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1

Lai, Jun S., M. Na’im Mohamad Ayob, Shirong Cai, Phaik Ling Quah, Peter D. Gluckman, Lynette P. Shek, Fabian Yap, et al. "Maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations during pregnancy and infant cognitive outcomes at 2 years of age." British Journal of Nutrition 121, no. 11 (April 2, 2019): 1303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519000746.

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AbstractEvidence on long-term influences of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency or concentrations on infant cognition is limited. We examined associations between maternal plasma vitamin B12 and cognitive development in 24-month-old infants. Maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were measured at 26–28 weeks’ gestation; infant cognitive development was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III at 24 months, for 443 mother–infant pairs from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes cohort. Linear regressions adjusted for key confounders examined associations of maternal vitamin B12 with cognitive, receptive and expressive language, fine and gross motor subscales. Co-occurrence of maternal vitamin B12 with folate or vitamin B6 insufficiencies on child’s cognition was explored. Average maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations was 220·5 ± 80·5 pmol/l; 15 % and 41 % of mothers were vitamin B12 deficient (<148 pmol/l) and insufficient (148–220·9 pmol/l), respectively. Infants of mothers with vitamin B12 deficiency had 0·42 (95 % CI −0·70, −0·14) sd lower cognitive scores, compared with infants of mothers with sufficient vitamin B12. Co-occurrence of maternal vitamins B12 and B6 insufficiencies was associated with 0·37 (95 % CI −0·69, −0·06) sd lower cognitive scores in infants compared with infants of mothers sufficient in both vitamins. No significant associations were observed with other subscales. Study findings suggest the possible need to ensure adequate vitamin B12 during pregnancy. The impact of co-occurrence of maternal B-vitamins insufficiencies on early cognitive development warrants further investigation.
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2

Fahad Aldaihani, Saad. "VITAMIN DEFICIENCY AND FOOD SUPPLEMENTS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 540–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13941.

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Vitamins are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds that help ensure the human bodys wellbeing and function. This paper introduces the importance of all vitamins, both water-soluble and fat-soluble, as well as problems deriving from their deficiency. Additionally, vitamin supplements as part of treating vitamin deficiency, and possible harmful effects on the human body areshowcased. The main focus of the paper is on the vitamin B complex, and vitamin B12 specifically. The benefits of vitamin B12, as well as its action in the human body and the noxious effects of any lack of vitamin B12 in the human body, are also discussed. Some of the health conditionsan individual may need to face when they have vitamin B12 deficiency include neural tube defects, Alzheimers disease, depression, and megaloblastic anaemia, which are also introduced and further discussed, in terms of symptomatology, causes and suggested treatment. The toxicity of vitamin B12 is also introduced, and possible causes for vitamin B12 deficiency are showcased.
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3

Yadav, Roopesh Kumar, Sudhanshu Mishra, and Deepti Jain. "Methylcobalamine (Vitamin B12): Water Soluble Vitamin with Various Pharmacological Aspect." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i1.4488.

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Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in the brain's proper functioning and nervous system, in blood flow, and in reducing weakness and tiredness. In their food, most people get adequate vitamin B12, but in some health conditions (e.g. inadequate sleep, stomach/intestinal disorders, inflammation, cancer), there could be a shortage. If left unchecked, severe Vitamin B12 deficiency results in anemia and nerve damage. Vitamin B12 deficiency is typically treated using parenteral and oral dosage formulations, but absorption and compliance problems are involved with these routes of administration. Most significantly, the function of this missing intrinsic factor has been shown to assist in vitamin B12 absorption and a deficiency known as pernicious anaemia. Vitamin B12 is only partially absorbed when delivered by mouth to patients with pernicious anemia, but hematologically re-absorbed in patients with pernicious anemia. Parenteral administration of the extrinsic element will treat pernicious anaemia satisfactorily. There are several roles and advantages of vitamin B 12 in the human body with therapeutic effects also. Keywords: Water Soluble Vitamins, Methylcobalamine, Vitamin B12, Pernicious Anaemia.
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4

Mihaljev, Željko, Milica Živkov Baloš, and Sandra Jakšić. "POSSIBILITY OF DETERMINING VITAMIN B12 IN VITAMIN PREMIXES AND FEED ADDITIVES USING AAS METHOD." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 1, no. 2 (December 29, 2008): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v1i2.233.

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Since vitamin B12 has important metabolic functions, but is unable sufficiently to synthesize into organisms of domestic animals (especially non-ruminants), special attention is given to adding B12 into feed. The needs for this vitamin are provided through vitamin premixes, so determining the quantity of B12 in the samples is of utmost importance. When standard chemical methods are applied extraction and purification are required. In this paper is described a method where the content of B12 in premix with high level of different vitamins is determined through an indirect method: measuring the level of cobalt using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The content of B12 was determined from the content of cobalt. The obtained results show that in the samples of pure B12 vitamin (used as an additive to feed) the measured values were lesser than 2% comparing to the expected values. In vitamin premixes the measured values of group B and vitamin premixes of vitamin B group and other (A, D, E) vitamins, the measured values differed from those given on the declaration, and the difference was lesser than 5%. The obtained results point that determining vitamin B12 by measuring cobalt content using AAS method is a fast, accurate and simple method that can be applied in examining all the feed samples.
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5

Koprivica, Marko, Jelena Bjelanovic, and Radmila Velicki. "The effects of vitamin B12 deficiency." Medical review 74, no. 11-12 (2021): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns2112391k.

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Vitamin B12 is one of the most important B vitamins. This vitamin has an important role in cellular metabolism and is also associated with folate and vitamin B6 metabolism. Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs as a result of some diseases, the use of certain medications, or inadequate nutrition. It primarily affects the elderly and women, but is also common among the pediatric population. The B12 deficiency mostly affects the functions of the nervous and hematopoietic systems but it can also affect the skin, heart, bones, and eyes. The treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency includes oral or intramuscular vitamin B12 supplementation according to different treatment regimens.
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6

Ismael Ibrahim, Gulzar, Hemn Jameel Majeed, Pshtiwan Abdullah Yousif, and Saman Muhsin Abdulkareem. "Association between Serum Levels of Vitamin D, Vitamin B12 and Folate with Oxidative Biomarkers in Diabetic Type 2 Patients in People in Erbil City: A Case-Control Study." Diyala Journal of Medicine 19, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.26505/djm.19025660915.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus is the largest endocrine disorder in the world that refers to chronic hyperglycemia caused by impairment in both insulin secretion and action. Folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin D deficiency are related to the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective: This study has been carried out to investigate the role of folate, vitamins B12, and D status during the progression of diabetic type 2 patients compared to non-diabetic control subjects. Patients and Methods: We measured the plasma levels of folate, vitamins B12, and D, along with blood glucose, HbA1c, and oxidative biomarkers in 50 diabetic type 2 patients and 50 healthy subjects used as a control group. Results: The findings revealed that the serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly increased in diabetic patients compared to healthy subjects, and the serum level of nitric oxide (NO) in T2D patients lower than in control. The concentration of vitamin D, B12, and folate in T2D patients significantly lower than non-T2D control. The results also showed a significant relationship between serum vitamin D, MDA, and NO with HbA1c, while there was an insignificant correlation between vitamin B12 and folate with HbA1c. Conclusion: The oxidative biomarkers and vitamins D, B12, and folate level can play an important role in the development and progression of T2D. Keywords: Oxidative Stress, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Folic acid, type 2 diabetes
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7

Cazacu, Nicoleta, Claudia G. Chilom, Melinda David, and Monica Florescu. "Conformational Changes in the BSA-LT4 Complex Induced by the Presence of Vitamins: Spectroscopic Approach and Molecular Docking." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 4215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084215.

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Levothyroxine (LT4) is known for its use in various conditions including hypothyroidism. LT4 interaction with serum albumin may be influenced by the presence of vitamins. For this reason, we investigated the effect of vitamin C, vitamin B12, and folic acid on the complex of Bovine Serum Albumin with LT4 (BSA-LT4). UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to monitor the influence of vitamins on the BSA-LT4 complex. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed a static quenching mechanism of the fluorescence of BSA-LT4 complex by the vitamin C and folic acid and a combined mechanism for vitamin B12. The interaction of vitamin C and folic acid with BSA-LT4 was moderate, while the binding of vitamin B12 was much stronger, extending the storage time of LT4 in blood plasma. Synchronous fluorescence found that the vitamins were closer to the vicinity of Trp than to Tyr and the effect was more pronounced for the binding of vitamin B12. The thermal stability of the BSA-LT4 complex was more evident, but no influence on the stability of BSA-LT4 complex was obtained for vitamin C. Molecular docking studies showed that vitamin C and folic acid bound the same site of the protein, while vitamin B12 bonded to a different site.
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8

Nouri, Aria, Kishan Patel, Julio Montejo, Rani Nasser, David A. Gimbel, Daniel M. Sciubba, and Joseph S. Cheng. "The Role of Vitamin B12 in the Management and Optimization of Treatment in Patients With Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy." Global Spine Journal 9, no. 3 (May 17, 2018): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2192568218758633.

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Study Design: Narrative review. Objectives: To discuss the relationship between degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) and vitamin B12 deficiency. Specifically, it is the aim to outline the rational for future research into assessment and therapeutic optimization of vitamin B12 in the treatment of DCM. Methods: Literature review. Results: DCM is the commonest cause of spinal cord impairment, with an average age of presentation in the sixth decade. Patients at this age have also been reported to have a high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency, with estimates of up to 20% in the elderly. Vitamin B12 deficiency can result in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (SACD), and several case reports have pointed to patients with both DCM and SACD. Both SACD and reversible compressive injury due to DCM necessitate remyelination in the spinal cord, a process that requires adequate vitamin B12 levels. Basic science research on nerve crush injuries have shown that vitamin B12 levels are altered after nerve injury and that vitamin B12 along with dexamethasone or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce Wallerian degeneration. Furthermore, it has been suggested that a combination of B-vitamins can reduce glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of clinical and subclinical vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly, the role of vitamin B12 in myelination, and vitamin B12 deficiency as a differential diagnosis of DCM, it is important to investigate what role vitamin B12 levels play in patients with DCM in terms of baseline neurological function and whether optimization of vitamin B12 levels can improve surgical outcome. Furthermore, the routine assessment of vitamin B12 levels in patients considered for DCM surgery should be considered.
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9

El-Kholy, Mohamed Soliman, Zenat Abd El-Gawad Ibrahim, Mohamed Mamdoh El-Mekkawy, and Mahmoud Alagawany. "Influence of in Ovo Administration of Some Water-Soluble Vitamins on Hatchability Traits, Growth, Carcass Traits and Blood Chemistry of Japanese Quails." Annals of Animal Science 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2018-0041.

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AbstractA total of 450 fertile Japanese quail eggs were used to determine the impacts of in ovo administration of water-soluble vitamins (C, B6 and B12) on the growth performance, carcass traits, hematological and biochemical blood parameters as well as the immune response of Japanese quails. On the 7th day of incubation, the eggs were allocated to five groups: un-injected, 0.1 ml/egg saline, 1 mg/egg vitamin C, 150 µg/egg vitamin B6 and 20 µg/egg vitamin B12. The percentage of early embryonic mortality was increased (P≤0.001) in all treated groups versus the control group. Chicks that hatched from eggs injected with 1 mg/egg vitamin C exhibited a significantly greater (P≤0.05) live body weight (LBW) than those from the control and saline groups. During 0–2 weeks of age, the chicks hatched from eggs injected with vitamins displayed better feed conversion than the positive or negative controls. In ovo injection of vitamins had no significant effect on all carcass traits. In ovo injection with vitamins C, B6 and B12 increased plasma total protein and its fractions compared with the control. Plasma levels of total lipids and cholesterol were decreased in chicks hatched from eggs injected with 1 mg/egg vitamin C, 150 µg/egg vitamin B6 or 20 µg/egg vitamin B12 compared with those hatched from control eggs. Plasma T3 and T4 were increased in chicks hatched from eggs injected with vitamin C, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12. The relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus were significantly (P=0.002 or 0.003) increased in the birds hatched from eggs injected with vitamins compared with those in the control or saline group. Thus, in ovo injection of vitamins C, B6 and B12 improved the blood profile and immune response of Japanese quail.
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10

Mantle, David. "Nutritional supplementation for vitamin B12 and vitamin K2 deficiency following ileostomy or colostomy formation." Gastrointestinal Nursing 18, Sup4 (May 1, 2020): S12—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/gasn.2020.18.sup4.s12.

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Most dietary vitamins and minerals are absorbed from the duodenal and jejunal sections of the small bowel. The exceptions are vitamin B12 and vitamin K2, which are absorbed from the terminal ileum and colon respectively. Patients who have undergone ileostomy or colostomy procedures are at risk of deficiency of these vitamins, with associated risk of developing anaemia and nervous system dysfunction (vitamin B12), and bone weakening and cardiovascular disease (vitamin K2). Patients should therefore be monitored for deficiency of these vitamins, which may develop over a protracted period of time. Patients lacking the terminal ileum or colon can still absorb supplemental vitamins B12 or K2 given orally, provided a sufficient loading dose is given to facilitate absorption from the remaining gastrointestinal tract.
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11

Girard, C. L., and J. J. Matte. "Impact of B-vitamin supply on major metabolic pathways of lactating dairy cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-058.

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Knowledge of the major nutrient requirements of dairy cows has increased substantially during the past decades. Little is known, however, about the importance of the roles played by B vitamins. Since most of those vitamins act as essential cofactors in energy, protein and lipid metabolism, it is likely that as milk yield increases, the demand for these cofactors also increases. The supply of B vitamins from dietary sources and synthesis by the ruminal microflora is generally sufficient to avoid deficiency symptoms, but could be insufficient for optimizing metabolic efficiency, production, composition and the nutritional quality of milk in high-producing dairy cows. Results from recent experiments show how the supply of three B vitamins — folic acid, biotin and vitamin B12 — affects major metabolic pathways. Supplementary biotin has frequently been reported to increase milk yield but has a limited effect on milk composition. Folic acid supplements have been found to increase milk and milk protein yields in multiparous cows without affecting dry matter intake when vitamin B12 supply was adequate. An insufficient vitamin B12 supply blocked those effects but they can be restored through vitamin B12 supplementation. Supplemental vitamin B12 and biotin increased milk and milk protein yields without changing dry matter intake. Vitamin B12 utilization by tissues increased in cows fed supplementary folic acid simultaneously; plasma glucose also increased in these cows but plasma biotin decreased. From these findings, it appears that, in high-producing dairy cows, especially in early lactation, the strong competition for nutrients that occurs between gluconeogenesis, methylneogenesis and protein synthesis increases the amount of folic acid, vitamin B12 and biotin required to maintain metabolic efficiency, especially when the nutrient supply is limited. These observations emphasize the need to review the paradigm according to which B-vitamin supply by ruminal microflora cannot be limiting in dairy cow. Key words: Dairy cow, B vitamins, folic acid, vitamin B12, biotin, lactation, metabolism
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Koprivica, Marko, and Jelena Bjelanović. "Hypervitaminosis B12." Medicinski casopis 55, no. 4 (2021): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mckg55-33665.

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Increased concentrations of vitamin B12 are the result of excessive intake of this vitamin, increased release of vitamins from hepatic depots, or elevated concentrations of transcobalamin resulting from the increased production or reduced decomposition of this molecule. The most common diseases that lead to B12 hypervitaminosis are malignancies and solid tumours. As a result of elevated concentrations, acnes emerge or exacerbate the already existing acneiform changes. Rosacea fulminant, allergic, and other anaphylactic reactions may also develop. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of increased concentrations of vitamin B12 onto human health. In a study conducted by Deneuvil and associates, the elevated B12 vitamin levels were observed in 12% of respondents. In the study by Carmel and associates, 14% of the respondents had high cobalanemia. The results of other studies show that the prevalence of high cobalanemia is 13%, while very high cobalanemia is registered in 7% of cases. In the multicentric BDOSE study, the incidence of high serum cobalamin was 18%. The increased concentrations of cobalamin are most commonly caused by a disease, while disorders due to inadequate intake and overdose are much less common. As a result of B12 hypervitaminosis, acnes emerge or exacerbation of the pre-existing acneiform changes may occur. In addition to acne, other dermatological diseases (Rosacea fulminant, dermatitis) may develop as a result of hypervitaminosis, followed by allergic and anaphylactic reactions.
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Fenti, Fenti, Agustinus Widodo, and Jamaluddin Jamaluddin. "ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN B-COMPLEX OF EEL FISH (ANGUILLA MARMORATA (Q.) GAIMARD) ON ELVER PHASE ORIGIN LAKE POSO." Ghidza: Jurnal Gizi dan Kesehatan 2, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/gjgk.v2i2.11321.

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Background & Objective: Vitamins are complex organic substances that are needed by the body in small amounts, usually cannot be synthesized by the body but are important in metabolic processes one of which is vitamin B. Vitamin B consists of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B9 and B12. Eel is one of the fish that has a high nutrient content, one of which is vitamin B. This study aims to determine the levels of vitamin B (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9 and B12) in Eel fish (Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard) on Elver phase from Lake Poso. Material and Methods: Determination of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6 and B9 using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), and vitamin B12 using LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) . Results: The levels of vitamin B2, B3 and B12is 0.133 mg/100g, 1.895 mg/100g, and 0.017mg/100g, whereas in vitamin B1, B6 and B9 is not detected. Conclusion: Eel fish (Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard) on Elver phase from Lake Poso can be used as a source of vitamins B2, B3 and B12.
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Hoffmann, Jessica, Stefan Busse, Franz von Hoff, Katrin Borucki, Thomas Frodl, and Mandy Busse. "Association Between Homocysteine and Vitamin Levels in Demented Patients." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 81, no. 4 (June 15, 2021): 1781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201481.

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Background: Although it is known that the nutritional status among elderly persons and, in particular, patients with dementia, is compromised, malnutrition that results in insufficient uptake of several vitamins is often not diagnosed. Objective: An elevated homocysteine level is a known strong risk factor for vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several B vitamins are involved in the metabolism of homocysteine. Therefore, we investigated the serum levels of vitamin B1, vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 in 97 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or different forms of dementia and 54 elderly control persons without dementia. Results: Compared to aged non-demented people, vitamins B1, B6, B12, and folate were decreased in serum of patients with AD, and patients with Lewy body dementia had reduced vitamin B12 level. Vitamin B6 was diminished in VaD. Patients with frontotemporal dementia showed no alterations in vitamin levels. Age was identified as an important factor contributing to the concentrations of vitamin B1 and B6 in serum, but not vitamin B12 and folate. Increased levels of total homocysteine were detected especially in MCI and AD. Homocysteine correlated negatively with levels of vitamins B6, B12, and folate and positively with Q Albumin. Conclusion: Our data suggest that despite increased homocysteine already present in MCI, vitamin levels are decreased only in dementia. We propose to determine the vitamin levels in patients with cognitive decline, but also elderly people in general, and recommend supplementing these nutrients if needed.
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Liu, Xi-Xi, Peng-Fei Wu, Ying-Zi Liu, Ya-Ling Jiang, Mei-Dan Wan, Xue-Wen Xiao, Qi-Jie Yang, et al. "Association Between Serum Vitamins and the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease in Chinese Population." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 85, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-215104.

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Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic and fatal neurodegenerative disease; accumulating evidence suggests that vitamin deficiency is associated with the risk of AD. However, studies attempting to elucidate the relationship between vitamins and AD varied widely. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum vitamin levels and AD in a cohort of the Chinese population. Methods: A total of 368 AD patients and 574 healthy controls were recruited in this study; serum vitamin A, B1, B6, B9, B12, C, D, and E were measured in all participants. Results: Compared with the controls, vitamin B2, B9, B12, D, and E were significantly reduced in AD patients. Lower levels of vitamin B2, B9, B12, D, and E were associated with the risk of AD. After adjusting for age and gender, low levels of vitamin B2, B9, and B12 were still related to the risk of AD. In addition, a negative correlation was determined between vitamin E concentration and Activity of Daily Living Scale score while no significant association was found between serum vitamins and age at onset, disease duration, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire score. Conclusion: We conclude that lower vitamin B2, B9, B12, D, and E might be associated with the risk of AD, especially vitamin B2, B9, and B12. And lower vitamin E might be related to severe ability impairment of daily activities.
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16

Baltrusch, Simone. "The Role of Neurotropic B Vitamins in Nerve Regeneration." BioMed Research International 2021 (July 13, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9968228.

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Damage and regeneration naturally occur in the peripheral nervous system. The neurotropic B vitamins thiamine (B1), pyridoxine (B6), and cobalamin (B12) are key players, which maintain the neuronal viability in different ways. Firstly, they constantly protect nerves against damaging environmental influences. While vitamin B1 acts as a site-directed antioxidant, vitamin B6 balances nerve metabolism, and vitamin B12 maintains myelin sheaths. However, nerve injury occurs at times, because of an imbalance between protective factors and accumulating stress and noxae. This will result in the so-called Wallerian degeneration process. The presence of vitamins B1, B6, and B12 paves the way out to the following important regeneration by supporting the development of new cell structures. Furthermore, vitamin B1 facilitates the usage of carbohydrates for energy production, whereas vitamin B12 promotes nerve cell survival and remyelination. Absence of these vitamins will favor permanent nerve degeneration and pain, eventually leading to peripheral neuropathy.
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Rahman, Md Mizanur, Noorzahan Begum, Mahadi Abdur Rouf, and Shahriar Masood. "Synergistic Antinociceptive, Anti-inflammatory Interaction between Vitamin B12 and Ketorolac in Long Evans Rats." European Journal of Clinical Medicine 2, no. 3 (July 9, 2021): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/clinicmed.2021.2.3.94.

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In certain painful disorders, B12 vitamins have been documented to be clinically useful alone or paired with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, it has not been identified to equate these effects with related effects of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) and their combination. To test and compare the effects of vitamin B12 on pain with those of the combination of vitamin B12 with KT in rat models. This experimental research was performed at the Department of Physiology, BSMMU. The control (A, A1 with 5 ml/kg normal saline) and experimental (B1, B1a with 15 mg/kg B12; B2, B2a with 10 mg/kg KT; B3, B3a with B12+KT) groups of 5 rats in each group were divided into 40 (forty) long Evans rats (215±35 gm) of either sex. Both medications and vitamins were administered intraperitoneally in a single dose just one hour prior to the writhing and paw edema test caused by formalin. The statistical study was carried out by ANOVA, followed by the post-hoc Bonferroni test. In the interpretation of outcomes, p≤0.05 was regarded as significant. B12 lowered only the writhing count and KT lowered both writhing appearance latency time and writhing count significantly (p≤0.001) in the writhing test. However, the combination of B12 and KT significantly (p≤0.001) lowered both the study variables in the writhing test. In addition, KT lowered edema volume significantly (p≤0.01) in the paw edema test. The combination of B12 and KT, on the other hand, substantially (p≤0.001) decreased the amount of edema in the paw edema test. It can be concluded that vitamin B12 has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, and that the combination of B12 with KT is more effective than when administered individually.
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Matte, J. J., F. Guay, and C. L. Girard. "Folic acid and vitamin B12 in reproducing sows: New concepts." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-059.

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In pig nutrition, the present gaps in the information on B-complex vitamins have important implications for empiricism and disparities in dietary recommendations. This is particularly true for folic acid (B9) and vitamin B12. Recent studies suggest that the beneficial effects of B9 on sow prolificacy may be due to enhanced embryo development and survival. Embryo synthesis of estrogens and uterine secretions of prostanoids and cytokines during attachment appear to be key factors in vitamin B9 regulation of embryo development. Nevertheless, embryo and uterine responses to B9 are often more pronounced in multiparous sows than in gilts. This parity effect on B9 responses can be attributed to the metabolic interaction with another vitamin, specifically B12. The two vitamins are essential for modulating the transfer of one-carbon groups for protein and DNA synthesis, methylation and gene expression. The metabolic pathway involved is the remethylation of methionine from an intermediary metabolite, homocysteine. A deficiency in B9 or B12 mayinduce a local or systemic accumulation of homocysteine, a powerful pro-oxidant known to impair embryo development. It appears that B12 status, which is about two times lower in gilts than in multiparous sows, could be a limiting factor for the action of vitamin B9 on uterus and embryo metabolism during the first pregnancy. Vitamin B12 status is particularly critical since, in early gestation, the sow uterus drains off a massive amount of B12, representing two to three times the B12 plasma pool. Dietary B12, at levels 10 times higher than recommended, have been found to maximize B12 status and minimize homocysteine accumulation in first parity sows. It appears that an optimum B9:B12 ratio, which has yet to be estimated, would enable vitamin B9 to have full beneficial effects on sow prolificacy. In the future, it is likely that there will be an even greater need for updated information on the requirements for B-complex vitamins given the “dietary fine tuning” that is necessary for the highly producing pigs that have been selected in recent decades. Key words: Folic acid, vitamin B12, reproduction, pig
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Yamada, Keiko, Michiko Shimodaira, Seiko Chida, Noriko Yamada, Norio Matsushima, Morimichi Fukuda, and Shoji Yamada. "Degradation of Vitamin B12 in Dietary Supplements." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 78, no. 45 (May 1, 2008): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.78.45.195.

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Beverages and solid dietary supplements rich in various added vitamins and minerals have recently become available. It seems reasonable to consider that the intake of these foods is convenient for easy ingestion of nutrients, but problems caused by blending different nutrients in high concentrations have arisen. We focused on vitamin B12 (B12) among vitamins and determinded the B12 contents of beverages and solid dietary supplements purchased from a retail shop. The B12 contents of three of five beverges were less than stated on the labels. On the other hand, certain beverages unexpectedly contained much more B12 than stated on the labels. In these beverages the amount of B12 decreased rapidly with time, whereas B12 content was lower than stated on the label in only one of four solid dietary supplements. The content of B12 was affected by storage time, light exposure, temperature and vitamin C. From experimental analysis with a competitive binding assay method employing a ACS Chemiluminescent B12 kit, examining differential binding by intrinsic factors and spectral analysis of B12, it was determined that some of the B12 might have been converted into B12 analogues or small degradation products by multinutrient interaction during storage.
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Keita, Y., A. A. Ndongo, M. N. Sylla, A. Sylla, B. Niang, D. I. Ly, A. Thiongane, F. Ly, and A. Ba. "Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Children Due to Lack of Intake: A Report of Two Cases at the Pediatric Department at Aristide Le Dantec Hospital." Journal of Pediatric Health and Nutrition 1, no. 3 (October 26, 2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2691-5014.jphn-21-3923.

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We report 2 cases of vitamin B12 deficiency in children due to deficient intake. These were 2 girls aged 4 years (case 1) and 6 years (case 2), respectively, hospitalized in December 2020 and March 2021 in the pediatric ward of Le Dantec hospital. Both patients presented with aregenative anemia, melanoderma and undernutrition. The bone marrow count in case 1 showed a dysmyelopoiesis with megablastosis. The blood vitamin B12 level was low in both cases. Folic acid blood levels were normal in both patients, but an associated martial deficiency was found in case 2. The dietary survey revealed a lack of intake of animal products rich in vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 replacement therapy was effective with rapid regression of all clinical signs observed in both children. The control of the vitamin B12 level after 1 month of treatment was normal in both patients. The disappearance of the symptoms under substitute treatment confirmed the deficiency of Vitamin B12 intake in both patients. Conclusion: Both of our patients had a profound Vitamin B12 deficiency in a context of deficiency in nutrition. The regression of the symptoms was spectacular under vitamin B12 replacement therapy, confirming the deficiency. We recommend in our context a contribution in micronutrients such as vitamins in children after weaning to avoid dietary errors.
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Carvalho, A. R., S. Vacas, and C. Klut. "Vitamin B12 deficiency induced psychosis – a case report." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1557.

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Vitamin B12 is one of the most essential vitamins affecting various systems of the body. Cases of neuropsychiatry disorders due to its deficiency are more common in elderly patients with prevalence of 10–20%. The most common psychiatry symptoms reported in the literature associated with vitamin B12 deficiency was depression, mania, psychotic symptoms, cognitive impairment and delirium. Here, we report a case of vitamin B12 deficiency in a 52-year-old male who presented with psychotic features: persecutory delusions, tactile and auditory hallucinations. Patient had neither recorded psychiatry history nor any drug abuse. Medical history includes hypertension, diabetes mellitus and glaucoma. The patient was not a vegetarian. All relevant laboratory evaluations and head CT were normal except vitamin B12. The patient was treated with antipsychotics (risperidone 3 mg/day) and intramuscular vitamin B12. One week after, there was total remission of psychotic symptoms. In the follow-up during the next four months, psychiatry symptoms did not recur at any time. This case reports a rare case of vitamin B12 deficiency induced psychosis. Although there was concurrent administration of an antipsychotic along with vitamin B12, it underlines the importation of evaluation of vitamin B12 and other potential reversible causes of psychosis.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Azimi, Sona, Elnaz Faramarzi, Parvin Sarbakhsh, Alireza Ostadrahimi, Mohammad Hossein Somi, and Mousa Ghayour. "Folate and vitamin B12 status and their relation to hematological indices in healthy adults of Iranians: Azar cohort study." Nutrition and Health 25, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260106018815392.

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Background: Folate and vitamin B12 are essential micronutrients, the deficiency of which can be associated with public health problems worldwide. Aim: The aims of this study were to assess the folate and vitamin B12 status of healthy adults and the effect of gender differences on their deficiency using serum folate, vitamin B12 and red blood cell (RBC) folate as biomarkers and their relation to hematological indices. Methods: This study was a part of the Azar cohort study, which is designed as a noncommunicable disease survey in the population of Shabestar, East Azerbaijan, Iran. A total of 95 healthy adults (35 men, 60 women) were chosen according to exclusion criteria and assessed using demographic characteristics and blood sampling. Results: Low concentrations of serum folate, vitamin B12 and RBC folate were detected in 16.8%, 61.1% and 40% of all subjects, respectively. Prevalence of low serum folate and vitamin B12 was higher in men than women (25.7% versus 11.7% for serum folate, 77.1% versus 51.7% for serum vitamin B12).A significant positive correlation was found between hemoglobin and serum folate, vitamin B12 and RBC folate concentrations ( r = 0.279, 0.335, 0.228, respectively). No statistically significant correlation between mean corpuscular volume and serum folate, vitamin B12 and RBC folate was seen ( r = –0.049, –0.030, –0.016, respectively). Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of low folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in our community. Regarding the impact of these two vitamins deficiency on overall health, we suggest further investigations with more participants. In addition, monitoring hematological indices could be useful in people with folate and vitamin B12 deficiency.
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Mozos, Ioana, Dana Stoian, and Constantin Tudor Luca. "Crosstalk between Vitamins A, B12, D, K, C, and E Status and Arterial Stiffness." Disease Markers 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8784971.

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Arterial stiffness is associated with cardiovascular risk, morbidity, and mortality. The present paper reviews the main vitamins related to arterial stiffness and enabling destiffening, their mechanisms of action, providing a brief description of the latest studies in the area, and their implications for primary cardiovascular prevention, clinical practice, and therapy. Despite inconsistent evidence for destiffening induced by vitamin supplementation in several randomized clinical trials, positive results were obtained in specific populations. The main mechanisms are related to antiatherogenic effects, improvement of endothelial function (vitamins A, C, D, and E) and metabolic profile (vitamins A, B12, C, D, and K), inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (vitamin D), anti-inflammatory (vitamins A, D, E, and K) and antioxidant effects (vitamins A, C, and E), decrease of homocysteine level (vitamin B12), and reversing calcification of arteries (vitamin K). Vitamins A, B12, C, D, E, and K status is important in evaluating cardiovascular risk, and vitamin supplementation may be an effective, individualized, and inexpensive destiffening therapy.
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Candito, Mirande, Bakhouche Houcher, François Roux, Genevieve Potier de Courcy, Anne Caramella, Frederick Berthier, Abdelhamid Aberkane, and Emmanuel Van Obberghen E. "Influence of Meal on Plasma Folate and Vitamin Β12, by Three Methods - and on Vitamin B6, Homocysteine and Red Blood Cell Folate." Pteridines 16, no. 1 (February 2005): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.2005.16.1.22.

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Abstract Vitamins are brought by meals. Some of them are cofactors in homocysteine metabolism, and, if plasma homocysteine values are not known to have a circadian rhythm, little is known about meal influence on blood folate, and vitamins Β12 and B6. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of breakfast and lunch on plasma folate, vitamins B12 and B6. homocysteine and red cell folate (RCF) in 13 subjects; and, in 6 of them, to compare plasma folate and vitamin Β12 values with three analytical methods. In the 13 subjects, folate, vitamins B12 and B6 and RCF were analyzed by RIA, homocysteine by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and vitamin B6 by HPLC. In 6 of the subjects, additionally, plasma folate and vitamin Β12 were analyzed by microbiology and by enzymoimmunoassay (EIA). Mean plasma folate levels at 11AM. 2PM, and 4PM were not significantly different, compared with 9AM mean values, independent of the method, while, when analyzed by microbiology, mean vitamin B12 concentrations decreased significantly (-12%), but not by RIA or by microbiology. Plasma folate concentrations, obtained by the different methods, and RCF concentrations were correlated, as for vitamin B12 concentrations. But, when analyzed by EIA. vitamin B12 v alues were higher than by the two other methods. We conclude that plasma folate levels were constant at the different sampling hours, while vitamin B12 levels were decreased at 11AM, 2PM and 4PM, when compared with the fasting concentrations, and when assayed by microbiology. No difference was seen by RIA or by EIA. The evaluation of clinical data is not easy, due to the lack of a standardized analytical method, and international standards are needed.
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Goyal, Surbhi. "Vitamin B12." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 3 (March 31, 2019): 1333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.3242.

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TRUSWELL, A. Stewart. "Vitamin B12." Nutrition & Dietetics 64, s4 The Role of (September 2007): S120—S125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0080.2007.00198.x.

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27

Innis, Sheila M. "Vitamin B12." Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal 19, no. 3 (June 1986): v—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0315-5463(86)71428-4.

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Jacobs, Peter, and Lucille Wood. "Vitamin B12." Disease-a-Month 49, no. 11 (November 2003): 636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2003.09.003.

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Roth, Mark, and Israel Orija. "Oral vitamin b12 therapy in vitamin b12 deficiency." American Journal of Medicine 116, no. 5 (March 2004): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.09.046.

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30

ŞENKÖY, Emre, Gizem CENGİZ, Hüseyin KAPLAN, and Senem ŞAŞ. "Aksiyal Spondiloartrit Hastalarında Vitamin B12 ve Folik Asit Seviyelerinin Hastalık Aktivitesi ile İlişkisi: Retrospektif Bir Çalışma." Medical Journal of Western Black Sea 6, no. 3 (December 27, 2022): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29058/mjwbs.1109540.

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Amaç: B12 vitamini ve folik asit eksikliklerinin, homosistein düzeyini arttırdıkları, ayrıca tam olarak açıklanamayan mekanizmalarla inflamasyona katkıda bulundukları ve kandaki düzeylerinin akut faz reaktanlarına benzer şekilde değişiklik gösterdiği bildirilmiştir. Bu retrospektif çalışmada aksiyal spondilartrit (akSpA) hastalarında vitamin B12 ve folik asit düzeyleri ile hastalık aktivitesi ve akut faz yanıtları arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışmaya ASAS/EULAR 2009 sınıflama kriterlerine göre akSpA tanısı almış hastalar alındı. Hastaların demografik verileri, akut faz yanıtları, BASDAI değerleri, vitamin B12, folik asit düzeyleri poliklinik elektronik kayıt sisteminden elde edildi. Hastalar vitamin B12 düzeyleri 350 pg/ml altı ve 350 pg/ml üstü olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. Grupların karşılaştırılmasında kategorik veriler ki-kare testi, sayısal veriler bağımsız örneklem t-testi, korelasyon analizi pearson korelasyon analizi ile yapıldı. Bulgular: Toplam 178 akSpA hastasının 103’ü (%57.86) kadın ve 75’i erkek idi. Hastaların ortalama yaş, vitamin B12 ve folk asit düzeyleri sırasıyla 43.18±11.20, 365.05±144.79 pg/ml ve 8.8±6.75ng/ml idi. Vitamin B12 düzeyi yüksek ve düşük olan gruplar arasında; yaş, cinsiyet, vitamin B12, folik asit, akut faz yanıtları ve hastalık aktivitesi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark yoktu (p> 0.05). Yapılan pearson korelasyon analizinde vitamin B12 ile hastalık aktivitesi arasında zayıf bir korelasyon vardı (p:0.032). Sonuç: Bu çalışmada akSpA hastalarında vitamin B12 düzeyleri ile hastalık aktivitesi arasında negatif yönlü bir korelasyonun olduğu, ayrıca folik asit düzeyleri ile hastalık aktivitesi arasında bir ilişki olmadığı gösterilmiştir.
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Bardosono, Saptawati, Noroyono Wibowo, Luciana Budiati Sutanto, Rima Irwinda, Rebecca Cannan, Angela Rowan, and James Dekker. "Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6 and B12 in Their Relationship to the Presence of Probiotic Strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis HNO19 (DR10TM) Among Indonesian Pregnant Women in Their Third Semester." World Nutrition Journal 2, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25220/wnj.v02.i2.0009.

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Introduction Vitamin B12 plays a role during pregnancy in maintaining folate metabolism. Together with folate and vitamin B6, B12 is involved as a coenzyme in DNA synthesis and various methylation reactions in developing embryos. This study aims to compare plasma folate, vitamin B6 and B12 blood levels with respect to the presence of probiotic strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HNO19 (DR10TM) among pregnant women in Indonesia. Methods: This study is part of a larger study entitled “Effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HNO19 (DR10TM), inulin, and micronutrient fortified milk on fecal DR10TM, immune markers, and maternal micronutrients among Indonesian pregnant women.” Further analyses were performed using independent-t test or Mann Whitney test, GLM-repeated measures and chi-square test, to compare folate, vitamin B6 and B12 intake and blood concentration during pregnancy with presence (n=22) and absence (n=55) subjects of fecal DR10TM at third trimester. Results: At the first trimesters there was no difference in plasma vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 levels between the two groups, based on the presence or absence of fecal DR10TM. However, at the second and third trimester, vitamin B6 blood concentration (p=0.034 and p=0.001) and vitamin B12 blood concentrations at the third trimester (p=0.035) were significantly higher in the fecal DR10TM positive group, while having a similar vitamin B6 and B12 intake. Conclusion: Consumption of pre- and probiotics during the periconceptional period may be a useful strategy for improving maternal vitamin B’s vitamins, especially vitamin B6 and B12 status and therefore provide benefits for the offspring’s quality of life.
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Pupić-Bakrač, Ana, Antea Pervan, Jure Pupić-Bakrač, and Jakov Končurat. "Extremely severe vitamin B12 deficiency." Medicina Fluminensis 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21860/medflum2019_221625.

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Aim: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is nutrient from the vitamin B complex family. It is essential in the human body for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and for cellular energy production. Vitamine B12 deficiency is decrease in its serum concentration below 220 pmol/L, and it can be present in various range of hematologic and systemic symptoms and signs. The aim of this article is to provide extensive information on extreme forms of deficiency of vitamin B12. Case report: 83-year-old men presented with fatigue, intolerance of physical activity, vertigo, paresthesia in fingers, dispersion, epigastric pain, vomitting and loss of apetite. Vital parameters were within normal range, and physical examination did not reveal any patological findings, except icterus of sclera and subicterus of skin. Urgent laboratory findings showed erythrocytes 1.18 x 1012/L (4.34-5.72 x 1012/L), hemoglobin 50 g/L (138-175 g/L), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 123.6 fL (83.0-97.2 fL), vitamin B12 < 61 pmol/L (220-665 pmol/L). Patient started parenteral therapy with vitamin B12. After 5 days, rapid increase in reticulocyte count was observed, with haemogram stabilization within 6 weeks. In a follow-up period of two years, the patient had no symptoms. Conclusion: We presented patient with extreme deficiency of vitamin B12. Screening for vitamin B12 deficiency should be established in each patient with macrocytic anemia, even with slightly elevated MCV.
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Iyer, Sandhya, Prachi Sinkar, K. Krishnakumar, Kallathikumar K, and Amruta Velumani. "Vitamin B Complex and Homocysteine Levels - A Trend Study Among Asian Indians." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. 4 (June 21, 2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v10i4.24124.

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Background: Vitamin B complex levels have been strongly correlated with homocysteine status and many studies suggest supplementation with vitamin B to lower cardiovascular risk among adults. However, this relationship does not show a direct trend with many studies concluding otherwise. Aims and Objective: Our report is an attempt to study association between levels of vitamin B6, folate and B12 in relation to homocysteine in a Pan-India cohort of over 5000 individuals. Materials & Methods: Data from a total of 5487 Asian Indians including 2942 males and 2545 females were considered for this study. Analysis for levels of vitamins B6 and folate was done using the technology of Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), while that for Vitamin B12 and homocysteine was done using the Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA). Results: Our analysis identified a clear correlation between vitamin B12 status and levels of homocysteine, while no such trend was observed with vitamin B6 and folate. The total frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency was detected to be 25% of which 50% exhibited clinically high homocysteine levels. The frequency among males was found to be high at 61.6% in comparison to females at 32.3% with the difference being statistically significant at p<0.0001. Conclusion: Our report is one of the first few to document levels of vitamin B6, folate and B12 in relation to homocysteine in a large Asian Indian cohort. Low levels of vitamin B12 was found to have a greater impact on Hcy levels in comparison to other B-vitamins studied.
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Alruwaili, Mubarak, Rehana Basri, Raed AlRuwaili, Anas Mohammad Albarrak, and Naif H. Ali. "Neurological Implications of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Healthcare 11, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11070958.

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Background: Vitamin B12 is one of the most important B-Vitamins that the human body needs on a daily basis, the lack of which can precipitate several neurological issues. Objectives: This systematic aimed to investigate the neurological implications of Vitamin B12 deficiency and the effects when B12 levels were corrected in susceptible individuals. Methods: The databases PubMed-MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus were all searched using pertinent keywords, reference searches, and citation searches. The terms used to access the database were “Cognition”, “Dietary patterns”, “Neurology”, “Nutritional profile”, and “Vitamin B12”. Results: Vitamin B12 was shown to noticeably improve cognition and other neurological parameters in the short term in older adults and the short-to-medium term in children; however, there was no perceived increase/improvement when the Vitamin was administered in the longer term, either alone or in conjunction with other similar nutritional interventions. Conclusion: Vitamin B12’s role in the improvement of neurological functions over a long-term period remains somewhat inconclusive to date, as the majority of our selected control trials did not display much correlation between the two factors. However, Vitamin B12 did improve cognition levels in both children and older adults over a short course of administration.
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Huang, Chu-Yi, Alinuer Abulimiti, Xin Zhang, Xiao-Li Feng, Hong Luo, Yu-Ming Chen, Yu-Jing Fang, and Cai-Xia Zhang. "Dietary B vitamin and methionine intakes and risk for colorectal cancer: a case–control study in China." British Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 11 (February 14, 2020): 1277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114520000501.

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AbstractB vitamins (including folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12) and methionine are essential for methylation reactions, nucleotide synthesis, DNA stability and DNA repair. However, epidemiological evidence among Chinese populations is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate B vitamins and methionine in relation to colorectal cancer risk in a Chinese population. A case–control study was conducted from July 2010 to April 2019. A total of 2502 patients with colorectal cancer were recruited along with 2538 age- (5-year interval) and sex-matched controls. Dietary data were collected using a validated FFQ. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess OR and 95 % CI. The intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. The multivariable OR for the highest quartile v. the lowest quartile were 0·62 (95 % CI 0·51, 0·74; Ptrend < 0·001) for folate, 0·46 (95 % CI 0·38, 0·55; Ptrend < 0·001) for vitamin B2, 0·55 (95 % CI 0·46, 0·76; Ptrend < 0·001) for vitamin B6 and 0·72 (95 % CI 0·60, 0·86; Ptrend < 0·001) for vitamin B12. No statistically significant association was found between methionine intake and colorectal cancer risk. Stratified analysis by sex showed that the inverse associations between vitamin B12 and methionine intake and colorectal cancer risk were found only among women. This study indicated that higher intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 was associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population.
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Rooby, T. K., Rohin Abraham, and P. Sreekavya. "Megaloblastic anemia due to combined deficiency of Vitamin B12 and folic acid in an 8-month-old male child: A case report." Indian Journal of Case Reports 10, no. 6 (June 20, 2024): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32677/ijcr.v10i6.4305.

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A combined deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid is a rare condition that can cause megaloblastic anemia, pancytopenia, and neurological manifestations in infants. It can result from maternal dietary deficiency or malabsorption of these vitamins during pregnancy or lactation. We report the case of an 8-month-old male infant who presented with features of a combined deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid. His serum vitamin B12 and folate levels were low while serum ferritin, fibrinogen, triglycerides, lactate, ammonia, pyruvate, intrinsic factor antibody assay, and autoimmune workup were normal. He was treated with vitamin B12, oral iron, and folic acid supplementation and showed a prompt improvement in clinical picture and blood parameters within 7 days of therapy. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of a combined deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid in infants to prevent irreversible neurological damage and improve the outcome.
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Ghanim, Waleed K., and Nada N. Al-Shawi. "Evaluating the Effects of Different Doses of Vitamin B2 and Single Dose of Vitamin B12 Against Myelosuppression Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Experimental Rats." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 29, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol29iss1pp134-142.

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Cyclophosphamide is chemotherapeutic agent that utilized for the treatment of different malignancies; however its’ used associated with numerous adverse effects. Vitamin B2 and vitamin B12 suggested having myeloprotective effect. This work is designed to investigate the myeloprotective effect of both vitamins against cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppression. One hundred adult rats of both sexes were used in this study. The animals were randomly enrolled into ten groups of 10 rats each. Group I: Control group. Group II: Cyclophosphamide-treated. Group III and Group IV Orally-administered vitamin B2 (10, and 40 mg/kg/day), respectively alone for 7 days. Group V: Orally-administered vitamin B12 (0.1 mg/kg/day) alone for 7 days. Group VI and Group VII: Orally-administered vitamin B2 (10, and 40 mg/kg/day), respectively for 7 days and a single IP injection of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) at day 7.Group VIII: Orally-administered vitamin B12 (0.1 mg/kg/day) for 7 days and a single IP injection of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) at day 7. Group IX: Orally-administered a combination of vitamin B2 (10 mg/kg/day) and vitamin B12 (0.1 mg/kg/day) for 7 days and a single IP injection of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) at day 7. Group X: orally-administered a combination of vitamin B2 (40 mg/kg/day) and vitamin B12 (0.1 mg/kg/day) for 7 days and a single IP injection of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) at day 7. On day eight, animals were sacrificed and blood collected for CBCs and femur bone were extracted for bone marrow histological examination. Vitamin B2 and vitamin B12 significantly (P<0.05) increase CBCs; and the combination of vitamins produce -a significant (P<0.05) increase in CBCs compared to corresponding counts in other Groups, and -improve histopathological changes compared to Group II rats. In conclusion both vitamins may have myeloprotective effects against cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression.
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Finkelstein, Julia L., Amy Fothergill, Jesse T. Krisher, Tinku Thomas, Anura V. Kurpad, and Pratibha Dwarkanath. "Maternal vitamin B12 deficiency and perinatal outcomes in southern India." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): e0248145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248145.

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Background Vitamin B12 deficiency during pregnancy has been associated with adverse maternal and infant health outcomes. Few prospective studies have investigated vitamin B12 status early in pregnancy, and its links to infant vitamin B12 status, particularly in India where the burden of vitamin B12 deficiency is estimated to be the highest globally. The objective of this study was to examine the associations of maternal vitamin B12 biomarkers with neonatal vitamin B12 status. Methods Pregnant women (~12 weeks’ gestation) were enrolled in a perinatal cohort study in Bangalore, India. Total vitamin B12, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and homocysteine concentrations were evaluated in maternal samples at enrollment and in neonates at birth using cord blood. Linear and binomial regression models were used to evaluate the associations of maternal vitamin B12 biomarkers with neonatal vitamin B12 status and perinatal outcomes. Results A total of 63.2% of women had vitamin B12 deficiency (<148 pmol/L), 87.2% had vitamin B12 insufficiency (<221 pmol/L), and 47.3% had impaired vitamin B12 status (vitamin B12<148 pmol/L and MMA>0.26μmol/L) at enrollment; 40.8% of neonates had vitamin B12 deficiency, 65.6% were insufficiency, and 38.1% had impaired vitamin B12 status at birth. Higher maternal vitamin B12 concentrations at enrollment were associated with increased neonatal vitamin B12 concentrations (β(SE): 0.40 (0.05); p<0.0001) and lower risk of neonatal vitamin B12 deficiency (Risk Ratio [RR]: 0.53; 95% CI: [0.43, 0.65]; p<0.0001). Maternal vitamin B12 deficiency (RR: 1.97 [1.43, 2.71]; p<0.001), insufficiency (RR: 2.18 [1.23, 3.85]; p = 0.007), and impaired vitamin B12 status (RR: 1.49 [1.13, 1.97]; p = 0.005) predicted a two-fold increase in the risk of neonatal vitamin B12 deficiency at birth. Conclusions The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was high early in pregnancy and predicted neonatal vitamin B12 status. Future research is needed to determine the role of vitamin B12 in the development of pregnancy and infant outcomes, and to inform screening and interventions to improve maternal and child health.
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El-Shaheed, Azza Abd, Nermine N. Mahfouz, Mones M. Abushady, and Inas R. El-Alameey. "Relation of Serum Micronutrients to Growth and Nutritional Habits of School-Aged Children in Egypt." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2415.

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Proper growth of children depends on several micronutrients. A fundamental role of Zinc and vitamins as A, B12 and D is crucial to prevent a failure to thrive. To study the relationship between Egyptian school aged children growth, nutritional habits and micronutrients deficiencies. Materials and methods: A case control research involved 60 school aged children (age ranged from 6 to 12 years). Group 1 (malnourished) compared with group II (apparently healthy children of matched peers). Serum concentrations of Zinc, Copper, and vitamins as A, B12, and D were measured using ELISA kits. Compared to controls, the cases showed significantly lower serum concentrations of Zinc, vitamin A, B12, and D (P<0.000 in all), while serum concentration of Copper was significantly higher. In the patient's group, serum vitamin B12, and Zinc concentrations showed significant positive correlation with height for age z- score, while serum Copper concentration showed significant negative correlation with BMI for age z- score. Serum Zinc, vitamin B12, and D concentrations were significantly correlated positively with serum vitamin A. Multiple logistic regression showed statistically significant association of high serum Copper and weekly consumption of sweetened beverages among the studied patients (P < 0.01). Vitamins and Zinc deficiencies showed high prevalence among the school children. Serum vitamin B12 and Zinc concentrations showed significant positive correlation with height. The significant association between high serum Copper and sugary beverages among the studied patients may be due to contained preservatives.
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Onibala, Aurelia R., Christi D. Mambo, and Angelina S. R. Masengi. "Peran Vitamin dalam Penanganan Penyakit Parkinson." JURNAL BIOMEDIK (JBM) 13, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.35790/jbm.13.3.2021.31956.

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Abstrak: Penyakit Parkinson atau Parkinson’s disease (PD) merupakan penyakit neurodegeneratif yang bersifat kronis, progresif, dan tidak dapat disembuhkan sehingga penyakit ini memiliki dampak sosial yang besar. Pengobatan yang digunakan saat ini tidak dapat menghentikan perjalanan PD dan memiliki efek samping yang merugikan. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan terapi tambahan dengan risiko efek samping yang lebih rendah seperti vitamin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui vitamin apa saja yang berperan dan bagaimana mekanisme peran vitamin tersebut dalam membantu penanganan PD. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Literature Review. Berdasarkan artikel yang dianalisis, vitamin memiliki peran dalam penanganan PD. Vitamin A (9-cis-retinoic acid) bermanfaat melalui mekanisme neuroproteksi pada neuron dopaminergik. Vitamin B3 (niasin) berpotensi dalam mengurangi peradangan saraf. Vitamin B12 dalam penelitian in vitro berperan melalui mekanisme inhibisi terhadap agregasi α-synuclein, menghambat aktivitas kinase leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), dan mencegah neurotoksisitas. Vitamin C (asam askorbat) efektif untuk menurunkan stres oksidatif. Vitamin E memiliki efek antiinflamasi dan antioksidan serta dapat meningkatkan kapasitas antioksidan total, dan meningkatkan GSH. Penggunaan vitamin A (9-cis-retinoic acid), vitamin B3, vitamin B12, vitamin C (dalam dosis dan jangka waktu tertentu), dan vitamin E bermanfaat untuk agen terapeutik PD. Vitamin B12, berdasarkan literature review perlu penelitian lebih lanjut namun tampaknya dapat menjadi terapi pendukung PD.Kata kunci: Vitamin, Penyakit Parkinson, Stres Oksidatif, Peradangan Saraf Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, and incurable neurodegenerative disease that has a major social impact. The medications currently used cannot stop the course of PD and have adverse side effects. Therefore additional therapy with a lower risk of side effects such as vitamins is needed. This study aims to determine which vitamins play a role and how the mechanism of the role of these vitamins in helping treat PD. This research was conducted using the Literature Review method. Based on the articles analyzed, vitamins have a role in the management of PD. Vitamin A (9-cis-retinoic acid) is beneficial through neuroprotection in dopaminergic neurons. Vitamin B3 (niacin) has the potential to reduce nerve inflammation. Vitamin B12 in in vitro studies plays a role through inhibitory mechanisms of α-synuclein aggregation, inhibits the activity of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), and prevents neurotoxicity. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is effective for reducing oxidative stress. Vitamin E has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and can increase the total antioxidant capacity and increase GSH. The use of vitamin A (9-cis-retinoic acid), vitamin B3, vitamin B12, vitamin C (in certain doses and for a certain time), and vitamin E are beneficial for the therapeutic agent of PD. For vitamin B12, based on the literature review, further research is needed but seems to be a supportive therapy for PD.Keywords: Vitamins, Parkinson's Disease, Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation
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Vinodhini, V. M., Ukendiran D, Sri Ram V, Renuka P, V. E. Dhandapani, and S. Aishwarya. "Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Levels in Known Coronary Artery Disease Patients." YMER Digital 21, no. 02 (February 7, 2022): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.02/20.

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Vitamin B12 and folic acid are water soluble vitamins playing a vital role in various biological processes, where their deficiency leading to hyperhomocysteinemia are closely related to the development of cardio vascular risk. This case-control study included a total of 60 participants; 30 with confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD) and 30 were age and sex matched healthy controls. Fasting blood samples were collected and analyzed for biochemical parameters. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Vitamin B12 levels were found to be significantly lower in CAD patients than the controls. Based on the results, 50% of CAD patients had vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 was positively associated with HDL-c and negatively with TC, TGL, LDL-c, VLDL-c, RLP-c, Non-HDL-c, TG/HDL-c. The study concludes that low levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid are related with risk factors of coronary artery disease
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Miller, Joshua W., Marjorie G. Garrod, Alan L. Rockwood, Mark M. Kushnir, Lindsay H. Allen, Mary N. Haan, and Ralph Green. "Measurement of Total Vitamin B12 and Holotranscobalamin, Singly and in Combination, in Screening for Metabolic Vitamin B12 Deficiency." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.061382.

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Abstract Background: The standard screening test for vitamin B12 deficiency, measurement of total plasma vitamin B12, has limitations of sensitivity and specificity. Plasma vitamin B12 bound to transcobalamin (holoTC) is the fraction of total vitamin B12 available for tissue uptake and therefore has been proposed as a potentially useful alternative indicator of vitamin B12 status. Methods: We compared the diagnostic accuracy of total vitamin B12, holoTC, and a combination of both measures to screen for metabolic vitamin B12 deficiency in an elderly cohort (age ≥60 years). Plasma methylmalonic acid and homocysteine were used as indicators of vitamin B12 deficiency. Results: Low total vitamin B12 (&lt;148 pmol/L) and low holoTC (&lt;35 pmol/L) were observed in 6.5% and 8.0%, and increased methylmalonic acid (&gt;350 nmol/L) and homocysteine (&gt;13 μmol/L) were observed in 12.1% and 17.0% of the study participants. In multiple regression models, holoTC explained 5%–6% more of the observed variance in methylmalonic acid and homocysteine than did total vitamin B12 (P ≤0.004). ROC curve analysis indicated that total vitamin B12 and holoTC were essentially equivalent in their ability to discriminate persons with and without vitamin B12 deficiency. Individuals with low concentrations of both total vitamin B12 and holoTC had significantly higher concentrations of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine than did individuals with total vitamin B12 and/or holoTC within the reference intervals (P &lt;0.001). Conclusions: HoloTC and total vitamin B12 have equal diagnostic accuracy in screening for metabolic vitamin B12 deficiency. Measurement of both holoTC and total vitamin B12 provides a better screen for vitamin B12 deficiency than either assay alone.
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Al Mansoori, Amna, Mo’ath F. Bataineh, Hazem Al Momani, and Habiba I. Ali. "Micronutrient Status in Pregnant Women after Metabolic Bariatric Surgery in the United Arab Emirates: A Prospective Study." Nutrients 16, no. 1 (December 25, 2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16010072.

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Metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) helps reduce comorbidities, such as hypertension and gestational diabetes, and is more effective than diet management for women with obesity-related health issues. Vitamin B12, vitamin D, and iron play important roles in ensuring the health of a neonate. However, pregnancies occurring after MBS may face complications related to micronutrient deficiencies, particularly of vitamins B12 and D and iron. This study aimed to investigate the vitamin B12, vitamin D, ferritin, and iron status of pregnant women who underwent MBS compared with women without MBS history. The study included 217 pregnant women (105 with a history of MBS and 112 without a history of MBS) who visited a major maternity hospital in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE) between July 2021 and November 2022. The maternal vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, and ferritin levels were measured twice, initially during the first or second trimester and subsequently during the third trimester. The iron was measured once during the pregnancy. Vitamin B12 deficiency was higher among pregnant women with MBS history compared to non-bariatric pregnant women (24.4% vs. 3.9%, p < 0.001). Women with a history of MBS had a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (62.3% vs. 37.7%, p < 0.002). Linear regression analysis indicated that vitamin B12 levels decreased by 55 pg/mL in women with a history of MBS and by 4.6 pg/mL with a unit increase in body mass index (kg/m2). Furthermore, vitamin D levels in women with a history of MBS decreased by 4.9 ng/mL during pregnancy. Metabolic bariatric surgery is associated with vitamin B12, vitamin D, and iron deficiencies during pregnancy.
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Reischl-Hajiabadi, Anna T., Sven F. Garbade, Patrik Feyh, Karl Heinz Weiss, Ulrike Mütze, Stefan Kölker, Georg F. Hoffmann, and Gwendolyn Gramer. "Maternal Vitamin B12 Deficiency Detected by Newborn Screening—Evaluation of Causes and Characteristics." Nutrients 14, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 3767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14183767.

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Vitamin B12 deficiency, mostly of maternal origin in newborns, is a well-treatable condition but can cause severe neurologic sequelae in infants. Early detection of vitamin B12 deficiency allows the pre-symptomatic treatment of affected children. This evaluation assesses the characteristics of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency detected by newborn screening. In a prospective single-center study, a systematic screening strategy for vitamin B12 deficiency using a combination of two second-tier strategies was applied. In addition to confirmatory diagnostics in children, the systematic work-up of vitamin B12 status was also performed for their mothers. Maternal characteristics were assessed including ethnic origin, diet, and vitamin supplementation during pregnancy. For affected mothers, a work-up by internal medicine was recommended. In total, 121 mother–infant couples were analyzed. 66% of mothers adhered to a balanced diet including meat. The cause of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency was unknown in 56% of cases, followed by dietary causes in 32%, and organic causes in 8%. All mothers following a vegan diet and most mothers with a vegetarian diet took vitamin preparations during pregnancy, whereas only 55.8% of mothers with a balanced diet took folic acid or other vitamins. Maternal vitamin B12, folic acid, and homocysteine levels were significantly correlated with the child’s folic acid levels, and with homocysteine, methylmalonic, and methylcitric acid levels in first and second NBS dried blood spots. Most children had normal blood counts and showed normocytosis. Although 36.7% of mothers showed anemia, only one presented with macrocytosis. Adherence to vitamin supplementation in pregnancy is low despite the recommendation for supplementation of folic acid. Ideally, the evaluation of mothers for vitamin B12 levels and appropriate therapy should be initiated in early pregnancy. In infants detected through newborn screening, the multidisciplinary assessment and therapy of both children and mothers should be performed.
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Finkelstein, Julia L., Ronnie Guillet, Eva K. Pressman, Amy Fothergill, Heather M. Guetterman, Tera R. Kent, and Kimberly O. O’Brien. "Vitamin B12 Status in Pregnant Adolescents and Their Infants." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020397.

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Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Few prospective studies have investigated the burden or determinants of vitamin B12 deficiency early in life, particularly among pregnant adolescents and their children. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort study of healthy pregnant adolescents. Serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were measured in adolescents at mid-gestation (n = 124; 26.4 ± 3.5 weeks) and delivery (n = 131; 40.0 ± 1.3 weeks), and in neonates at birth using cord blood. Linear regression was used to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status. Although the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (<148.0 pmol/L; 1.6%) in adolescents was low during pregnancy, 22.6% of adolescents were vitamin B12 insufficient (<221.0 pmol/L; 22.6%) at mid-gestation. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations significantly decreased from mid-gestation to delivery (p < 0.0001), and 53.4% had insufficient vitamin B12 status at delivery. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations (p < 0.001) and vitamin B12 deficiency (p = 0.002) at delivery were significantly associated with infant vitamin B12 concentrations in multivariate analyses, adjusting for gestational age, maternal age, parity, smoking status, relationship status, prenatal supplement use, pre-pregnancy body mass index, race, and intake of vitamin B12 and folate. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations significantly decreased during pregnancy and predicted neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort of healthy pregnant adolescents.
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Akkurt, Abdullah. "Can vitamin B12, folate, and Vitamin D deficiencies be predisposing factors in cases with acute cystitis?" Medical Science and Discovery 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2023): 368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36472/msd.v10i6.935.

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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies and the incidence of acute cystitis, considering the vital role of these vitamins in immune system function. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients diagnosed with cystitis at our hospital between 2020 and 2022, who had their Vitamin D, B12, and folic acid levels assessed. The prevalence of deficiencies was calculated and statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the association between vitamin deficiencies and acute cystitis. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify vulnerable populations at higher risk of developing cystitis in the context of vitamin deficiency. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was found in 96% of the patients, followed by Vitamin B12 (44%) and folic acid (35%). Logistic regression models revealed a significant association between vitamin deficiency and acute cystitis (p < 0.05 for all three vitamins). Subgroup analyses identified women and older individuals (≥ 60 years) with vitamin deficiencies as more susceptible to cystitis than their counterparts without deficiencies (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests a potential association between Vitamin D, B12, and folic acid deficiencies and the incidence of acute cystitis, particularly among vulnerable populations, such as women and older individuals. These findings highlight the importance of considering nutritional factors in preventing and managing acute cystitis and warrant further investigation in larger prospective studies.
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Siregar, Eka Darmayanti Putri, Arni Amir, and Nuzulia Irawati. "Ideal Dietary Intakes of Vitamin B12 and Vitamin E Prevent Anemia during Pregnancy." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kesehatan 11, no. 2 (March 30, 2024): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32668/jitek.v11i2.1195.

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Anemia in pregnancy is one of the priority nutritional problems to be tended to. WHO in 2019 reported Anemia in 40% of pregnant women worldwide; in Indonesia, based on the 2018 Riskesdas was 48.9%, and in West Sumatra and Padang City, 18.10% and 17.70%. One of the causes of Anemia was a low intake of vitamins B12 and E. This study aimed to determine if serum ferritin levels and vitamin B12 and E consumption were correlated with those of third-trimester pregnant women. This analytical cross-sectional study was done from April to July 2022 at Lubuk Kilangan Public Health Center and Andalas University's Biomedical Laboratory. The population was 64 third-trimester pregnant women, and 42 samples were used using proportional stratified random and simple random sampling. A SQ-FFQ (Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire) and Human ferritin kit DBC (Diagnostics Biochem Canada) examined by ELISA (Enzymed-Linked Immunosorbent Assays) were the instruments. The average of Vitamin B12 and vitamin E consumption daily was 7.71 µg and 5.87 mg, and serum ferritin was 10.53 µg/L. Serum ferritin levels were linked with vitamin B12 (r=0.879; p=0.001) and vitamin E (r=0.455; p=0.002) intake. Enough intake of vitamin B12 and vitamin E will lead to ideal serum ferritin levels.
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Mumpuni, Ocka Febrian, Reza Achmad Maulana, Fitriyono Ayustaningwarno, Binar Panunggal, and Gemala Anjani. "PENGARUH WAKTU FORTIFIKASI VITAMIN B12 (SIANOKOBALAMIN) DAN VITAMIN D3 (KALSIFEROL) TERHADAP MUTU GIZI KEFIR SUSU KAMBING." Journal of Nutrition College 9, no. 2 (June 4, 2020): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v9i2.27514.

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Latar belakang: Kefir menjadi media fortifikasi zat gizi yang tepat karena memiliki zat enkapsulasi alami yaitu kefiran. Penambahan vitamin B12 dan vitamin D3 untuk mencegah kekurangan vitamin B12 dan D3 pada keadaan resistensi insulin serta meningkatkan mutu gizi kefir susu kambing.Tujuan: Mengetahui adanya pengaruh waktu fortifikasi vitamin B12, vitamin D3 pada mutu gizi kefir susu kambing.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan fortifikan vitamin B12 dan D3 dengan penambahan fortifikan pada jam ke-0, ke-6, ke-12, ke-18 dan ke-24.Hasil:Fortifikasi vitamin B12 dan D3 pada kefir susu kambing antara kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok perlakuan signifikan beda nyata pada kadar vitamin D3 (p=0,000) kadar protein (p=0,030), dan kadar serat (p=0,000), diikuti hasil konsentrasi pH (p=0,008), diikuti oleh kadar konsentrasi vitamin B12 (p=0,165), viskositas (p=0,646) dan lemak (p=0,265)Simpulan: Fortifikasi vitamin B12 dan D3 pada kefir susu kambing mendapatkan tingkat kadar optimum terjadi pada fortifikasi vitamin B12 dan D3 pada kelompok perlakuan jam ke-12.
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Manapurath, Rukman, Ranadip Chowdhury, Sunita Taneja, Tor Strand, and Nita Bhandari. "Effect of Folate and/or Vitamin B12 Supplementation between 6 to 30 Months of Age on Markers of Cardiovascular Illness at School Age: A Secondary Analysis." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac067.047.

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Abstract Objectives Deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate in childhood are associated with cardiovascular risk in later life. The main objective of this analysis is to measure the effect of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid supplementation in children between 6 to 30 months of age on biochemical markers of cardiovascular risk at school age. Methods This is a follow-up study of a randomized, 2 × 2 factorial, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial which assessed the effect of 2 recommended daily allowances of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid supplementation for 6 months on the risk of common infections in children aged between 6 to 30 months. The follow-up study was done 6 years later. The outcomes of the current analyses were plasma concentrations of total homocysteine, leptin, high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, and total adiponectin. We used multivariable linear regression to measure the effect of vitamin B12, folic acid, or both during early childhood on these outcomes. We included interaction terms in the statistical models to measure whether the two vitamins modified the effect of each other. Results Compared to the placebo, giving both B12 and folate supplementation resulted in 1.19 μmol/L (95% confidence interval: 0.09, 2.30) lower total homocysteine concentration at 7 years of age. There was no effect of B12 and folate supplementation on any of the other biomarkers. The effect of folic acid or vitamin B12 alone did not reach statistical significance for any of the outcomes. Conclusions Vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation in early life resulted in lower plasma homocysteine at school age. Elevated homocysteine is a risk factor for many illnesses and our findings support improving the status of these vitamins in early life. Funding Sources The main study and follow-up study were funded by Thrasher Research Fund and Research Council of Norway.
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D., Shailendra, Rizwan Kalani, K. M. Venkat Narayan, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Nikhil Tandon, and Reddy P. S. "Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a South Indian rural community." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7, no. 2 (January 23, 2018): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20180104.

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Background: To estimate the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in a rural south Indian community and to evaluate the association between metformin use and prevalent vitamin B12 deficiency in people with T2DM stratified by oral vitamin B12 supplementation.Methods: Using a cross sectional study design, a random sample of people with T2DM (N=438) was recruited from a rural community. Vitamin B12 deficiency was defined as serum B12 ≤200pg/ml. Data on metformin dose, duration of use, oral vitamin B12 supplementation, and diet were collected. Laboratory measurements included complete blood count, tests for hepatic, renal, and thyroid function, as well as serum vitamin B12 levels and HbA1c.Results: The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in people with T2DM was 11.2% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 8.2%-14.1%). The odds of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients receiving a metformin dose of 2 grams/day were 4 times higher compared to those receiving ≤1 gram/day, after adjusting for oral B12 supplementation (odds ratio 4.2;95% CI 1.5-11.8). The odds of vitamin B12 deficiency in those taking metformin and receiving oral vitamin B12 supplementation were lower compared to those on metformin and not receiving vitamin B12 supplementation (adjusted odds ratio 0.20; 95% CI 0.06-0.70).Conclusions: Vitamin B12 deficiency affects 1 in 10 people with T2DM, is associated with higher dose metformin use, and oral vitamin B12 supplementation mitigates B12 deficiency in this group.
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