full textAbstract:
In an era when medicine in Greece was dominated by men, at the end of the 19th and during the first decades of 20th century, two women, Maria Kalapothakes [in Greek: Μαρία Καλαποθάκη] (1859-1941) and Angélique Panayotatou [in Greek: Αγγελική Παναγιωτάτου] (1878-1954), managed to stand out and contribute to the evolution of medicine. Maria Kalapothakes received medical education in Paris and then she returned to Greece. Not only did she contribute to several fields of medicine, but also exercised charity and even undertook the task of treating war victims on many occasions. Angélique Panayotatou studied medicine at the University of Athens and then moved to Alexandria in Egypt, where she specialized in tropical medicine and also engaged in literature. Panayotatou became the first female professor of the Medical School of Athens and the first female member of the Academy of Athens. In recognition for their contributions, Kalapothakes and Panayotatou received medals and honors for both their scientific work and social engagement.
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Bavaresco, Luigi, and Cecilia Squeri. "Outlook on disease resistant grapevine varieties." BIO Web of Conferences 44 (2022): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224406001.
Full textAbstract:
Breeding programs for disease resistance were developed from the 19th century on, in both the old (Europe) and new world as a way to promote sustainable viticulture. The main results of breeding, in terms of disease resistance and grape (and wine) quality are described, ranging from the first American hybrids to the most recent varieties. The activity of some representative breeders is discussed and the current situation in Italy is reported. Productive, legislative, and commercial aspects for wine production are considered, especially for European Union where the wine sector is strongly regulated. The perspectives of breeding for disease resistance are discussed, including the new breeding techniques (Nbt) like cis-genesis and genome editing. The importance to interact with the society to make acceptable these innovations is emphasized. While less acceptance problems are expected with table grapes, raisins or rootstocks, more concerns might arise with wine grapes. The role of science is to give the legislator tools to cope with sustainability and to educate the society (from the grape grower to the wine consumer) to a correct understanding. Innovations can be a real advantage only if they are accepted by all the actors of the wine chain.