Journal articles: 'Visual regularities'

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Besle, Julien, Zahra Hussain, Marie-Hélène Giard, and Olivier Bertrand. "The Representation of Audiovisual Regularities in the Human Brain." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 3 (March 2013): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00334.

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Neural representation of auditory regularities can be probed using the MMN, a component of ERPs generated in the auditory cortex by any violation of that regularity. Although several studies have shown that visual information can influence or even trigger an MMN by altering an acoustic regularity, it is not known whether audiovisual regularities are encoded in the auditory representation supporting MMN generation. We compared the MMNs elicited by the auditory violation of (a) an auditory regularity (a succession of identical standard sounds), (b) an audiovisual regularity (a succession of identical audiovisual stimuli), and (c) an auditory regularity accompanied by variable visual stimuli. In all three conditions, the physical difference between the standard and the deviant sound was identical. We found that the MMN triggered by the same auditory deviance was larger for audiovisual regularities than for auditory-only regularities or for auditory regularities paired with variable visual stimuli, suggesting that the visual regularity influenced the representation of the auditory regularity. This result provides evidence for the encoding of audiovisual regularities in the human brain.

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van der Helm, Peter A., and Emanuel L. J. Leeuwenberg. "Goodness of visual regularities: A nontransformational approach." Psychological Review 103, no. 3 (1996): 429–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.429.

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Kimura, Motohiro, Erich Schröger, István Czigler, and Hideki Ohira. "Human Visual System Automatically Encodes Sequential Regularities of Discrete Events." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 6 (June 2010): 1124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21299.

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For our adaptive behavior in a dynamically changing environment, an essential task of the brain is to automatically encode sequential regularities inherent in the environment into a memory representation. Recent studies in neuroscience have suggested that sequential regularities embedded in discrete sensory events are automatically encoded into a memory representation at the level of the sensory system. This notion is largely supported by evidence from investigations using auditory mismatch negativity (auditory MMN), an event-related brain potential (ERP) correlate of an automatic memory-mismatch process in the auditory sensory system. However, it is still largely unclear whether or not this notion can be generalized to other sensory modalities. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the contribution of the visual sensory system to the automatic encoding of sequential regularities using visual mismatch negativity (visual MMN), an ERP correlate of an automatic memory-mismatch process in the visual sensory system. To this end, we conducted a sequential analysis of visual MMN in an oddball sequence consisting of infrequent deviant and frequent standard stimuli, and tested whether the underlying memory representation of visual MMN generation contains only a sensory memory trace of standard stimuli (trace-mismatch hypothesis) or whether it also contains sequential regularities extracted from the repetitive standard sequence (regularity-violation hypothesis). The results showed that visual MMN was elicited by first deviant (deviant stimuli following at least one standard stimulus), second deviant (deviant stimuli immediately following first deviant), and first standard (standard stimuli immediately following first deviant), but not by second standard (standard stimuli immediately following first standard). These results are consistent with the regularity-violation hypothesis, suggesting that the visual sensory system automatically encodes sequential regularities. In combination with a wide range of auditory MMN studies, the present study highlights the critical role of sensory systems in automatically encoding sequential regularities when modeling the world.

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Yu, Ru Qi, and Jiaying Zhao. "How do regularities bias attention to visual targets?" Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 26c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.26c.

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Ball, Felix, Inga Spuerck, and Toemme Noesselt. "Minimal interplay between explicit knowledge, dynamics of learning and temporal expectations in different, complex uni- and multisensory contexts." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 83, no. 6 (May 11, 2021): 2551–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02313-1.

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AbstractWhile temporal expectations (TE) generally improve reactions to temporally predictable events, it remains unknown how the learning of temporal regularities (one time point more likely than another time point) and explicit knowledge about temporal regularities contribute to performance improvements; and whether any contributions generalise across modalities. Here, participants discriminated the frequency of diverging auditory, visual or audio-visual targets embedded in auditory, visual or audio-visual distractor sequences. Temporal regularities were manipulated run-wise (early vs. late target within sequence). Behavioural performance (accuracy, RT) plus measures from a computational learning model all suggest that learning of temporal regularities occurred but did not generalise across modalities, and that dynamics of learning (size of TE effect across runs) and explicit knowledge have little to no effect on the strength of TE. Remarkably, explicit knowledge affects performance—if at all—in a context-dependent manner: Only under complex task regimes (here, unknown target modality) might it partially help to resolve response conflict while it is lowering performance in less complex environments.

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Storrs, Katherine R., and Roland W. Fleming. "Learning About the World by Learning About Images." Current Directions in Psychological Science 30, no. 2 (March 17, 2021): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721421990334.

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One of the deepest insights in neuroscience is that sensory encoding should take advantage of statistical regularities. Humans’ visual experience contains many redundancies: Scenes mostly stay the same from moment to moment, and nearby image locations usually have similar colors. A visual system that knows which regularities shape natural images can exploit them to encode scenes compactly or guess what will happen next. Although these principles have been appreciated for more than 60 years, until recently it has been possible to convert them into explicit models only for the earliest stages of visual processing. But recent advances in unsupervised deep learning have changed that. Neural networks can be taught to compress images or make predictions in space or time. In the process, they learn the statistical regularities that structure images, which in turn often reflect physical objects and processes in the outside world. The astonishing accomplishments of unsupervised deep learning reaffirm the importance of learning statistical regularities for sensory coding and provide a coherent framework for how knowledge of the outside world gets into visual cortex.

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Parkinson, Jean, James Mackay, and Murielle Demecheleer. "Putting yourself into your work: expression of visual meaning in student technical writing." Visual Communication 19, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470357218784323.

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Students in technical fields use visual as well as verbal modes to express their meaning, employing ways of expressing meaning that are useful later in their professional lives. This study investigates visual meaning in student Builders’ Diaries, journals that are written by carpentry trainees to provide a record of their learning. In professional carpentry practice, Diaries function as a record of building work and are used in planning, billing and record-keeping. For this study, a corpus of 43 Builders’ Diaries, written by apprentices working in industry and by trainees in an educational institution, were analyzed. Findings reveal the role of visual meaning in the Builders’ Diary in developing the professional identity of the students. Compositional regularities were found, including regularities in image–image and image–text relations. These regularities suggest the extent to which our participants, who have no formal training in design, participate in culturally shared understandings of visual meaning.

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Bettoni, Roberta, Hermann Bulf, Shannon Brady, and Scott P. Johnson. "Infants’ learning of non‐adjacent regularities from visual sequences." Infancy 26, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/infa.12384.

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Lelonkiewicz, Jarosław R., Maria Ktori, and Davide Crepaldi. "Morphemes as letter chunks: Discovering affixes through visual regularities." Journal of Memory and Language 115 (December 2020): 104152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2020.104152.

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Kimura, Motohiro, Andreas Widmann, and Erich Schröger. "Human visual system automatically represents large-scale sequential regularities." Brain Research 1317 (March 2010): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.076.

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Wade, Gregory L., and Timothy J. Vickery. "Visual statistical regularities aid visual working memory of objects in a task-dependent manner." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 202c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.202c.

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Huang, Changrun, Ana Vilotijević, Jan Theeuwes, and Mieke Donk. "Proactive distractor suppression elicited by statistical regularities in visual search." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 28, no. 3 (February 23, 2021): 918–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-01891-3.

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AbstractIrrelevant salient objects may capture our attention and interfere with visual search. Recently, it was shown that distraction by a salient object is reduced when it is presented more frequently at one location than at other locations. The present study investigates whether this reduced distractor interference is the result of proactive spatial suppression, implemented prior to display onset, or reactive suppression, occurring after attention has been directed to that location. Participants were asked to search for a shape singleton in the presence of an irrelevant salient color singleton which was presented more often at one location (the high-probability location) than at all other locations (the low-probability locations). On some trials, instead of the search task, participants performed a probe task, in which they had to detect the offset of a probe dot. The results of the search task replicated previous findings showing reduced distractor interference in trials in which the salient distractor was presented at the high-probability location as compared with the low-probability locations. The probe task showed that reaction times were longer for probes presented at the high-probability location than at the low-probability locations. These results indicate that through statistical learning the location that is likely to contain a distractor is suppressed proactively (i.e., prior to display onset). It suggests that statistical learning modulates the first feed-forward sweep of information processing by deprioritizing locations that are likely to contain a distractor in the spatial priority map.

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Kaiser, Daniel, Timo Stein, and Marius V. Peelen. "Real-world spatial regularities affect visual working memory for objects." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 22, no. 6 (April 21, 2015): 1784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0833-4.

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Wang, Benchi, Joram van Driel, Eduard Ort, and Jan Theeuwes. "Anticipatory Distractor Suppression Elicited by Statistical Regularities in Visual Search." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 10 (October 2019): 1535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01433.

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Salient yet irrelevant objects often capture our attention and interfere with our daily tasks. Distraction by salient objects can be reduced by suppressing the location where they are likely to appear. The question we addressed here was whether suppression of frequent distractor locations is already implemented beforehand, in anticipation of the stimulus. Using EEG, we recorded cortical activity of human participants searching for a target while ignoring a salient distractor. The distractor was presented more often at one location than at any other location. We found reduced capture for distractors at frequent locations, indicating that participants learned to avoid distraction. Critically, we found evidence for “proactive suppression” as already “prior to display onset,” there was enhanced power in parieto-occipital alpha oscillations contralateral to the frequent distractor location—a signal known to occur in anticipation of irrelevant information. Locked to display onset, ERP analysis showed a distractor suppression-related distractor positivity (PD) component for this location. Importantly, this PD was found regardless of whether distracting information was presented at the frequent location. In addition, there was an early PD component representing an early attentional index of the frequent distractor location. Our results show anticipatory (proactive) suppression of frequent distractor locations in visual search already starting prior to display onset.

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Graham, Daniel J., and Christoph Redies. "Statistical regularities in art: Relations with visual coding and perception." Vision Research 50, no. 16 (July 2010): 1503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.05.002.

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Santolin, Chiara, Orsola Rosa-Salva, Lucia Regolin, and Giorgio Vallortigara. "Generalization of visual regularities in newly hatched chicks (Gallus gallus)." Animal Cognition 19, no. 5 (June 10, 2016): 1007–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-016-1005-2.

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Cheng, F., C. Liu, H. Wu, and M. Ai. "DIRECT SPARSE VISUAL ODOMETRY WITH STRUCTURAL REGULARITIES FOR LONG CORRIDOR ENVIRONMENTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-757-2020.

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Abstract. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping are the key requirements for many practical applications of robotics. However, traditional visual approaches rely on features extracted from textured surfaces, so they barely work well in indoor scenes (e.g. long corridors containing large proportions of smooth walls). In this work, we propose a novel visual odometry method to overcome these limitations, which integrates structural regularities of man-made environments in a direct sparse visual odometry system. By fully exploiting structural lines that align with the dominant direction in the Manhattan world, our approach becomes more accurate and robust to texture-less indoor environments, specially, long corridors. Given a series of image inputs, we first use the direct sparse method to obtain the coarse relative pose between camera frames, and then calculate vanishing points on each frame. Secondly, we use structural lines as rotation constraints, and perform a sliding window optimization to reduce both photometric and rotation errors, to further improve the trajectory accuracy. Through the benchmark test, it is proved that our method performs better than that of the existing visual odometry approach in long corridor environments.

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van Moorselaar, Dirk, and Jan Theeuwes. "Spatial suppression due to statistical regularities in a visual detection task." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 84, no. 2 (November 12, 2021): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02330-0.

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AbstractIncreasing evidence demonstrates that observers can learn the likely location of salient singleton distractors during visual search. To date, the reduced attentional capture at high-probability distractor locations has typically been examined using so called compound search, in which by design a target is always present. Here, we explored whether statistical distractor learning can also be observed in a visual detection task, in which participants respond target present if the singleton target is present and respond target absent when the singleton target is absent. If so, this allows us to examine suppression of the location that is likely to contain a distractor both in the presence, but critically also in the absence, of a priority signal generated by the target singleton. In an online variant of the additional singleton paradigm, observers had to indicate whether a unique shape was present or absent, while ignoring a colored singleton, which appeared with a higher probability in one specific location. We show that attentional capture was reduced, but not absent, at high-probability distractor locations, irrespective of whether the display contained a target or not. By contrast, target processing at the high-probability distractor location was selectively impaired on distractor-present displays. Moreover, all suppressive effects were characterized by a gradient such that suppression scaled with the distance to the high-probability distractor location. We conclude that statistical distractor learning can be examined in visual detection tasks, and discuss the implications for attentional suppression due to statistical learning.

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Chang, Acer Y. C., David J. Schwartzman, Rufin VanRullen, Ryota Kanai, and Anil K. Seth. "Visual Perceptual Echo Reflects Learning of Regularities in Rapid Luminance Sequences." Journal of Neuroscience 37, no. 35 (August 1, 2017): 8486–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3714-16.2017.

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Kibbe, M., and L. Feigenson. "Infants use statistical regularities to chunk items in visual working memory." Journal of Vision 13, no. 9 (July 25, 2013): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.9.333.

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Sherman, Brynn E., Ayman Aljishi, Kathryn N. Graves, Imran H. Quraishi, Adithya Sivaraju, Eyiyemisi C. Damisah, and Nicholas B. Turk-Browne. "Shared and distinct representations of visual regularities across levels of abstraction." Journal of Vision 22, no. 14 (December 5, 2022): 3410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.22.14.3410.

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Raffone, Antonino, Marta Olivetti Belardinelli, and Cees van Leeuwen. "Regularities, context, and neural coding: Are universals reflected in the experienced world?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 4 (August 2001): 701–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01620089.

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Barlow's concept of the exploitation of environmental statistical regularities may be more plausibly related to brain mechanisms than Shepard's notion of internalisation. In our view, Barlow endorses a bottom-up approach to neural coding and processing, whereas we suggest that feedback interactions in the visual system, as well as chaotic correlation dynamics in the brain, are crucial in exploiting and assimilating environmental regularities. We also discuss the “conceptual tension” between Shepard's ideas of law internalisation and evolutionary adaptation. [Barlow; Shepard]

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ROTHKOPF, CONSTANTIN A., and DANA H. BALLARD. "Image statistics at the point of gaze during human navigation." Visual Neuroscience 26, no. 1 (January 2009): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523808080978.

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AbstractTheories of efficient sensory processing have considered the regularities of image properties due to the structure of the environment in order to explain properties of neuronal representations of the visual world. The regularities imposed on the input to the visual system due to the regularities of the active selection process mediated by the voluntary movements of the eyes have been considered to a much lesser degree. This is surprising, given that the active nature of vision is well established. The present article investigates statistics of image features at the center of gaze of human subjects navigating through a virtual environment and avoiding and approaching different objects. The analysis shows that contrast can be significantly higher or lower at fixation location compared to random locations, depending on whether subjects avoid or approach targets. Similarly, significant differences in the distribution of responses of model simple and complex cells between horizontal and vertical orientations are found over timescales of tens of seconds. By clustering the model simple cell responses, it is established that gaze was directed toward three distinct features of intermediate complexity the vast majority of time. Thus, this study demonstrates and quantifies how the visuomotor tasks of approaching and avoiding objects during navigation determine feature statistics of the input to the visual system through the combined influence on body and eye movements.

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Hoppe, David, and Constantin A. Rothkopf. "Learning rational temporal eye movement strategies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 29 (July 5, 2016): 8332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601305113.

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During active behavior humans redirect their gaze several times every second within the visual environment. Where we look within static images is highly efficient, as quantified by computational models of human gaze shifts in visual search and face recognition tasks. However, when we shift gaze is mostly unknown despite its fundamental importance for survival in a dynamic world. It has been suggested that during naturalistic visuomotor behavior gaze deployment is coordinated with task-relevant events, often predictive of future events, and studies in sportsmen suggest that timing of eye movements is learned. Here we establish that humans efficiently learn to adjust the timing of eye movements in response to environmental regularities when monitoring locations in the visual scene to detect probabilistically occurring events. To detect the events humans adopt strategies that can be understood through a computational model that includes perceptual and acting uncertainties, a minimal processing time, and, crucially, the intrinsic costs of gaze behavior. Thus, subjects traded off event detection rate with behavioral costs of carrying out eye movements. Remarkably, based on this rational bounded actor model the time course of learning the gaze strategies is fully explained by an optimal Bayesian learner with humans’ characteristic uncertainty in time estimation, the well-known scalar law of biological timing. Taken together, these findings establish that the human visual system is highly efficient in learning temporal regularities in the environment and that it can use these regularities to control the timing of eye movements to detect behaviorally relevant events.

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Kim, DoHyun, Tomer Livne, Nicholas V. Metcalf, Maurizio Corbetta, and Gordon L. Shulman. "Spontaneously emerging patterns in human visual cortex and their functional connectivity are linked to the patterns evoked by visual stimuli." Journal of Neurophysiology 124, no. 5 (November 1, 2020): 1343–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00630.2019.

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Spontaneous brain activity was once thought to reflect only noise, but evidence of strong spatiotemporal regularities has motivated a search for functional explanations. Here we show that the spatial pattern of spontaneous activity in human high-level and early visual cortex is related to the spatial patterns evoked by stimuli. Moreover, these patterns partly govern spontaneous spatiotemporal interactions between regions, so-called functional connectivity. These results support the hypothesis that spontaneous activity serves a representational function.

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Turk-Browne, Nicholas B., Brian J. Scholl, Marvin M. Chun, and Marcia K. Johnson. "Neural Evidence of Statistical Learning: Efficient Detection of Visual Regularities Without Awareness." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 10 (October 2009): 1934–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21131.

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Our environment contains regularities distributed in space and time that can be detected by way of statistical learning. This unsupervised learning occurs without intent or awareness, but little is known about how it relates to other types of learning, how it affects perceptual processing, and how quickly it can occur. Here we use fMRI during statistical learning to explore these questions. Participants viewed statistically structured versus unstructured sequences of shapes while performing a task unrelated to the structure. Robust neural responses to statistical structure were observed, and these responses were notable in four ways: First, responses to structure were observed in the striatum and medial temporal lobe, suggesting that statistical learning may be related to other forms of associative learning and relational memory. Second, statistical regularities yielded greater activation in category-specific visual regions (object-selective lateral occipital cortex and word-selective ventral occipito-temporal cortex), demonstrating that these regions are sensitive to information distributed in time. Third, evidence of learning emerged early during familiarization, showing that statistical learning can operate very quickly and with little exposure. Finally, neural signatures of learning were dissociable from subsequent explicit familiarity, suggesting that learning can occur in the absence of awareness. Overall, our findings help elucidate the underlying nature of statistical learning.

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Stein, Timo, Daniel Kaiser, and Marius Peelen. "Real-world regularities facilitate visual awareness of objects under continuous flash suppression." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.1039.

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Hong, Yoolim, and Andrew Leber. "Spontaneous biasing toward implicitly-learned visual regularities: the role of prior attention." Journal of Vision 17, no. 10 (August 31, 2017): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.678.

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Falconbridge, Michael, and David R. Badcock. "Implicit exploitation of regularities: Novel correlations in images quickly alter visual perception." Vision Research 46, no. 8-9 (April 2006): 1331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2005.07.018.

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He, Tao, David Richter, Zhiguo Wang, and Floris P. de Lange. "Spatial and Temporal Context Jointly Modulate the Sensory Response within the Ventral Visual Stream." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 34, no. 2 (January 5, 2022): 332–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01792.

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Abstract Both spatial and temporal context play an important role in visual perception and behavior. Humans can extract statistical regularities from both forms of context to help process the present and to construct expectations about the future. Numerous studies have found reduced neural responses to expected stimuli compared with unexpected stimuli, for both spatial and temporal regularities. However, it is largely unclear whether and how these forms of context interact. In the current fMRI study, 33 human volunteers were exposed to pairs of object stimuli that could be expected or surprising in terms of their spatial and temporal context. We found reliable independent contributions of both spatial and temporal context in modulating the neural response. Specifically, neural responses to stimuli in expected compared with unexpected contexts were suppressed throughout the ventral visual stream. These results suggest that both spatial and temporal context may aid sensory processing in a similar fashion, providing evidence on how different types of context jointly modulate perceptual processing.

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Fritsche, Matthias, Samuel J. D. Lawrence, and Floris P. de Lange. "Temporal tuning of repetition suppression across the visual cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00582.2019.

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The visual system adapts to its recent history. A phenomenon related to this is repetition suppression (RS), a reduction in neural responses to repeated compared with nonrepeated visual input. An intriguing hypothesis is that the timescale over which RS occurs across the visual hierarchy is tuned to the temporal statistics of visual input features, which change rapidly in low-level areas but are more stable in higher level areas. Here, we tested this hypothesis by studying the influence of the temporal lag between successive visual stimuli on RS throughout the visual system using functional (f)MRI. Twelve human volunteers engaged in four fMRI sessions in which we characterized the blood oxygen level-dependent response to pairs of repeated and nonrepeated natural images with interstimulus intervals (ISI) ranging from 50 to 1,000 ms to quantify the temporal tuning of RS along the posterior-anterior axis of the visual system. As expected, RS was maximal for short ISIs and decayed with increasing ISI. Crucially, however, and against our hypothesis, RS decayed at a similar rate in early and late visual areas. This finding challenges the prevailing view that the timescale of RS increases along the posterior-anterior axis of the visual system and suggests that RS is not tuned to temporal input regularities. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Visual areas show reduced neural responses to repeated compared with nonrepeated visual input, a phenomenon termed repetition suppression (RS). Here we show that RS decays at a similar rate in low- and high-level visual areas, suggesting that the short-term decay of RS across the visual hierarchy is not tuned to temporal input regularities. This may limit the specificity with which the mechanisms underlying RS could optimize the processing of input features across the visual hierarchy.

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Smithson, H. E. "Sensory, computational and cognitive components of human colour constancy." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1458 (June 28, 2005): 1329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1633.

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When the illumination on a scene changes, so do the visual signals elicited by that scene. In spite of these changes, the objects within a scene tend to remain constant in their apparent colour. We start this review by discussing the psychophysical procedures that have been used to quantify colour constancy. The transformation imposed on the visual signals by a change in illumination dictates what the visual system must ‘undo’ to achieve constancy. The problem is mathematically underdetermined, and can be solved only by exploiting regularities of the visual world. The last decade has seen a substantial increase in our knowledge of such regularities as technical advances have made it possible to make empirical measurements of large numbers of environmental scenes and illuminants. This review provides a taxonomy of models of human colour constancy based first on the assumptions they make about how the inverse transformation might be simplified, and second, on how the parameters of the inverse transformation might be set by elements of a complex scene. Candidate algorithms for human colour constancy are represented graphically and pictorially, and the availability and utility of an accurate estimate of the illuminant is discussed. Throughout this review, we consider both the information that is, in principle, available and empirical assessments of what information the visual system actually uses. In the final section we discuss where in our visual systems these computations might be implemented.

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Kaiser, Daniel, and Radoslaw M. Cichy. "Typical visual-field locations enhance processing in object-selective channels of human occipital cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00229.2018.

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Natural environments consist of multiple objects, many of which repeatedly occupy similar locations within a scene. For example, hats are seen on people’s heads, while shoes are most often seen close to the ground. Such positional regularities bias the distribution of objects across the visual field: hats are more often encountered in the upper visual field, while shoes are more often encountered in the lower visual field. Here we tested the hypothesis that typical visual field locations of objects facilitate cortical processing. We recorded functional MRI while participants viewed images of objects that were associated with upper or lower visual field locations. Using multivariate classification, we show that object information can be more successfully decoded from response patterns in object-selective lateral occipital cortex (LO) when the objects are presented in their typical location (e.g., shoe in the lower visual field) than when they are presented in an atypical location (e.g., shoe in the upper visual field). In a functional connectivity analysis, we relate this benefit to increased coupling between LO and early visual cortex, suggesting that typical object positioning facilitates information propagation across the visual hierarchy. Together these results suggest that object representations in occipital visual cortex are tuned to the structure of natural environments. This tuning may support object perception in spatially structured environments. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the real world, objects appear in predictable spatial locations. Hats, commonly appearing on people’s heads, often fall into the upper visual field. Shoes, mostly appearing on people’s feet, often fall into the lower visual field. Here we used functional MRI to demonstrate that such regularities facilitate cortical processing: Objects encountered in their typical locations are coded more efficiently, which may allow us to effortlessly recognize objects in natural environments.

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Gao, Ya, and Jan Theeuwes. "Learning to suppress a distractor is not affected by working memory load." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 27, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01679-6.

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AbstractWhere and what we attend to is not only determined by our current goals but also by what we have encountered in the past. Recent studies have shown that people learn to extract statistical regularities in the environment resulting in attentional suppression of high-probability distractor locations, effectively reducing capture by a distractor. Here, we asked whether this statistical learning is dependent on working memory resources. The additional singleton task in which one location was more likely to contain a distractor was combined with a concurrent visual working memory task (Experiment 1) and a spatial working memory task (Experiment 2). The result showed that learning to suppress this high-probability location was not at all affected by working memory load. We conclude that learning to suppress a location is an implicit and automatic process that does not rely on visual or spatial working memory capacity, nor on executive control resources. We speculate that extracting regularities from the environment likely relies on long-term memory processes.

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GABRIEL, AUDREY, THIERRY MEULEMANS, CHRISTOPHE PARISSE, and CHRISTELLE MAILLART. "Procedural learning across modalities in French-speaking children with specific language impairment." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 3 (January 27, 2014): 747–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716413000490.

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ABSTRACTIt has been suggested that the language problems encountered in specific language impairment (SLI) arise from basal ganglia abnormalities that lead to impaired procedural memory. However, recent serial reaction time (SRT) studies did not reveal any differences between the SLI and typically developing (TD) groups on the measures of procedural memory linked to visual sequence learning. In this paper, 16 children with and without SLI were compared on two versions of SRT tasks: a visual task and an auditory one. The results showed that children with SLI were as fast as their TD peers in both modalities. All of the children obtained similar specific sequence learning indices, indicating that they were able to detect regularities in both modalities. Although children with SLI were as accurate as their TD peers for the visual SRT task, they made more errors than their TD peers in auditory SRT conditions. The results indicate that, in relation to procedural memory, the core of the impairment in SLI is not linked to difficulties in the detection of regularities. We argue that when children with SLI present some difficulties, the children's weaknesses might depend on the type of processing involved (e.g., tasks involving auditory sequences).

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Cecchetto, Stefano, and Rebecca Lawson. "The role of contour polarity, objectness, and regularities in haptic and visual perception." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 80, no. 5 (March 16, 2018): 1250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-018-1499-6.

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Zinchenko, Artyom, Markus Conci, Hermann J. Müller, and Thomas Geyer. "Predictive visual search: Role of environmental regularities in the learning of context cues." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 80, no. 5 (March 29, 2018): 1096–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-018-1500-4.

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Makin, Alexis D. J., John Tyson-Carr, Yiovanna Derpsch, Giulia Rampone, and Marco Bertamini. "Electrophysiological priming effects demonstrate independence and overlap of visual regularity representations in the extrastriate cortex." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): e0254361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254361.

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An Event Related Potential (ERP) component called the Sustained Posterior Negativity (SPN) is generated by regular visual patterns (e.g. vertical reflectional symmetry, horizontal reflectional symmetry or rotational symmetry). Behavioural studies suggest symmetry becomes increasingly salient when the exemplars update rapidly. In line with this, Experiment 1 (N = 48) found that SPN amplitude increased when three different reflectional symmetry patterns were presented sequentially. We call this effect ‘SPN priming’. We then exploited SPN priming to investigate independence of different symmetry representations. SPN priming did not survive changes in retinal location (Experiment 2, N = 48) or non-orthogonal changes in axis orientation (Experiment 3, N = 48). However, SPN priming transferred between vertical and horizontal axis orientations (Experiment 4, N = 48) and between reflectional and rotational symmetry (Experiment 5, N = 48). SPN priming is interesting in itself, and a useful new method for identifying functional boundaries of the symmetry response. We conclude that visual regularities at different retinal locations are coded independently. However, there is some overlap between different regularities presented at the same retinal location.

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Schwarzkopf, D. Samuel, Jiaxiang Zhang, and Zoe Kourtzi. "Flexible Learning of Natural Statistics in the Human Brain." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 3 (September 2009): 1854–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00028.2009.

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The ability to detect and identify targets in cluttered scenes is a critical skill for survival and interactions. To solve this challenge the brain has optimized mechanisms for capitalizing on frequently occurring regularities in the environment. Although evolution and development have been suggested to shape the brain's architecture in a manner that resembles these natural statistics, we provide novel evidence that short-term experience in adulthood may modify the brain's functional organization to support integration of signals atypical of shape contours in natural scenes. Although collinearity is a prevalent principle for perceptual integration in natural scenes, we show that observers learn to exploit other image regularities (i.e., orthogonal alignments of segments at an angle to the contour path) that typically signify discontinuities. Combining behavioral and functional MRI measurements, we demonstrate that this flexible learning is mediated by changes in the neural representations of behaviorally relevant image regularities primarily in dorsal visual areas. These changes in neural sensitivity are in line with changes in perceptual sensitivity for the detection of orthogonal contours and are evident only in observers that show significant performance improvement. In contrast, changes in the activation extent in frontoparietal regions are evident independent of performance changes, may support the detection of salient regions, and modulate perceptual integration in occipitotemporal areas in a top-down manner. Thus experience at shorter timescales in adulthood supports the adaptive functional optimization of visual circuits for flexible interpretation of natural scenes.

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Southwell, Rosy, Anna Baumann, Cécile Gal, Nicolas Barascud, Karl Friston, and Maria Chait. "Is predictability salient? A study of attentional capture by auditory patterns." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1714 (February 19, 2017): 20160105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0105.

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In this series of behavioural and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments, we investigate the extent to which repeating patterns of sounds capture attention. Work in the visual domain has revealed attentional capture by statistically predictable stimuli, consistent with predictive coding accounts which suggest that attention is drawn to sensory regularities. Here, stimuli comprised rapid sequences of tone pips, arranged in regular (REG) or random (RAND) patterns. EEG data demonstrate that the brain rapidly recognizes predictable patterns manifested as a rapid increase in responses to REG relative to RAND sequences. This increase is reminiscent of the increase in gain on neural responses to attended stimuli often seen in the neuroimaging literature, and thus consistent with the hypothesis that predictable sequences draw attention. To study potential attentional capture by auditory regularities, we used REG and RAND sequences in two different behavioural tasks designed to reveal effects of attentional capture by regularity. Overall, the pattern of results suggests that regularity does not capture attention. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Auditory and visual scene analysis’.

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Hecht, Heiko. "Regularities of the physical world and the absence of their internalization." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 4 (August 2001): 608–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01000036.

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The notion of internalization put forth by Roger Shepard continues to be appealing and challenging. He suggests that we have internalized, during our evolutionary development, environmental regularities, or constraints. Internalization solves one of the hardest problems of perceptual psychology: the underspecification problem. That is the problem of how well-defined perceptual experience is generated from the often ambiguous and incomplete sensory stimulation. Yet, the notion of internalization creates new problems that may outweigh the solution of the underspecification problem. To support this claim, I first examine the concept of internalization, breaking it down into several distinct interpretations. These range from well-resolved dynamic regularities to ill-resolved statistical regularities. As a function of the interpretation the researcher selects, an empirical test of the internalization hypothesis may be straightforward or it may become virtually impossible. I then attempt to cover the range of interpretations by drawing on examples from different domains of visual event perception. Unfortunately, the experimental tests regarding most candidate regularities, such as gravitational acceleration, fail to support the concept of internalization. This suggests that narrow interpretations of the concept should be given up in favor of more abstract interpretations. However, the latter are not easily amenable to empirical testing. There is nonetheless a way to test these abstract interpretations by contrasting internalization with the opposite concept: externalization of body dynamics. I summarize evidence for such a projection of body constraints onto external objects. Based on the combined evidence of well-resolved and ill- resolved regularities, the value of the notion of internalization has to be reassessed.

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Brady, Timothy F., Talia Konkle, and George A. Alvarez. "Compression in visual working memory: Using statistical regularities to form more efficient memory representations." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 138, no. 4 (2009): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016797.

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Shyi, G. C.-W., and F.-M. Hsieh. "The Effect of Implied Mass on Representational Momentum: Negative Evidence from a Two-Body Collision Paradigm." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970119.

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The phenomenon of representational momentum (RM) refers to distortions of visual memory for the final position of an object whenever the object is preceded by a series of displays that imply smooth transformations of the object in the picture plane. Past research has demonstrated that the magnitude of memory distortion observed in RM is closedly related to kinematic factors such as implied velocity and acceleration depicted in the inducing displays, suggesting that, as a mental analogue to physical momentum, RM may arise from an internalisation of regularities governing the physical world. It is not clear, however, whether or not RM is equally affected by regularities in the kinetic or dynamic domain (eg mass). We examined this issue in three experiments, using a two-body collision paradigm. The impression of the implied mass was created by simulating the collision of a moving ball of less mass with a stationary ball of greater mass. Although subjects were able to experience and report momentary sensation of objects with different mass, such impressions were not carried over to affect the magnitude of memory distortions in the subsequent RM task where those objects were used as inducing displays. These results imply that the sensation of mass cannot be reliably sustained over a long period by visual information, and as a consequence RM revealed by distortions of visual memory is not affected by implied mass.

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Hall, Michelle G., Jason B. Mattingley, and Paul E. Dux. "Electrophysiological correlates of incidentally learned expectations in human vision." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 1461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00733.2017.

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The human visual system is remarkably sensitive to environmental regularities, which can facilitate behavioral performance when sensory events conform to past experience. The point at which prior knowledge is integrated during visual perception is unclear, particularly for incidentally learned associations. One possibility is that expectation shapes neural activity prospectively, in an anticipatory fashion, allowing prior knowledge to affect the earliest stages of sensory processing. Alternatively, cognitive processes underlying object recognition and conflict detection may be necessary precursors, constraining effects to later stages of processing. Here we used electroencephalography (EEG) to uncover neural activity that distinguishes between visual stimuli that match prior exposure and those that deviate from it. Participants identified visual targets that were associated with possible target locations; each location was associated with a high-probability target and a low-probability target. Alongside a behavioral cost for stimuli that had occurred infrequently at a cued location compared with those that had occurred frequently, we observed a focal modulation of the evoked EEG response at 250 ms after target onset. Relative to likely targets, unlikely targets evoked an enhanced negativity at midline frontal electrodes, and individual differences in the magnitude of this effect were correlated with the response time difference between likely and unlikely targets. In contrast, the evoked response at the latency of the P1, a correlate of early sensory processing, was indistinguishable for likely and unlikely targets. Together, these results point to postperceptual processes as a key stage at which experience modulates visual processing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We combined electroencephalography with an incidental learning paradigm to investigate whether prior knowledge of environmental regularities modulates visual processing at early or late stages of sensory analysis. Our results reveal that modulations of neural activity arising at midlevel processing stages predict behavioral costs for unexpected stimuli rather than effects at early stages of sensory encoding.

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Serrao, Fabrizio. "Enjoying Art: The Experience of Beauty from Understanding Regularities." Art and Perception 7, no. 2-3 (November 29, 2019): 137–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134913-20191106.

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Art production and enjoyment is a universal human behavior, yet the reasons why it evolved remain elusive. Works of art can convey strong emotions, and various authors attempted to explain the enjoyment of such emotions from an evolutionary perspective. Other authors focused instead on emergent properties of works of art: patterns and coherence, symmetry and proportions, harmony and consonance. Here, I argue that all these emergent properties fall into the definition of regularity, as well as other features that have been overlooked and yet create beauty in all arts (including literature). More precisely, I define a regular composition as having its elements arranged according to a rule that is understandable ‘a priori.’ Furthermore, I propose two novel evolutionary insights into the enjoyment of complex regularities. First, the enjoyment may stem from the drive to gain information on the environment, which would result in a preference for those arrangements that can be understood ‘a priori’ but provide information on a variety of elements. Second, because regularity is mostly a product of life, the attraction to regular stimuli might have evolved to promote the detection of living beings. This would encourage the interaction with other organisms in accordance with Wilson’s ‘biophilia’ hypothesis.

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Rungratsameetaweemana, Nuttida, Larry R. Squire, and John T. Serences. "Preserved capacity for learning statistical regularities and directing selective attention after hippocampal lesions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 39 (September 6, 2019): 19705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904502116.

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Prior knowledge about the probabilistic structure of visual environments is necessary to resolve ambiguous information about objects in the world. Expectations based on stimulus regularities exert a powerful influence on human perception and decision making by improving the efficiency of information processing. Another type of prior knowledge, termed top-down attention, can also improve perceptual performance by facilitating the selective processing of relevant over irrelevant information. While much is known about attention, the mechanisms that support expectations about statistical regularities are not well-understood. The hippocampus has been implicated as a key structure involved in or perhaps necessary for the learning of statistical regularities, consistent with its role in various kinds of learning and memory. Here, we tested this hypothesis using a motion discrimination task in which we manipulated the most likely direction of motion, the degree of attention afforded to the relevant stimulus, and the amount of available sensory evidence. We tested memory-impaired patients with bilateral damage to the hippocampus and compared their performance with controls. Despite a modest slowing in response initiation across all task conditions, patients performed similar to controls. Like controls, patients exhibited a tendency to respond faster and more accurately when the motion direction was more probable, the stimulus was better attended, and more sensory evidence was available. Together, these findings demonstrate a robust, hippocampus-independent capacity for learning statistical regularities in the sensory environment in order to improve information processing.

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Arsirii, Vasyl, Oleg Kravchenko, Bohdan Savchuk, and Olena Arsirii. "The influence of the structure of laminar flows on the characteristics of equipment." E3S Web of Conferences 327 (2021): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132705003.

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The new method of visual diagnostics of liquid motion processes in physical models showed a high degree of the flow structure organization. Visual pictures made it possible to develop a hydraulic experiment to reveal the dimensions of the transverse structure in the form of layers and zones of flow separation from the channel walls. Visual diagnostics is the basis for comprehensive equipment design. Visual studies of the flow structure provide information for improving equipment by changing the geometry of the flow paths. Hydraulic studies show the change in the resistance of the equipment channels. Based on the results of visual and hydraulic studies, the wave character of the distribution of the pulsation velocity components was revealed. The regularities of the velocity distribution allow predicting the minimum or maximum values of the resistances of the flow paths of the equipment.

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Qi, Peng, and Xiaolin Hu. "Learning Nonlinear Statistical Regularities in Natural Images by Modeling the Outer Product of Image Intensities." Neural Computation 26, no. 4 (April 2014): 693–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00567.

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It is well known that there exist nonlinear statistical regularities in natural images. Existing approaches for capturing such regularities always model the image intensities by assuming a parameterized distribution for the intensities and learn the parameters. In the letter, we propose to model the outer product of image intensities by assuming a gaussian distribution for it. A two-layer structure is presented, where the first layer is nonlinear and the second layer is linear. Trained on natural images, the first-layer bases resemble the receptive fields of simple cells in the primary visual cortex (V1), while the second-layer units exhibit some properties of the complex cells in V1, including phase invariance and masking effect. The model can be seen as an approximation of the covariance model proposed in Karklin and Lewicki ( 2009 ) but has more robust and efficient learning algorithms.

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Bertels, Julie, Estibaliz San Anton, Emeline Boursain, Hermann Bulf, and Arnaud Destrebecqz. "Visual statistical learning in infancy: Discrimination of fine‐grained regularities depends on early test trials." Infancy 27, no. 3 (December 2, 2021): 462–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/infa.12445.

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Brady, T. F., T. Konkle, G. A. Alvarez, and A. Oliva. "Compression in visual short-term memory: Using statistical regularities to form more efficient memory representations." Journal of Vision 8, no. 6 (March 19, 2010): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/8.6.199.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Visual regularities'

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