Journal articles: 'Visual rating'

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Kapsner-Smith, Mara R., Amanda Opuszynski, Cara E. Stepp, and Tanya L. Eadie. "The Effect of Visual Sort and Rate Versus Visual Analog Scales on the Reliability of Judgments of Dysphonia." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 1571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00623.

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Purpose The reliability of auditory-perceptual judgments between listeners is a long-standing problem in the assessment of voice disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a relatively novel experimental scaling method, called visual sort and rate (VSR), yielded stronger reliability than the more frequently used method of visual analog scales (VAS) for ratings of overall severity (OS) and breathiness (BR) in speakers with voicedisorders. Method Fifty speech samples were selected from a database of speakers with voice disorders. Twenty-two inexperienced listeners provided ratings of OS or BR in four rating blocks: VSR-OS, VSR-BR, VAS-OS, and VSR-BR. For the VAS task, listeners rated each speaker for BR or OS using a vertically oriented 100-mm VAS. For the VSR task, stimuli were distributed into sets of samples with a range of speaker severities in each set. Listeners sorted and ranked samples for OS or BR within each set, and final ratings were captured on a vertically oriented 100-mm VAS. Interrater variability, defined as the mean of the squared differences between a listener's ratings and group mean ratings, and intrarater reliability (Pearson r ) were compared across rating tasks for OS and BR using paired t tests. Results Results showed that listeners had significantly less interrater variability (better reliability) when using VSR methods compared to VAS for judgments of both OS and BR. Intrarater reliability was high across rating tasks and dimensions; however, ratings of BR were significantly more consistent within individual listeners when using VAS than when using VSR. Conclusions VSR is an experimental method that decreases variability of auditory-perceptual judgments between inexperienced listeners when rating speakers with a range of dysphonic severities and disorders. Future research should determine whether a clinically viable tool may be developed based on VSR principles and whether such benefits extend to experienced listeners.

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Johnston, W. M., and E. C. Kao. "Assessment of Appearance Match by Visual Observation and Clinical Colorimetry." Journal of Dental Research 68, no. 5 (May 1989): 819–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345890680051301.

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Judgments of appearance matching by means of the visual criteria established by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) and by means of an extended visual rating scale were determined for composite resin veneer restorations and their comparison teeth. Using a colorimeter of 45°/0° geometry and the CIELAB color order system, we used the color of the restorations and comparison teeth to calculate a color difference for every visual rating. Statistically significant relationships were found between each of the two visual rating systems and the color differences. The average CIELAB color difference of those ratings judged a match by the USPHS criteria was found to be 3. 7. However, the overlap in ranges of the color differences for those comparisons rated matches and mismatches indicates the importance of other factors in appearance matching, such as translucency and the effects of other surrounding visual stimuli. The extended visual rating scale offers no advantages to the more broadly defined criteria established by the USPHS.

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Cattani, D. J., and K. W. Clark. "Influence of wear-stress on turfgrass growth components and visual density ratings." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-041.

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This study compared the relationship between visual density ratings and various turfgrass growth components using the combined data of 10 creeping bentgrass clones exposed to or not exposed to simulated foot-type wear-stress. Measurements were determined on 28 June, 12 July, and 2 Aug. 1985. There was a trend towards a reduction, rarely significant, in all turfgrass growth components measured due to simulated wear. Significant reductions in the visual density ratings occurred for the 12 July and 2 Aug. rating dates. There was no difference in the relationship between visual density ratings and the turfgrass growth components due to applied wear-stress. Visual density ratings were correlated to tiller number and leaf number and inversely to dry weight/tiller. Tiller number and leaf number are linearly related. Key words: Agrostis stolonifera, creeping bentgrass, visual density rating, tiller number, leaf number, simulated wear

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Haye, R., L. K. Døsen, M. Tarangen, and O. Shiryaeva. "Good correlation between visual analogue scale and numerical rating scale in the assessment of nasal obstruction." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 132, no. 4 (February 15, 2018): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215118000257.

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AbstractObjective:Results from telephone interviews may be needed to supplement those from mailed questionnaires when response rates are inadequate. This study assessed the correlation between visual analogue scale ratings used in mailed questionnaires and numerical rating scale scores used in telephone interviews.Methods:Patients scheduled for nasal septal surgery routinely respond to a visual analogue scale of obstruction during the day and at night. In this study, they were also asked to verbally rate their sense of obstruction using whole numbers.Results:There was no significant difference between visual analogue scale and numerical rating scale obstruction scores.Conclusion:Ratings of nasal obstruction obtained with a numerical rating scale in telephone interviews are comparable to visual analogue scale scores in mailed questionnaires.

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Colenbrander, August. "Rating the Impact of Visual Impairment." Guides Newsletter 16, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2011.novdec01.

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Abstract The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) used the Snell Visual Efficiency Scale (1925). Following scientific progress, the Vision chapter in the fifth and sixth editions of the AMA Guides began using the Functional Vision Score (FVS) that is endorsed by the International Council of Ophthalmology and the International Society for Low Vision Research and Rehabilitation. Use of the FVS provided an opportunity to correct many inconsistencies in the VES system and also is better integrated with modern measurement methods and the ratings used for other organ systems. The FVS score is obtained by combining the Functional Acuity Score and the Functional Field Score; if any adjustments are introduced in this combination, they must be completely justified and cannot be based on subjective arguments. The disability is rated on the basis of functional considerations and is not influenced by nonfunctional factors. Combining visual acuity loss and visual field loss into a single number is attractive for administrative and legal purposes, but this step is meaningless in the context of rehabilitation because rehabilitation for visual acuity loss is entirely different from rehabilitation for visual field loss. The FVS system provides internationally endorsed statistical estimates of the effects of visual impairment on the ability to perform activities of daily living.

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Ashdown, Amanda, Mark W. Scerbo, Barry J. Knapp, Felicia Toreno, Craig Goodmurphy, and Don Byars. "Can Crowdworkers be used to Rate the Quality of Ultrasound Images?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621136.

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The present study examined whether inexperienced individuals can evaluate ultrasonography (US) images using a new rating scale and visual aids. A US image assessment tool and visual aids in the form of alignable comparison standards (one good and one poor example) were developed to rate images of the hepatorenal interface along eight characteristics. Twenty novice participants from Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk service used the visual aids to evaluate 42 US images in good and poor categories. The results revealed that crowdworkers could distinguish the good from poor US images. Their ratings were highly and positively correlated with those of experts. However, the crowdworkers’ ratings were more severe than those of the experts. These results suggest that inexperienced individuals can use a rating scale and visual aids to reliably distinguish good from poor US images but may require a more extensive set of visual cues or additional training to match ratings provide by experts.

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Weisz, Randall, Barry Tarleton, J. Paul Murphy, and Frederic L. Kolb. "Identifying Soft Red Winter Wheat Cultivars Tolerant to Barley yellow dwarf virus." Plant Disease 89, no. 2 (February 2005): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0170.

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Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is a serious disease of soft red winter wheat. Although there has been interest in tolerant cultivars, identification and development has been slow due to a lack of precision in rating plants for response to BYDV. Visual ratings of symptoms are commonly used to evaluate cultivars, but these ratings have proven to be inconsistent. The objectives of this research were to assess BYDV visual symptom ratings of wheat cultivars under field conditions, to measure disease-related yield reductions in these cultivars, to determine if a relationship exists between BYDV visual symptoms and yield reductions, and to determine BYDV cultivar tolerance. A split-plot design with insecticide treatment (main plot) and 11 cultivars (subplots) was employed over 4 years. The overall relationship between symptom ratings and BYDV yield reductions was weak (R2 = 0.40) and not consistent across years or cultivars. A consistency of performance analysis showed cultivars clustered into five distinct tolerance classes. Under conditions of high BYDV infestation, visual symptom ratings could be cautiously used to identify highly tolerant cultivars. The most reliable method for rating cultivar tolerance was a direct measure of disease-induced yield reduction across multiple environments.

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Ryan, Natalie S., and Nick C. Fox. "Visual rating of atrophy aids diagnostic accuracy." Nature Reviews Neurology 5, no. 5 (May 2009): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.52.

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Huntington, George, and Khaled Ksaibati. "Visual Assessment System for Rating Unsealed Roads." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2474, no. 1 (January 2015): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2474-14.

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Gift, AG, and G. Narsavage. "Validity of the numeric rating scale as a measure of dyspnea." American Journal of Critical Care 7, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1998.7.3.200.

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BACKGROUND: Dyspnea, a devastating sign, is rarely monitored by clinicians. One reason may be the lack of a valid measurement scale that is easy to use in a clinical setting. OBJECTIVES: To establish the validity of the numeric rating scale as a measure of present dyspnea (dyspnea at rest). METHODS: A total of 188 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rated their present dyspnea by using the Visual Analog Dyspnea Scale and the numeric rating scale. They also rated their usual dyspnea (dyspnea during the past week). Demographic information was collected from each patient's chart, and pulmonary status was assessed with portable spirometry, pulse oximetry, or both. RESULTS: Concurrent validity of the numeric rating scale was supported by the high correlation of its scores with scores from the Visual Analog Dyspnea Scale. Conversion of the numeric rating scale to a 0-to-100 scale and comparison with the visual analog scale (by using a paired t test to determine if the correlated scores were similar for clinical decision making) showed that scores were not significantly different. A paired t test showed a difference in scores on the numeric rating scale obtained before and after ambulation, supporting the construct validity of the numeric rating scale. Scores on the numeric rating scale for present dyspnea were poorly correlated with ratings of usual dyspnea, indicating that present dyspnea and usual dyspnea are different constructs. CONCLUSION: Present and usual dyspnea are different constructs. The numeric rating scale is a valid measure of present dyspnea.

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Gupton, Creighton L., and James M. Spiers. "INHERITANCE OF TOLERANCE TO MINERAL ELEMENT INDUCED CHLOROSIS IN RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 487a—487. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.487a.

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A study was conducted to estimate heritability of the content of Mn, Fe, and certain other mineral elements which have been associated with leaf chlorosis and to determine the genetic relationships among shoot dry weight, visual rating, and the mineral elements in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Plants from a 10-parent dialled set of crosses were grown in sand culture to which 200 ml of 250 ppm Mn solution were applied five days per week. Visual ratings (1 – dead plant - 13 – no toxicity symptom) were made after six weeks and shoot weight and mineral element contents were determined after 10 weeks of treatment. Heritability estimates were high for all variables except Fe, suggesting that change in Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg, or K content could be expected from phenotypic recurrent selection. However, manipulation of mineral content probably would not ameliorate the Fe chlorosis. The high heritability of shoot dry weight and visual rating and the high genetic correlation between the two variables suggest that plants resistant to mineral effects on Fe metabolism can be selected on the basis of visual rating.

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Lau, John Victor J., Charmaine Aila Mai L. Bassig, Earl Justin C. Celino, and John Paul D. Carreon. "Fuzzy Based Bridge Structural Health Rating of Existing Bridges using Accelerometer Sensors: Case of Zamora Bridge." MATEC Web of Conferences 206 (2018): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820601013.

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This study presents the development of a fuzzy-based procedure for condition assessment and bridge rating in structural health monitoring of existing bridges. A sample bridge, Zamora Bridge, was assessed to determine its structural health through fuzzy-based analysis utilizing accelerometer sensors installed in the bridge. Sensors were installed on superstructure and substructure components to record the three-dimensional accelerations of each element. Accelerations were then compared to the designed acceleration of the member to obtain structural ratings. Using fuzzy logic, the resultant rating set for the bridge has been evaluated based on specific ratings and importance factor for elements of the bridge. The final rating for the bridge can be evaluated by converting the collective fuzzy rating that defines the membership value. Comparison between the data of fuzzy based analysis for structural health assessment and visual bridge inspection for condition rating verified the reliability of the findings of this study.

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Duddu, Hema S. N., Eric N. Johnson, Christian J. Willenborg, and Steven J. Shirtliffe. "High-Throughput UAV Image-Based Method Is More Precise Than Manual Rating of Herbicide Tolerance." Plant Phenomics 2019 (September 15, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2019/6036453.

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The traditional visual rating system is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to human error. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery-based vegetation indices (VI) have potential applications in high-throughput plant phenotyping. The study objective is to determine if UAV imagery provides accurate and consistent estimations of crop injury from herbicide application and its potential as an alternative to visual ratings. The study was conducted at the Kernen Crop Research Farm, University of Saskatchewan in 2016 and 2017. Fababean (Vicia faba L.) crop tolerance to nine herbicide tank mixtures was evaluated with 2 rates distributed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 blocks. The trial was imaged using a multispectral camera with a ground sample distance (GSD) of 1.2 cm, one week after the treatment application. Visual ratings of growth reduction and physiological chlorosis were recorded simultaneously with imaging. The optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI) was calculated from the thresholded orthomosaics. The UAV-based vegetation index (OSAVI) produced more precise results compared to visual ratings for both years. The coefficient of variation (CV) of OSAVI was ~1% when compared to 18-43% for the visual ratings. Furthermore, Tukey’s honestly significance difference (HSD) test yielded a more precise mean separation for the UAV-based vegetation index than visual ratings. The significant correlations between OSAVI and the visual ratings from the study suggest that undesirable variability associated with visual assessments can be minimized with the UAV-based approach. UAV-based imagery methods had greater precision than the visual-based ratings for crop herbicide damage. These methods have the potential to replace visual ratings and aid in screening crops for herbicide tolerance.

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FUKAHORI, Kiyotaka, Yoichi KUBOTA, Mika SHIRAHAMA, and Ho Wen Yue. "Visual Impact Assessment of Landmark by rating Orientation." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 18 (2001): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.18.349.

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Vermersch, P., D. Leys, P. Scheltens, and F. Barkhof. "Visual rating of hippocampal atrophy: correlation with volumetry." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 57, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.57.8.1015.

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Urs, Raksha, Elizabeth Potter, Warren Barker, Jason Appel, David A. Loewenstein, Weizhao Zhao, and Ranjan Duara. "Visual Rating System for Assessing Magnetic Resonance Images." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 33, no. 1 (January 2009): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rct.0b013e31816373d8.

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Chow, T. W., F. Gao, K. A. Links, J. E. Ween, D. F. Tang-Wai, J. Ramirez, C. J. M. Scott, M. Freedman, D. T. Stuss, and S. E. Black. "Visual Rating versus Volumetry to Detect Frontotemporal Dementia." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 31, no. 5 (2011): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000328415.

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Zegarra, Fabian Colque, Juan C. Carbajal Ipenza, Behrooz Omidvar-Tehrani, Viviane P. Moreira, Sihem Amer-Yahia, and João L. D. Comba. "Visual exploration of rating datasets and user groups." Future Generation Computer Systems 105 (April 2020): 547–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.12.011.

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Maruff, P., S. Wood, J. Currie, C. McArthur-Jackson, V. Malone, and E. Benson. "Computer-Administered Visual Analogue Mood Scales: Rapid and Valid Assessment of Mood in HIV Positive Individuals." Psychological Reports 74, no. 1 (February 1994): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.1.39.

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Studies of cognition in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus must take into account the effects of mood. Standardised mood-rating questionnaires are oftentimes consuming and fatiguing for such patients and so may be omitted from experiments. Visual analogue rating scales for affective state are rapidly administered and are quite acceptable to subjects. In 64 HIV seropositive homosexual or bisexual males, measures of anxiety and depression derived from two computer-administered visual analogue scales were compared with anxiety and depression ratings from the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression. Analogue ratings of anxiety correlated .80 with STAI State anxiety and .58 with STAI Trait anxiety measures and analogue ratings of depression correlated .78 with CES-Depression measures. Analogue ratings may differentiate situational anxiety and depression more effectively and so are valid tools in assessment of anxiety and depression in HIV seropositive subjects. These may be of particular value when limitations of time or patient illness require a rapid assessment of mood variables in neuropsychiatric research.

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KASSA, HAILU, BRIAN HARRINGTON, MICHAEL BISESI, and SADIK KHUDER. "Comparisons of Microbiological Evaluations of Selected Kitchen Areas with Visual Inspections for Preventing Potential Risk of Foodborne Outbreaks in Food Service Operations." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.4.509.

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Most local health departments utilize visual, but not microbiological, methods when inspecting food service operations. To evaluate the marginal utility of microbial testing for minimizing potential risks of foodborne outbreaks in restaurants, swab samples were taken from handwashing sink faucets, freshly cleaned and sanitized food-contact surfaces, and from cooler or freezer door handles in 70 of 350 category-three(high-risk) food service operations in Toledo, Ohio. The swabs were inoculated onto different selective media, and standard procedures were used to identify pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. Microbiological evaluations of the sampled food service operations were compared with visual inspection reports, using a numeric rating scale. Enteric bacteria (that may indicate fecal contamination) were found on food contact surfaces, on cooler or freezer door handles, and on handwashing sink faucets in 86, 57, and 53% of the food service operations, respectively. Approximately 27, 40, and 33% of the restaurants received visual ratings of very poor to poor, fair, and good to very good, respectively. In comparison, 10, 17, and 73% of the restaurants received microbiological rating scores of very poor to poor, fair, and good to very good, respectively. Restaurants with trained personnel received significantly higher visual rating scores than restaurants without trained personnel (P < 0.01). Although more restaurants received poor rating scores by visual inspection than by microbiological evaluation, the presence of fecal bacteria from different sites in more than 50% of the food service operations indicated that visual inspection alone might not be sufficient for minimizing potential risk for foodborne disease outbreaks. Therefore, we recommend periodic microbiological evaluation of high-risk food service operations, in addition to visual inspection, for minimizing the risk of foodborne disease outbreaks.

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Skovlund, E., and O. Flaten. "Response Measures in the Acute Treatment of Migraine." Cephalalgia 15, no. 6 (December 1995): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1995.1506519.x.

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Pain ratings from 268 migraine patients have been used to compare the visual analogue scale (VAS) and a four-point verbal rating scale. All patients completed pain ratings on both scales at the beginning of a migraine attack and 4 h after starting treatment with sumatriptan or placebo. The VAS scores showed large variability within each category on the verbal rating scale. A common way of analysing pain in migraine studies is to classify patient response as a success or failure based on the score on the four-point verbal rating scale. In this study, the statistical power of analysing response either as “success or failure” or by means of the VAS score has been investigated by stochastic simulation. The simulations showed that the two response measures resulted in approximately equal power.

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Kelly, Kate. "Consumer Health Information Websites with High Visual Design Ratings Likely to Be also Highly Rated for Perceived Credibility." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 5, no. 3 (September 27, 2010): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8hw58.

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A Review of: Robins, D., Holmes, J., & Stansbury, M. (2010). Consumer health information on the web: The relationship of visual design and perceptions of credibility. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(1), 13-19. Objective – To answer two research questions: 1) What is the relationship between the visual design of a consumer health information web site and perceptions of the credibility of information found on it? 2) Is there a relationship between brand recognition, visual design preference, and credibility judgments? Design – Qualitative (correlation of rating of response to stimulus) and quantitative (credibility coding of participant comments) Setting – Not stated; assumed to be academic institutions in the United States. Subjects – Thirty-four participants over the age of 35 (34 for statistical power and age over 35 on the hypothesis that this age group is most likely to seek health information on the Internet). Methods – Screen shots of 31 consumer health information sites chosen from the results of a Google search using the term “consumer health information” were converted to slide format and shown to participants. The 31 sites included 12 of the top ranked consumer health information sites derived from three sources: the Consumer and Patient Health Information Section (CAPHIS) of the Medical Library Association (MLA), the MLA itself, and Consumer Reports. Participants were read and shown a script explaining the process prior to being asked to view and rate the 31 sites. Participants were first shown a blank slide with a crosshair to focus attention. Then a stimulus slide was shown for 2.8 seconds. A blank black screen was shown while they determined their rating. Participants were first asked to rate the visual design and aesthetics of the 31 web sites using a rating scale of -4 to -1 for negative judgments and +1 to +4 for positive judgments. Then they were asked to remember why they had made positive or negative ratings and why some web sites were preferred to others. The process was repeated with the slides re-ordered, and participants were asked to rate the credibility of the sites using the same rating scales. Upon completion, participants were asked to recall their reasons for positive or negative credibility ratings. All ratings were converted to positive numbers and a scale of 1-8 was used to present results. A variety of statistical analyses were carried out on the data, including correlation, means ratings, and rankings. In addition, all solicited comments on credibility were coded using Fogg’s four types of credibility (surface, earned, presumed, and reputed) in order to try to understand why participants rated the credibility of sites as they did. Main Results – For the first question, concerning the relationship between visual design preferences and perceived credibility, the results are complicated. A statistically significant correlation was reported between visual design preference and perceived credibility in 8 of the 31 sites (26%). In these instances where visual design is rated highly, so is credibility. When visual design ratings were ranked highest to lowest, credibility ratings followed the same pattern. Similarly, when credibility ratings were ranked highest to lowest, visual, design ratings followed. A t-test confirmed that sites perceived to have higher credibility were also perceived to have better visual design. Furthermore, when design and credibility ratings were compared to site traffic rankings, as measured by Alexa (http://www.alexa.com), the trend was for both visual design and credibility ratings to decline as the site traffic ranking declined. This finding was also confirmed by a t-test. While there is not an exact relationship, the tendency is for sites with higher visual design ratings to also receive higher ratings for perceived credibility. On the second question, concerning the relationship between brand recognition and visual design and perceived credibility judgments, the results suggest a possible influence of brand name. This relationship is not clear, and as visual designs were always presented and rated first, there is possibly a co-founder. The analysis of participant comments found that participants performed credibility judgments in a very short time using a variety of criteria, including visual design, source of the site, reputation of the site, and prior use. There were negative reactions to the use of advertisements, drug and insurance company sponsorship, and dot com sites, as well as some suspicion that non-US consumer health information sites were less trustworthy. Conclusions – Visual design judgments bore a statistically significant similarity to credibility ratings. Sites with recognizable brands were highly rated for both credibility and visual design, but this relationship was not statistically significant. The relationship is complicated and more research is needed on what visual design cues are important to credibility judgments.

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Blais, Bernard R. "Rating Visual System Impairment using the Sixth Edition: Technical Aspects." Guides Newsletter 16, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2011.novdec02.

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Abstract Use of The Visual System section of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Sixth Edition, requires knowledge and skills in ophthalmology and assessing impairment. Visual acuity usually is measured using symbols (letters, numbers, pictures, or other symbols) presented in a letter chart format. The Visual Acuity Scale (VAS) is a linear scale with fixed increments and provides a reasonable estimate of acuity-related visual abilities; the associated impairment rating is a reasonable estimate of acuity-related performance loss. This article shows how to perform visual acuity calculations and how to assess impairment of visual fields, including visual field test procedures and calculations. Additional factors can lead to a loss of functional vision and can limit the individual's ability to perform activities of daily living and include contrast sensitivity, glare sensitivity, color vision defects, and binocularity, stereopsis, suppression, and diplopia. If functional vision is affected and is not accounted for by visual acuity or visual field loss, the impairment rating of the visual system can be adjusted but should be limited to an increase of the impairment rating of the visual system by, at most, 15 points (ie, less severe than the total loss of one eye). The ability to rate visual impairment requires significant knowledge and education, and therefore a physician trained in ophthalmology should perform the visual examination and visual system impairment rating.

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Gupton, Creighton, and James Spiers. "HERITABILITY OF MANGANESE TOLERANCE IN RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1075e—1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1075e.

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To determine whether manganese tolerance in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) is heritable, a 10-parent diallel cross was produced. A 250 ppm Mn solution (200 ml/plant) was applied to a sand culture, of the progeny daily. Visual ratings (1 - dead plant - 13 - no Mn toxicity symptom) were made after 6 weeks. Shoot weight and Mn content of leaves were determined. Narrow-sense heritability estimates (h2) were 0.45±0.28 for Mn content, 0.49±0.27 for visual ratings, and 0.37± 0.21 for shoot weight. The genetic correlation between neither shoot weight nor visual rating and Mn content (0.11 and -0.15, respectively) was very high; however, the correlation between shoot weight and visual ratings (1.00) was extremely high. This suggests that visual ratings provide an estimate of Mn effects on plans equal to objective measurements of shoot weight. Though h2 estimates for Mn content and visual ratings were similar, the lack of genetic correlation between the traits indicates that tolerance to Mn toxicity is independent of Mn content. The high h2 for visual ratings suggests mass selection as the method of choice for improving Mn tolerance in a rabbiteye blueberry population.

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Bhullar, Naureen. "Rating of Intensity of Emotions Across Auditory, Visual, and Auditory-Visual Sensory Domains." Current Psychology 32, no. 2 (April 25, 2013): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-013-9173-6.

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Harper, Lorna, Frederik Barkhof, Nick C. Fox, and Jonathan M. Schott. "Using visual rating to diagnose dementia: a critical evaluation of MRI atrophy scales." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 86, no. 11 (April 14, 2015): 1225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-310090.

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Visual rating scales, developed to assess atrophy in patients with cognitive impairment, offer a cost-effective diagnostic tool that is ideally suited for implementation in clinical practice. By focusing attention on brain regions susceptible to change in dementia and enforcing structured reporting of these findings, visual rating can improve the sensitivity, reliability and diagnostic value of radiological image interpretation. Brain imaging is recommended in all current diagnostic guidelines relating to dementia, and recent guidelines have also recommended the application of medial temporal lobe atrophy rating. Despite these recommendations, and the ease with which rating scales can be applied, there is still relatively low uptake in routine clinical assessments. Careful consideration of atrophy rating scales is needed to verify their diagnostic potential and encourage uptake among clinicians. Determining the added value of combining scores from visual rating in different brain regions may also increase the diagnostic value of these tools.

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Workman, Daniel, and Donald L. Fisher. "Selection of Visual Display Symbology: A New Metric of Similarity." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 5 (September 1987): 510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703100506.

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Ideally one would like to select symbols for use in visual displays which are both meaningful representations of the objects they stand for and maximally dissimilar to one another. In this paper a new, simple-to-compute metric for rating the similarity of symbols is proposed. The metric is based on the degree of overlap between “fuzzy pictures” of the symbols, and thus (unlike other current metrics) does not require a prior determination of relevant features. The similarity ratings produced by the metric are shown to be highly correlated with subjective ratings of similarity (rs = .82, p < 0.01). Thus, the similarity ratings derived from the metric can be used to select the best (most discriminable) subset of symbols from a set of meaningful symbols, bypassing the need for a time consuming and expensive empirical determination of similarities.

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Degel, Joachim, and Egon Peter Köster. "Implicit Memory for Odors: A Possible Method for Observation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (June 1998): 943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.943.

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In an experiment 143 subjects were instructed to assign odors to contexts which were displayed in a slide session. The slides depicted contexts from three areas of everyday life which party contained visual cues related to a presented odor. After rating the fit of each odor to a context, the subjects rated the odors for pleasantness. Analysis showed a strong influence of the visual cue on the rating of fit for the contexts containing an odor-related visual element. In contexts without a visual cue, rating of fit showed an influence of implicitly learned memories of odor. The rating was not affected by the pleasantness of the odors. The 1995 work of Schab and Crowder is critically reviewed, and results are discussed within the framework of new, more ecologically oriented research on memory for odor.

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Lundberg-Jensen, A., H. Kofoed, and N. Levi. "Visual analogue scoring and importance rating for ankle arthroplasty." Foot and Ankle Surgery 4, no. 3 (January 1998): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9584.1998.00106.x.

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Haley, Katarina L., Jennifer L. Womack, Tyson G. Harmon, and Sharon W. Williams. "Visual analog rating of mood by people with aphasia." Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 22, no. 4 (January 21, 2015): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1074935714z.0000000009.

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Sokolov, A. N., W. H. Ehrenstein, and M. A. Pavlova. "Rating Visual Velocities: Presentation Order versus Frequency of Occurrence." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970115.

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Given equal frequencies of occurrence of stimuli, identical velocities receive higher or lower ratings depending on whether slow or fast velocities happen to occur on the early trials of a run (Ehrenstein and Sokolov, 1996 Perception25 Supplement, 34 – 35). When stimuli vary in their frequency of occurrence, this presentation-order effect might enhance or substitute the well-known frequency effect (Parducci's range - frequency theory) on category ratings. The aim of the present study was to contrast these two effects for ratings of visual velocities. Two groups of observers had to rate five stimulus velocities (3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, and 9 deg s−1) of a single luminous dot using three categories (slow, medium, fast). Respective frequencies of occurrence for these velocities were either 4 - 4 - 8 - 14 - 20 (group 1, negative skewing for frequency) or 20 - 14 - 8 - 4 - 4 (group 2, positive skewing). The quasi-random presentation order of each set, on the contrary, corresponded to either positively skewed (group 1) or negatively skewed (group 2) frequency distributions. No significant differences in the ratings of two groups (other than a slight preference for the presentation-order effect beyond 6 deg s−1) were found, as if the presentation order and frequency effects had cancelled each other. This suggests that the presentation order of velocities is at least as powerful as their frequency of occurrence. Lack of agreement between our results and predictions of computer-simulated Haubensak's consistency model as well as of Parducci's range - frequency theory requires a model which accounts for an interaction of the two effects.

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Isoi, Keiko, and Ken Kazama. "CROSS EFFECT BETWEEN FACTORS ON VISUAL RATING OF CLOTHES." Sen'i Gakkaishi 45, no. 1 (1989): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.45.35.

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Beyer, Mona K., Dag Aarsland, Ole Jacob Greve, and Jan P. Larsen. "Visual rating of white matter hyperintensities in Parkinson's disease." Movement Disorders 21, no. 2 (2006): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.20704.

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Aumer-Ryan, Paul. "Visual Rating System for HFES Graphics: Design and Analysis." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50, no. 18 (October 2006): 2124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120605001802.

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Chu, Wei-Ta, and Wei-Han Huang. "Cultural difference and visual information on hotel rating prediction." World Wide Web 20, no. 4 (August 10, 2016): 595–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11280-016-0404-2.

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Powell, S. C., and R. W. Attwell. "A comparative study of food retail premises by means of visual inspection and microbiological quality of food." Epidemiology and Infection 114, no. 1 (February 1995): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800051992.

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SUMMARYThe relationship between visual inspection ratings given to ten food retail premises and the microbiological quality of food samples was examined. Viable counts of bacteria and of Staphylococcus aureus were determined for cooked meat samples from each of the premises. There was no correlation between potential risk of foodborne infection, as assessed by total inspection rating, and bacteriological counts in food (P < 0·05). Neither was there a consistent relationship between scores given to any component of the total rating and the bacteriological quality of food.The effectiveness of the current UK inspection scheme in assessing risk of foodborne infection is questioned. Inclusion of appropriately weighted criteria such as food temperature abuse is suggested to improve the scheme.

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Radakovic, Ratko, Vaisakh Puthusseryppady, Emma Flanagan, Matthew C. Kiernan, Eneida Mioshi, and Michael Hornberger. "Frontostriatal grey matter atrophy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis A visual rating study." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 12, no. 4 (December 2018): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-040008.

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ABSTRACT Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterised by frontostriatal grey matter changes similar to those in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, these changes are usually detected at a group level, and simple visual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cortical atrophy scales may further elucidate frontostriatal changes in ALS. Objective: To investigate whether frontostriatal changes are detectable using simple visual MRI atrophy rating scales applied at an individual patient level in ALS. Methods: 21 ALS patients and 17 controls were recruited and underwent an MRI scan. Prefrontal cortex sub-regions of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC), lateral orbitofrontal cortex (LOFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), striatal sub-regions of the caudate nucleus (CN) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were rated using visual grey matter atrophy 5-point Likert scales. Results: Significantly higher atrophy ratings in the bilateral MOFC only in ALS patients versus controls was observed (p<.05). Patients with greater MOFC atrophy had significantly higher atrophy of the CN (p<.05) and LOFC (p<.05). Conclusion: Use of simple visual atrophy rating scales on an individual level reliably detects frontostriatal deficits specific to ALS, showing MOFC atrophy differences with associated CN and LOFC atrophy. This is an applicable method that could be used to support clinical diagnosis and management.

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Johnston, WH. "Palatability to sheep of the Eragrostis curvula complex. 2. Selection of palatable taxa." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 1 (1988): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880047.

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Relative palatability of 12 previously selected taxa of Eragrostis curvula complex was assessed using a visual rating scale of 0 (not grazed) to 10 (completely grazed). Visual ratings were converted to ranks and the most and least palatable lines were compared over 19 grazing assessments in trials at Wagga Wagga, Temora and Orange, New South Wales. Three highly palatable and 2 acceptably palatable accessions were identified. The importance of palatability in the E. curvula complex is discussed.

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McPhail, Steven M., Lars Nagelstad Dalland, Kaja Naess, Marte Lund, Tore Johan Ytre-Hauge, Sigrid Reiersen Holm, and Shaun O'Leary. "Intratherapist Reliability in the Rating of Scapula Posture in Multiple Planes of Reference." ISRN Rehabilitation 2012 (December 10, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/957389.

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Background. Evaluation of scapular posture is a fundamental component in the clinical evaluation of the upper quadrant. This study examined the intrarater reliability of scapular posture ratings. Methods. A test-retest reliability investigation was undertaken with one week between assessment sessions. At each session physical therapists conducted visual assessments of scapula posture (relative to the thorax) in five different scapula postural planes (plane of scapula, sagittal plane, transverse plane, horizontal plane, and vertical plane). These five plane ratings were performed for four different scapular posture perturbating conditions (rest, isometric shoulder; flexion, abduction, and external rotation). Results. A total of 100 complete scapular posture ratings (50 left, 50 right) were undertaken at each assessment. The observed agreement between the test and retest postural plane ratings ranged from 59% to 87%; 16 of the 20 plane-condition combinations exceeded 75% observed agreement. Kappa (and prevalence adjusted bias adjusted kappa) values were inconsistent across the postural planes and perturbating conditions. Conclusions. This investigation generally revealed fair to moderate intrarater reliability in the rating of scapular posture by visual inspection. However, enough disagreement between assessments was present to warrant caution when interpreting perceived changes in scapula position between longitudinal assessments using visual inspection alone.

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Smith, Anne M., and William H. Vanden Born. "A Chlorophyll Assay to Assess Sethoxydim Activity in Two Grass Species." Weed Technology 5, no. 2 (June 1991): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00028232.

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The influence of ammonium sulfate on the activity of sethoxydim on wild oats and barley was examined under field conditions in 1989 and 1990. A chlorophyll assay, together with plant height and dry weight determinations, was used to quantify the visual ratings for sethoxydim activity. Ammonium sulfate enhanced the activity of 75 and 150 g ai ha-1sethoxydim in 1989. In 1990, ammonium sulfate increased the activity of the lower rate of sethoxydim only. Of the three quantitative assays, chlorophyll concentration alone differentiated the more rapid development of injury symptoms with added ammonium sulfate that was observed in the visual ratings. The chlorophyll assay was not better than the visual rating assessment, however, and appears to offer no advantages that would justify the time required.

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Sheng, Can, Yu Sun, Min Wang, Xiaoni Wang, Yi Liu, Dongqing Pang, Jiaqi Liu, et al. "Combining Visual Rating Scales for Medial Temporal Lobe Atrophy and Posterior Atrophy to Identify Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment from Cognitively Normal Older Adults: Evidence Based on Two Cohorts." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 77, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200016.

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Background: Visual rating scales for medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) and posterior atrophy (PA) have been reported to be useful for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis in routine clinical practice. Objective: To investigate the efficacy of combined MTA and PA visual rating scales to discriminate amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients from healthy controls. Methods: This study included T1-weighted MRI images from two different cohorts. In the first cohort, we recruited 73 patients with aMCI and 48 group-matched cognitively normal controls for training and validation. Visual assessments of MTA and PA were carried out for each participant. Global gray matter volume and density were estimated using voxel-based morphometry analysis as the objective reference. We investigated the discriminative power of a single visual rating scale and the combination of the MTA and PA rating scales for identifying aMCI. The second cohort, consisting of 33 aMCI patients and 45 controls, was used to verify the reliability of the visual assessments. Results: Compared with the single visual rating scale, the combination of the MTA and PA exhibited the best discriminative power, with an AUC of 0.818±0.041, which was similar to the diagnostic accuracy of the gray matter volumetric measures. The discriminative power of the combined MTA and PA was verified in the second cohort (AUC 0.824±0.058). Conclusion: The combined MTA and PA rating scales demonstrated practical diagnostic value for distinguishing aMCI patients from controls, suggesting its potential to serve as a convenient and reproducible method to assess the degree of atrophy in clinical settings.

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Bigger*, Michele M., Hannah M. Mathers, Jennifer A. Pope, and Luke T. Case. "Evaluation of Dichlobenil and Flumioxazin Preemergent Formulations for Ornamental Weed Control." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 791C—791. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.791c.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent and duration of efficacy and phytotoxicity of two new formulations of dichlobenil (Casoron 50WP and Casoron CS), applied alone or onto two bark mulches, pine nuggets or shredded hardwood. The herbicide treated bark was compared to a control (weedy check), direct sprays of the herbicides and mulch alone. Three granular preemergent herbicides, dichlobenil (Casoron 4G) and two formulation of flumioxazin (Broadstar 0.17G, VC1351, and VC1453) were also evaluated for a total of 12 treatments. The trial started on May 23, 2003. Visual ratings and dry weights were evaluated for efficacy at 4, 8 and 16 weeks after treatment (WAT) and phytotoxicity 2, 4, 8, and 16 WAT. Ratings of efficacy were based on a 1-10 scale where, 0 represents no control, 10 represents complete control. Visual rating scores of 1 (no injury) to 10 (complete kill) were used for phytotoxicity on Salvia May Night. The two most efficacious treatments are Casoron CS as a directed spray (7.9) and treated on pine nuggets (9.0). The hardwood bark with Casoron CS also was providing an efficacy rating of 7.75 in the analyses of combined dates 4 and 8 WAT. The weed control provided by the untreated hardwood bark and pine nuggets was not significantly different from the control. Four treatments—Casoron CS and 4G, Casoron CS on pine, and CS on hardwood—provided ratings of 3 and above for phytotoxicity, in the analyses of combined dates 2, 4, 8, and 16 WAT. Although the Casoron CS was the second most efficacious treatment it had a phytotoxicity rating of 9.25 over combined dates. The CS on pine, however, had a significantly reduced phytotoxicity rating (3.5) and superior efficacy.

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Nagai, Takehiro, Toshiki Matsushima, Kowa Koida, Yusuke Tani, Michiteru Kitazaki, and Shigeki Nakauchi. "Temporal properties of material categorization and material rating: visual vs non-visual material features." Vision Research 115 (October 2015): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.12.011.

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Elliott, Kelly G., Elizabeth T. Davis, Robert A. King, and Greg E. Fujawa. "Single and Combined Visual Distance Cues." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 23 (October 1996): 1184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604002308.

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This study investigated the pictorial cues of relative size, relative height, and relative brightness to determine their effects on distance perception. In Experiment 1, we systematically examined (1) the effectiveness and accuracy of each visual cue tested in isolation; (2) whether the forced-choice rating paradigm provides more sensitive measures than those obtained using a simple 2AFC paradigm; (3) whether ROC slopes obtained from the forced-choice rating data are equal to one, as assumed by Signal Detection Theory (SDT); and (4) how the relative effectiveness of each cue may change when the cues are combined to provide consistent or conflicting distance information. A method of constant stimuli procedure was used for each block of trials. Subjects were presented with simulated gray square objects within a visual scene and reported which of two squares appeared closer. For single cues, both relative size and relative height were more effective than relative brightness. The forced-choice rating paradigm was not significantly more sensitive than the 2AFC paradigm, although it did allow us to test some SDT predictions. For combined cues, we found that the relative effectiveness of a given cue in combination with other cues cannot necessarily be predicted from single cue data. These results have implications not only for developing more rigorous and comprehensive models of human spatial perception but also for designing more efficient and effective 3D environments.

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Meana, Marta, Irv Binik, Samir Khalife, and Deborah Cohen. "Affect and Marital Adjustment in Women's Rating of Dyspareunic Pain." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 4 (May 1998): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300406.

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Objective: To investigate the extent to which depressive symptomatology, anxiety, and marital adjustment mediate pain ratings in women suffering from dyspareunia. Method: Seventy-six women with dyspareunia were administered the depression and anxiety scales of Derogatis's Brief Symptom Inventory and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. They also underwent a manual-visual gynecological examination, an ultrasound, and a colposcopy in an attempt to identify potential evidence and type of organicity. Results: Depressive symptomatology, anxiety, and marital adjustment together accounted for a significant amount of the variance in pain ratings, although only anxiety and marital adjustment were independent predictors of pain ratings in the entire group of women with dyspareunia. When multiple regression analyses were then applied to different diagnostic subgroups of dyspareunia, the independent predictors of pain rating varied depending on the findings from the gynecological examinations. Conclusion: Affect and marital adjustment appear to be significant predictors of dyspareunic pain rating, although the independent contribution of psychosocial variables may vary depending on the presence and type of organic findings.

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Gutierrez, A., F. F. Garces, and J. W. Hoy. "Evaluation of Resistance to Leaf Scald by Quantitative PCR of Xanthomonas albilineans in Sugarcane." Plant Disease 100, no. 7 (July 2016): 1331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-15-1111-re.

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Leaf scald, caused by Xanthomonas albilineans, is a major sugarcane disease controlled primarily with host resistance. Because visual evaluation can be uncertain due to erratic symptom expression, a reliable resistance screening method is needed. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with potential for resistance screening was used to compare bacterial populations in 31 clones at different times after inoculation, and the correlation with the visual symptom rating method was determined. Comparisons of bacterial populations quantified by qPCR and visual symptom severity ratings in systemically infected leaves showed variable results, with the highest correlation at 8 weeks after inoculation. To measure consistency, the correlation was determined among three different field experiments for data obtained with the same method at different times after inoculation. The qPCR assay was more consistent among experiments compared with visual symptom rating at 8 weeks after inoculation. Susceptible check cultivars always had high bacterial populations but the severe inoculation resulted in moderate to high bacterial populations in two of three resistant checks in some experiments. The results suggest that qPCR can provide an improved method to evaluate resistance to leaf scald in sugarcane; however, multiple experiments will be needed to accurately determine clone resistance levels.

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Walden, Brian E., Allen A. Montgomery, and Robert A. Prosek. "Perception of Synthetic Visual Consonant-Vowel Articulations." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 30, no. 3 (September 1987): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3003.418.

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Synthetic speech-like articulations were presented to adult subjects via the visual modality, following the classic categorical perception experimental paradigm (Liberman, Harris, Hoffman, & Griffith, 1957). Animations were generated on a computer-based graphics system. Stimuli consisted of representations of the syllables /b/,/v b/, and/w b/; as well as 6 linearly interpolated intermediate stimuli between each of the possible exemplar pairs, resulting in three 8-item continua. Three sets of observations were obtained for these stimuli. First, for each continuum, labeling data were obtained in which the subject assigned one or the other exemplar label to each of the stimuli. Next, ABX discrimination data were obtained for each continuum. In the final task, subjects assigned a rating of one through nine to each animation indicating the extent to which it was like the exemplar syllables. Although the labeling functions showed rather abrupt transitions from one response category to the other, the peaks in the discrimination functions did not coincide with the category boundaries. Further, the mean rating functions were relatively linear, and the distribution of rating responses revealed unimodal distributions whose peak locations differed depending on the stimulus.

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DEWANTO, INKO SAKTI, and DAFFA VIDI MULYADI. "Efektivitas Flat Design dalam Motion Graphic “Pentingnya Rating Usia Film Bagi Anak”." MIND Journal 5, no. 2 (July 4, 2021): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/mindjournal.v5i2.149-159.

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AbstrakAktivitas menonton film adalah salah satu bentuk hiburan bagi masyarakat, baik di bioskop maupun melalui kanal streaming online. Saat ke bioskop kadang kita melihat orang tua yang membawa anaknya menonton film yang tidak sesuai rating usianya. Hal tersebut tentu saja dapat memberikan dampak buruk bagi anak. Meskipun rating usia penonton film selalu tertera di tiap media promosinya, namun tetap saja masih sering ditemui orang tua yang acuh akan hal tersebut. Maka dari itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendukung rancangan motion graphic tentang sosialisasi pentingnya rating film, khususnya untuk target para orang tua. Dengan menganalisa efektivitas karya motion graphic tersebut melalui pendekatan kualitatif, diharapkan dapat membantu para orang tua supaya lebih bijak dan selektif dalam memilih film untuk ditonton bersama anaknya di bioskop. Elemen visual yang menerapkan gaya flat design akan dianalisa menggunakan prinsip-prinsip motion graphic untuk menentukan efektivitasnya.Kata kunci: motion graphic, rating usia film, flat designAbstractThe activity of watching movies is a form of entertainment for the community, both in the cinema and through online streaming channels. When we go to the cinema, we sometimes see parents bringing their children to watch films that do not match their age rating. This of course can have bad impacts on children. Eventhough the age rating of film viewers is always listed in each of the promotional media, parents still often find it indifferent. Therefore, this study aims to support the design of motion graphics about the socialization of the film ratings importance, especially for the parents. By analyzing the effectiveness of motion graphic work through a qualitative approach, it is hoped that it can help parents to be wiser and more selective in choosing films to watch with their children in theaters. The visual elements that apply the flat design style will be analyzed using motion graphic principles to determine their effectiveness.Keywords: motion graphic, film age-rating, flat design

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Jones, W. Paul, Pamela A. Staples, J. Kelly Coker, and Robert L. Harbach. "Impact of Visual Cues in Computer-Mediated Vocational Test Interpretation." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.35.1.16.

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Online delivery of rehabilitation counseling can make services more widely available, but more information is needed about specific features before it can be considered a viable approach. Video conferencing with broadcast of counselor and client image is one recommended tool with some evidence that client rating of session depth may be equivalent to face-to-face sessions but at a cost of increased client discomfort. In this study, the counselor's image was broadcast to 24 participants in online test interpretation sessions Broadcast of participant image to the counselor was contingent on random assignment. The Session Evaluation Questionnaire completed by participants at the end of the session showed no significant impact on ratings of session of depth between camera-on and camera-off conditions. Session smoothness/comfort ratings, however, were significantly higher when the participant image was not broadcast to the counselor. Implications for rehabilitation counseling are discussed.

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Parker, Gregory B., Olin D. Smith, and W. James Grichar. "Colorimetric Assessment of Pod Disease in Peanuts: Comparison with Visual Methods and Efficacy of Use in Selection1." Peanut Science 16, no. 2 (July 1, 1989): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-16-2-5.

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Abstract Colorimetry was evaluated as a method to assess pod disease in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused primarily by Pythium myriotylum Drechs., Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Data analyzed were from nineteen replicated tests conducted from 1982 to 1987, exclusive of 1985, in three South Texas locations. Each plot was scored for pod disease colorimetrically and visually. A negative linear relationship (R2>96%) was found between Hunter color values (L and b) and percent infection measured visually for samples hand selected to approximate eleven disease levels varying from 0-100%. Variability among readings was less at extremes of infection. Correlation both between visual ratings and between visual and colorimetric ratings was affected by soil differences, pathogens infecting the pods, pod genotype, and level of infection present. Correlation among visual raters was generally higher than that between color value ratings. Two-thirds of the lines in these tests classified visually as being in the best 50% for pod disease were also in the best 50% according to colorimetric scores. Use of colorimetry in conjunction with a single visual rating was estimated to increase efficiency and reduce costs of evaluation compared to multiple visual ratings.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Visual rating'

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