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1

Sugibayashi, Kenji, Yuya Yoshida, Ryuichiro Suzuki, Kota Yoshizawa, Kenji Mori, Shoko Itakura, Kozo Takayama, and Hiroaki Todo. "Physical Properties of an Ionic Liquid Composed of Two Water-Soluble Vitamins and Enhanced Skin Permeation of Both Vitamins." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12050427.

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A highly viscous substance was prepared by evaporating an ethanol solution containing two hydrophilic vitamins; vitamin C, and vitamin B6. The viscous substance and physical mixture of the two vitamins were tested using a differential scanning calorimeter and an X-ray diffractometer. The highly viscous substance was found to be a liquid crystal (LC) made of these two hydrophilic vitamins. Determination by proton nuclear magnetic resonance measurement suggested that intramolecular hydrogen bonding in vitamin B6 was eliminated by the LC formation. This LC compound showed high solubility in 1,3-butanediol (almost 87%). Much higher skin permeation of both vitamin C and B6 was also observed from the LC compound than that from the physical mixture. The present LC compound containing vitamin C and vitamin B6 may be useful for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.
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2

LEKLEM, JAMES E. "Vitamin B6." Nutrition Today 23, no. 5 (September 1988): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00017285-198809000-00001.

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3

Jacobs, Peter, and Lucille Wood. "Vitamin B6." Disease-a-Month 49, no. 11 (November 2003): 666–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2003.09.008.

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4

LEKLEM, JAMES E. "Vitamin B6." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 669, no. 1 (September 1992): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb17087.x.

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5

Bender, David A. "Vitamin B6." Nutrition & Food Science 97, no. 4 (August 1997): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659710179642.

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6

Ekanayake, Athula, and Philip E. Nelson. "An in vitro method for estimating biologically available vitamin B6 in processed foods." British Journal of Nutrition 55, no. 2 (March 1986): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19860030.

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1. An in vitro method which used enzymic digestion of the food matrix to release biologically available vitamin B6 is described.2. Vitamin B6-fortified liquid model foods were thermally processed. After these foods had been freeze-dried, one part was subjected to enzymic hydrolysis at pH 2.0 with pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1) followed by a hydrolysis at pH 8.0 with pancreatin. The vitamins that were found in the supernatant fraction, after an acidified methanol treatment of the hydrolysate, were estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The other part was given to rats who were kept on a vitamin B6-depleted diet.3. The biologically available vitamin B6 content of the processed model foods, as determined by rat bioassay, showed good correlation with the vitamin B6 determined by HPLC.4. It has proved possible to use this in vitro, two-stage enzymic digestion system followed by HPLC determination to determine biologically available vitamin B6 in vitamin B6-fortified processed model foods.
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7

El-Kholy, Mohamed Soliman, Zenat Abd El-Gawad Ibrahim, Mohamed Mamdoh El-Mekkawy, and Mahmoud Alagawany. "Influence of in Ovo Administration of Some Water-Soluble Vitamins on Hatchability Traits, Growth, Carcass Traits and Blood Chemistry of Japanese Quails." Annals of Animal Science 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2018-0041.

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AbstractA total of 450 fertile Japanese quail eggs were used to determine the impacts of in ovo administration of water-soluble vitamins (C, B6 and B12) on the growth performance, carcass traits, hematological and biochemical blood parameters as well as the immune response of Japanese quails. On the 7th day of incubation, the eggs were allocated to five groups: un-injected, 0.1 ml/egg saline, 1 mg/egg vitamin C, 150 µg/egg vitamin B6 and 20 µg/egg vitamin B12. The percentage of early embryonic mortality was increased (P≤0.001) in all treated groups versus the control group. Chicks that hatched from eggs injected with 1 mg/egg vitamin C exhibited a significantly greater (P≤0.05) live body weight (LBW) than those from the control and saline groups. During 0–2 weeks of age, the chicks hatched from eggs injected with vitamins displayed better feed conversion than the positive or negative controls. In ovo injection of vitamins had no significant effect on all carcass traits. In ovo injection with vitamins C, B6 and B12 increased plasma total protein and its fractions compared with the control. Plasma levels of total lipids and cholesterol were decreased in chicks hatched from eggs injected with 1 mg/egg vitamin C, 150 µg/egg vitamin B6 or 20 µg/egg vitamin B12 compared with those hatched from control eggs. Plasma T3 and T4 were increased in chicks hatched from eggs injected with vitamin C, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12. The relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus were significantly (P=0.002 or 0.003) increased in the birds hatched from eggs injected with vitamins compared with those in the control or saline group. Thus, in ovo injection of vitamins C, B6 and B12 improved the blood profile and immune response of Japanese quail.
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8

Fenti, Fenti, Agustinus Widodo, and Jamaluddin Jamaluddin. "ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN B-COMPLEX OF EEL FISH (ANGUILLA MARMORATA (Q.) GAIMARD) ON ELVER PHASE ORIGIN LAKE POSO." Ghidza: Jurnal Gizi dan Kesehatan 2, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/gjgk.v2i2.11321.

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Background & Objective: Vitamins are complex organic substances that are needed by the body in small amounts, usually cannot be synthesized by the body but are important in metabolic processes one of which is vitamin B. Vitamin B consists of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B9 and B12. Eel is one of the fish that has a high nutrient content, one of which is vitamin B. This study aims to determine the levels of vitamin B (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9 and B12) in Eel fish (Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard) on Elver phase from Lake Poso. Material and Methods: Determination of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6 and B9 using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), and vitamin B12 using LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) . Results: The levels of vitamin B2, B3 and B12is 0.133 mg/100g, 1.895 mg/100g, and 0.017mg/100g, whereas in vitamin B1, B6 and B9 is not detected. Conclusion: Eel fish (Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard) on Elver phase from Lake Poso can be used as a source of vitamins B2, B3 and B12.
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9

Hoffmann, Jessica, Stefan Busse, Franz von Hoff, Katrin Borucki, Thomas Frodl, and Mandy Busse. "Association Between Homocysteine and Vitamin Levels in Demented Patients." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 81, no. 4 (June 15, 2021): 1781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201481.

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Background: Although it is known that the nutritional status among elderly persons and, in particular, patients with dementia, is compromised, malnutrition that results in insufficient uptake of several vitamins is often not diagnosed. Objective: An elevated homocysteine level is a known strong risk factor for vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several B vitamins are involved in the metabolism of homocysteine. Therefore, we investigated the serum levels of vitamin B1, vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 in 97 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or different forms of dementia and 54 elderly control persons without dementia. Results: Compared to aged non-demented people, vitamins B1, B6, B12, and folate were decreased in serum of patients with AD, and patients with Lewy body dementia had reduced vitamin B12 level. Vitamin B6 was diminished in VaD. Patients with frontotemporal dementia showed no alterations in vitamin levels. Age was identified as an important factor contributing to the concentrations of vitamin B1 and B6 in serum, but not vitamin B12 and folate. Increased levels of total homocysteine were detected especially in MCI and AD. Homocysteine correlated negatively with levels of vitamins B6, B12, and folate and positively with Q Albumin. Conclusion: Our data suggest that despite increased homocysteine already present in MCI, vitamin levels are decreased only in dementia. We propose to determine the vitamin levels in patients with cognitive decline, but also elderly people in general, and recommend supplementing these nutrients if needed.
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10

Wang, Huakai, Longxian Li, Nan Zhang, Tuan Zhang, and Yongxi Ma. "Effects of Pelleting and Long-Term High-Temperature Stabilization on Vitamin Retention in Swine Feed." Animals 12, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12091058.

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The objective of this study was to study the effect of pelleting and long-term high-temperature stabilization on the retention of vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B2, and vitamin B6 in swine feed. Piglet diets (diet 1 and 3) were pelleted after conditioning at 83 °C for 120 s, and were high-temperature stabilized at 90 °C for 8.5 min after pelleting; the finishing pig diets (diet 2, 4, and 5) were pelleted after conditioning at 82 °C for 90 s, and were high-temperature stabilized at 85 °C for 9 min after pelleting; the samples were obtained before condition, after condition, after pelleting, and after cooling. The contents of vitamin A and vitamin E in diets 1–5 and vitamin B2, and vitamin B6 in diets 3–5 were detected. The results showed that: (1) the conditioning process had no significant effect on the retention of vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B2, and vitamin B6 in all experimental diets (p > 0.05); (2) the pelleting process and high-temperature stabilization process after pelleting had different degrees of influence on vitamins, among which the stabilization process had a more significant effect on the retention of vitamins. After pelleting and long-term high-temperature stabilization, the retention of vitamin A, vitamin E, and B2, and vitamin B6 were 68.8–77.3%, 56.9–90.1%, 63.8–70.3%, and 60.1–67.0%, respectively. In the process of pelleting and long-term high-temperature stabilization, the retention of vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B2, and vitamin B6 in the feed were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Therefore, vitamin loss during high temperature and over a long period of time is worth considering, and vitamins must be over-supplemented.
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11

CURHAN, GARY C., WALTER C. WILLETT, FRANK E. SPEIZER, and MEIR J. STAMPFER. "Intake of Vitamins B6 and C and the Risk of Kidney Stones in Women." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10, no. 4 (April 1999): 840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v104840.

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Abstract. Urinary oxalate is an important determinant of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. High doses of vitamin B6 may decrease oxalate production, whereas vitamin C can be metabolized to oxalate. This study was conducted to examine the association between the intakes of vitamins B6 and C and risk of kidney stone formation in women. The relation between the intake of vitamins B6 and C and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones were prospectively studied in a cohort of 85,557 women with no history of kidney stones. Semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaires were used to assess vitamin consumption from both foods and supplements. A total of 1078 incident cases of kidney stones was documented during the 14-yr follow-up period. A high intake of vitamin B6 was inversely associated with risk of stone formation. After adjusting for other dietary factors, the relative risk of incident stone formation for women in the highest category of B6 intake (≥40 mg/d) compared with the lowest category (<3 mg/d) was 0.66 (95% confidence interval, 0.44 to 0.98). In contrast, vitamin C intake was not associated with risk. The multivariate relative risk for women in the highest category of vitamin C intake (≥1500 mg/d) compared with the lowest category (<250 mg/d) was 1.06 (95% confidence interval, 0.69 to 1.64). Large doses of vitamin B6 may reduce the risk of kidney stone formation in women. Routine restriction of vitamin C to prevent stone formation appears unwarranted.
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12

Muhamad, Raman, Alexandra Akrivaki, Georgia Papagiannopoulou, Periklis Zavridis, and Panagiotis Zis. "The Role of Vitamin B6 in Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review." Nutrients 15, no. 13 (June 21, 2023): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15132823.

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Introduction: Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in many foods and is accessible in many dietary supplements. The three natural forms are pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. Both vitamin B6 deficiency and high B6 intake have been described as risk factors for developing peripheral neuropathy (PN). The aim of this systematic review is to characterize and comprehensively describe B6-related PN. Method: A systematic, computer-based search was conducted using the PubMed database. Twenty articles were included in this review. Results: Higher vitamin B6 levels, which usually occur following the taking of nutritional supplements, may lead to the development of a predominantly, if not exclusively, sensory neuropathy of the axonal type. After pyridoxine discontinuation, such patients subjectively report improved symptoms. However, although low vitamin B6 levels can be seen in patients suffering from peripheral neuropathy of various etiologies, there is no firm evidence that low B6 levels have a direct causal relationship with PN. Many studies suggest subjective improvement of neuropathy symptoms in patients suffering from PN of various etiologies after receiving B6 supplementation; however, no data about B6 administration as a monotherapy exist, only as part of a combination treatment, usually with other vitamins. Therefore, the potential therapeutic role of B6 cannot be confirmed to date. Supplementation with vitamin B6, even as part of a nutritional multivitamin supplement, has not been proven harmful at permitted daily doses in patients who already suffer from PN. Conclusion: Current scientific evidence supports a neurotoxic role of B6 at high levels. Although some studies suggest that low B6 is also a potential risk factor, further studies in this area are needed.
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13

Baltrusch, Simone. "The Role of Neurotropic B Vitamins in Nerve Regeneration." BioMed Research International 2021 (July 13, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9968228.

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Damage and regeneration naturally occur in the peripheral nervous system. The neurotropic B vitamins thiamine (B1), pyridoxine (B6), and cobalamin (B12) are key players, which maintain the neuronal viability in different ways. Firstly, they constantly protect nerves against damaging environmental influences. While vitamin B1 acts as a site-directed antioxidant, vitamin B6 balances nerve metabolism, and vitamin B12 maintains myelin sheaths. However, nerve injury occurs at times, because of an imbalance between protective factors and accumulating stress and noxae. This will result in the so-called Wallerian degeneration process. The presence of vitamins B1, B6, and B12 paves the way out to the following important regeneration by supporting the development of new cell structures. Furthermore, vitamin B1 facilitates the usage of carbohydrates for energy production, whereas vitamin B12 promotes nerve cell survival and remyelination. Absence of these vitamins will favor permanent nerve degeneration and pain, eventually leading to peripheral neuropathy.
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Bardosono, Saptawati, Noroyono Wibowo, Luciana Budiati Sutanto, Rima Irwinda, Rebecca Cannan, Angela Rowan, and James Dekker. "Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6 and B12 in Their Relationship to the Presence of Probiotic Strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis HNO19 (DR10TM) Among Indonesian Pregnant Women in Their Third Semester." World Nutrition Journal 2, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25220/wnj.v02.i2.0009.

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Introduction Vitamin B12 plays a role during pregnancy in maintaining folate metabolism. Together with folate and vitamin B6, B12 is involved as a coenzyme in DNA synthesis and various methylation reactions in developing embryos. This study aims to compare plasma folate, vitamin B6 and B12 blood levels with respect to the presence of probiotic strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HNO19 (DR10TM) among pregnant women in Indonesia. Methods: This study is part of a larger study entitled “Effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HNO19 (DR10TM), inulin, and micronutrient fortified milk on fecal DR10TM, immune markers, and maternal micronutrients among Indonesian pregnant women.” Further analyses were performed using independent-t test or Mann Whitney test, GLM-repeated measures and chi-square test, to compare folate, vitamin B6 and B12 intake and blood concentration during pregnancy with presence (n=22) and absence (n=55) subjects of fecal DR10TM at third trimester. Results: At the first trimesters there was no difference in plasma vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 levels between the two groups, based on the presence or absence of fecal DR10TM. However, at the second and third trimester, vitamin B6 blood concentration (p=0.034 and p=0.001) and vitamin B12 blood concentrations at the third trimester (p=0.035) were significantly higher in the fecal DR10TM positive group, while having a similar vitamin B6 and B12 intake. Conclusion: Consumption of pre- and probiotics during the periconceptional period may be a useful strategy for improving maternal vitamin B’s vitamins, especially vitamin B6 and B12 status and therefore provide benefits for the offspring’s quality of life.
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Salvati, Louis M., Sean C. McClure, Todime M. Reddy, and Nicholas A. Cellar. "Simultaneous Determination of Total Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B6 in Infant Formula and Related Nutritionals by Enzymatic Digestion and LC-MS/MS: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2015.14." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 776–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.15-0315.

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Abstract This method provides simultaneous determination of total vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B6 in infant formula and related nutritionals (adult and infant). The method was given First Action for vitamins B1, B2, and B6, but not B3, during the AOAC Annual Meeting in September 2015. The method uses acid phosphatase to dephosphorylate the phosphorylated vitamin forms. It then measures thiamine (vitamin B1); riboflavin (vitamin B2); nicotinamide and nicotinic acid (vitamin B3); and pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine (vitamin B6) from digested sample extract by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A single-laboratory validation was performed on 14 matrixes provided by the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) to demonstrate method effectiveness. The method met requirements of the AOAC SPIFAN Standard Method Performance Requirement for each of the three vitamins, including average over-spike recovery of 99.6 ± 3.5%, average repeatability of 1.5 ± 0.8% relative standard deviation, and average intermediate precision of 3.9 ± 1.3% relative standard deviation.
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Gerlach, Anthony T., Sheela Thomas, Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Melissa L. Whitmill, Steven M. Steinberg, and Charles H. Cook. "Vitamin B6 Deficiency." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 35, no. 2 (March 2011): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607110384118.

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17

Bender, David A. "Vitamin B6 ‐ update." Nutrition & Food Science 98, no. 1 (February 1998): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659810196327.

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18

Krisdyana, Bekti, Diffah Hanim, and Sugiarto Sugiarto. "Vitamin B6, B12, Asam Folat, Tekanan Darah dan Demensia pada Lanjut Usia." Amerta Nutrition 4, no. 2 (June 18, 2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v4i2.2020.123-131.

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Background: Dementia is a multifactorial disease due to genetic and environmental influences. Lack of intake of vitamins B6, B12, folic acid and blood pressure are one of the environmental factors that cause dementia.Objective: To analyze the relationship between the adequacy of vitamins B6, B12, folic acid and blood pressure with dementia in the elderlyMethod: This research was a cross sectional study, which was carried out in Tulungagung Regency. The sampling technique was cluster random sampling and a sample size of 100 elderly from 7 elderly Posyandu in Tulungagung Regency, with independent variables such as adequacy of vitamin B6, B12, folic acid and blood pressure, while the dependent variable was dementia. Data were analyzed with chi square testResults: Respondents in this study were generally aged 60-74 years (70.0%), women (48.0%), were educated in elementary / junior high school (60.0%) and did not work (69.0%). Most respondents have insufficient vitamin B6, B12 and folic acid in the less category, with percentages of 57.0%, 54% and 64%, respectively. There was an association between the adequacy of vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid with dementia in the elderly (OR=2.302; 95% CI=1.011-5.241; p=0.045; OR=2.397; 95% CI=1.060-5.422; p=0.034; OR=2.516; 95% CI=1.015-6.238; p=0.043). Blood pressure is associated with dementia in the elderly (OR=3.000; 95% CI=1.288-6.988; p=0.010). The average consumption of vitamin B6, B12 and folic acid in the normal group was higher than the dementia group, with a difference of 0.16 ± 0.04 mg, 0.54 ± 0.05 mcg and 65.89 ± 4.95 respectively mcgConclusionABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Demensia merupakan penyakit multifaktorial karena pengaruh genetik dan lingkungan. Minimnya asupan vitamin B6, B12, asam folat dan tekanan darah menjadi salah satu faktor lingkungan yang menyebabkan demensia.Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan antara kecukupan vitamin B6, B12, asam folat dan tekanan darah dengan demensia pada lanjut usiaMetode: Penelitian ini berupa penelitian cross sectional, yang dilakukan di Kabupaten Tulungagung. Teknik sampling dengan cluster random sampling dan besar sampel 100 lansia dari 7 posyandu lansia di Kabupaten Tulungagung, dengan variabel bebas berupa kecukupan vitamin B6, B12, asam folat dan tekanan darah, sedangkan variabel terikatnya adalah demensia. Data dianalisis dengan uji chi squareHasil: Responden penelitian ini umumnya berusia 60-74 tahun (70,0 %), wanita (48,0 %), berpendidikan terakhir SD/SMP (60,0 %) dan tidak bekerja (69,0 %). Kebanyakan responden memiliki kecukupan vitamin B6, B12 dan asam folat dalam kategori kurang, dengan persentase masing-masing 57,0 %, 54 % dan 64 %. Ditemukan hubungan antara kecukupan vitamin B6, B12 dan asam folat dengan demensia pada lanjut usia (OR=2,302, 95% CI=1,011-5,241, p=0,045; OR=2,397, 95% CI=1,060-5,422, p=0,034; OR=2,516,95% CI=1,015-6,238, p=0,043). Tekanan darah berhubungan dengan demensia pada lanjut usia (OR=3,000,95% CI=1,288-6,988,p=0,010). Rata-rata konsumsi vitamin B6, B12 dan asam folat kelompok normal lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok demensia, dengan selisih masing-masing sebesar 0,16±0,04 mg, 0,54±0,05 mcg dan 65,89 ±4,95 mcg.Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara kecukupan vitamin B6, B12, asam folat dan tekanan darah dengan demensia pada lanjut usia.
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Huang, Chu-Yi, Alinuer Abulimiti, Xin Zhang, Xiao-Li Feng, Hong Luo, Yu-Ming Chen, Yu-Jing Fang, and Cai-Xia Zhang. "Dietary B vitamin and methionine intakes and risk for colorectal cancer: a case–control study in China." British Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 11 (February 14, 2020): 1277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114520000501.

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AbstractB vitamins (including folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12) and methionine are essential for methylation reactions, nucleotide synthesis, DNA stability and DNA repair. However, epidemiological evidence among Chinese populations is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate B vitamins and methionine in relation to colorectal cancer risk in a Chinese population. A case–control study was conducted from July 2010 to April 2019. A total of 2502 patients with colorectal cancer were recruited along with 2538 age- (5-year interval) and sex-matched controls. Dietary data were collected using a validated FFQ. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess OR and 95 % CI. The intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. The multivariable OR for the highest quartile v. the lowest quartile were 0·62 (95 % CI 0·51, 0·74; Ptrend < 0·001) for folate, 0·46 (95 % CI 0·38, 0·55; Ptrend < 0·001) for vitamin B2, 0·55 (95 % CI 0·46, 0·76; Ptrend < 0·001) for vitamin B6 and 0·72 (95 % CI 0·60, 0·86; Ptrend < 0·001) for vitamin B12. No statistically significant association was found between methionine intake and colorectal cancer risk. Stratified analysis by sex showed that the inverse associations between vitamin B12 and methionine intake and colorectal cancer risk were found only among women. This study indicated that higher intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 was associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population.
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Pizova, N. V. "The role of neurotropic B vitamins in clinical practice." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 21 (November 23, 2023): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/ms2023-403.

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B-group vitamins are a collection of 8 water-soluble vitamins. They are cofactors for many enzymes, as well as axonal transport, synthesis of neurotransmitters and other metabolic processes. Their function can be divided into catabolic metabolism, leading to energy production, and anabolic metabolism. Some B vitamins are considered neurotrophic and play a particularly important role in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neurotropic B-group vitamins (B1 – thiamine, B6 – pyridoxine and B12 – cyanocobalamin) play the role of modulators for the treatment of inflammation and pain, they are essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. B vitamin deficiencies have been considered as etiological factors in the development of various neurological disorders and a broad spectrum of pathological states. The work examines in detail vitamins B1, B6 and B12 and their effect on the course of neuropathies, movement disorders, nociceptive and neuropathic pain. The issues of the synergistic action of these vitamins are highlighted. Evidence of neurotropic B vitamin treatment effectiveness of neuropathy symptoms in different groups of patients is presented. The possibility to use vitamin B1 and B6 complex in clinical practice under the condition of individual intolerance of vitamin B12 is discussed. Information about Cytipigam® compositum as a drug containing B1 and B6 is provided. A clinical case report on the effective use of this drug in clinical practice is described.
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Komaru, Takumi, Noriyuki Yanaka, and Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee. "Satellite Cells Exhibit Decreased Numbers and Impaired Functions on Single Myofibers Isolated from Vitamin B6-Deficient Mice." Nutrients 13, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 4531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124531.

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Emerging research in human studies suggests an association among vitamin B6, sarcopenia, and muscle strength. However, very little is known regarding its potential role at the cellular level, especially in muscle satellite cells. Therefore, to determine whether vitamin B6 affects the satellite cells, we isolated single myofibers from muscles of vitamin B6-deficient and vitamin B6-supplemented mice. Subsequently, we subjected them to single myofiber culture and observed the number and function of the satellite cells, which remained in their niche on the myofibers. Prior to culture, the vitamin B6-deficient myofibers exhibited a significantly lower number of quiescent satellite cells, as compared to that in the vitamin B6-supplemented myofibers, thereby suggesting that vitamin B6 deficiency induces a decline in the quiescent satellite cell pool in mouse muscles. After 48 and 72 h of culture, the number of proliferating satellite cells per cluster was similar between the vitamin B6-deficient and -supplemented myofibers, but their numbers decreased significantly after culturing the myofibers in vitamin B6-free medium. After 72 h of culture, the number of self-renewing satellite cells per cluster was significantly lower in the vitamin B6-deficient myofibers, and the vitamin B6-free medium further decreased this number. In conclusion, vitamin B6 deficiency appears to reduce the number of quiescent satellite cells and suppress the proliferation and self-renewal of satellite cells during myogenesis.
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Vilms, E. A., D. V. Turchaninov, T. A. Yunatskaya, and I. A. Sokhoshko. "ASSESSMENT OF VITAMIN PROVISION OF THE POPULATION OF THE LARGE ADMINISTRATIVE AND ECONOMIC CENTER OF THE WESTERN SIBERIA." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-3-277-280.

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Evaluation of vitamin status in residents of the Omsk city (106 men and 135 women) aged of from 18 to 75 years according to the serum content of vitamins A, D, E, K, C, B1, B5, B6, B9, B12. Lack of vitamins in the majority of the observed cases (63.2 ± 3.8%) had a combined character. There was revealed pronounce lack of vitamin D and folic acid, respectively in 70.9 ± 3.6% and 63.2 ± 5.6% of observed persons. The substantial proportion of the population was found to suffer from lacks of vitamin B1 (47.5 ± 4.2%), B6 (49.7 ± 3.8%), and vitamin E (47.1 ± 4.0%). The frequency of detection of a reduced availability of vitamin C was 16.2 ± 3.4%, B12 - 13.2 ± 3.2%, respectively. The deficiency of vitamin A deficiency was seldom (from 5.8 ± 1.9%). In the sample no person with a deficiency of vitamin K and pantothenic acid (B5) was revealed. Mediane of concentrations of phylloquinone, retinol and ascorbic acid and cyanocobalamin in blood serum were in the range of optimum values. Borderline values of the content (at the level of the lower limit of normal) were seen for vitamin E, B1, B6. There were found age differences in the availability of vitamins E, K, ascorbic acid.
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Hardinawati, Adeliana, Pagan Pambudi, Pandji Winata Nurikhwan, Muhammad Welly Dafif, and Mohammad Bakhriansyah. "LITERATURE REVIEW: PENGARUH PEMBERIAN VITAMIN B TERHADAP PERBAIKAN KLINIS PASIEN DENGAN CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME." Homeostasis 5, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/ht.v5i3.7719.

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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an entrapment neuropathy with symptoms such as hand pain, paresthesias in the fingers innervated by the median nerve, weakness, and thenar muscle atrophy. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the effectiveness of vitamin B administration on clinical improvement in CTS patients. Data were obtained by searching using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct published from 2011 to 2021. After the article selection process, 7 articles were included in this literature review, of which there were two articles showing that vitamin B6 can improve clinical symptoms of patients with CTS, one article showed that methylcobalamin had an effect on clinical improvement of CTS with and without DM, and 4 articles showed that the combination of vitamins B1, B6, and B12 was effective in reducing the VAS and TSS of subjects with CTS. Vitamin B6, methylcobalamin, and a combination of vitamins B1, B6, and B12 are effective as conservative therapy in improving clinical symptoms in patients with mild to moderate CTS
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Guala, Andrea, Giulia Folgori, Micaela Silvestri, Michelangelo Barbaglia, and Cesare Danesino. "Vitamin B6 Neonatal Toxicity." Case Reports in Pediatrics 2022 (December 6, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3171351.

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Vitamin B6 is a micronutrient required by the body. It acts as a coenzyme in biochemical reactions. Vitamin B6 toxicity is not caused by the intake of food-based sources. The few reported cases of vitamin B6 toxicity are always caused by overdosing of nutritional supplements. Chronic toxicity typically occurs with peripheral neuropathy such as paraesthesia, ataxia, and imbalance, paradoxically mimicking vitamin B6 deficiency. However, the prognosis is favorable, and symptoms usually show improvement once excessive vitamin B6 levels return to the physiological range. We report a newborn presenting with diffuse tremor at birth, interpreted as secondary to the mother's intake of high doses of a supplement containing vitamin B6 during pregnancy and breastfeeding. As expected, the newborn’s serum levels of vitamin B6 were high. The tremors disappeared when the maternal supplement was stopped.
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Sikdar, K. M. Yasif Kayes, Md Khairul Islam, Tomislav Sostaric, Lee Yong Lim, and Cornelia Locher. "Development and Validation of a Quantitative Analysis of Water-Soluble Vitamins Using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography and Its Application to the Analysis of Nutraceuticals." Separations 11, no. 7 (July 4, 2024): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations11070207.

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In this study, a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)-based method was developed for the quantification of five water-soluble vitamins, B2, B3, B6, B12, and C, using ethanol–water (70:30, v/v) as the mobile phase. The method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines and the limits of detection/limits of quantification were determined as 5.27/15.97 ng (Vitamin B2), 13.03/39.47 ng (Vitamin B3), 59.61/180.64 ng (Vitamin B6), 14.17/42.93 ng (Vitamin B12), and 119.27/361.42 ng (Vitamin C) per band, respectively. The usefulness of the validated method for quality control was demonstrated with the successful quantitative analysis of the five vitamins in a range of nutraceuticals.
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Ровбуть, Т. И. "Criteria of Justified Vitamin Prevention of Chronic Pathology in Children." Педиатрия. Восточная Европа, no. 2 (July 24, 2020): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.8.2.008.

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Введение. Дефицит обеспеченности витаминами у детей является проблемой мирового здравоохранения. Недостаточное потребление витаминов приводит к снижению сопротивляемости организма к неблагоприятным факторам окружающей среды, усугубляет течение хронических заболеваний.Цель. Изучение витаминной обеспеченности детей с хроническими заболеваниями и обоснование коррекции ее недостаточности.Материалы и методы. Нами исследован 241 ребенок в возрасте от 10 до 14 лет с хроническими заболеваниями. Были проведены комплексное исследование и клинические анализы крови и мочи, чтобы узнать о витаминах A, E, C, B12 и B6.Результаты и обсуждение. Выявлена статистически значимая зависимость частоты дефицитаобеспеченности витаминами от форм хронических заболеваний. Пациенты с лор-патологией и заболеваниями сердечно-сосудистой системы достоверно чаще имели недостаточность витамина А (р<0,01), С (р<0,05), В6 (р<0,05) и Е (р<0,05) по сравнению со здоровыми детьми.Дети с заболеваниями органов пищеварения чаще имели дефицит витамина С, B6, В12 (р<0,01)по сравнению с группой здоровых детей. Среди детей с заболеваниями щитовидной железыдефицит витамина Е (р<0,05) и B6 (тенденция) был более выраженным. Выявлена достоверная связь дефицита витамина В6 с нарушением зрения у детей. Возможно, эти изменения были вызваны более глубокими нарушениями обмена веществ у детей с учетом хронической патологии и недостаточности проведения профилактической витаминизации.Выводы. У детей с хроническими заболеваниями выявлены специфические нарушения витаминного статуса. В комплекс противорецидивного лечения у детей с хроническими заболеваниями помимо традиционных схем профилактической витаминизации необходимо дополнительно вводить лечебные дозы витаминов. Introduction. Vitamin deficiency is a public health problem. Insufficient consumption of vitamins by the person results in decrease of resistance of organism to adverse factors of environment, aggravates the course of chronic diseases.Purpose. Studying the vitamin status of children with chronic diseases and justification for correction of its insufficiency.Materials and methods. We studied 241 children at age from 10 to 14 years with chronic diseases. The complex examination and clinical analyses of blood and urine were conducted to know the vitamin A, E, C, B12, and B6 provision.Results and discussion. There was revealed the statistically significant dependence of thefrequency of deficiency of provision with vitamins from the forms of chronic diseases. In patients with the pathology of the larynx and diseases of the cardiovascular system, vitamin A (p<0.01), C (p<0.05), В6 (р<0.05) and E (p<0.05) deficiency was significantly more often observed, if comparedwith healthy children. Children with diseases of the digestive system had the deficiency of vitaminC, В12 (р<0.01), and vitamin B6 (р<0.05) in comparison with the group of healthy children. Among children with diseases of the thyroid gland, the deficiency of vitamin Е (р<0.05) and B6 (tendency) was more expressed. Reliable relationship of vitamin B6 deficiency with visual impairment was revealed. Probably, these changes were caused by deeper impairment of metabolism in children,taking into account chronic pathology and insufficiency of preventive vitaminization. Conclusions. Specific changes of the vitamin status were identified in children with chronic diseases. It is necessary to include medical dozes of vitamins into the complex of treatment of children with chronic diseases in addition to traditional schemes of preventive vitaminization.
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Qian, Bingjun, Shanqi Shen, Jianhua Zhang, and Pu Jing. "Effects of Vitamin B6 Deficiency on the Composition and Functional Potential of T Cell Populations." Journal of Immunology Research 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2197975.

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The immune system is critical in preventing infection and cancer, and malnutrition can weaken different aspects of the immune system to undermine immunity. Previous studies suggested that vitamin B6 deficiency could decrease serum antibody production with concomitant increase in IL4 expression. However, evidence on whether vitamin B6 deficiency would impair immune cell differentiation, cytokines secretion, and signal molecule expression involved in JAK/STAT signaling pathway to regulate immune response remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on the immune system through analysis of T lymphocyte differentiation, IL-2, IL-4, and INF-γsecretion, andSOCS-1andT-betgene transcription. We generated a vitamin B6-deficient mouse model via vitamin B6-depletion diet. The results showed that vitamin B6 deficiency retards growth, inhibits lymphocyte proliferation, and interferes with its differentiation. After ConA stimulation, vitamin B6 deficiency led to decrease in IL-2 and increase in IL-4 but had no influence on IFN-γ. Real-time PCR analysis showed that vitamin B6 deficiency downregulatedT-betand upregulatedSOCS-1transcription. This study suggested that vitamin B6 deficiency influenced the immunity in organisms. Meanwhile, the appropriate supplement of vitamin B6 could benefit immunity of the organism.
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Moriya, Aya, Tsutomu Fukuwatari, Mitsue Sano, and Katsumi Shibata. "Different variations of tissue B-group vitamin concentrations in short- and long-term starved rats." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 1 (June 27, 2011): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511002339.

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Prolonged starvation changes energy metabolism; therefore, the metabolic response to starvation is divided into three phases according to changes in glucose, lipid and protein utilisation. B-group vitamins are involved in energy metabolism via metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids. To determine how changes in energy metabolism alter B-group vitamin concentrations during starvation, we measured the concentration of eight kinds of B-group vitamins daily in rat blood, urine and in nine tissues including cerebrum, heart, lung, stomach, kidney, liver, spleen, testis and skeletal muscle during 8 d of starvation. Vitamin B1, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, folate and biotin concentrations in the blood reduced after 6 or 8 d of starvation, and other vitamins did not change. Urinary excretion was decreased during starvation for all B-group vitamins except pantothenic acid and biotin. Less variation in B-group vitamin concentrations was found in the cerebrum and spleen. Concentrations of vitamin B1, vitamin B6, nicotinamide and pantothenic acid increased in the liver. The skeletal muscle and stomach showed reduced concentrations of five vitamins including vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid and folate. Concentrations of two or three vitamins decreased in the kidney, testis and heart, and these changes showed different patterns in each tissue and for each vitamin. The concentration of pantothenic acid rapidly decreased in the heart, stomach, kidney and testis, whereas concentrations of nicotinamide were stable in all tissues except the liver. Different variations in B-group vitamin concentrations in the tissues of starved rats were found. The present findings will lead to a suitable supplementation of vitamins for the prevention of the re-feeding syndrome.
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van den Berg, Henk, Martijn van der Gaag ( ), and Henk Hendriks. "Influence of Lifestyle on Vitamin Bioavailability." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.1.53.

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In this review the effects of lifestyle factors, especially alcohol consumption, on vitamin bioavailability are summarized and discussed. Alcohol effects are clearly dose-dependent. Excessive chronic alcohol intake is generally associated with vitamin deficiency (especially folate, thiamine, and vitamin B6) due to malnutrition, malabsorption, and ethanol toxicity. Effects of moderate alcohol use are mainly explained by a lower vitamin intake. In the case of vitamin A and beta-carotene, effects on post-absorptive (lipoprotein) metabolism have been demonstrated. In one diet-controlled crossover study, alcohol consumption resulted in an increase in the plasma vitamin B6 (PLP) content, especially after beer consumption (containing vitamin B6), but also after wine and spirit consumption (not containing vitamin B6). Smoking is also associated with a lower dietary vitamin intake. In the case of vitamin C, B12, folate, and beta-carotene, evidence has been presented for effects on postabsorptive metabolism, due to smoke-induced oxidative stress and/or vitamin inactivation. For vitamin E a direct effect of smoking on absorption has been demonstrated. There is no convincing evidence that low-fat diets negatively affect fat-soluble vitamin absorption, but cholesterol-lowering compounds (diets), or unabsorbable fat substitutes, may do so. Vitamin bioavailability may be compromised from certain vegetables (particularly raw), and/or from high-fiber foods, because of limited digestion and inefficient release of vitamins from the food matrix.
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30

Dakshinamurti, Krishnamurti, Xi Wang, Sorin Musat, Masumi Dandekar, and Naranjan S. Dhalla. "Alterations of KCl- and ATP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in cardiomyocytes from vitamin B6 deficient rats." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 76, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y98-078.

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Although vitamin B6 deficiency is related to coronary heart disease, no information regarding changes in myocardium due to vitamin B6 deficiency is available in the literature. In view of the critical role played by Ca2+ in cellular function, we investigated alterations in [Ca2+]i induced by KCl or ATP in vitamin B6 deficient and age-matched control rats. [Ca2+]i was measured in isolated cardiomyocytes by using the Fura-2 fluorescence technique. The KCl-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was augmented in vitamin B6 deficient cardiomyocytes, whereas the ATP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was attenuated. The specific ATP binding to sarcolemma from hearts of vitamin B6 deficient rats was decreased. A single injection of vitamin B6 (10 mg/kg) to vitamin B6 deficient animals completely reversed the KCl- or ATP-induced changes in [Ca2+]i in cardiomyocytes as well as ATP binding with sarcolemma. These results regarding altered regulation of [Ca2+]i in cardiomyocytes and sarcolemmal ATP receptors indicate myocardial abnormalities due to vitamin B6 deficiency.Key words: Ca2+-handling in heart, myocardial purinergic receptors, rat cardiomyocytes, vitamin B6 deficiency.
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Bévier, Alban, Etienne Novel-Catin, Emilie Blond, Solenne Pelletier, Francois Parant, Laetitia Koppe, and Denis Fouque. "Water-Soluble Vitamins and Trace Elements Losses during On-Line Hemodiafiltration." Nutrients 14, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 3454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14173454.

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Maintenance hemodialysis induces water-soluble vitamins and trace elements losses, which is why recommendations regarding potential supplementation were provided, but mainly based on conventional hemodialysis. This study′s aim was to measure the water–soluble vitamins and trace element losses during one on-line post-dilution hemodiafiltration (HDF) session. Thirty-nine patients under maintenance HDF were enrolled. We used the Theraflux® sampler (Theradial Corp., Orvault, France) to analyze the full session dialysate mass transfer. Blood and dialysate samples were collected before and after one HDF session to measure B1, B2, B6, B9, B12, C vitamins, zinc, and selenium concentrations. Values significantly decreased for B1 (20.2%), B2 (13%), B6 (25.4%), B9 (32.6%), C (66.6%) and selenium (6.7%). No significant differences were found for vitamin B12 and zinc. The dialysate losses per session were 1.12 ± 0.88 mg for vitamin B1, 0.28 ± 0.30 mg for B2, 0.33 ± 0.09 mg for B6, 0.3 ± 0.18 mg for B9, 147.5 ± 145.50 mg for C and 25.75 ± 6.91 mg for zinc. Vitamin B12 and selenium were under detection values. In conclusion, during a standard 4hr-HDF session, we found important losses for vitamin B1, B6, B9, C and zinc, suggesting the need for regular monitoring of plasma levels and systematic supplementation of these compounds.
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Candito, Mirande, Bakhouche Houcher, François Roux, Genevieve Potier de Courcy, Anne Caramella, Frederick Berthier, Abdelhamid Aberkane, and Emmanuel Van Obberghen E. "Influence of Meal on Plasma Folate and Vitamin Β12, by Three Methods - and on Vitamin B6, Homocysteine and Red Blood Cell Folate." Pteridines 16, no. 1 (February 2005): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.2005.16.1.22.

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Abstract Vitamins are brought by meals. Some of them are cofactors in homocysteine metabolism, and, if plasma homocysteine values are not known to have a circadian rhythm, little is known about meal influence on blood folate, and vitamins Β12 and B6. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of breakfast and lunch on plasma folate, vitamins B12 and B6. homocysteine and red cell folate (RCF) in 13 subjects; and, in 6 of them, to compare plasma folate and vitamin Β12 values with three analytical methods. In the 13 subjects, folate, vitamins B12 and B6 and RCF were analyzed by RIA, homocysteine by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and vitamin B6 by HPLC. In 6 of the subjects, additionally, plasma folate and vitamin Β12 were analyzed by microbiology and by enzymoimmunoassay (EIA). Mean plasma folate levels at 11AM. 2PM, and 4PM were not significantly different, compared with 9AM mean values, independent of the method, while, when analyzed by microbiology, mean vitamin B12 concentrations decreased significantly (-12%), but not by RIA or by microbiology. Plasma folate concentrations, obtained by the different methods, and RCF concentrations were correlated, as for vitamin B12 concentrations. But, when analyzed by EIA. vitamin B12 v alues were higher than by the two other methods. We conclude that plasma folate levels were constant at the different sampling hours, while vitamin B12 levels were decreased at 11AM, 2PM and 4PM, when compared with the fasting concentrations, and when assayed by microbiology. No difference was seen by RIA or by EIA. The evaluation of clinical data is not easy, due to the lack of a standardized analytical method, and international standards are needed.
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Zhang, Yu, Xi-an Zhou, Chuxin Liu, Qingwu Shen, and Yanyang Wu. "Vitamin B6 Inhibits High Glucose-Induced Islet β Cell Apoptosis by Upregulating Autophagy." Metabolites 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111048.

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Vitamin B6 may alleviate diabetes by regulating insulin secretion and increasing insulin sensitivity, but its mechanism remains to be explored. In this study, vitamin B6-mediated autophagy and high glucose-induced apoptosis were tested to investigate the mechanism by which vitamin B6 regulates insulin release. The results showed that 20 mM glucose increased the apoptosis rate from 10.39% to 22.44%. Vitamin B6 reduced the apoptosis rate of RIN-m5F cells from 22.44% to 11.31%. Our data also showed that the vitamin B6 content in processed eggs was decreased and that the hydrothermal process did not affect the bioactivity of vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 increased the number of autophagosomes and the ratio of autophagosome marker protein microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta to microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha (LC3-II/LC3-I). It also decreased the amount of sequetosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) and inhibited the phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) under normal and high glucose stress. Another study showed that vitamin B6 inhibited the apoptosis rate, whereas the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) blocked the protective effect of vitamin B6 against apoptosis induced by high glucose. The hydrothermal process decreased the vitamin B6 content in eggs but had no effect on the cytoprotective function of vitamin B6 in RIN-m5f cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that vitamin B6-mediated autophagy protected RIN-m5f cells from high glucose-induced apoptosis might via the mTOR-dependent pathway. Our data also suggest that low temperatures and short-term hydrothermal processes are beneficial for dietary eggs.
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Iyer, Sandhya, Prachi Sinkar, K. Krishnakumar, Kallathikumar K, and Amruta Velumani. "Vitamin B Complex and Homocysteine Levels - A Trend Study Among Asian Indians." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. 4 (June 21, 2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v10i4.24124.

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Background: Vitamin B complex levels have been strongly correlated with homocysteine status and many studies suggest supplementation with vitamin B to lower cardiovascular risk among adults. However, this relationship does not show a direct trend with many studies concluding otherwise. Aims and Objective: Our report is an attempt to study association between levels of vitamin B6, folate and B12 in relation to homocysteine in a Pan-India cohort of over 5000 individuals. Materials & Methods: Data from a total of 5487 Asian Indians including 2942 males and 2545 females were considered for this study. Analysis for levels of vitamins B6 and folate was done using the technology of Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), while that for Vitamin B12 and homocysteine was done using the Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA). Results: Our analysis identified a clear correlation between vitamin B12 status and levels of homocysteine, while no such trend was observed with vitamin B6 and folate. The total frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency was detected to be 25% of which 50% exhibited clinically high homocysteine levels. The frequency among males was found to be high at 61.6% in comparison to females at 32.3% with the difference being statistically significant at p<0.0001. Conclusion: Our report is one of the first few to document levels of vitamin B6, folate and B12 in relation to homocysteine in a large Asian Indian cohort. Low levels of vitamin B12 was found to have a greater impact on Hcy levels in comparison to other B-vitamins studied.
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Richts, Björn, and Fabian M. Commichau. "Underground metabolism facilitates the evolution of novel pathways for vitamin B6 biosynthesis." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 6 (March 2021): 2297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11199-w.

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Abstract The term vitamin B6 is a designation for the vitamers pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine and the respective phosphate esters pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxamine-5′-phosphate and pyridoxine-5′-phosphate. Animals and humans are unable to synthesise vitamin B6. These organisms have to take up vitamin B6 with their diet. Therefore, vitamin B6 is of commercial interest as a food additive and for applications in the pharmaceutical industry. As yet, two naturally occurring routes for de novo synthesis of PLP are known. Both routes have been genetically engineered to obtain bacteria overproducing vitamin B6. Still, major genetic engineering efforts using the existing pathways are required for developing fermentation processes that could outcompete the chemical synthesis of vitamin B6. Recent suppressor screens using mutants of the Gram-negative and Gram-positive model bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, carrying mutations in the native pathways or heterologous genes uncovered novel routes for PLP biosynthesis. These pathways consist of promiscuous enzymes and enzymes that are already involved in vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Thus, E. coli and B. subtilis contain multiple promiscuous enzymes causing a so-called underground metabolism allowing the bacteria to bypass disrupted vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathways. The suppressor screens also show the genomic plasticity of the bacteria to suppress a genetic lesion. We discuss the potential of the serendipitous pathways to serve as a starting point for the development of bacteria overproducing vitamin B6. Key points • Known vitamin B6 routes have been genetically engineered. • Underground metabolism facilitates the emergence of novel vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathways. • These pathways may be suitable to engineer bacteria overproducing vitamin B6.
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Vucijak, Nevena, Slobodan Petrovic, Dejan Bezbradica, Zorica Knezevic-Jugovic, and Dusan Mijin. "Synthesis of B6 vitamin." Chemical Industry 63, no. 4 (2009): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0904353v.

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The importance of vitamin B6 has been known since its discovery in the 1940's. Chemical tests, elestrometric titration determinations, and absorption spectrum studies showed that this vitamin exists in three major chemical forms: pyridoxine (an alcohol), pyridoxal (an aldehyde), and pyridoxamine (a primary amine). Vitamin B6 is needed for more than 100 enzymes involved in protein metabolism, and it is assumed that this vitamin is cofactor of metabolic processes more important than any other substance. A deficiency of vitamin B6 in the human diet leads to severe disorders. Vitamin B6 is necessary for the proper function of the immune and nervous system, and helps the body convert protein to energy. This paper describes the history, properties and applications of vitamin B6, elucidation of chemical structure, and different procedures for synthesis of pyridoxine and pyridoxamine.
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Navrátilová, Pavlína, Ivana Borkovcová, Lenka Kaniová, Sandra Dluhošová, and Hana Zachovalová. "The content of selected vitamins and iodine in mare’s milk." Acta Veterinaria Brno 88, no. 4 (2019): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201988040473.

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The aim of the study was to contribute to scarce literature data on the content of selected vitamins and iodine in mare’s milk. The study focused on the content of selected lipophilic vitamins (A, E), hydrophilic vitamins B1, B2, B6) and iodine in milk samples obtained from 8 mares during 6 months of lactation. The content of micronutrients was evaluated according to the stage of lactation. Vitamins B2 and B6 were determined using ion-pair reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, vitamin B1 by fluorescence detection by reversed-phase liquid chromatography, vitamins A and E by the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection and iodine by the spectrophotometric method. Mean concentrations of vitamins A (0.06 ± 0.08 mg/l), E (0.083 ± 0.14 mg/l), B1 (256.24 ± 44.19 µg/l), B2 (111.40 ± 81.88 µg/l), B6 (0.30 ± 0.12 mg/l) reached lower values in mare’s milk compared to cow’s milk. The mean value of iodine in mare’s milk reached 44.48 ± 54.45 µg/l. Lactation stage proved to be a significant factor for vitamin B6 and iodine.
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Schorgg, Paula, Till Bärnighausen, Sabine Rohrmann, Aedin Cassidy, Nena Karavasiloglou, and Tilman Kühn. "Vitamin B6 Status among Vegetarians: Findings from a Population-Based Survey." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051627.

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Vitamin B6 from plant foods may have lower bioavailability than vitamin B6 from animal foods, but studies on objectively measured vitamin B6 status among vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians are lacking. Thus, the vitamin B6 status among vegetarians, but also pescatarians, and flexitarians, compared to meat-eaters was assessed in the population-based NHANES study (cycles 2007–2008 and 2009–2010). Data on serum pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) and 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as dietary intakes from 24-h recalls were available for 8968 adults aged 20–80 years. Geometric mean (±standard error) PLP concentrations were 58.2 ± 6.0, 52.1 ± 3.7, 49.2 ± 4.6 and 51.0 ± 1.1 nmol/L among vegetarians, pescatarians, flexitarians, and meat-eaters. The 4-PA concentrations were 32.7 ± 4.0, 29.0 ± 2.5, 34.8 ± 5.6 and 33.0 ± 0.7, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in PLP, 4-PA, and their ratio across the groups in multivariable linear regression models. Overall, the use of vitamin B6 supplements was the strongest predictor of the vitamin B6 status, followed by the dietary vitamin B6 intake. Interestingly, several other covariates were significantly associated with vitamin B6 biomarker levels, particularly serum albumin, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase, and should be considered when assessing the vitamin B6 status. In summary, our findings suggest that a vegetarian diet does not pose a risk for vitamin B6 deficiency.
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39

Agraib, Lana M., Islam Al-Shami, Buthaina Alkhatib, and Hanan Hasan. "The impact of energy releasing B-vitamin intake on indices of obesity and cardiac function: a cross-sectional study." F1000Research 12 (October 20, 2023): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.139672.1.

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Background: B vitamins play a crucial role in the balance and metabolism of energy. Energy metabolism mainly benefits from the B-complex vitamins. Specifically, decarboxylation, transamination, acylation, oxidation, and reduction of substrates that are ultimately employed in energy intake require thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B6. Vitamin deficiency could lead to chronic disease occurrence. Objectives: To assess the impact of energy-releasing B-vitamins intake (B1, B2, B3, and B6) on selected indices of obesity and cardiac function. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 491 apparently healthy adults (18-64 years old) between January and May 2019 at Hashemite University, Jordan. Anthropometric measurements were taken, lipid profiles were analyzed, and indices of obesity and cardiac function were calculated. The typical dietary intake of B1, B2, B3, and B6 vitamins was calculated. Results: Conicity index (CI) and abdominal volume index (AVI) scores significantly decreased with the increased adjusted vitamin B1 and B6 intake. Also, body roundness index (BRI), weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) scores were decreased with the increase of adjusted B6 intake (p<0.05). The total sample showed a significant inverse weak correlation between energy-adjusted intake of B1 and AVI (r= -0.156, p=0.001) and BRI (r= 0.111, p=0.014). Similar correlations were detected among male participants between energy-adjusted B1 intake and BAI, AVI, and BRI. Female participants had a significant weak inverse correlation between BAI and energy-adjusted B2 (r= -0.180, p=0.029) and B6 intake (r= -0.212, p=0.010). Only B1, the vitamin, significantly explained 2.43 and 1.24% of changes observed in the AVI and BRI scores, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusions: Increasing the intake of B1, B2, and B6 may significantly lower indices of both obesity and cardiac function regardless of sex differences. Thus reducing the occurrence of obesity and related coronary heart diseases.
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40

Agraib, Lana M., Islam Al-Shami, Buthaina Alkhatib, and Hanan Hasan. "The impact of energy releasing B-vitamin intake on indices of obesity and cardiac function: a cross-sectional study." F1000Research 12 (February 23, 2024): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.139672.2.

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Background B vitamins play a crucial role in the balance and metabolism of energy. Energy metabolism mainly benefits from the B-complex vitamins. Specifically, decarboxylation, transamination, acylation, oxidation, and reduction of substrates that are ultimately employed in energy intake require thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B6. Vitamin deficiency could lead to chronic disease occurrence. Objectives To assess the impact of energy-releasing B-vitamins intake (B1, B2, B3, and B6) on selected indices of obesity and cardiac function. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed on 491 apparently healthy adults (18-64 years old) between January and May 2019 at Hashemite University, Jordan. Anthropometric measurements were taken, lipid profiles were analyzed, and indices of obesity and cardiac function were calculated. The typical dietary intake of B1, B2, B3, and B6 vitamins was calculated. Results Conicity index (CI) and abdominal volume index (AVI) scores significantly decreased with the increased adjusted vitamin B1 and B6 intake. Also, body roundness index (BRI), weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) scores were decreased with the increase of adjusted B6 intake (p<0.05). The total sample showed a significant inverse weak correlation between energy-adjusted intake of B1 and AVI (r= -0.156, p=0.001) and BRI (r= 0.111, p=0.014). Similar correlations were detected among male participants between energy-adjusted B1 intake and BAI, AVI, and BRI. Female participants had a significant weak inverse correlation between BAI and energy-adjusted B2 (r= -0.180, p=0.029) and B6 intake (r= -0.212, p=0.010). Only B1, the vitamin, significantly explained 2.43 and 1.24% of changes observed in the AVI and BRI scores, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusions Increasing the consumption of B1, B2, and B6 may significantly lower values of indices of obesity and cardiac function regardless of sex differences. Thus reducing the occurrence of obesity and related coronary heart diseases.
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41

Suwarba, I. Gusti Ngurah Made, Ni Putu Yunik Novayanti, I. Gusti Lanang Sidiartha, and Dewi Sutriani Mahalini. "Correlation Between Pyridoxal 5’-Phospate Level And Valproic Acid In Epilepsy Children." Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21705/mcbs.v3i1.38.

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Background: It is important to maintain the adequate level of vitamin B6 to ensure stable metabolism. Vitamin B6 serum level might decreased by absorption disturbance or increasing demand. Valproic acid increase the synthesis of serum GABAergic in the other hand vitamin B6 is required as cofactor for gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) formation. The dosage and duration of valproic acid therapy might be correlated with vitamin B6 serum level. The aim of this study is to know the correlation between vitamin B6 serum level against dosage and duration of valproic acid therapy in children with epilepsy.Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study to investigate the correlation between vitamin B6 serum level against dosage and duration of valproic acid therapy. The level of vitamin B6 serum was determined by checking vitamin B6 active form in serum, pyridoxal 5’-phospate (PLP).Results: In this study, 37 epilepsy children with valproic acid duration therapy more than 3 months was enrolled. Fifty six percent epilepsy children were male, commonly on children age 1-5 years old. Spearman correlation coefficient test showed a significant weak negative correlation between vitamin B6 serum level and dosage of valproic acid (r=–0.35; p=0.03), and very weak negative correlation with valproic acid duration therapy (r=-0.08; p=0.59), however it was not significant. Conclusion: There was a significant weak negative correlation between vitamin B6 serum level and very weak negative correlation with valproic acid duration therapy, but not significant in children with epilepsy.Keywords: correlation, valproic acid, vitamin B6
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42

Jakovljevic Uzelac, Jovana, Tatjana Djukic, Slavica Mutavdzin, Sanja Stankovic, Milica Labudovic Borovic, Jelena Rakocevic, Natasa Milic, et al. "The influence of subchronic co-application of vitamins B6 and folic acid on cardiac oxidative stress and biochemical markers in monocrotaline-induced heart failure in male Wistar albino rats." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 98, no. 2 (February 2020): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2019-0305.

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The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that subchronic co-application of vitamins B6 and folic acid (FA) could affect heart failure (HF) induced by monocrotaline (MCT), with the modulation of oxidative stress parameters and cardiometabolic biomarkers. Biochemical and histomorphometric analyses were assessed in blank solution-exposed controls (C1 physiological saline 1 mL/kg, 1 day, n = 8; C2 physiological saline 1 mL/kg, 28 days, n = 8), MCT-induced HF (MCT 50 mg/kg, n = 8), B6+FA (vitamin B6 7 mg·kg–1·day–1, FA 5 mg·kg–1·day–1; n = 8), and MCT+B6+FA (MCT 50 mg/kg, vitamin B6 7 mg·kg–1·day–1, FA 5 mg·kg–1·day–1; n = 8) in male Wistar albino rats (body mass 160 g at the start). Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, thiol-, carbonyl groups, and nitrotyrosine were determined in cardiac tissue. Echocardiography was performed to confirm MCT-induced HF. The right ventricular wall hypertrophy, accompanied with significant increase of troponin T and preserved renal and liver function, has been shown in MCT-induced HF. However, these effects were not related to antioxidant effects of vitamin B6 and FA, since several parameters of oxidative stress were more pronounced after treatment. In this study, co-application of vitamins B6 and FA did not attenuate hypertrophy of the right ventricle wall but aggravated oxidative stress, which is involved in HF pathogenesis.
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43

Bergami, Maranesi, Marchetti, Sangiorgi, and Tolomelli. "Influence of Dietary n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Plasma Lipemic Effect of Vitamin B6 Deficiency." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 69, no. 5 (September 1, 1999): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.69.5.315.

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Since many connections exist between vitamin B6 and lipid metabolism, we aim to investigate the lipemic effect of different dietary intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids in rats fed a vitamin B6 deficient diet. Diets were either vitamin B6 deficient (-B6) or vitamin B6 sufficient, pair-fed to the deficient group (PF) and ad libitum (N). The diets were combined with normal lipid (LC: soya bean-coconut-palm oils) and fish oil (FO: soya bean – fish oil). The fish oil diet with sufficient vitamin B6 content caused an increase in n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in arachidonic acid. In the -B6 group fed a normal lipid diet, the arachidonic acid percentage decreased and the linoleic acid percentage increased; in the -B6 group fed fish oil these changes in fatty acid composition, already consequent upon dietary intake of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, did not show further variations. In the dietary condition of vitamin B6 deficiency, plasma cholesterol content increased in rats fed a lipid control diet, whereas no hypocholesterolemic effect was observed in those fed a fish oil diet. Plasma triglyceride contents were not influenced by dietary lipid quality because, in all conditions, the lower food intake of the PF groups caused a decrease and vitamin B6 deficiency caused an elevation in triglyceride contents which reached those of the ad libitum groups. The study highlights the interaction between vitamin B6 and polyunsaturated fatty acids and the opportunity of dietary intake of fish oil to counterbalance some effects of vitamin B6 deficiency.
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44

Kihal, Abdelhacib, Cristina Marquès, María Rodríguez-Prado, Eduard Jose-Cunilleras, and Sergio Calsamiglia. "Effect of Diet Supplementation with the Mycotoxin Binder Montmorillonite on the Bioavailability of Vitamins in Dairy Cows." Toxins 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14010026.

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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the mycotoxin binder montmorillonite (MMT) supplemented in the diet of dairy cows on the bioavailability of vitamins A, D, E, B1 and B6. Six multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a crossover design with two periods. Treatments were a control diet with or without MMT. Vitamins were infused individually into the abomasum through the ruminal cannula. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h after the administration of each vitamin. Results showed that vitamin A reached maximal concentration (Tmax) at 5.3 h after dosing, the maximal concentration (Cmax) was 1.2 times higher than the basal concentration (Cbasal), and the area under the curve (AUC) was 739 arbitrary units. Vitamin B6 reached the Tmax at 13 h after dosing, the Cmax was 1.4 times higher than the Cbasal, and the AUC was 222 arbitrary units. No differences were observed in Cbasal, Tmax, Cmax and AUC of vitamin A and B6 between control vs. MMT-supplemented cows. Plasma concentrations of vitamins D, E and B1 had no concentration peaks, and were not affected by MMT addition. The lack of a response suggests that their plasma concentration may be tightly regulated. Results of this study do not show evidence that MMT affects the bioavailability of vitamins A and B6 in vivo.
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45

Liu, Lu, Hang Yu, Jingmin Bai, Qing Xu, Yong Zhang, Xinsheng Zhang, Zhimeng Yu, and Yinghua Liu. "Positive Association of Serum Vitamin B6 Levels with Intrapulmonary Lymph Node and/or Localized Pleural Metastases in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Study." Nutrients 15, no. 10 (May 17, 2023): 2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15102340.

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The relationship between vitamin B levels and the development and progression of lung cancer remains inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the relationship between B vitamins and intrapulmonary lymph nodes as well as localized pleural metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This was a retrospective study including patients who underwent lung surgery for suspected NSCLC at our institution from January 2016 to December 2018. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between serum B vitamin levels and intrapulmonary lymph node and/or localized pleural metastases. Stratified analysis was performed according to different clinical characteristics and tumor types. A total of 1498 patients were included in the analyses. Serum vitamin B6 levels showed a positive association with intrapulmonary metastasis in a multivariate logistic regression (odds ratio (OR) of 1.016, 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.002–1.031, p = 0.021). After multivariable adjustment, we found a high risk of intrapulmonary metastasis in patients with high serum vitamin B6 levels (fourth quartile (Q4) vs. Q1, OR of 1.676, 95%CI of 1.092 to 2.574, p = 0.018, p for trend of 0.030). Stratified analyses showed that the positive association between serum vitamin B6 and lymph node metastasis appeared to be stronger in females, current smokers, current drinkers, and those with a family history of cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor of 1–3 cm in diameter, or a solitary tumor. Even though serum vitamin B6 levels were associated with preoperative NSCLC upstaging, B6 did not qualify as a useful biomarker due to weak association and wide confidence intervals. Thus, it would be appropriate to prospectively investigate the relationship between serum vitamin B6 levels and lung cancer further.
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46

Patino-Alonso, Maria C., Marta Gómez Sánchez, Leticia Gómez Sánchez, Rosario Alonso-Domínguez, Natalia Sánchez-Aguadero, Benigna Sánchez Salgado, Emiliano Rodríguez Sánchez, Luis García Ortiz, and Manuel A. Gómez-Marcos. "Multivariate Analysis of Influence of Vitamin Intake on Vascular Function Parameters by Sex in the General Spanish Population: EVA Study." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030643.

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The influence of vitamin intake on vascular function parameters in the Spanish general population has not been studied. The main objective of this study is to analyze the influence of vitamin intake on vascular function and as a secondary objective the adequacy of vitamin intake in a sample of the Spanish population without previous cardiovascular disease and analyze the differences according to sex. Methods: We included 501 individuals obtained by simple random sampling with replacement (reference population 43,946). The average age was 55.90 ± 14.24 years, 49.70% men. Participants recorded the intake of vitamins using the EVIDENT app, previously validated, during a period of 3 days. Vascular function was assessed by measuring carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) with the SphygmoCor device, cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) with the VaSera device and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) by using a validated equation. Results: The vitamins with the least adequate intake was vitamin D, less than 5%, and vitamin B9, less than 35%. Vitamins with an adequate intake percentage, close to 100%, were B12 and B6. The multiple regression analysis showed a negative association between cfPWV and vitamin B2 in both sexes, and a positive one with retinol in men and B3 in women. baPWV was negatively associated with vitamins B1 and B12 in women and B9 in men, while being positively linked with B6 in men. CAVI presented a negative association with vitamin D in women. The results were similar in the canonical correspondence analysis. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the influence of vitamins on vascular function is not homogeneous and varies according to the parameter analyzed. Thus, in men, vitamins B2 and retinol were associated with cfPWV and vitamins B6 and B9 with baPWV. In women, vitamins B2 and B3 were related cfPWV, vitamins B1 and B12 with cfPWV and vitamin D with CAVI.
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Jun, Yong Woong, Marian Hebenbrock, and Eric T. Kool. "A fluorescent hydrazone exchange probe of pyridoxal phosphate for the assessment of vitamin B6 status." Chemical Communications 56, no. 2 (2020): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc08458d.

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A new fluorogenic probe based on exchange of hydrazones is described. The probe (Ac-RAB6) is selective for pyridoxal phosphate among the B6 vitamins and other cellular aldehydes, and enables the assessment of abnormal vitamin B6 status in cells.
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48

Berkins, Samuel, Helgi Birgir Schiöth, and Gull Rukh. "Depression and Vegetarians: Association between Dietary Vitamin B6, B12 and Folate Intake and Global and Subcortical Brain Volumes." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061790.

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Deficiency of vitamin B6 and vitamin B12, mostly in vegetarians, is found to be associated with depression and adverse neurological function. We investigated whether vitamin B6, B12, and folate have an effect on brain structure, especially among depressed people who follow a specific diet. The study sample comprised 9426 participants from the UK Biobank cohort with a mean age of 62.4 years. A generalized linear model controlling for age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, town send deprivation index, educational qualification, smoking, and alcohol intake was used to test the association between study groups and structural brain volumes. Depression was more prevalent, and intake of vitamin B6 and B12 was lower among vegetarians, while non-vegetarians had a lower intake of folate. Overall, no significant association was observed between vitamin B6, B12, and folate intakes and both global and subcortical brain volumes among participants with depression. However, vitamin B12 intake was positively associated with right pallidum among non-depressed participants, and a significant interaction between vitamin B12 intake and depression status on the right pallidum was observed. Also, a significant interaction between folate intake and depression status on grey matter (GM) volume and left thalamus was observed. Upon diet stratification, folate intake is associated with total brain volume and GM volume among vegetarians with depression. Furthermore, no significant associations were observed for subcortical regions. Our findings suggest that dietary intake of vitamin B6 and B12 might have an effect on brain structure. Vegetarians, particularly those who suffer from depression may benefit from supplementing their diets with vitamins B6, B12, and folate to ensure brain health. Further studies, especially with a larger sample size and longitudinal design, are needed to confirm these findings.
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49

Zhu, Jie, Cheng Chen, Liping Lu, James M. Shikany, Mary E. D’Alton, and Ka Kahe. "Folate, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 Status in Association With Metabolic Syndrome Incidence." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): e2250621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50621.

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ImportanceThe associations of B vitamin status with metabolic syndrome (MetS) incidence among the US population remain unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate intakes and serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in association with MetS risk in a large US cohort.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective study included Black and White young adults in the US who were enrolled from 1985 to 1986 and studied until 2015 to 2016. Diet was assessed using a validated diet history at examination years 0, 7, and 20. Serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were assayed at examination years 0, 7, and 15 in a subset of 1430 participants. MetS was ascertained by clinic and laboratory measurements and self-reported medication use. Data were analyzed between January and July 2021.ExposuresIntakes and serum levels of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMultivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the associations of energy-adjusted B vitamin intakes or serum B vitamin levels with incident MetS.ResultsThe study included 4414 participants, with 2225 Black individuals (50.4%) and 2331 women (52.8%). The mean (SD) age at baseline was 24.9 (3.6) years. A total of 1240 incident MetS cases occurred during the 30 years (mean [SD], 22.1 [9.5] years) of follow-up. Compared with the lowest quintile of each energy-adjusted B vitamin intake, the HRs for incident MetS in the highest quintile were 0.39 (95% CI, 0.31-0.49) for folate (P for trend &amp;lt; .001), 0.61 (95% CI, 0.46-0.81) for vitamin B6 (P for trend = .002), and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.58-0.95) for vitamin B12 (P for trend = .008) after adjustment for potential confounders. Similarly, significant inverse associations were observed in the subset with serum data on these B vitamins (folate: HR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.17-0.33; P for trend &amp;lt; .001; vitamin B6: HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.34-0.67; P for trend &amp;lt; .001; and vitamin B12: HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51-0.96; P for trend = .01).Conclusions and RelevanceThis prospective cohort study found that intakes and serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were inversely associated with incident MetS among Black and White young adults in the US.
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50

Varygina, O. V., R. K. Chernova, and E. F. Сusina. "ISE on Vitamin B6." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology 13, no. 1 (2013): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2013-13-1-3-7.

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