Journal articles on the topic 'Vitamin E – Physiological effect'
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1
Dawood, Tamara N. "Effect of vitamin C and/or vitamin B complex intake on some productive, physiological and reproductive traits in the female rabbits." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 39, no. 1 (June 4, 2015): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v39i1.188.
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The aim of this work was to establish the vital role of using vitamin B complex and/or vitamin C in the reproduction. Twenty female rabbits were used and they were divided randomly into four equal groups, all animals were fed 100 g of concentrate pellets diet/ head. The first group was offered drinking water free of vitamins, (control group), second group was supplied with water containing vitamin C (40 mg/ 100ml water/ head), third group was supplied with water containing vitamin B complex (0.5 ml/100ml/head), and fourth group was water supplied containing 20 mg of vitamin C and 0.25 ml of vitamin B complex/100 ml water/head. At the beginning of the experiment, male rabbits were introduced to the females for mating for one hour at morning daily for two weeks before the food and water were supplied. The results revealed that, body weight of all groups increased progressively with age. The treated groups gained insignificantly more than the control group, the second and fourth group showed higher but insignificant. In second and third group caused significant increase in PCV, Hb, WBCs, lymphocyte percentage and decrease in neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil percentages compared with the control group. However, blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in second and fourth group when compared with first group. While vitamins groups caused insignificant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity enzyme. However, the treated groups showed significantly higher fertility rate and reproductive efficiency ratio compared with the control group and numerically higher in prolificacy ratio (%). But third and fourth group showed better prolificacy and reproductive efficiency ratio than the second group
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Tack, Christopher, Faye Shorthouse, and Lindsy Kass. "The Physiological Mechanisms of Effect of Vitamins and Amino Acids on Tendon and Muscle Healing: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 28, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 294–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0267.
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Aims/Objectives: To evaluate the current literature via systematic review to ascertain whether amino acids/vitamins provide any influence on musculotendinous healing and if so, by which physiological mechanisms. Methods: EBSCO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase Classic/Embase, and MEDLINE were searched using terms including “vitamins,” “amino acids,” “healing,” “muscle,” and “tendon.” The primary search had 479 citations, of which 466 were excluded predominantly due to nonrandomized design. Randomized human and animal studies investigating all supplement types/forms of administration were included. Critical appraisal of internal validity was assessed using the Cochrane risk of Bias Tool or the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation Risk of Bias Tool for human and animal studies, respectively. Two reviewers performed duel data extraction. Results: Twelve studies met criteria for inclusion: eight examined tendon healing and four examined muscle healing. All studies used animal models, except two human trials using a combined integrator. Narrative synthesis was performed via content analysis of demonstrated statistically significant effects and thematic analysis of proposed physiological mechanisms of intervention. Vitamin C/taurine demonstrated indirect effects on tendon healing through antioxidant activity. Vitamin A/glycine showed direct effects on extracellular matrix tissue synthesis. Vitamin E shows an antiproliferative influence on collagen deposition. Leucine directly influences signaling pathways to promote muscle protein synthesis. Discussion: Preliminary evidence exists, demonstrating that vitamins and amino acids may facilitate multilevel changes in musculotendinous healing; however, recommendations on clinical utility should be made with caution. All animal studies and one human study showed high risk of bias with moderate interobserver agreement (k = 0.46). Currently, there is limited evidence to support the use of vitamins and amino acids for musculotendinous injury. Both high-quality animal experimentation of the proposed mechanisms confirming the physiological influence of supplementation and human studies evaluating effects on tissue morphology and biochemistry are required before practical application.
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Doseděl, Martin, Eduard Jirkovský, Kateřina Macáková, Lenka Krčmová, Lenka Javorská, Jana Pourová, Laura Mercolini, Fernando Remião, Lucie Nováková, and Přemysl Mladěnka. "Vitamin C—Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination." Nutrients 13, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020615.
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Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has been known as an antioxidant for most people. However, its physiological role is much larger and encompasses very different processes ranging from facilitation of iron absorption through involvement in hormones and carnitine synthesis for important roles in epigenetic processes. Contrarily, high doses act as a pro-oxidant than an anti-oxidant. This may also be the reason why plasma levels are meticulously regulated on the level of absorption and excretion in the kidney. Interestingly, most cells contain vitamin C in millimolar concentrations, which is much higher than its plasma concentrations, and compared to other vitamins. The role of vitamin C is well demonstrated by miscellaneous symptoms of its absence—scurvy. The only clinically well-documented indication for vitamin C is scurvy. The effects of vitamin C administration on cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infections are rather minor or even debatable in the general population. Vitamin C is relatively safe, but caution should be given to the administration of high doses, which can cause overt side effects in some susceptible patients (e.g., oxalate renal stones). Lastly, analytical methods for its determination with advantages and pitfalls are also discussed in this review.
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Schümann. "Interactions Between Drugs and Vitamins at Advanced Age." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 69, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.69.3.173.
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Drug consumption increases at advanced age due to increased morbidity. At the same time the state of repletion is reduced for several vitamins. Physiological and kinetic alterations in the elderly are reviewed in order to analyse possible interrelations between these two phenomena. At high age the status of all vitamins is compromised by reduced food intake. Decreased active intestinal transport and an increased propensity for atrophic gastritis may reduce the absorption of vitamins A, B1, folate and B12. Decreased exposure to sunlight and reduced cutaneous synthesis impair the vitamin D status. Studies on the state of vitamin repletion in hospital patients indicate a specific response of vitamins A, B1, B6 and C to drug administration at advanced age. Reduced food intake in the elderly is further compromised by drugs that impair appetite and absorption. Anticonvulsives and other drugs that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes accelerate vitamin D metabolism and aggravate postmenopausal osteoporosis. Acid inhibiting agents increase achlorhydria and reduce vitamin B12 absorption. Renal clearance of acidic drugs such as acetylsalicylic acid and barbituric acid, which is impaired at high age, is further reduced by high doses of vitamin C. Vitamin B6 reduces the therapeutic effect of L-dopa. When recognised, the negative effects of drug-vitamin interactions can be compensated by adequate vitamin supplementation and by adaptation of drug dosing.
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Martens, Pieter-Jan, Conny Gysemans, Annemieke Verstuyf, and Chantal Mathieu. "Vitamin D’s Effect on Immune Function." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051248.
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Ever since its discovery by Windhaus, the importance of the active metabolite of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; 1,25-(OH)2D3) has been ever expanding. In this review, the attention is shifted towards the importance of the extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D, with special emphasis on the immune system. The first hint of the significant role of vitamin D on the immune system was made by the discovery of the presence of the vitamin D receptor on almost all cells of the immune system. In vitro, the overwhelming effect of supra-physiological doses of vitamin D on the individual components of the immune system is very clear. Despite these promising pre-clinical results, the translation of the in vitro observations to solid clinical effects has mostly failed. Nevertheless, the evidence of a link between vitamin D deficiency and adverse outcomes is overwhelming and clearly points towards avoidance of vitamin D deficiency especially in early life.
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Rey, Ana I., José Francisco Segura, David Castejón, Encarnación Fernández-Valle, Mª Isabel Cambero, and Luis Calvo. "Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Drinking Water Prior to Slaughter Improves Oxidative Status, Physiological Stress, and Quality of Pork." Antioxidants 9, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060559.
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The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of vitamin D3 administration in drinking water during lairage time prior to slaughter on physiological stress, oxidative status, and pork quality characteristics. Two experiments were carried out. The first one was performed to examine the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation in drinking water, and the second one to check the effect of supplementation dose (500,000 IU/L vs. 700,000 IU/L). Serum calcium concentration was greater in pigs receiving vitamin D3 in water when compared to the control group. In experiment 1, a 40% α-tocopherol increase in meat from the group supplemented with vitamin D3 (500,000 IU/animal) was observed, that resulted in a tendency of decreased meat malondialdehyde (MDA) values at days 5 and 8 after refrigerated storage. In experiment 2, since water intake was higher (800,000 IU and 1,120,000 IU/animal of vitamin D3 consumption) effects on oxidative status were more profound and vitamin D3 supplementation increased serum α-tocopherol and decreased cortisol and serum TBARS. These effects were also observed in meat; TBARS levels were decreased after 3 days of refrigerated storage. In both experiments meat from pigs that received vitamin D3 in drinking water had a lower proportion of total free-polyunsaturated fatty acids (mainly n-6) when compared to the unsupplemented pigs, and these were positively correlated with TBARS production at day 5 of refrigerated storage (r = 0.53 and 0.38 for experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Meat from pigs receiving vitamin D3 in water showed reduced cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness values compared to the control group. The magnetic resonance imaging study of muscle confirmed the effects on water retention with lesser transverse relaxation time in pigs supplemented with vitamin D3. No vitamin D3 dose effect was observed, apart from muscle α-tocopherol concentration that was higher in pigs supplemented with 700,000 compared to those supplemented with 500,000 UI/L.
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Bakleicheva, Margarita O., Irina V. Kovaleva, Olesya N. Bespalova, and Igor Yu Kogan. "The effect of vitamin D on women’s reproductive health." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 67, no. 3 (December 15, 2018): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd6734-19.
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Background. According to WHO data (2014), more than two billion people are deficient in microelements or have a “hidden hunger” due to the deficiencies of vitamins and minerals. Currently, experts estimate the vitamin D deficiency as a new type of pandemic of the XXI century.
Aim. The current analysis was undertaken to evaluate the effect of vitamin D on women’s reproductive health.
Materials and Methods. Based on the findings of retrospective and prospective studies, meta-analyzes, and material trials over the past 20 years, as well as in accordance with the results of 290 prospective cohort randomized trials, the level of vitamin D affects 172 basic physiological indicators associated with the risk of such complications of pregnancy as miscarriage, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, and bacterial vaginosis.
Results. Vitamin D has been shown to be able to act as an immune regulator during the implantation. The placenta produces and responds to vitamin D, which has a local anti-inflammatory response and simultaneously induces the production of decidual growth factors for successful pregnancy. Activated T- and B-lymphocytes have the vitamin D receptors and therefore 1,25(OH)2D is an effective modulator in the immune system. It is able to inhibit the proliferation of Th1 and to restrict the production of such cytokines as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). In addition, vitamin D is able to induce cytokines of Th2 that have the protective effect on pregnancy.
Conclusion. Adequate vitamin D intake is important for the successful conception and prolongation of pregnancy, as well as for the health of the fetus and newborn.
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Nikolaidis, Michalis G., Chad M. Kerksick, Manfred Lamprecht, and Steven R. McAnulty. "Does Vitamin C and E Supplementation Impair the Favorable Adaptations of Regular Exercise?" Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/707941.
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The detrimental outcomes associated with unregulated and excessive production of free radicals remains a physiological concern that has implications to health, medicine and performance. Available evidence suggests that physiological adaptations to exercise training can enhance the body’s ability to quench free radicals and circumstantial evidence exists to suggest that key vitamins and nutrients may provide additional support to mitigate the untoward effects associated with increased free radical production. However, controversy has risen regarding the potential outcomes associated with vitamins C and E, two popular antioxidant nutrients. Recent evidence has been put forth suggesting that exogenous administration of these antioxidants may be harmful to performance making interpretations regarding the efficacy of antioxidants challenging. The available studies that employed both animal and human models provided conflicting outcomes regarding the efficacy of vitamin C and E supplementation, at least partly due to methodological differences in assessing oxidative stress and training adaptations. Based on the contradictory evidence regarding the effects of higher intakes of vitamin C and/or E on exercise performance and redox homeostasis, a permanent intake of non-physiological dosages of vitamin C and/or E cannot be recommended to healthy, exercising individuals.
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Abu-Zaiton, Ahmed Saber, Ahed J. Alkhatib, Suha K. Ababneh, and Faisal Kanaan. "Physiological Interactions Of Calcium And Vitamin D In Colon." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 24 (August 30, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n24p49.
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This study aimed to review the literature about possible physiological interactions of calcium and vitamin D in colon. Previous studies have indicated to protective effects of vitamin D and calcium in case of colon cancers. We wanted to check the physiological effects of both of vitamin D and calcium, and either of each of them alone. We suggested effects of metabolism through induction of changes in the levels of various biomarkers that have influences in carcinogenesis including p53, heat shock proteins, iNOS and WT1 gene.
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Tamura, Tetsuya, Gail Otulakowski, and Brian P. Kavanagh. "Could nanotechnology make vitamin E therapeutically effective?" American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 316, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): L1—L5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00430.2018.
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Vitamin E (VitE) has important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and is necessary for normal physiological function. α-Tocopherol (α-T), the predominant form of VitE in human tissues, has been extensively studied. Other VitE forms, particularly γ-tocopherol (γ-T), are also potent bioactive molecules. The effects are complex, involving both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, but trials of VitE have been generally negative. We propose that a nanoparticle approach to delivery of VitE might provide effective delivery and therapeutic effect.
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Ajakaiye, Joachim Joseph, Alcides Perez-Bello, and Angel Mollineda-Trujillo. "Impact of Vitamins C and E Dietary Supplementation on Leukocyte Profile of Layer Hens Exposed to High Ambient Temperature and Humidity." Acta Veterinaria Brno 79, no. 3 (2010): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201079030377.
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A 30-day experiment involving 720 White Leghorn layer hens was carried out to evaluate the effects of vitamins C and E on leukocyte and heterophil/lymphocytes ratios of the layer hens during the natural summer conditions. The birds were divided into 4 groups, one control with basal diet and three experimental with diet supplemented with vitamin C, vitamin E, or combination of both vitamins. Each group was divided into 4 subgroups. Exposure of layer hens to 31 ± 3 °C and 33 ± 0 °C ambient temperature and 84.6% and 81.5% relative humidity during the experiment caused an increase in the value of temperature humidity index of 15.5 above the threshold value of 70 established for this species. Total white blood cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophil levels were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in all treated groups compared to control. Similarly, heterophil/lymphocyte ratios of 0.51, 0.52, and 0.50 for groups with diet supplemented with vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamins C + E, respectively, were significantly (p < 0.001) lower compared to 0.59 recorded in the control group. However, heterophil, basophil and monocyte values were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the control group compared to all treated groups. The results of the present study showed that dietary supplementation of vitamins C and E, or their combination, reduces the harmful effect of high ambient temperature and humidity on the leukocyte indicators of exposed layer hens, thereby alleviating the stress imposed on their thermoregulatory mechanism and physiological status.
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Blomhoff, H. K. "Vitamin A regulates proliferation and apoptosis of human T- and B-cells." Biochemical Society Transactions 32, no. 6 (October 26, 2004): 982–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320982.
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Vitamin A is known to protect against infections, but it is not established how vitamin A metabolites stimulate the immune system. We have investigated the effects of physiological levels of retinoic acid on the function of normal human T- and B-cells. Surprisingly, we found that the proliferation of B-cells was inhibited by retinoids, and that this was due to rapid inhibition of the cell cycle machinery regulating G1-to-S transition. In contrast, the proliferation of T-cells was enhanced by physiological levels of retinoic acid, and the effect was due to induction of IL-2 (interleukin 2). The ‘non-death-receptor’-mediated apoptosis of normal T-cells induced by prolonged (but single) stimulation of the cells was also prevented by retinoid acid, and also this effect was mediated via enhanced production of IL-2. The induction of IL-2 was at the transcriptional level, and all the effects of vitamin A on both B-and T-cells were mediated via the nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs), and not retinoid X receptors (RXRs).
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Sathler, Plínio, André Lourenço, Max Saito, Ana Arêas, Carlos Rodrigues, Lúcio Cabral, Helena Castro, and Hye Kang. "The antihemostatic profile of vitamin C: Mechanisms that underlie the technical application of a physiological molecule." Archives of Biological Sciences 68, no. 2 (2016): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs150413024s.
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The potential of antioxidants as tools for lowering the incidence of diseases, including cardiovascular events, is of growing interest. Some antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E and acetyl-salicylic acid) have been described as effective on cardiovascular diseases with mechanisms that differ from other scavenging agents. Currently, vitamin C is used to open occluded long-term central venous catheters, which avoids the process of reinserting a new one and injuring the patient. In this work, we investigated the vitamin C antihemostatic profile by evaluating its effects on the coagulation process. We used different assays, including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT) and ancrod time tests. We also examined the overall pH disturbance caused by vitamin C at different concentrations and its effect on the thrombin-initiated fibrin polymerization assay. Our results revealed a significant anticoagulant activity of vitamin C at high plasma concentrations (surpassing the normal 100 ?mol/L ratio) in a cell-independent mechanism. Our results suggest that vitamin C may affect blood coagulation by a direct impairment of fibrin assembly and further formation of a cohesive clot microstructure. This study supports the literature that points to the antihemostatic ability of antioxidant agents, and clarifies the mechanism of vitamin C in opening occluded long-term central venous catheters.
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Logan, Ian C., and Miles D. Witham. "Vitamin D in older people." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 18, no. 4 (November 2008): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259809002925.
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Vitamin D has been known to play a key role in calcium homeostasis and bone health for almost a century. Its main current clinical use is as an agent to prevent osteomalacia and reduce fragility fractures in older people. Vitamin D may however play a wider physiological role, with effects on cancer prevention, cardiovascular health and immune function. This review article will outline the physiological role of vitamin D, the disease processes that have been associated with insufficiency and examine whether vitamin D supplementation can ameliorate these disease processes in older people.
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Varaeva, Yurgita R., Elena N. Livantsova, Igor V. Ukrainets, Svetlana D. Kosyura, and Antonina V. Starodubova. "Metabolomics in Vitamin Status Assessment." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 26 (November 14, 2018): 3028–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180912142743.
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The issue of vitamin deficiency persists to be a major health issue worldwide despite the advancements in medicine. At the same time, the effect of marginal vitamin deficiency status on physiological processes is proven. However, general methods such as immune-enzyme and fluorescence analysis, microbiological assays, for example, have limitations in vitamin status assessment and are not able to reliably reflect personal vitamin demand. The potential usefulness of modern metabolomics methods in vitamin status assessment is described in this review. These methods can be used for vitamin metabolites detection as well as for comprehensive metabolic phenotyping that makes them even more valuable.
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Pourié, Grégory, Nicolas Martin, Jean-Luc Daval, Jean-Marc Alberto, Rémy Umoret, Jean-Louis Guéant, and Carine Bossenmeyer-Pourié. "The Stimulation of Neurogenesis Improves the Cognitive Status of Aging Rats Subjected to Gestational and Perinatal Deficiency of B9–12 Vitamins." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 8008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218008.
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A deficiency in B-vitamins is known to lead to persistent developmental defects in various organs during early life. The nervous system is particularly affected with functional retardation in infants and young adults. In addition, even if in some cases no damage appears evident in the beginning of life, correlations have been shown between B-vitamin metabolism and neurodegenerative diseases. However, despite the usual treatment based on B-vitamin injections, the neurological outcomes remain poorly rescued in the majority of cases, compared with physiological functions. In this study, we explored whether a neonatal stimulation of neurogenesis could compensate atrophy of specific brain areas such as the hippocampus, in the case of B-vitamin deficiency. Using a physiological mild transient hypoxia within the first 24 h after birth, rat-pups, submitted or not to neonatal B-vitamin deficiency, were followed until 330-days-of-age for their cognitive capacities and their hippocampus status. Our results showed a gender effect since females were more affected than males by the deficiency, showing a persistent low body weight and poor cognitive performance to exit a maze. Nevertheless, the neonatal stimulation of neurogenesis with hypoxia rescued the maze performance during adulthood without modifying physiological markers, such as body weight and circulating homocysteine. Our findings were reinforced by an increase of several markers at 330-days-of-age in hypoxic animals, such as Ammon’s Horn 1hippocampus (CA1) thickness and the expression of key actors of synaptic dynamic, such as the NMDA-receptor-1 (NMDAR1) and the post-synaptic-density-95 (PSD-95). We have not focused our conclusion on the neonatal hypoxia as a putative treatment, but we have discussed that, in the case of neurologic retardation associated with a reduced B-vitamin status, stimulation of the latent neurogenesis in infants could ameliorate their quality of life during their lifespan.
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Mele, Chiara, Marina Caputo, Alessandro Bisceglia, Maria Teresa Samà, Marco Zavattaro, Gianluca Aimaretti, Loredana Pagano, Flavia Prodam, and Paolo Marzullo. "Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051444.
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Vitamin D is a secosteroid with a pleiotropic role in multiple physiological processes. Besides the well-known activity on bone homeostasis, recent studies suggested a peculiar role of vitamin D in different non-skeletal pathways, including a key role in the modulation of immune responses. Recent evidences demonstrated that vitamin D acts on innate and adaptative immunity and seems to exert an immunomodulating action on autoimmune diseases and cancers. Several studies demonstrated a relationship between vitamin D deficiency, autoimmune thyroid disorders, and thyroid cancer. This review aims to summarize the evidences on the immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D on thyroid diseases.
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Gaddafi, S., M. G. Garba, M. Abdulrashid, D. Zahradden, O. M. Daudou, and G. T. Iyeghe-Erakpotobor. "Effect of antioxidant supplements on testicular histo-morphology in adult male guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i5.1272.
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The study was carried out to evaluate the biopotency of antioxidant supplements on physiological, testicular and oxidative biomarkers in adult male guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). A total of 60 adult male guinea pigs of three months of age with an average body weight of 500±20g were randomly allocated into three dietary treatment groups of vitamin C, vitamin E and selenium and each comprised four varying levels with five animals per group in a completely randomized design (CRD). Feed and water were provided ad-libitum. The testicular morphology showed a significant (P<0.05) difference in weight of right testis, weight of left testis, paired testis weight, right testis width, testis volume, testis density, right testis length and left testis length of guinea pig supplemented varying dosage of vitamin C, E and Selenium. microphotograph indicated considerable changes in seminiferous tubules density, size, and other morphological characteristics, also intertubular space, basement membrane, leydigs cells and spermatogonia of the guinea pigs supplemented varying dosage of vitamin C, E and Selenium revealed considerable changes. The supplementation of adult male guinea pigs diets with 200 mg vitamin C had the highest values of testicular morphometric followed by 15 mg vitamin E group and 0.3 mg of selenium. Similarly, considerable histo-architectural changes in seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells size and shape occurred in guinea pigs supplemented 200, 15 and 0.3 mg per kg diet vitamin C, E and selenium respectively. Therefore, supplementation of vitamin C, E and Selenium has a profound effect on testicular histo-morphology of adult male guinea pigs. L'étude a été réalisée pour évaluer la biopotence des suppléments antioxydants sur les biomarqueurs physiologiques, testiculaires et oxydatifs chez les cobayes mâles adultes (Caviaporcellus). Un total de 60 cobayes mâles adultes de trois mois avec un poids corporel moyen de 500 ± 20 g ont été répartis au hasard dans trois groupes de traitement diététique de vitamine C, vitamine E et sélénium et chacun comprenait quatre niveaux variables avec cinq animaux par groupe en une conception complètement aléatoire. L'alimentation et l'eau étaient fournies ad libitum. La morphologie testiculaire a montré une différence significative (P <0.05) du poids du testicule droit, du poids du testicule gauche, du poids du testicule apparié, de la largeur du testicule droit, du volume du testicule, de la densité du testicule, de la longueur du testicule droit et de la longueur du testicule gauche du cobaye supplémenté en doses variables de vitamine C, E et sélénium. La microphotographie a indiqué des changements considérables dans la densité, la taille et d'autres caractéristiques morphologiques des tubules séminifères, ainsi que l'espace intertubulaire, la membrane basale, les cellules de 'leydigs' et la spermatogonie des cobayes complétés par des doses variables de vitamine C, E et de sélénium ont révélé des changements considérables. La supplémentation des régimes alimentaires de cobayes mâles adultes avec 200 mg de vitamine C avait les valeurs les plus élevées de morphométrie testiculaire suivie par 15 mg de groupe de vitamine E et 0.3 mg de sélénium. De même, des changements histoarchitecturaux considérables de la taille et de la forme des tubules séminifères et des cellules interstitielles se sont produits chez les cobayes ayant reçu respectivement 200, 15 et 0.3 mg par kg de vitamine C, E et de sélénium. Par conséquent, la supplémentation en vitamine C, E et en sélénium a un effet profond sur l'histomorphologie testiculaire des cobayes males adultes.
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Ryan, Kevin J. P., Zoe C. T. R. Daniel, Lucinda J. L. Craggs, Tim Parr, and John M. Brameld. "Dose-dependent effects of vitamin D on transdifferentiation of skeletal muscle cells to adipose cells." Journal of Endocrinology 217, no. 1 (January 17, 2013): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-12-0234.
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Fat infiltration within muscle is one of a number of features of vitamin D deficiency, which leads to a decline in muscle functionality. The origin of this fat is unclear, but one possibility is that it forms from myogenic precursor cells present in the muscle, which transdifferentiate into mature adipocytes. The current study examined the effect of the active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25(OH)2D3), on the capacity of the C2C12 muscle cell line to differentiate towards the myogenic and adipogenic lineages. Cells were cultured in myogenic or adipogenic differentiation media containing increasing concentrations (0, 10−13, 10−11, 10−9, 10−7or 10−5 M) of 1,25(OH)2D3for up to 6 days and markers of muscle and fat development measured. Mature myofibres were formed in both adipogenic and myogenic media, but fat droplets were only observed in adipogenic media. Relative to controls, low physiological concentrations (10−13and 10−11 M) of 1,25(OH)2D3increased fat droplet accumulation, whereas high physiological (10−9 M) and supraphysiological concentrations (≥10−7 M) inhibited fat accumulation. This increased accumulation of fat with low physiological concentrations (10−13and 10−11 M) was associated with a sequential up-regulation ofPPARγ2(PPARG) andFABP4mRNA, indicating formation of adipocytes, whereas higher concentrations (≥10−9 M) reduced all these effects, and the highest concentration (10−5 M) appeared to have toxic effects. This is the first study to demonstrate dose-dependent effects of 1,25(OH)2D3on the transdifferentiation of muscle cells into adipose cells. Low physiological concentrations (possibly mimicking a deficient state) induced adipogenesis, whereas higher (physiological and supraphysiological) concentrations attenuated this effect.
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Muscogiuri, Giovanna, Luigi Barrea, Barbara Altieri, Carolina Di Somma, Harjit pal Bhattoa, Daniela Laudisio, Guillaume T. Duval, et al. "Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation. Myths and Realities with Regard to Cardiovascular Risk." Current Vascular Pharmacology 17, no. 6 (October 2, 2019): 610–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570161117666190408165805.
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Vitamin D and calcium are considered crucial for the treatment of bone diseases. Both vitamin D and calcium contribute to bone homeostasis but also preserve muscle health by reducing the risk of falls and fractures. Low vitamin D concentrations result in secondary hyperparathyroidism and contribute to bone loss, although the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism varies, even in patients with severe vitamin D deficiency. Findings from observational studies have shown controversial results regarding the association between bone mineral density and vitamin D/calcium status, thus sparking a debate regarding optimum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium for the best possible skeletal health. Although most of the intervention studies reported a positive effect of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D on bone in patients with osteoporosis, this therapeutic approach has been a matter of debate regarding potential side effects on the cardiovascular (CV) system. Thus, the aim of this review is to consider the current evidence on the physiological role of vitamin D and calcium on bone and muscle health. Moreover, we provide an overview on observational and interventional studies that investigate the effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on bone health, also taking into account the possible CV side-effects. We also provide molecular insights on the effect of calcium plus vitamin D on the CV system.
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Pashova-Stoyanova, L., and A. Tolekova. "Effects of vitamin D on the renin-angiotensin system." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, no. 3 (2019): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.03.017.
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The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a complex endocrine system of enzymes, proteins and peptides that occupies a key position in the regulation of a number of important physiological processes, such as arterial pressure, water and electrolyte homeostasis. Its activity, flow and regulation are affected by a large number of mediators, substances and diseases one of which is vitamin D. Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of many physiological processes with great importance. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of impaired renal function, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic disorders, affecting RAAS and other pathways
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Pavlovic, Voja, and M. Sarac. "A short overview of vitamin C and selected cells of the immune system." Open Medicine 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-010-0066-x.
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AbstractVitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential water-soluble nutrient that primarily exerts its effect on a host defense mechanisms and immune homeostasis and is the most important physiological antioxidant. Stable intake of vitamin C is essential for life in humans because the body does not synthesize it. Even the numerous studies have demonstrated that vitamin C supplementation stimulates the immune system, prevents DNA damage and significantly decreases the risk of a wide range of pathologies; the potential protective mechanisms are still largely unknown. This review summarizes the recently known facts about the role of vitamin C on the selected cells of the immune system and potential molecular mechanisms involved. Further, in this review, many new data about the positive effects of vitamin C on the immune system, potential toxicological effects, vitamin C supplementation in disease development, as well as some proposed mechanisms of vitamin C activity, are discussed.
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Ari Kusuma Putra, I. Gusti Agung Ngurah, I. Gusti Ngurah Sutapa, and I. Gde Antha Kasmawan. "PEMANFAATAN RADIASI GAMMA Co-60 DALAM PEMULIAAN TANAMAN TOMAT (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) DENGAN METODE MUTAGEN FISIK." BULETIN FISIKA 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/bf.2017.v18.i01.p03.
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A research on Co-60 gamma radiation effect of induced mutation in physiological growth of tomato plant (Lycopersicon Esculentum L.) has been done. Tomato plant quality can be improved through induced mutation Co-60 gamma radiation. Genetic change could be caused by induced mutation from radioactive material as a human effort. IRPASENA plant with Co-60 gamma radiation source exposed with dosage treatment of 50 Gy, 100 Gy, 150 Gy, 200 Gy and 250 Gy in tomato seeds. The measurement carried out against the physiological growth of plant height, leaves width, amount and weight of tomato fruits at the first week until harvest time. Result shows that the correct radiation dosage for tomato breeding is 100 Gy. Radioactivity concentration in improved tomato fruits after radiation exposure is less than 1.00 Bq/kg. Vitamins content on improved tomato fruits after exposure, particularly on vitamin C is 130.000 mg/kg compared to control fruit that is 70.000 mg/kg, the vitamin B1 also shows increased value (0.63 mg/kg) compared with control fruit (0.496%).
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Blaken, C., M. J. Allen, A. H. Stewart, and A. M. Mackenzie. "The effect of pre-weaning mixing and vitamin C supplementation on piglet performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200012539.
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It is well established that the weaning process is one of the most stressful periods for a piglet, which can alter its immune function and performance. Pigs have no specified dietary requirement for vitamin C with it being provided via colostrum and endogenous production. However, during stressful periods, physiological requirements increase, and supplementation may be required. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin C supplementation in high and low stress weaning systems on performance and immune function of weaner pigs.
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Smolders, Joost, Evelyn Peelen, Mariëlle Thewissen, Paul Menheere, Jan Damoiseaux, and Raymond Hupperts. "Circulating vitamin D binding protein levels are not associated with relapses or with vitamin D status in multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 20, no. 4 (August 19, 2013): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458513500552.
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Background: A low vitamin D status has been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Most circulating vitamin D metabolites are bound to vitamin D binding protein (DBP). Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore whether there is an association between MS and DBP. Methods: We compared DBP concentrations in blood samples of controls ( n = 30) and subjects with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) during remission ( n = 29) and relapse ( n = 15). Furthermore, we explored correlations of DBP with 25- hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels (1,25(OH)2D), and the effect of high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation on DBP levels in RRMS patients ( n = 15). Results: DBP-concentration did not differ between the sub-groups measured, and there was no correlation between DBP and vitamin D metabolite concentration within the physiological range. Upon supplementation of high doses vitamin D3, DBP concentration remained unaltered. After supplementation, serum 1,25(OH)2D( R = 0.517, p = 0.049), but not 25(OH)D, correlated positively with DBP. Conclusions: We found no association between DBP, MS, and vitamin D status within the physiological range. After high - dose vitamin D supplementation, DBP concentrations may be relevant for vitamin D metabolism.
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Dhari, Emad A., and Waleed Y. Kassim. "Effect of Adding Selenium with or Without Vitamin E and Combination of them on some of Productive and Physiological Characteristics of Awassi Lambs." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.202.
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The study was established to evaluate the effect of adding selenium with or without vitamin E on some of productive and physiological characteristics of Awassi male lambs. Sixteen lambs were selected after weaning with average weight of 24.30 kg and 3-4 months. All lambs fed 2% of body weight with basal diet and 1 kg green alfalfa /Lamb/day. The lambs were randomly divided into 4 groups. Control group (no additives), Selenium group (0.4 mg selenium), Vitamin group (100 mg vitamin E) and selenium + vitamin E group (0.4 mg selenium + 100 mg vitamin E) per kg dietary dry matter for 90 days. At the end of experiment, lamb performance and concentrations of Thyroxin T4, insulin and growth hormone were measured. The result showed that selenium and the combination of selenium + vitamin E treatments significantly increased (p <0.05) growth rates, final live body weight 42.20, 41.75 kg, respectively, and average daily gain 195, 191 g/day, respectively compared to other treatments. A significantly increase (P <0.05) in the concentrations of thyroxin hormone (T4) recorded in selenium + vitamin E treatment 18.20 ng/ml compared to selenium treatment and vitamin treatment. A significantly increase (P <0.05) in the concentrations of growth hormone of selenium treatment which recorded 9.279 ng/ml compared to vitamin treatment and control group. There is no difference in insulin hormone concentration between the groups. So we conclude that the addition of selenium with or without vitamin E to lamb diets achieved significant improvement in final body weight, daily weight gain, thyroxin and growth hormone.
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I. Hasan, Warveen, and Kamal N. S. Mustafa. "Effect of Vitamin E And Selenium Injection on Some Physiological Characteristics And Biochemical Parameters in Local Ram Lamb." Journal Of Duhok University 23, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2020.23.2.6.
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The aim of present study was to investigate the response of vitamin E and selenium injection in local ram lambs on the hematological aspect, thyroid hormones, biochemical parameters, and growth rate. Twenty-four weaned (3-4 month old) ram lambs and averaged 20.827±0.5 kg in weight were used. The lambs were divided randomly into three groups (8 lambs each). 1st group was served as the control, the lambs were injected with 1.0 ml\head of physiological saline solution (0.9%), 2nd group (T1), lambs were injected intramuscularly with vitamin E 2.5 mg/kg of body weight and sodium selenite 25μg/kg of body weight and 3rd group (T2), the lambs were injected intramuscularly with vitamin E 5 mg/kg of body weight and sodium selenite 50μg/kg of body weight. The injection administered at weekly interval for 12 weeks. Results showed that T1 significantly increased packed cell volume (PCV %) and lymphocytes. The result of current study did not show a significant change between the test group in growth rate, ESR, thyroid hormones, biochemical parameter including (glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride and aspartate aminotransferase).In conclusion, injection of vitamin E and selenium has positive effect on some physiological parameters in local ram lamb.
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Marusic, Goran, Dimitrije Jeremic, Sasa Vojinov, Natasa Filipovic, and Milan Popov. "Vitamin D and prostate cancer." Medical review 66, no. 5-6 (2013): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1306259m.
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In addition to the metabolic role of vitamin D, which is well known and clearly defined, there have been many hypotheses regarding its anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic role. Epidemiology and Significance of Prostate Cancer. Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in men. Long period of cancerogenesis, available tumor markers and high incidence make this cancer ideal for preventive measures. Physiological Role of Vitamin D and its Effect on Prostate Cancer Cells. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptopic role of vitamin D. Disorders of vitamin D metabolism are noted in vitamin D gene level, vitamin D receptor, vitamin D responsive elements and androgen receptors. We present the most important effect of those changes on vitamin D metabolism. Conclusion. Available studies on vitamin D level in serum, prostate tissue, observed activity of vitamin D enzymes and genetic changes give us only a slight insight into the basic mechanisms of vitamin D action in the development of prostate cancer; therefore, further investigations are needed.
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Walrand, Stéphane. "Effect of vitamin D on skeletal muscle." Gériatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Viellissement 14, no. 2 (June 2016): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/pnv.2016.0599.
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Abioja, M. O., O. A. Osinowo, O. F. Smith, and Daisy Eruvbetine. "Physiological and haematological responses of broiler chickens offered cold water and vitamin C during hot-dry season." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 40, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v40i1.611.
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The effects of cold water and vitamin C on broilers’ rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and haematological parameters were evaluated during dry season. Two hundred and sixteen 4-week-old Anak 2000 broilers fed ad libitum were offered either water at ambient temperature (29.5oC; ORD) or cold water (8.0oC; COLD) to which either 0 (-C) or 500 mg vitamin C per litre water (+C) was added to give four treatment groups (ORD-C, ORD+C, COLD-C and COLD+C) from week 5 to 8 of age. There were 3 replicates with 18 birds per replicate. RT and RR were taken for three days weekly at 16.00 h. Blood was sampled weekly for haematological, plasma biochemical and triiodothyronine analyses. Data on RT, RR, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cell (WBC), heterophil (HET), lymphocyte (LYM), eosinophil (EOS), monocyte (MON), heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H:L), plasma K+, Na+, glucose (GLU), protein (PRO) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) were subjected to ANOVA using least squares] method. Water temperature had significant (P<0.01) effect on RT and RR. Cold water lowered RT and RR of the birds compared with water at ambient temperature. Similarly, vitamin C in drinking water caused decrease in RT (P<0.001) and RR (P<0.01) compared to ordinary water. Water temperature had no significant (P>0.05) effect on MCHC, MCH, MCV, LMY, EOS, plasma K+, Na+, GLU, PRO and T3. But cold water significantly lowered MON (P<0.05) and increased PCV (P<0.001), RBC (P<0.001),Hb (P<0.001), WBC (P<0.001), HET (P<0.01) and H: L (P<0.05) when compared with water at ambient temperature. Addition of vitamin C significantly increased LYM (P<0.05) and H:L (P<0.05) but decreased HET (P<0.05) when compared with birds that received no vitamin C. Vitamin C had no significant (P>0.05) effect on PCV, RBC, Hb, WBC, MCHC, MCH, MCV, plasma K+, Na+, GLU, PRO and T3. There were significant (P<0.01) interactions between water temperature and vitamin C on HET, LYM and H: L. Broiler chickens offered ORD+C had significantly lower HET and H: L than those offered ORD-C, COLD-C and COLD+C. However, the LYM was highest in ORD+C birds. High HET and H:L, and low LYM are indicators of heat stress in poultry. In conclusion, cold water and vitamin C were effective in reducing broilers’ RT and RR in the afternoon during hot-dry season. Either of the two may improve the well-being of broilers during dry season.
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Agyemang Duah, Stella, Clarice Silva e. Souza, Zsuzsa Nagy, Zoltán Pék, András Neményi, Hussein G. Daood, Szergej Vinogradov, and Lajos Helyes. "Effect of Water Supply on Physiological Response and Phytonutrient Composition of Chili Peppers." Water 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2021): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091284.
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Water supply is a primary contributor to the growth and phytonutrient composition in chili peppers. Several physiological stress factors can influence phytonutrients in chili peppers, resulting in their differential synthesis. Maintaining the right and exact amount of water through a drip system can promote an effective fruit set and crop quality. Four pepper cultivars (‘Hetényi Parázs’; HET, ‘Unikal’; UNIK, ‘Unijol’; UNIJ and ‘Habanero’; HAB) were investigated under different water supply treatments: RF or rain-fed, DI or deficit irrigation, and OWS or optimum water supply. The two-year experiment was carried out in May 2018 and 2019 under open field conditions. Physiological parameters (relative chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and canopy temperature) were measured during the growth stage and phytonutrients (vitamin C, capsaicinoids and carotenoids) analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at harvest in September. The study revealed that, due to higher precipitation and rainfall interruption, increased water supply affected physiological response and phytonutrients in the cultivars. HAB under OWS had a lower response during the growth period when compared to HET, UNIK, and UNIJ. As water supply increased, measured individual carotenoid concentration increased in some cultivars. On the other hand, as water supply decreased, vitamin C and capsaicinoids concentration increased. Even though cultivars responded to the water supply treatments differently, HET exhibited a more uniform and stable composition in all treatments.
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Ikaraoha, Ikechukwu Chidiebere, Nkeiruka Chigaekwu Mbadiwe, John Ibhagbemien Anetor, Constance Nnedimma Nwadike, and Isreal Ojareva Oforofuo. "Maternal to fetal transfer of vitamin C and vitamin E: effect on birth outcome in a Nigerian population." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 4 (July 4, 2016): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v7i4.14372.
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Background: New evidence suggests that excessive production of reactive oxygen species give rise to oxidative stress which could impair fetal growth. Antioxidant vitamin C and vitamin E have vital role in physiological process of pregnancy and health of the developing fetus.Aims and Objectives: To determine the concentrations of vitamin C and vitamin E in pair-matched maternal and cord serum of newborns and to determine the relationship between maternal/cord serum vitamin C and vitamin E at delivery and birth outcomes.Materials and Methods: A total of 209 maternal and cord blood samples were collected during delivery for serum vitamin C and E determination. Birth outcomes; birth weight, birth length, head circumference, and Apgar score were determined.Result: Newborns had significantly higher levels of vitamin C as compared to their mothers, but had non-significant lower level of vitamin E. Levels of vitamin C and E in both maternal and cord serum were positively correlated to birth weight, birth length, head circumference and Apgar score.Conclusion: Maternal vitamin C and E had significant effects on birth outcomes. A positive correlation of vitamin C and E indicates that their status in mother does influence newborns status.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(4) 2016 49-54
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Pedersen, Bente Klarlund, Helle Bruunsgaard, Marianne Jensen, Karen Krzywkowski, and Kenneth Ostrowski. "Exercise and immune function: effect of ageing and nutrition." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 3 (August 1999): 733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199000968.
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Strenuous exercise is followed by lymphopenia, neutrophilia, impaired natural immunity, decreased lymphocyte proliferative responses to mitogens, a low level of secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva, but high circulating levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These exercise-induced immune changes may provide the physiological basis of altered resistance to infections. The mechanisms underlying exercise-induced immune changes are multifactorial and include neuroendocrinological and metabolic mechanisms. Nutritional supplementation with glutamine abolishes the exercise-induced decline in plasma glutamine, but does not influence post-exercise immune impairment. However, carbohydrate loading diminishes most exercise effects of cytokines, lymphocyte and neutrophils. The diminished neutrophilia and elastase (EC3.4.21.37) responses to eccentric exercise in elderly subjects were enhanced to levels comparable with those of young subjects by fish oil or vitamin E supplements. However, although vitamin C supplementation may diminish the risk of contracting an infection after strenuous exercise, it is not obvious that this effect is linked to an effect of vitamin C on exercise-induced immune changes. In conclusion, it is premature to make recommendations regarding nutritional supplementation to avoid post-exercise impairment of the immune system.
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Tsutsumi, M., U. Alvarez, L. V. Avioli, and K. A. Hruska. "Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on phospholipid composition of rat renal brush border membrane." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 249, no. 1 (July 1, 1985): F117—F123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1985.249.1.f117.
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To analyze the effects of vitamin D on renal tubular cell membrane phospholipid metabolism, the effects of vitamin D depletion and repletion on renal brush border membrane (BBM) phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) were studied. The PC content of BBM from kidneys of rats deprived of vitamin D for 5-6 wk was 33.5 +/- 2.2 nmol Pi/mg protein. This was significantly lower than the PC content of BBM from kidneys of rats supplemented with vitamin D2 for 2 wk, 41.0 +/- 0.4 nmol Pi/mg protein. Vitamin D depletion also decreased the content of BBM PE. The fatty acid composition of BBM PC was altered by vitamin D depletion. Vitamin D depletion increased palmitic acid and decreased stearic, linoleic, and arachidonic acid. Vitamin D repletion with a single physiological dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 (30 pmol), 16 h prior to study tended to increase membrane content of PC and significantly increased the linoleic acid content of the PC fraction. Single-dose vitamin D repletion with a pharmacological dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 (2.4 nmol) produced a significant increase in BBM content of PC and also significantly increased the linoleic acid content of PC. These results demonstrate that vitamin D deficiency affects PC and PE content of rat renal BBM and their fatty acid composition, and that vitamin D repletion with 1,25(OH)2D3 for 16 h partially normalizes the changes in PC.
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Janjuha, Ryan, Diane Bunn, Richard Hayhoe, Lee Hooper, Asmaa Abdelhamid, Shaan Mahmood, Joseph Hayden-Case, Will Appleyard, Sophie Morris, and Ailsa Welch. "Effects of Dietary or Supplementary Micronutrients on Sex Hormones and IGF-1 in Middle and Older Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051457.
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Observational research suggests that micronutrients may be protective for sarcopenia, a key health issue during ageing, potentially via effects on hormone synthesis and metabolism. We aimed to carry out a systematic review of RCTs investigating effects of increasing dietary or supplemental micronutrient intake on sex hormones and IGF-1 in individuals aged 45 years or older. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases for RCTs reporting the effects of different micronutrients (vitamins A, C, D, or E; carotenoids; iron; copper; zinc; magnesium; selenium; and potassium) on sex hormones or IGF-1. Of the 26 RCTs identified, nine examined effects of vitamin D, nine of multi-nutrients, four of carotenoids, two of selenium, one of zinc, and one of vitamin E. For IGF-1 increasing vitamin D (MD: −0.53 nmol/L, 95% CI: −1.58, 0.52), multi-nutrients (MD: 0.60 nmol/L, 95% CI −1.12 to 2.33) and carotenoids (MD −1.32 nmol/L; 95% CI −2.76 to 0.11) had no significant effect on circulating concentrations. No significant effects on sex hormones of other micronutrients were found, but data were very limited. All trials had significant methodological limitations making effects of micronutrient supplementation on sex hormones unclear. Further high quality RCTs with physiological doses of micronutrients in people with low baseline intakes or circulating concentrations, using robust methodology, are required to assess effects of supplementation adequately.
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Voltas, Núria, Josefa Canals, Carmen Hernández-Martínez, Núria Serrat, Josep Basora, and Victoria Arija. "Effect of Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy on Infant Neurodevelopment: The ECLIPSES Study." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 3196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103196.
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Vitamin D status during pregnancy is involved in numerous physiological processes, including brain development. In this study, we assess the association between vitamin D status during pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment (cognitive, language, and motor skills). From an initial sample of 793 women (mean age 30.6) recruited before the 12th week of pregnancy, 422 mother–infant pairs were followed up to a postpartum visit. Vitamin D levels were assessed in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy, and socio-demographic, nutritional, and psychological variables were collected. At 40 days postpartum, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III were administered to the infants and several obstetrical data were recorded. Independently from several confounding factors, deficient vitamin D levels in the first trimester of pregnancy (<30 nmol/L) predicted a worse performance in cognitive and language skills. Language performance worsened with lower vitamin D levels (<20 nmol/L). In the third trimester, this highly deficient level was also associated with lower motor skills. Vitamin D deficiency was therefore associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes. More studies are needed to determine specific recommendations with regard to vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy in order to promote an optimal course for pregnancy and optimal infant neurodevelopment.
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Ivanov, Sergey Yu, Svetlana Yu Kalinchenko, Nidjat A. Guseynov, Aleksander A. Muraev, Aigul Т. Safi, Kirill A. Polyakov, and Anastasiya S. Smykalova. "Vitamin D Effects on Guided Bone Regeneration and Osseointegration of Dental Implants (Literature Review)." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 75, no. 5 (December 27, 2020): 552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn1376.
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Background.Due to the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency as well as the frequency of reconstructive surgical interventions followed by dental implantation, the issue arises concerning the effect of Vitamin D on reparative regeneration of bone and osseointegration of dental implants.The purpose using literature data we are conducting an impact assessment of vitamin D on reparative regeneration of bone tissue, in particular, after oral reconstruction surgeries and dental implantation.Methods.Retrieval, systematization and analysis of scientific data on application of vitamin D supplementation and its effect on reparative regeneration of jaw bone tissue.The conclusions.For the most part, the positive effect exerted on reparative regeneration of jaw bone tissue and osseointegration of dental implants is due to the role of vitamin D in physiological processes evolving in bone tissue, namely maintenance of calcium and phosphate exchange through intestinal absorption and TNF, RANKL (Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand) and consequently differentiation of precursors to osteoclasts into osteoclasts through VDR stimulation (VitaminD Receptor) receptors for further osteogenesis. Also, according to literature data, FGF23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor) protein is a marker of osteoblasts differentiation into osteocytes, it is also known that FGF23 and 1,25(ОН)2D3 are genetically related. FGF23 is the main regulator of both phosphate exchange in bones and metabolism of vitamin D and its metabolites. Besides, indirect anti-inflammatory effect has been observed thanks to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Taking into account the abovementioned data, of particular relevance is the definition of serum concentration 25(ОН)D and development of schemes of vitamin D level pre-surgery correction in patients, who have to undergo oral reconstruction surgeries and dental implantation. Mass spectrometry is a promising diagnostic method for determining the level of vitamin D in a body, as it allows to identify the actual amount of vitamin D free from admixture of other steroid hormones. The introduction of this method into clinical practice will allow to monitor the level of vitamin D in patients, receiving reconstructive and rehabilitative treatment.
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Sharman, A. T., Sh K. Adambekov, A. A. Imandosova, and G. F. Elemesova. "Effect of vitamin D intake on quality of life parameters in office workers." FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacoepidemiology 14, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2021.084.
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Objective: to study the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and analyze the results of therapy in office workers, including an assessment of the quality of life.Material and methods. An observational non-interventional cross-sectional, cohort, prospective phase IV clinical study included office workers (151 people, age 18–44 years), who were prescribed an aqueous solution of vitamin D. The concentration of 25(OH)D in the blood of patients was measured before and after undergoing treatment. The duration of therapy, depending on the degree of deficiency, was 4 or 8 weeks. The SF-36 scale was used to assess the physiological and psychological status.Results. In 75.5% of the study participants, a insufficiency or deficiency of vitamin D was detected. Differences in the average content of 25(OH)D in blood serum before and after treatment with vitamin D were statistically significant. The level of vitamin D in blood serum, measured by the content of its metabolite 25(OH)D <30 ng/ml, is regarded as suboptimal, i.e. its insufficiency occurs, and <20 ng/ml – as vitamin D deficiency (p<0.0001). The SF-36 score showed significant statistically significant improvements in overall health, physical functioning, and pain in individuals with vitamin D deficiency after vitamin D supplementation. The use of multiple linear regression demonstrated an association of serum 25(OH)D levels with vitamin D-rich foods taken less than once a week.Conclusions. Vitamin D deficiency is very common among office workers: 75.5% had D 25(OH)D levels below 30 ng/ml. Vitamin D deficiency is corrected by taking this vitamin. Vitamin D supplementation helps to improve physical and mental health indicators. Serum 25(ОН)D levels are associated with intake of vitamin D-rich foods and duration of vitamin D treatment.
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Merzlenko, R. A., D. V. Kaveshnikov, A. P. Chernyavsky, V. N. Pozdnyakova, and A. N. Musokhranova. "Effect of vitamin—amino acid complex AMIVIT on physiological indices and productivity of piglets." Russian Agricultural Sciences 41, no. 4 (July 2015): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068367415040138.
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Zhang, Z.-W. "Effect of physiological concentrations of vitamin C on gastric cancer cells and Helicobacter pylori." Gut 50, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.50.2.165.
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Jakovljevic Uzelac, Jovana, Tatjana Djukic, Slavica Mutavdzin, Sanja Stankovic, Milica Labudovic Borovic, Jelena Rakocevic, Natasa Milic, et al. "The influence of subchronic co-application of vitamins B6 and folic acid on cardiac oxidative stress and biochemical markers in monocrotaline-induced heart failure in male Wistar albino rats." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 98, no. 2 (February 2020): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2019-0305.
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The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that subchronic co-application of vitamins B6 and folic acid (FA) could affect heart failure (HF) induced by monocrotaline (MCT), with the modulation of oxidative stress parameters and cardiometabolic biomarkers. Biochemical and histomorphometric analyses were assessed in blank solution-exposed controls (C1 physiological saline 1 mL/kg, 1 day, n = 8; C2 physiological saline 1 mL/kg, 28 days, n = 8), MCT-induced HF (MCT 50 mg/kg, n = 8), B6+FA (vitamin B6 7 mg·kg–1·day–1, FA 5 mg·kg–1·day–1; n = 8), and MCT+B6+FA (MCT 50 mg/kg, vitamin B6 7 mg·kg–1·day–1, FA 5 mg·kg–1·day–1; n = 8) in male Wistar albino rats (body mass 160 g at the start). Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, thiol-, carbonyl groups, and nitrotyrosine were determined in cardiac tissue. Echocardiography was performed to confirm MCT-induced HF. The right ventricular wall hypertrophy, accompanied with significant increase of troponin T and preserved renal and liver function, has been shown in MCT-induced HF. However, these effects were not related to antioxidant effects of vitamin B6 and FA, since several parameters of oxidative stress were more pronounced after treatment. In this study, co-application of vitamins B6 and FA did not attenuate hypertrophy of the right ventricle wall but aggravated oxidative stress, which is involved in HF pathogenesis.
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Ada-Al Dhari, Emad, and Waleed Yousif Kassim. "Effect of Supplementation Selenium and Vitamin E on Blood and Stress Parameters of Awassi Lambs." Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52951/dasj.21130104.
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The study was established in local farm sheep in Muwafaqia / Wasit - Iraq, from 1/10/2018 until 15/1/2019, to evaluate the effect of adding selenium with or without Vitamin E on some of the physiological characteristics of Awassi male lambs. Sixteen lambs were selected after weaning with an average weight of (24.30) kg and aged (3-4) months. All lambs fed 2% of body weight with a concentrated diet and randomly divided into (4) groups. Control group (no additives), Selenium group (0.4 mg selenium), Vitamin group (100 mg vitamin E) and combination of selenium + vitamin E group (0.4 mg selenium + 100 mg vitamin E) per kg dietary dry matter for 90 days. At the end of the experiment, blood parameters (white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (HB), mean concentration hemoglobin (MCH), and mean concentration hemoglobin count (MCHC) and stress parameters were measured. The result showed selenium + vitamin E and selenium treatments significantly increased (p <0.05) in PCV as compared with vitamin treatment and the control group. While treatment of vitamin significantly increased (p <0.05) in hemoglobin concentration compared to treatment of combination selenium + vitamin E. Stress parameters such as respiratory rate and heartbeat decreased significantly (p <0.05) in treatment of combination selenium + vitamin E compared to other treatments. There were no significant differences between the study treatments in the WBC count
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Jovic, Thomas H., Stephen R. Ali, Nader Ibrahim, Zita M. Jessop, Sam P. Tarassoli, Thomas D. Dobbs, Patrick Holford, Catherine A. Thornton, and Iain S. Whitaker. "Could Vitamins Help in the Fight Against COVID-19?" Nutrients 12, no. 9 (August 23, 2020): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092550.
Full textAbstract:
There are limited proven therapeutic options for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The role of vitamin and mineral supplementation or “immunonutrition” has previously been explored in a number of clinical trials in intensive care settings, and there are several hypotheses to support their routine use. The aim of this narrative review was to investigate whether vitamin supplementation is beneficial in COVID-19. A systematic search strategy with a narrative literature summary was designed, using the Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Trials Register, WHO International Clinical Trial Registry, and Nexis media databases. The immune-mediating, antioxidant and antimicrobial roles of vitamins A to E were explored and their potential role in the fight against COVID-19 was evaluated. The major topics extracted for narrative synthesis were physiological and immunological roles of each vitamin, their role in respiratory infections, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and COVID-19. Vitamins A to E highlighted potentially beneficial roles in the fight against COVID-19 via antioxidant effects, immunomodulation, enhancing natural barriers, and local paracrine signaling. Level 1 and 2 evidence supports the use of thiamine, vitamin C, and vitamin D in COVID-like respiratory diseases, ARDS, and sepsis. Although there are currently no published clinical trials due to the novelty of SARS-CoV-2 infection, there is pathophysiologic rationale for exploring the use of vitamins in this global pandemic, supported by early anecdotal reports from international groups. The final outcomes of ongoing trials of vitamin supplementation are awaited with interest.
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Zanatta, Leila, Hélène Bouraïma-Lelong, Christelle Delalande, Fátima R. M. B. Silva, and Serge Carreau. "Regulation of aromatase expression by 1α,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 in rat testicular cells." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 5 (2011): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd10163.
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It is well known that the vitamin D endocrine system is involved in physiological and biochemical events in numerous tissues, especially gut, bone and kidney but also testis. Therefore, in this study the effect and mechanisms of action of 1α,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25D) on aromatase gene expression in immature rat Sertoli cells were evaluated. Vitamin D receptor transcripts were present in immature Sertoli cells as well as in adult testicular germ cells and somatic cells. The treatment of immature Sertoli cells with 100 nM 1,25D increased the amount of aromatase transcript, mainly in 30-day-old rats. The protein kinase A (PKA) blocker, H89, partially inhibited the 1,25D effect. The stimulation of aromatase gene expression in 30-day-old Sertoli cells by the agonist 1α,25(OH)2 lumisterol3, and the suppression of the 1,25D effect by the antagonists 1β,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 and (23S)-25-dehydro-1α (OH)-vitamin D3-26,23-lactone suggested, besides a genomic effect of 1,25D, the existence of non-genomic activation of the membrane-bound vitamin D receptor involving the PKA pathway.
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Reboul, Emmanuelle, Sinay Thap, Franck Tourniaire, Marc André, Christine Juhel, Sophie Morange, Marie-Josèphe Amiot, Denis Lairon, and Patrick Borel. "Differential effect of dietary antioxidant classes (carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamins C and E) on lutein absorption." British Journal of Nutrition 97, no. 3 (March 2007): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507352604.
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Lutein is assumed to protect the human retina from blue light and oxidative stress and diminish the incidence of age-related macular degeneration. This antioxidant is commonly ingested with other dietary antioxidants. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the main dietary antioxidants, i.e. carotenoids, polyphenols and vitamins C and E, affect lutein absorption. We measured the effect of adding a mixture of antioxidants (500 mg vitamin C, 67 mg (100 IU) vitamin E and 1 g polyphenols) to a lutein-containing meal (18 mg) on the postprandial lutein response in the chylomicron-rich fraction in eight healthy men. Lutein response was weakest ( − 23 %;P = 0·07) after ingestion of the meal containing antioxidants (21·9 (sem4·6)v.28·4 (sem7·2) nmol × h/l). To assess the effect of each class of antioxidants and potential interactions, we subsequently evaluated the effect of various combinations of antioxidants on lutein uptake by human intestinal Caco-2 TC-7 cells. A full factorial design showed that both a mixture of polyphenols (gallic acid, caffeic acid, (+)-catechin and naringenin) and a mixture of carotenoids (lycopene plus β-carotene) significantly (P < 0·05) impaired lutein uptake by ( − 10 to − 30 %), while vitamins C and E had no significant effect. Subsequent experiments showed that the aglycone flavanone naringenin was the only polyphenol responsible for the effect of the polyphenol mixture, and that the carotenoid effect was not carotenoid species-dependent. Taken together, the present results suggest that lutein absorption is not markedly affected by physiological concentrations of vitamins C and E but can be impaired by carotenoids and naringenin.
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Lacombe, Julie, and Mathieu Ferron. "VKORC1L1, An Enzyme Mediating the Effect of Vitamin K in Liver and Extrahepatic Tissues." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10080970.
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Vitamin K is an essential nutrient involved in the regulation of blood clotting and tissue mineralization. Vitamin K oxidoreductase (VKORC1) converts vitamin K epoxide into reduced vitamin K, which acts as the co-factor for the γ-carboxylation of several proteins, including coagulation factors produced by the liver. VKORC1 is also the pharmacological target of warfarin, a widely used anticoagulant. Vertebrates possess a VKORC1 paralog, VKORC1-like 1 (VKORC1L1), but until very recently, the importance of VKORC1L1 for protein γ-carboxylation and hemostasis in vivo was not clear. Here, we first review the current knowledge on the structure, function and expression pattern of VKORC1L1, including recent data establishing that, in the absence of VKORC1, VKORC1L1 can support vitamin K-dependent carboxylation in the liver during the pre- and perinatal periods in vivo. We then provide original data showing that the partial redundancy between VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 also exists in bone around birth. Recent studies indicate that, in vitro and in cell culture models, VKORC1L1 is less sensitive to warfarin than VKORC1. Genetic evidence is presented here, which supports the notion that VKORC1L1 is not the warfarin-resistant vitamin K quinone reductase present in the liver. In summary, although the exact physiological function of VKORC1L1 remains elusive, the latest findings clearly established that this enzyme is a vitamin K oxidoreductase, which can support γ-carboxylation in vivo.
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Hirota, Yoshihisa, and Yoshitomo Suhara. "New Aspects of Vitamin K Research with Synthetic Ligands: Transcriptional Activity via SXR and Neural Differentiation Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (June 20, 2019): 3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123006.
Full textAbstract:
Vitamin K is classified into three homologs depending on the side-chain structure, with 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoqumone as the basic skeleton. These homologs are vitamin K1 (phylloquinone: PK), derived from plants with a phythyl side chain; vitamin K2 (menaquinone-n: MK-n), derived from intestinal bacteria with an isoprene side chain; and vitamin K3 (menadione: MD), a synthetic product without a side chain. Vitamin K homologs have physiological effects, including in blood coagulation and in osteogenic activity via γ-glutamyl carboxylase and are used clinically. Recent studies have revealed that vitamin K homologs are converted to MK-4 by the UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein 1 (UBIAD1) in vivo and accumulate in all tissues. Although vitamin K is considered to have important physiological effects, its precise activities and mechanisms largely remain unclear. Recent research on vitamin K has suggested various new roles, such as transcriptional activity as an agonist of steroid and xenobiotic nuclear receptor and differentiation-inducing activity in neural stem cells. In this review, we describe synthetic ligands based on vitamin K and exhibit that the strength of biological activity can be controlled by modification of the side chain part.
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Righi, Federico, Rosario Pitino, Carmen L. Manuelian, Marica Simoni, Afro Quarantelli, Massimo De Marchi, and Eleni Tsiplakou. "Plant Feed Additives as Natural Alternatives to the Use of Synthetic Antioxidant Vitamins on Poultry Performances, Health, and Oxidative Status: A Review of the Literature in the Last 20 Years." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050659.
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Plant feed additives (PFA) such as essential oils, extracts, and by-products from plant processing can be included in poultry diets. A total of 39 peer-reviewed articles were selected from the literature published in the last 20 years (2000–2020) comparing PFA antioxidant effects with synthetic antioxidant vitamins (mainly vitamin E) in poultry nutrition. The PFA can be used as an effective nutritional strategy to face poultry’s oxidative stress with positive impact also on their productivity and efficiency. They can partially or completely replace antioxidant synthetic vitamins (the latter administered at doses between 150 and 500 mg/kg) in animal diets, sometimes affecting important physiological functions or expressing synergistic effect with the synthetic antioxidants. It is crucial to take into consideration the issues related to the absorption and the metabolism of these additives and their interaction with gut microbiota. However, some form- and dose-dependent negative effects on growth performances are observed.
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Hemilä, Harri. "Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to the common cold." British Journal of Nutrition 77, no. 1 (January 1997): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500002889.
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Although the role of vitamin C in common cold incidence had been studied extensively, the level of vitamin C intake has not been unequivocally shown to affect the incidence of colds. In the present study the six largest vitamin C supplementation (≥ 1 g/d) studies, including over 5000 episodes in all, have been analysed, and it is shown that common cold incidence is not reduced in the vitamin C-supplemented groups compared with the placebo groups (pooled rate ratio (RR) 0·99; 95% CI 0·93, 1·04). Consequently these six major studies give no evidence that high-dose vitamin C supplementation decreases common cold incidence in ordinary people. Nevertheless, the analysis was continued with the hypothesis that vitamin C intake may affect common cold susceptibility in specific groups of people. It was assumed that the potential effect of supplementation might be most conspicuous in subjects with low dietary vitamin C intake. The average vitamin C intake has been rather low in the UK and plasma vitamin C concentrations are in general lower in males than in females. In four studies with British females vitamin C supplementation had no marked effect on common cold incidence (pooled RR 0·95; 95% CI 0·86, 1·04). However, in four studies with British male schoolchildren and students a statistically highly significant reduction in common cold incidence was found in groups supplemented with vitamin C (pooled RR 0·70; 95% CI 0·60, 0·81). Thus, these studies with British males indicate that vitamin C intake has physiological effects on susceptibility to common cold infections, although the effect seems quantitatively meaningful only in limited groups of people and is not very large.
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Abreu, Janessa Sampaio de, and Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati. "Physiological responses of matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) fed different levels of vitamin C and submitted to air exposure." Acta Amazonica 36, no. 4 (December 2006): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672006000400013.
Full textAbstract:
The role of vitamin C on physiological responses of matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) submitted to air exposure was analyzed. Nine hundred fish (70.15 g) were distributed in fifteen 500 l boxes (60 fish.box-1) and fed five rations (treatments): Control (no vitamin C); T100 (100 mg); T200 (200 mg); T400 (400 mg) and T800 (800 mg of vitamin C kg.ration-1). Each ration was offered to fish of three boxes during 60 days before the stress challenge that consisted of exposing fish to air for two minutes. Samplings were carried out for 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after the air exposure. Blood was collected for glucose, cortisol, total protein, sodium, chloride, hematocrit, hemoglobin determination, and white and red cell count. Liver was removed for hepatosomatic index (HSI) calculation and glycogen determination. Vitamin C did not affect the levels of cortisol, chloride, total protein, hemoglobin, leukocytes, hepatic glycogen or HSI in air exposed fish. Blood glucose levels elevation observed 60 minutes after the challenge did not depend on the levels of vitamin C, nor did the drop in serum sodium levels verified 60 minutes after stressor. In general, hematocrit did not change by effect of vitamin C but it was lower at 15 and 30 minutes after the challenge. The number of erythrocytes decreased in fish after 5 minute sampling in all treatments, especially at 30 and 60 minutes. The air exposure evoked alterations in stress indicators of matrinxã, and the vitamin C did not alter the responses.