Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vitamin A in the body

Academic literature on the topic 'Vitamin A in the body'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Vitamin A in the body":

1

McDowell, L. R. "Vitamin nutrition of livestock animals: Overview from vitamin discovery to today." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-057.

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The term “vitamin” or “vitamine” was first used in 1912. What later became known as vitamin deficiency diseases — scurvy, beriberi, night blindness and xeropthalmia — had plagued the world from antiquity. From 1900 through the 1930s, experiments with animals helped to advance knowledge of vitamins considerably. There are 15 vitamins of significance for livestock. A number of factors influence vitamin requirements and vitamin utilization, including physiological make-up and production function; confinement rearing without pasture; stress, disease and adverse environmental conditions; vitamin antagonists; use of antimicrobial drugs; and body vitamin reserves. Under commercial livestock and poultry production conditions, vitamin allowances higher than National Research Council (USA) requirements may be needed for optimum performance. Generally, the optimum vitamin supplementation level is the quantity that achieves the best growth rate, feed utilization and health (including immune competency), while also providing adequate body reserves. Key words: Vitamins, history, deficiency, requirements, supplementation
2

Fahad Aldaihani, Saad. "VITAMIN DEFICIENCY AND FOOD SUPPLEMENTS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 540–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13941.

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Vitamins are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds that help ensure the human bodys wellbeing and function. This paper introduces the importance of all vitamins, both water-soluble and fat-soluble, as well as problems deriving from their deficiency. Additionally, vitamin supplements as part of treating vitamin deficiency, and possible harmful effects on the human body areshowcased. The main focus of the paper is on the vitamin B complex, and vitamin B12 specifically. The benefits of vitamin B12, as well as its action in the human body and the noxious effects of any lack of vitamin B12 in the human body, are also discussed. Some of the health conditionsan individual may need to face when they have vitamin B12 deficiency include neural tube defects, Alzheimers disease, depression, and megaloblastic anaemia, which are also introduced and further discussed, in terms of symptomatology, causes and suggested treatment. The toxicity of vitamin B12 is also introduced, and possible causes for vitamin B12 deficiency are showcased.
3

Khan, Nauman, and Tahmina. "Vitamin D Deficiency in the Elderly Patients and Role of Vitamin D in the Prevention of COVID-19 Infection." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.2.765.

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SARS Covid'19 is declared as a global pandemic by World Health Organization [1]. The aim of this short report is to find out the association of Vitamin D in prevention of Covid'19 in elderly patients who are already having other co-morbidities. People of any age are susceptible to Corona virus but the elderly patients and patients with chronic underlying diseases are at higher risk. Many elderly patients with COVID-19 are at risk of mal-nutrition [2]. Vitamins are of two types, Lipid soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins [3]. Lipid soluble vitamins can be stored in the body while water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body, hence needed to take regularly [4]. Vitamin D is a lipid soluble vitamin also it can be synthesized by our own body.
4

Moriya, Aya, Tsutomu Fukuwatari, and Katsumi Shibata. "Excess Vitamin Intake before Starvation does not Affect Body Mass, Organ Mass, or Blood Variables but Affects Urinary Excretion of Riboflavin in Starving Rats." Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 6 (January 2013): NMI.S12060. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/nmi.s12060.

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B-vitamins are important for producing energy from amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of excess vitamin intake before starvation on body mass, organ mass, blood, and biological variables as well as on urinary excretion of riboflavin in rats. Adult rats were fed two types of diets, one with a low vitamin content (minimum vitamin diet for optimum growth) and one with a sufficient amount of vitamins (excess vitamin diet). Body mass, organ mass, and blood variables were not affected by excess vitamin intake before starvation. Interestingly, urinary riboflavin excretion showed a different pattern. Urine riboflavin in the excess vitamin intake group declined gradually during starvation, whereas it increased in the low vitamin intake group. Excess vitamin intake before starvation does not affect body mass, organ mass, or blood variables but does affect the urinary excretion of riboflavin in starving rats.
5

Mochulska, O. M., O. R. Boyarchuk, M. I. Kinash, T. O. Vorontsova, and L. A. Volianska. "The effects of vitamins A, E, D, disorders of their metabolism and the assessment of level of vitamin security in children (literature review)." Modern pediatrics. Ukraine, no. 2(114) (March 27, 2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/sp.2021.114.58.

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Vitamins are a group of biologically highly active, low molecular weight organic compounds of various chemical nature, which are practically not synthesized in the human body or are synthesized in insufficient quantities, mainly income with food, and are vital to ensure for the flow and regulation of metabolic processes in the body. Vitamins are micronutrients that are among the essential (essential) factors of nutrition, their content in food is small, usually in the range from 10 to 100 mg/100 g. Vitamins have an exceptional property — the ability to high biological activity in small doses, without being a source of energy or plastic material, act as biological catalysts for vital body functions. According to physicochemical properties and solubility, vitamins A, E, D belong to fat-soluble, are characterized by thermal stability, resistant to cysts and alkalis, their main characteristic is the ability to promote the assimilation of mаcro- and microelements. Vitamins A, E, D are needed at all stages of growth and development of the child's body, the processes of adaptation. The main types of vitamins metabolism disorders are vitamin deficiency, hypo-, hyper- and dysvitaminosis, polyvitaminosis. It is important to constantly monitor the sufficient content of each vitamins in the daily diet of children. The following methods of assessing vitamin supply are known: clinical, biochemical, calculation of vitamin content. Purpose — to increase knowledgment about the effects of vitamins A, E, D, their importance in metabolism, to analyze the main types of their metabolism disorders, to present possible methods for assessing the supply of vitamins in children. Conclusions. The child's body needs a constant supply of vitamins to maintain their amount at the required level. All vital processes take place in the body during the direct participation of vitamins. Future research in the field of the vitamins A, E, D effects will contribute to a better understanding of their role in ensuring the optimal functioning in a human body. Screening and elimination of vitamin A, E, D deficiency in children can not only improve health, but also help increase the life quality. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: vitamins A, E, D, vitamin deficiency, hypovitaminosis, hypervitaminosis, dysvitaminosis, polyvitaminosis, children.
6

Fenti, Fenti, Agustinus Widodo, and Jamaluddin Jamaluddin. "ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN B-COMPLEX OF EEL FISH (ANGUILLA MARMORATA (Q.) GAIMARD) ON ELVER PHASE ORIGIN LAKE POSO." Ghidza: Jurnal Gizi dan Kesehatan 2, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/gjgk.v2i2.11321.

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Background & Objective: Vitamins are complex organic substances that are needed by the body in small amounts, usually cannot be synthesized by the body but are important in metabolic processes one of which is vitamin B. Vitamin B consists of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B9 and B12. Eel is one of the fish that has a high nutrient content, one of which is vitamin B. This study aims to determine the levels of vitamin B (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9 and B12) in Eel fish (Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard) on Elver phase from Lake Poso. Material and Methods: Determination of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6 and B9 using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), and vitamin B12 using LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) . Results: The levels of vitamin B2, B3 and B12is 0.133 mg/100g, 1.895 mg/100g, and 0.017mg/100g, whereas in vitamin B1, B6 and B9 is not detected. Conclusion: Eel fish (Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard) on Elver phase from Lake Poso can be used as a source of vitamins B2, B3 and B12.
7

Csapó, J., Cs Albert, and J. Prokisch. "The role of vitamins in the diet of the elderly II. Water-soluble vitamins." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Alimentaria 10, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 146–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausal-2017-0010.

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AbstractFollowing a presentation of humans’ water-soluble vitamin requirements, the authors will discuss in detail the role these vitamins play in human organism and outline those major biochemical processes that are negatively affected in the body in case of vitamin deficiency. They point out that in the elderly population of developed countries cases of water-soluble vitamin deficiency are extremely rare and they are due to the lack of dietary vitamin, but mostly to the vitamin being released from its bindings, the difficulty of free vitamin absorption, gastrointestinal problems, medication, and often alcoholism. Among water-soluble vitamins, B12is the only one with a sufficient storage level in the body, capable of preventing deficiency symptoms for a long period of time in cases of vitamin-deficient nutrition. Each type of vitamin is dealt with separately in discussing the beneficial outcomes of their overconsumption regarding health, while the authors of the article also present cases with contradictory results. Daily requirements are set forth for every water-soluble vitamin and information is provided on the types of nutrients that help us to the water-soluble vitamins essential for the organism.
8

Yatsenko, Anna, Lidiya Trankovskaya, and Olga Artyulova. "DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL MUCOSAL PATHOLOGY IN PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF GROUP B VITAMIN IMBALANCE." Actual problems in dentistry 16, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-20-16-4-77-83.

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Subject. The scientific works of recent years show an increase in the degree of negative impact of vitamin deficiency and vitamin-like substances on the state of health of the population. With the deficiency of most vitamins, synthetic processes and regeneration of oral tissues are reduced, so often the initial signs of hypovitaminosis are stomatitis, gingivitis, glossitis, and therefore, it is dentists who are the first to diagnose deviations in the body associated with vitamin deficiency. This justifies the relevance and practical value of studying and describing clinical cases of manifestations of deficient vitamin conditions in the oral cavity. The object – is to study the effect of B vitamins on the oral mucosa in order to increase the effectiveness of diagnosis of vitamin-deficient conditions of the human body. Methodology. These clinical examples illustrate the management experience of patients with manifestations of deficient vitamin conditions on the oral mucosa. Clinical and laboratory methods of diagnosing the analysed conditions of the organism were applied. Statistical processing of materials was carried out using the STATISTICA 10 software (StatSoft, Inc., USA). Results. The deficient condition of the organism in relation to vitamins B2, B6, B12 in patients 18-75 years old has been studied. Characteristic clinical changes on the oral mucosa of the examined patients were established. So, in most patients with vitamin B2 deficiency, the classic Sebrel triad was found: dermatitis, glossitis, cheilitis. In those examined with a lack of vitamin B6, language desquamations (smoothed, polished language) were determined in the 83.6%, often combined with glossodinia. Patients with vitamin B12 deficiency were characterized by a lesion in the form of Meller-Gunter glossitis in 74.9% of cases, moreover, 67.6% of patients showed paresthesia in the area of tongue and oral mucosa. Conclusions. The study found that the first clinical symptoms of deficient conditions of the presented vitamins of group B were found from the oral cavity. Thus, it is the dentist who is the first to diagnose the pathological states of lack of group B vitamins in the human body, which emphasizes the importance and relevance of continuing to study these states of the body.
9

Godswill, Awuchi Godswill, Igwe Victory Somtochukwu, Amagwula O. Ikechukwu, and Echeta Chinelo Kate. "Health Benefits of Micronutrients (Vitamins and Minerals) and their Associated Deficiency Diseases: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Food Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijf.1024.

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The research focused on the benefits of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and their associated deficiency diseases and health complications. Micronutrients are essential elements required by human and other organisms in varying quantities throughout life to coordinate a range of physiological functions for health maintenance. For human nutrition, micronutrients are required in amounts generally below 100 milligrams per day, while macronutrients are required in gram amounts daily. Vitamins and minerals are essential micronutrients. Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in humans, either at all or may be in insufficient amounts, and therefore must be obtained by the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some organisms but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C) and 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K). Vitamins A and D can amass in the body, which may result in dangerous hypervitaminosis. Anti-vitamins inhibit the actions or absorption of vitamins; avidin inhibits biotin absorption, although it is deactivated by cooking; Pyrithiamine inhibits enzymes that use vitamin B1. The four key structural elements in human body (oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen) by weight, are often not included in the lists of major nutrient minerals (nitrogen is a "mineral" for plants, as it is often included in fertilizers). These four key elements compose around 96% of the weight of human body, and the major minerals (macrominerals) and minor minerals (trace elements) compose the remaining percent. The five major minerals in the the human body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium (macrominerals or macroelements). The trace elements with specific biochemical function in human body are iodine, sulfur, zinc, iron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and selenium. Calcium makes up 920 to 1200 g of body weight (about 1.5% of body weight) of an adult, with 99% of it contained in the bones and teeth. Phosphorus occurs in amounts of around 2/3 of calcium, and makes up approximately 1% of an individual's body weight. The other macroelements (potassium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine, and sulfur) make up only around 0.85% of the body weight
10

Bsoul, Samer A., and Geza T. Terezhalmy. "Vitamin C in Health and Disease." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 5, no. 2 (2004): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-5-2-1.

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Abstract Vitamins are essential to maintain normal metabolic processes and homeostasis within the body. The amount of a specific vitamin required by an individual varies considerably and it is influenced by such factors as body size, growth rate, physical activity, and pregnancy. Most vitamins are stored minimally in human cells, but some are stored in liver cells to a greater extent. Vitamins A and D, for example, may be stored in sufficient amounts to maintain an individual without any intake for 5 to 10 months and 2 to 4 months, respectively. However, a deficiency of vitamin B compounds (except vitamin B12) may be noted within days, and the lack of vitamin C will manifest within weeks and may result in death in 5 to 6 months. The current recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin C is 75 mg for woman and 90 mg for men, based on the vitamin's role as an antioxidant as well as protection from deficiency. High intakes of the vitamin are generally well tolerated, however, a Tolerable Upper Level (TUL) was recently set at 2 g based on gastrointestinal upset that sometimes accompanies excessive dosages. Several populations warrant special attention with respect to vitamin C requirements. These include patients with periodontal disease, smokers, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly. Citation Bsoul SA, Terezhalmy GT. Vitamin C in Health and Disease. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 May;(5)2:001-013.
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Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vitamin A in the body":

1

Logan, Kathryn G. "Seasonal Variation in Vitamin D Levels in Adolescent Girls in Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LoganKG2003.pdf.

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2

Beildeck, Marcy Ellen. "The role of vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor in TCF-4 regulation and silencing of CYP24A1." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/454140383/viewonline.

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3

Herselman, Marietjie. "Vitamin D : miracle cure-for-all or cart before the horse?" Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86816.

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Inaugural address delivered on 2 November 2011
Marietjie Herselman was born in the Langkloof, where she matriculated at the McLachlan High School. She obtained a BSc (Physiology and Dietetics) degree at Stellenbosch University and for the next 18 years worked as a dietitian at Tygerberg Hospital, where she specialised in renal nutrition. She obtained a master’s degree in nutrition in 1985 and in 1991 was appointed as a lecturer in the Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, at Stellenbosch University. In the same year she obtained her PhD in nutritional sciences at this university, where she was later promoted to senior lecturer (1995), associate professor (2001) and full professor (2010). From 2008 to 2010 she was appointed first as acting head and later as head of the Division of Human Nutrition. She served on the Professional Board of Dietetics from 1998 to 2003 and also on various sub-committees of the Board. She regularly reviews papers and research applications for scientific councils/associations as well as five national and four international scientific journals. Currently, she serves on the editorial boards of four international scientific journals and in 2008 she was elected as the co-editor (Africa region) of the international journal Nutrition. She successfully delivered 17 master’s students and published 29 scientific papers in national and international journals and three chapters in textbooks. Marietjie also presented papers at 19 international and 37 national conferences. Three international and four national awards were bestowed on her for her research in renal nutrition. She played a leading role in the initiation of the Community Nutrition Security Project (CNSP) in the Breede Valley, as part of Stellenbosch University’s HOPE Project, as well as the NOMA master’s programme in Nutrition, Human Rights and Governance in collaboration with the universities of Oslo and Akershus (Norway) as well as Makerere and Kyambogo (Uganda).
4

Pinnock, Carole B. "Vitamin A status and susceptibility to respiratory illness /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php656.pdf.

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Billing, Georgia. "Determinants of vitamin D status in mother and infant pairs." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709059.

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6

Hamill, Matthew. "HIV, body composition, bone and vitamin D status in South African women." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270410.

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Cross sectional and observational data suggest that HIV-positive individuals and those receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy are prone to higher rates of osteoporosis and osteopaenia than HIV-negative individuals. Likewise, HIV-positive individuals often have low vitamin D status. Evidence is emerging more generally of a strong association between HIV infection and poor bone health. There is also evidence that treatment with ARV therapy (ART) and suboptimal vitamin D status may exacerbate this problem (Brown et al, 2006a, 2010). But, to date, causal relationships have not been fully established. This thesis explores the interactions between these separate factors and provides novel data about the effects of HIV infection and its treatment, on bone health in a particular group of black, South African women. Bone loss and poor vitamin D status in the context of HIV infection are important global health issues because these conditions may affect millions of individuals. If HIVassociated bone loss is causally associated with an increased risk of bone fracture then it is possible that there will be an epidemic of HIV-associated fractures in coming decades, particularly in the developing world, including Africa. Study data have so far often been limited by several factors, including cross-sectional design, absence of control groups, a preponderance of attention to bone outcomes in males and in Caucasians, and a lack of good quality data in Africans living in Africa. Th is study aimed to -assess the magnitude of HIV- and ART-associated changes in areal bone mineral density (aBMD), size-adjusted bone mineral content (SA-BMC) and vitamin D status in adult, premenopausal women living in Johannesburg, South Africa. Ninetyeight HIV-negative (Negative reference: Nref) and 149 HIV-positive women were enrolled to allow for comparison between groups. The HIV-positive women were recruited into those eligible to start ART (Positive low CD4 : Plow, n=75) and those unlikely to require ART (Positive preserved CD4 : Ppres, n=74) during a 12-month followup period. The design was longitudinal with visits at 0, 6 and 12 months for measurement of body composition, bone measures and dietary assessment. Blood and urine samples were collected for the evaluation of relevant musculoskeletal analytes, including 25(0H)D at each time point. Most women ( > 80%) who received ART during the course of the study received South African standard first-line therapy consisting of lamivudine, tenofovir and efavirenz. A post hoe analysis of possible effects of ART was performed by retrospectively dividing HIV-positive women into ART-unexposed (n=66) and ART-exposed (n=74). At baseline there was a high prevalence of overweight with 65%, 65% and 44% with BMI > 25 kg/m2 in Nref, Ppres and Plow respectively. Plow had lower weight, BMI, fat mass, lean mass, waist and hip circumferences than the other groups. Nref and Ppres were not different from each other. There were no differences in aBMD or SA-BMC 1 between groups at baseline and no significant differences in vitamin D status between the groups. The mean ±SD serum 25(0H)D concentrations were 59.7 ±16.5, 59.2 ±16.5 and 61.6 ±22.3 nmol/1 in Nref, Ppres and Plow respectively. Plow had significantly lower serum albumin concentration (p < 0.0001) and higher serum phosphate concentration (p < 0.0001). The magnitude of differences in serum phosphate was: Ppres-Nref = 12. 7 ±2.9%; Plow-Nref = 20.3 ±2.9% and Plow-Ppres = 7.6 ±3.1% (p < 0.001). Tubular maximum Reabsorption of Phosphate/Glomerular Filtration Rate (TmP/GFR) was 11.2 ±3.2% and 27.4 ±3.2% respectively greater in Ppres and Plow than Nref (p < 0.0001), and higher in the Plow compared to Ppres 16.2 ±3.4%, (p=0.0002). Serum alkaline phosphatase and urine phosphate to creatinine ratio were not significantly different (p > 0.05). At the 12-month follow-up, Plow subjects remained lighter than their Nref and Ppres counterparts. However, there was a 3.9 ±0.9% increase in mean weight in the Plow group over 12 months (p < 0.001), which represented 10.2 ±0.8% (p < 0.001) increase in fat, rather than lean, mass accumulation. There were significant mean decreases in aBMD and SA-BMC in Plow subjects, and those exposed to ART of the order of 2-3% at total hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine. There were no significant differences in mean vitamin D status between the groups and no significant changes, the mean 25(0H)D concentrations were 63.3 ±17.7, 66.0 ±18.4 and 61.1 ±20.1 nmol/1 in Nref, Ppres and Plow respectively. Serum albumin concentrations had risen by a mean of 9.1 ±1.1% in the Plow group to reach comparable concentrations with the other groups. Alkaline phosphatase activity had significantly risen in the Plow group compared with the other groups (p < 0.001). Serum phosphate concentration remained higher in Plow than the other groups, though the mean value had not increased. Serum phosphate had significantly increased in Nref from baseline to 12 months 7.0 ±2.3% (p=0.05) and non-significantly in Ppres 5.2 ±2.4%. TmP/GFR had declined from baseline by 11.2 ±3.6% in Plow and non-significantly increased in Nref and Ppres (6.4 ±3.3% and 3.8 ±3.5% respectively). These data suggest that HIV infection in South African women is associated with differences in body composition but not with differences in bone measures or vitamin D status. However, being in the Plow group, and ART exposure, was associated with a significant decrease in mean aBMD and SA-BMC, of the order of 2-3%, over 12 months of observation at the hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine. These decreases, in young women, exceed those seen in early menopause, which is of the order of 1-2% annual decrease. The decreases were evident despite the fact that HIV-positive women exposed to ART had increases in fat mass, weight and serum albumin and alkaline phosphatase over time. In this group serum phosphate concentration and TmP/GFR decreased after the introduction of ART, suggesting an effect of ART on renal phosphate handling. ART exposure was not associated with change in vitamin D status. In the post hoe analysis the biochemical results in ART-unexposed compared to ARTexposed was very similar to that in Ppres compared with Plow. Further studies to assess skeletal effects over a longer time in HIV-positive, ARTexposed and na"ive women are warranted. Studies are also required in post-menopausal women, children and men. Given the high prevalence of overweight and obesity recorded in the study population, there may also be a need for interventions to reduce cardiometabolic disease risk in this population.
7

De, Villiers Diane Lynette. "Effects of vitamin A on tumour and untransformed cells." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001615.

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Vitamin A and its chemical analogues (retinoids) are known to play a role in the maintenance and differentiation of epithelial tissue. Retinoids have been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis in a number of tissues in experimental animals and to inhibit the growth of various untransformed and cancer cell lines in vitro. This study investigated the effect of retinyl acetate supplemented at concentrations of 1 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM and 100 μM to in vitro cultured untransformed LLCMK cells, and transformed BL-6 melanoma and human hepatoma cell lines. A small but non-significant effect of vitamin A addition on the growth of the untransformed cells was observed, while substantial inhibition of proliferation of the two tumour cell lines was found. At the cytotoxic level of 100 μM supplemented vitamin A, all three cell lines showed marked inhibition of growth. This led to an electron microscopy study to examine the ultrastructural effect of the vitamin A addition. At the low non-toxic levels of vitamin A addition (1 - 10 μM), no ultrastructural changes were observed in the untransformed cells. However, at a level of 5 μM and 10 μM vitamin A addition in the tumour cells, an increase in the size of suspected lipid droplets was observed. At the cytotoxic level of 100 μM supplemented vitamin A, large lipid droplets were very apparent, as was much cellular degeneration. This effect was more marked in the tumour cells than in the untransformed cells. The lipid nature of the droplets was confirmed by using the lipid stain, Sudan IV. In order to investigate the effect of added vitamin A at the cell surface level, an ELISA system was used to quantify the level of the cell surface glycoprotein, fibronectin, in the culture media. Vitamin A plays an important role in the production of mature fibronectin by participating in the glycosylation of the molecule. This study showed no major effect of added vitamin A on the release of fibronectin into the culture media. This did not, however, exclude the possibility that the vitamin A was involved in the production and enhanced binding of fibronectin to the cell surface, and was possibly also exerting an effect on the availability of fibronectin receptors. Further studies would, however, be required to substantiate such effects of vitamin A supplementation. No single mechanism of action of vitamin A on tumour cell growth inhibition was identified, but the possibility that at least two mechanisms exist, was suggested
8

Landry, Denise. "Interrelationships Between Vitamin D and Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference in Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24344.

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60 % of Canadians have suboptimal vitamin D (<75 nmol/L) and 25% are obese. Obesity has been reported to be a risk factor for low vitamin D, but there is uncertainty about the magnitude of the association. Linear regression was performed using data from the nationally representative cross-sectional Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2009). Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and vitamin D levels were directly measured. There were 5298 participants aged 6 to 79 years. Using a conservative p value of 0.001, body mass index (BMI) category obese / obese I was positively associated and WC was inversely associated with vitamin D level in crude analysis. WC was inversely associated with vitamin D level in multivariate analysis. The pattern of relationship is not the same as other studies, yet this was a large study with direct measurements. There may be issues with linearity of relationships or subgroups disturbing the relationship.
9

Willis, Kentz S. "Vitamin D status & immune system biomarkers in athletes." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1798967201&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Moon, Rebecca Jane. "Antenatal vitamin D supplementation and offspring body composition and muscle strength : a translational approach." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/416626/.

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The in utero environment to which a fetus is exposed might influence body composition and muscle strength in later life. Modulation of this environment could therefore represent an approach to addressing the increasing burden of obesity and sarcopenia. One potential modifiable exposure is vitamin D. The aim of this work was to explore the determinants of maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status in pregnancy and the use of antenatal vitamin D supplementation to improve offspring growth, body composition and muscle strength. The Southampton Women’s Survey (SWS) is a prospective birth cohort study that included assessment of maternal serum 25(OH)D at 11 (n=2019) and 34 weeks (n=2328) of gestation. Marked seasonal variation in serum 25(OH)D was observed at both gestations (p < 0.001 for both). After adjustment for season, 25(OH)D tracked moderately from early to late pregnancy (r=0.53), but supplementation use and pregnancy weight gain were significantly associated with changes in 25(OH)D status. The offspring of 678 women who had a late pregnancy 25(OH)D measurement were reviewed at 4 years of age. There were no significant associations between maternal 25(OH)D and offspring lean mass (LM) measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), but a positive association with grip strength was found (β=0.10 SD/SD, p=0.01). These findings were translated to an intervention study using the MAVIDOS trial, a randomised placebo-controlled trial of antenatal vitamin D supplementation (1000 IU/day cholecalciferol from 14 weeks of gestation until delivery) in women with a baseline 25(OH)D of 25-100 nmol/l. Offspring anthropometry was assessed at birth (n=768), 1 year (n=594) and 2 years (n=577) of age. At 4 years (n=378), body composition was assessed by DXA and grip strength by hand dynamometry. Weight, length/height and measures of adiposity (skinfold thicknesses at birth, 1 and 2 years of age; fat mass measured by DXA at 4 years) did not differ between the randomisation groups at any age (p > 0.05 for all) despite a significantly greater maternal 25(OH)D in the cholecalciferol supplementation group at 34 weeks of gestation (mean difference 24.7 nmol/l, p < 0.001). LM and grip strength at 4 years were also similar, but in women with baseline 25(OH)D < 30 nmol/l, offspring grip strength was greater in those randomised to cholecalciferol (0.70 SD [95% CI 0.02, 1.38], p=0.04). LM did not differ in this subgroup. These findings suggest that 1000 IU/day cholecalciferol supplementation during mid and late pregnancy in women with baseline 25(OH)D 25-100 nmol/l does not improve offspring body composition or muscle strength despite an increase in maternal 25(OH)D status. Supplementation increased muscle strength in offspring of women with the lowest 25(OH)D levels, highlighting the need for further trials of vitamin D supplementation in deficient women.
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Books on the topic "Vitamin A in the body":

1

Pedersen, Stephanie. Vitamin B: Balancing body & mind. New York: DK, 2000.

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Pedersen, Stephanie. Vitamin B: Balancing body & mind. New York: Dorling Kindersley Pub., 2000.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. and World Health Organization, eds. Requirements of vitamin A, iron, folate, and vitamin B12: Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1988.

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Lieberman, Shari. The real vitamin & mineral book. Garden City Park, N.Y: Avery Pub. Group, 1990.

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Lieberman, Shari. The real vitamin & mineral book. 2nd ed. Garden City Park, N.Y: Avery Pub. Group, 1997.

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Ross, A. Catharine. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Edited by Institute of Medicine (U. S.). Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011.

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Lieberman, Shari. The Real Vitamin and Mineral Book. New York: Penguin USA, Inc., 2009.

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Tenn.) Workshop on Vitamin D (11th 2000 Nashville. Vitamin D endocrine system: Structural, biological, genetic and clinical aspects : proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Vitamin D, Nashville, Tennessee, USA, May 27-June 1, 2000. Edited by Norman, A. W. (Anthony W.), 1938-, Bouillon R, and Thomasset M. (Monique) 1942-. Riverside, [Calif.]: Printing and Reprographics, University of California, 2000.

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Workshop on Vitamin D (10th 1997 Strasbourg, France). Vitamin D: Chemistry, biology and clinical applications of the steroid hormone : proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Vitamin D, Strasbourg, France, May 24-29, 1997. Edited by Norman A. W. 1938-, Bouillon R, and Thomasset M. 1942-. Riverside [Calif.]: Printing and Reprographics, University of California, 1997.

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Kroeger, Hanna. Healing with herbs A-Z: How to heal your mind and body with herbs, home remedies, and minerals. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vitamin A in the body":

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Heerfordt, Ida M., Peter A. Philipsen, and Hans Christian Wulf. "A Handful of Sunscreen for Whole-Body Application." In Sunlight, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer, 381–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_19.

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Pyrżak, B., E. Witkowska-Sędek, M. Krajewska, U. Demkow, and A. M. Kucharska. "Metabolic and Immunological Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency in Obese Children." In Body Metabolism and Exercise, 13–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/5584_2014_81.

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Juzeniene, Asta, Zivile Baturaite, and Johan Moan. "Sun Exposure and Melanomas on Sun-Shielded and Sun-Exposed Body Areas." In Sunlight, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer, 375–89. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0437-2_21.

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Foo, Leng Huat. "Vitamin D, Exercise, and Body Composition in Young Children and Adolescents." In Handbook of Anthropometry, 1337–55. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1788-1_81.

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Foo, Leng Huat. "Vitamin D, Exercise and Body Composition in Young Children and Adolescents." In Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease, 2539–58. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_151.

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Abiri, Behnaz, Mohsen Dehghani, and Mohammadreza Vafa. "Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Strength, Muscle Function, and Body Composition in Vitamin D-Deficient Middle-Aged Women." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 351–61. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0471-7_25.

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Gillespie, Bronwen. "Nutritional Status and the Risk of Preterm Birth." In Evidence Based Global Health Manual for Preterm Birth Risk Assessment, 41–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04462-5_6.

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AbstractA woman’s body mass index and nutritional status should be assessed in the antenatal period. The evidence indicates that maternal anemia is a risk factor for preterm birth. Ensuring adequate levels of iron and folic acid is essential for general pregnancy health and outcomes. To reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia, daily calcium supplementation for populations with low dietary calcium intake may be advised, although negative interactions between iron and calcium supplements may occur so these two nutrients should be administered several hours apart. In undernourished populations, balanced energy and protein supplementation should also be recommended for pregnant women (though not specifically linked to a reduction in preterm birth). For populations at risk of vitamin D deficiency, possible benefits for general pregnancy outcomes may be gained from vitamin D supplementation. Where dietary zinc is low, it has been suggested that zinc supplementation may reduce the risk of preterm birth. However, further research is required to clarify the benefits of supplementation. For example, vitamin D in combination with calcium may increase the risk of preterm birth. In the antenatal period, the most important focus should be on promoting a good quality diet in general, rather than a specific supplementation regime.
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Hardon, Anita. "Chemical Supplementing." In Critical Studies in Risk and Uncertainty, 215–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57081-1_7.

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Abstract This chapter, Chemical Supplementing, presents ethnographies of young people who use a variety of supplements in order to optimize their health. In the Philippines, boys take multivitamins with the hope of increasing their height, reflecting the importance of stature in their society, and young professionals take expensive supplements to improve their stamina for their demanding distribution jobs in a multilevel marketing company. In fitness centers, young women use proteins and fortified shakes to achieve an idealized, lean, and muscular body. In health and vitamin stores in Amsterdam, growing numbers of young people are buying, sharing, and promoting their personal concoctions of proteins and vitamins. These supplementing practices stem from young people’s various needs: to respond to the demands of service sector labor, to recover from the strain of night work, to indulge in the pleasure of weekend raves, and to manage growing concerns about environmental toxins. By zooming in on supplementing practices of these different groups of young people, we get a clearer understanding of their shared sense of vulnerability, and of the need for better regulation of the supplements industry.
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Valera, P., P. Garcia-Garcia, R. M. Ortega, A. Lopez-Sobaler, and A. M. Requejo. "Vitamin and Mineral Intakes and Biochemical Status in a Spanish Aged Women Group. Effects of Body Mass Index." In Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10, 446–47. New York, NY: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47466-2_140.

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Kontopoulou, Lamprini Β., Anna Challa, Maria Vaiou, Amalia I. Moula, Ioanna V. Papathanasiou, Georgios Marakis, Georgios E. Karpetas, et al. "Increased Body Mass Index (BMI) and Sunscreen Use Are Associated with Inadequate Vitamin D Status in Greek Adults in Winter." In GeNeDis 2020, 307–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78771-4_34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vitamin A in the body":

1

Cisneroz, Martin, Maria Elena Martinez, Patricia A. Thompson, and Elizabeth T. Jacobs. "Abstract A120: Physical activity, body mass index, and vitamin D metabolite concentrations." In Abstracts: AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research‐‐ Dec 6–9, 2009; Houston, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.prev-09-a120.

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YAMADA, K., T. MEGURO, A. SHIRAHATA, T. NAKAMURA, and A. ASAKURA. "EFFECTS OF VITAMIN K ON VITAMIN K DEPENDENT PROTEINS IN NEWBORN INFANTS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644264.

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Plasma levels of vitamin K (VK) and VK dependent proteins ( factor E, factor VH, factor X, protein C and osteocalcin)were determined before and after VK administration to 22 newborn infants. Vitamin K2 syrup ( 2 mg/kg of body weight ) was orally administered to 9 healthy premature, 11 high risk and 2 VK deficient infants under 3 days of age. VK families extracted from plasma were separated by high performance liquid chromatography using a Cosmosil 5 Ci8 column, and separated VK families were detected by a fluorometry after their reaction with ethanolic sodium borohydride in a reaction coil connected by one-line to a chromatographic column. Total activity of factor E, factor VE and factor X was assayed by a Normotest ( Nyegaard ), and protein C was measured by protac/APTT and protac/chromogenic substrate ( S-2366 ) functional assay system ( American Diagnostica ). Osteocalcin levels were assayed by using of a RIA method before and after the absorption of plasma by hydroxyapatite.After VK administration, plasma VK2 ( menaquinone-4 ) content increased from levels less than 0.012yg/ml to levels between 15.9 and 70.9μg/ml, excluding one case in whom plasma VK was not detected after VK administration. Compared with Normotest values and osteocalcin levels of age-matched healthy newborn infants treated without VK, premature, high risk and VK deficient infant levels significantly increased after 24 hrs and after 7 days of VK administration. No correlation was seen between the increase of plasma VK contents and the increase of Normotest values after VK administration. On the other hand, no significant increase of protein C assayed by both methods was observed in healthy premature and high risk infants after VK administration.These results indicate that the change of protein C after VK treatment is different from that of factor II, VII, X and osteocalcin.
3

Lopes Filho, Wilson Roberto, Yago F. Lopes, Lilian T. F. de M. Camargo, and Ademir J. Camargo. "Dinâmica Molecular Ab Initio da Complexarão de Íons zinco com a vitamina C em Fase Gasosa." In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol2020166.

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Zinc and vitamin C are essential micronutrients for the conservation of the human body, being essential for the maintenance of the immune system, reducing the risk, severity and duration of infectious diseases. They are taken together as a food supplement, resulting in the improvement of pneumonia and malaria infections. Vitamin C and zinc are also associated with measures of obesity and adiposity. Studies report that vitamin C complexed in zinc promotes adipogenesis and stimulates the generation of insulin-responsive adipocytes. Therefore, since vitamin C together with zinc are fundamental for the body, and that vitamin C complexed with zinc can promote adipogenesis and stimulate the generation of adipocytes responsive to insulin, the study of the interaction between these micronutrients will broaden the understanding of its bioactivity, which may be important in the study of a new use of vitamin C and zinc combined. Thus, it is intended to study the complexation of Vitamin C with the zinc ion using simulations of Molecular Dynamics ab initio. Through the results of the dynamics, it is found that zinc interacted significantly with 3 atoms of vitamin C, thus identifying the formation of a tridentate complex, since the average distances between the metal and these atoms were between 2.176 and 2.261 Å. A decrease in the free Helmholtz energy is perceived as the zinc approaches these atoms, up to a distance of high stability, which corresponds to the average distance of these interactions. It is also evident that the complexation energy is -220,64 Kcal/mol indicating that the complexation is energetically favorable and that the complex formed is stable. Therefore, the results obtained broadened the knowledge about the complexation of zinc ions with vitamin C, which will be of great importance for the understanding of its bioactivity and in the planning of new drugs.
4

Tabara, Maria, Nina Ciorchina, and Mariana Trofim. "Perspectivele microclonării și micropropagării speciei Rosa canina L." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.46.

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Rosehip fruits are characterized by high concentrations of vitamin C and antioxidants, which we can say that rosehip is a reservoir of vitamins for the human body. The aim of this study is to improve the in vitro propagation efficiency of this valuable plant species. In this study, apical buds were inoculated on 100% MS medium supplemented with BAP of 0.5-1.0 mg/l and FeNaEDDHA 50 mg/l - Sequestrene 138, to avoid the phenomenon of leaf chlorosis. Due to the multiple characteristics, Rosa canina is of practical interest for our country, which leads to the need to produce propagating material through in vitro culture.
5

Peric, Ivan, Barbara Gilic, and Mateo Blazevic. "Vitamin D status among youth soccer players; association with chronological age, maturity status, jumping and sprinting performance." In 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-14.

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Purpose: Vitamin D is known to have a significant role in numerous body-system processes. Specifically, it has an impact on muscle functioning and, therefore sports performance. Chil-dren and adolescents have increased need for vitamin D because of its importance in growth and development, and it is evident that they are more susceptible to have vitamin D deficien-cy. Consequently, vitamin D status is particularly important issue in youth competitive sport. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insuficiency (measured as 25(OH)D concentration), and the possible associations between vitamin D, with age, maturity status, sprinting- and jumping-performance among youth soccer players. Methods: The sample of participants in this research comprised 62 youth soccer players (age: 15.7 ± 2.2 years). They were divided into two categories according to 25(OH)D levels measured at the end of the winter season: group with inadequate levels of 25(OH)D (vitamin D deficiency/insuficiency [ 75 nmol/L]). Biological maturity status (maturity offset) was calculated from participants age and height by the following equation: Maturity offset = −7.999994 + (0.0036124 × (age(yrs.) × height(cm)). Performance variables were 10 meters sprint test (S10m) and countermovement jump test (CMJ). Results: Results showed relatively good 25(OH)D concentrations (78.32 ± 23.39 nmol/L), with prevalence of deficiency ( < 50 nmol/L) in 8.06%, and insuficiency (50–75 nmol/L) in 46.77% athletes. Significant correlations were evidenced between the CMJ and 25(OH)D level (R = 0.27, p < 0.05), but chronological age was also correlated with CMJ (R = 0.64, p < 0.05). Further, higher chronological age was found in participants with suficient vitamin D levels (15.1 ± 2.4 vs. 16.4 ± 1.6 years; t-test = 2.43, p < 0.05). However, no significant as-sociation was evidenced between vitamin D and maturity status. Conclusion: Vitamin D groups significantly differed by chronological age but not by maturity status, which collectively with correlation between CMJ and vitamin D status indicates that both vitamin D status and performance in youth soccer players is actually influenced by chronological age. Meanwhile, biological age doesn’t have a significant physiological influ-ence on vitamin D concentration, while some external factors (i.e. time spent outdoors, pa-rental control, sunscreen usage), should be considered important.
6

Dorokhina, Yu A., and G. F. Ryzhkova. "Morphological and biochemical parameters of blood in rabbits when using energymetabolic compositions." In SPbVetScience. FSBEI HE St. Petersburg SUVM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/3006-2022-7-18-23.

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Modern animal husbandry can no longer be imagined without special biologically active additives and a variety of protein, vitamin and mineral complexes. Among all additives, a special place is occupied by energy-metabolic compositions that give animals all the most necessary and important substances. The composition of the EC includes: yantaric acid is a universal intracellular metabolite, widely involved in metabolic reactions in the body; citric acid is the main intermediate product of the metabolic cycle of tricarboxylic acids, plays an important role in the system of biochemical reactions of cellular respiration of living organisms; iodinol – uniquea fecal medicinal substance, it determines high biological activity, regulates immunity and metabolism in the body; cyanocoalamin (vitamin B12) - prevents the appearance of anemia, enhances immunity, plays an important role in regulating the function of hematopoietic organs; glycerin has antiseptic and preservative properties.
7

Park, Dae-Hwan, Seung-Taek Oh, and Jae-Hyun Lim. "Development of a Safe UVB LED Indoor General Lighting to Support Vitamin D Synthesis in the Human Body." In 2019 3rd European Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eecs49779.2019.00039.

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Salomo, Jonathan, Eduardus Ariasena, Athaya Syaqra, and Salma Majidah. "Holick's Rule Implementation: Calculation of Produced Vitamin D from Sunlight Based on UV Index, Skin Type, and Area of Sunlight Exposure on the Body." In 2021 9th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoict52021.2021.9527498.

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Rusu, Stefan. "Establishing of the mono- and polyinvasion impact on some morpho-functional indices in wild boars." In Xth International Conference of Zoologists. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/icz10.2021.44.

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In the paper is described the mono- and poly-invasions impact on some morpho-functional indices in wild boars. So, in result of the investigation of hematological indices in uninfested mono- and poly-parasitized wild boars, it was established that both the indices of hemoglobin content, of hematocrit, erythrocyte’s number, thrombosis time and ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) vary and are more increased in the I group with uninfested wild boars compared to mono - and poly-parasitized ones. It has been established that at infested boars with S. papillosus from the I group, and in those infested with D. lanceolatum from the II group there is a decrease of hemostatic indices, but their maximum decrease is highlighted in the IV group with wild boars infested with Dicrocoelium lanceolatum, Strongyloides papillosus, Metastrongylus elongatus and Eimeria debliecki. This decrease is due to eliminated exotoxins by parasites, which contain anticoagulants and hemolyzers and which neutralize the fibrinogen, thrombin, Ca+ ions and vitamin K properties from the body.
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Vermeer, C., BA M. Soute, and MM W. Ulrich. "IN VITRO CARBOXYLATION OF EXOGENOUS PROTEIN SUBSTRATES BY VITAMIN K-DEPENDENT CARBOXYLASE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643994.

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In vivo treatment of experimental animals with vitamin K-antagonists induces the accumulation of non-carboxylated coagulation factor precursors in the liver, where they are tightly bound to vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. If hepatic carboxylase is isolated from warfarin-treated animals, it is obtained therefore almost exclusively in the form of an enzyme/substrate complex. If carboxylase is prepared from non-treated animals, on the other hand, the resulting enzyme is predominantly substrate-free. Small substrates like F L E E L or decarboxylated osteocalcinare carboxylated equally well by both types of carboxylase, but protein substrates(Mr > 30 000) are recognized exclusively by substrate-free carboxylase.Initial attempts to purify carboxylasewere performed with livers from warfarin-treated cows as a starting material. Antibodies against the normal blood coagulation factors crossreact with the hepatic precursor proteins so that the enzyme/substrate complexes could be specifically extracted from detergent-solubilized microsomes by the substrate/antibody interaction. This procedure resulted ina substantial purification of carboxylase, but because its endogenous substrate remained firmly bound, even after it had been carboxylated in vitro, the enzyme system was not suitable for the carboxylation of protein substrates.Therefore a second strategy was developed by which substrate-free carboxylase (from normal livers) was partly purified by sequential extraction of the microsomal membranes with detergents, followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and size exclusion chromatography.This procedure resulted in a soluble carboxylase complex, still consisting of 7 proteins and phosphatidylcholine. Although further dissociation of the complex resulted in a complete loss of activity, it is not sure if all components play a role in the carboxylation reaction. Exogenous substrates which could be carboxylated by substrate-free carboxylase were: the penta-peptide F L E E L, descarboxyprothrombin from bovine plasma, thermally decarboxylated osteocalcin from bovine bone and non-car-boxy lated coagulaton factor precursors which had been produced by recombinant-DNA techniques in various laboratories. The . efficiency of CO^ incorporation was: 1 mole per 100 moles of F L E E L, 1 mole per 240 moles of descarboxy-prothrombin, 1 mole per mole of decarboxylated osteocalcin and 8 moles per mole of a recombinant factor IX precursor. We assume that the high efficiency with which the recombinant coagulation factor precursors were carboxylated is due to the presence of at least part of their leader sequence. The importance of the aminoacid chain preceding the first carboxylatable Glu residue is demonstrated by the fact that descarboxylated osteocalcin of bovine origin is carboxylated with a relatively high efficiency, whereas descarboxylated osteocalcin from monkey bone is not recognized atal.. Yet the only difference between the two substrates is found in their aminoacids 3 and 4, whereas the first carboxylatable Glu occurs at position 17. It seems, therefore, that the aminoacids 1-16 in bovine osteocalcin mimic to some extent part of the leader sequence in the coagulation factor precursors. Chemical or biochemical modification of decarboxylated osteocalcin might reveal which structural features contribute to its recognition by hepatic carboxylase.The optimal conditions for carboxylation include a high concentration of dithiols (e.g. DTT) and under these conditions disulfide bridges are reduced. Obviously this will lead to a complete destruction of the biological activity of various carboxylated products. Therefore we have searched for a more natural reducing system and it was found that the bacterial thioredoxin/thiore-doxin-reductase system in the presence of 40 uM NADFH was able to replace DTT in the reaction mixtures. Since a comparable system also occurs in calf liver it seems not unlikely that this is the physiological counterpart of the dithiols used in vitro.

Reports on the topic "Vitamin A in the body":

1

Chen, HongPeng, and YuQian Zhao. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on body composition, glucose metabolism, and inflammation in obese or overweight patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0152.

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Kanner, Joseph, Dennis Miller, Ido Bartov, John Kinsella, and Stella Harel. The Effect of Dietary Iron Level on Lipid Peroxidation of Muscle Food. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604282.bard.

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Biological oxidations are almost exclusively metal ion-promoted reactions and in ths respect iron, being the most abundant, is the commonly involved. The effect of dietary iron levels on pork, turkey and chick muscle lipid peroxidation and various other related compounds were evaluated. Crossbred feeder pigs were fed to market weight on corn-soy rations containing either 62, 131 or 209 ppm iron. After slaughter, the muscles were dissected, cooked and stored at 4°C. Heavily fortifying swine rations with iron (>200 ppm) increase nn-heme iron (NHI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decrease a-tocopherol in cooked stored pork but did not increase warmed-over aroma (WOA). NHI and TBARS were higher in cooked pork from pigs fed high-iron diets. Liver iron correlated with muscle iron. TBARS were strongly related with WOA. The role of dietary vitamin E and ascorbic acid on Fe-induced in vivo lipid peroxidation in swine was also evaluated. Moderate elevation in iron stores had a marked effect on oxidative stress, especially as indicated by liver TBARS. Supplemental vitamin E, and to a lesser extent vitamin C, protect against this oxidative stress. Unsupplementation of Fe in the regular diet of turkeys did not affect body weight, blood hemoglobin level, or iron pool in the liver or muscle. The reason being that it contained "natural" ~120 mg Fe/kg feed, and this amount is high enough to keep constant the pool of iron in the body, liver or muscle tissues. Only Fe-supplementation with high amounts of Fe (500 ppm) significantly increased turkey blood hemoglobin and total iron in the liver, in 1 out of 3 experiments, but only slightly affects iron pool in the muscles. It seems that the liver accumulates very high concentations of iron and significantly regulates iron concentration in skeletal muscles. For this reason, it was very difficult to decrease muscle stability in turkeys through a diet containing high levels of Fe-supplementation. It was shown that the significant increase in the amount of iron (total and "free") in the muscle by injections with Fe-dextran accelerated its lipid peroxidation rate and decreased its a-tocopherol concentration. The level and metabolism of iron in the muscles affects the intensity of in vivo lipid peroxidation. This process was found to ifluence the turnover and accumulation of a-tocopherol in turkey and chick muscles. Treatments which could significantly decrease the amount and metabolism of iron pool in muscle tissues (or other organs) may affect the rate of lipid peroxidation and the turnover of a-tocopherol. Several defense enzymes were determined and found in the turkey muscle, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione peroxidase was more active in muscles with a high trend of lipid peroxidation, lmore so in drumsticks than in breast muscles, or muscles with a low a-tocopherol content. The activity of glutathione peroxidase increased several fold in muscle stored at 4°C. Our work demonstrated that it will be much more practical to increase the stability of muscle tissues in swine, turkeys and chickens during storage and processing by increasing the amount of vitamin E in the diet than by withdrawing iron supplementation.
3

Janowsky, Esther. Vitamin D and Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada327042.

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Janowsky, Esther. Vitamin D and Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada334101.

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Janowsky, Esther. Vitamin D and Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada298702.

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Enkhbaatar, Perenlei, Linda Sousse, J. Lee, H. Hawkins, and D. Prough. Vitamin E Supplementation in Burn Patients. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada614082.

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Enkhbaatar, Perenlei, Linda Sousse, J. Lee, H. Hawkins, and D. Prough. Vitamin E Supplementation in Burn Patients. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada615201.

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Liu, Tang, Zhimin Yang, Zhihong Li, and Xiaolei Ren. Differential Effects of Vitamin D And Active Vitamin D Supplements for Preventing Falls: A Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.9.0018.

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Champion, Theresa. Studies of Charmless Two-Body, Quasi-Two-Body and Three-Body B Decays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/784763.

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Pritchard, Joy, H. R. Whay, and A. Brown. Body condition. Brooke, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.46746/gaw.2020.abi.bcs.

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