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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Visual pathways

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Academic literature on the topic 'Visual pathways'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Visual pathways"

1

Eustace, Peter. "Retrochiasmal visual pathways." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1, no. 5 (October 1990): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199001050-00004.

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Eustace, Peter. "Retrochiasmal visual pathways." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1, no. 5 (October 1990): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199010000-00004.

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Casagrande, V. "Evolution of visual pathways." Journal of Vision 5, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.12.32.

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Sadun, Alfredo A., and Richard M. Rubin. "The Anterior Visual Pathways." Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 16, no. 2 (June 1996): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041327-199606000-00011.

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Dräger, Ursula C. "Albinism and Visual Pathways." New England Journal of Medicine 314, no. 25 (June 19, 1986): 1636–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm198606193142508.

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SIBTAIN, N. "Imaging posterior visual pathways." Acta Ophthalmologica 86 (September 4, 2008): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.3332.x.

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MADRID, M., and M. A. CROGNALE. "Long-term maturation of visual pathways." Visual Neuroscience 17, no. 6 (November 2000): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800176023.

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Previous research in adults has demonstrated the utility of the visual evoked potential (VEP) to measure the integrity of the chromatic and achromatic visual pathways. The VEP has also been shown to be a valuable indicator of maturation of these pathways in infants up to 1 year of age. The present manuscript reports changes in the visual pathways from 2 years to adulthood as measured by the spatio-chromatic VEP. The responses to achromatic reversal stimuli designed to preferentially activate the low spatial-frequency achromatic (luminance) pathways appear adult-like by 1 year of age. The responses to low spatial-frequency isoluminant onset stimuli designed to preferentially activate the chromatic pathway do not appear as they do in the adult until after 12–13 years of age. The shapes of the chromatic VEP waveforms shift from a positive–negative complex to a negative–positive complex. These changes can be modeled by a decrease in the latency of a large negative component between the ages of 1 year and adulthood. The results suggest that for low spatial-frequency stimuli, there are long-term changes in the development of the chromatic pathways that are not observed in the low spatial-frequency achromatic pathways. The changes in the chromatic VEP waveforms with age may be a physiological correlate of reported behavioral changes.

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SHATZ, C. J. "Visual Neurobiology: Development of Visual Pathways in Mammals." Science 228, no. 4695 (April 5, 1985): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4695.67.

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Kaposvári, Péter, Gergő Csete, Anna Bognár, Péter Csibri, Eszter Tóth, Nikoletta Szabó, László Vécsei, Gyula Sáry, and Zsigmond Tamás Kincses. "Audio–visual integration through the parallel visual pathways." Brain Research 1624 (October 2015): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.036.

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Sumner, Petroc, Parashkev Nachev, Sarah Castor-Perry, Heather Isenman, and Christopher Kennard. "Which Visual Pathways Cause Fixation-Related Inhibition?" Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 3 (March 2006): 1527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00781.2005.

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Visual stimuli can both inhibit and activate motor mechanisms. In one well-known example, the latency of saccadic eye movements is prolonged in the presence of a fixation stimulus, relative to the case in which the fixation stimulus disappears before the target appears. This automatic sensory-motor effect, known as the gap effect or fixation-offset effect, has been associated with inhibitory connections within the superior colliculus (SC). Visual information is provided to the SC and other oculomotor areas, such as the frontal eye fields (FEF), mainly by the magnocellular geniculostriate pathway, and also by the retinotectal pathway. We tested whether signals in these pathways are necessary to create fixation-related inhibition, by using stimuli invisible to them. We found that such stimuli, visible only to short-wave–sensitive cones (S cones), do produce fixation-related inhibition (including when warning effects were equated). We also demonstrate that this fixation-related inhibition cannot be explained by residual activation of luminance pathways and must be caused by a route separate from that of luminance fixation signals. Thus there are at least two routes that cause fixation-related inhibition, and direct sensory input to the SC or FEF by the magnocellular or retinotectal pathways is not required. We discuss the implications that there may be both cortical and collicular mechanisms.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Visual pathways"

1

Nicholas, Julian Jesuratnam. "Information processing in #parallel' visual pathways." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386633.

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Gillett-Cooper, Anita M. "Development and degeneration in visual pathways." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670398.

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Maeda, Satomi. "Attentional Limitations and the Visual Pathways." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1244773263.

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LaBonte, Christopher Edward. "Visual pathways and specific reading disabilities /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Cardin, V. Maria de la Paz. "The form pathways in the visual brain." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444134/.

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The perception of visual forms is crucial for humans for successful interactions with the environment. This process occurs automatically, and its outcome is reflected in the inferences and decisions we constantly make. The focus of this thesis is on how the brain handles different aspects of the perception of forms. To study this in normal human individuals, experiments were performed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG) and psychophysical methods. This thesis first discusses experiments designed to unravel the mechanisms of form construction, i.e. those from which all the component parts of a single form are assembled. Results suggest that the construction of very simple forms occurs in intermediate visual areas in a parallel and recursive process, with an increase in brain activity with increments in form complexity. A further experiment was performed to study how regularities or known characteristics of images, and the brain responses they elicit, will contribute to explain current percepts. Results from this experiment are consistent with a model where images with learnt attributes activate more strongly anterior visual areas and images with random patterns cause higher activations in earlier visual areas, probably due to top-down signals that reduce activity when it is possible to explain the causes of the sensory stimulation. Finally, it shows differences in the evoked neural activity when forms are either detected or classified, relating these processes to the activity generated in early visual areas. Based on the results of these experiments, a mechanism of top-down and bottom-up interactions between visual areas in the human brain is discussed in the context of the perception of forms.

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Mahajan, Supriya M. "Do visual pathways for action and perception respond differently to the Ebbinghaus Illusion? /." Connect to online version, 2006. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/mhc/2006/182.pdf.

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Cecere, Roberto <1981&gt. "Residual visual processing following real or virtual lesions to primary visual pathways." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5896/1/Cecere_Roberto_tesi.pdf.

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Lesions to the primary geniculo-striate visual pathway cause blindness in the contralesional visual field. Nevertheless, previous studies have suggested that patients with visual field defects may still be able to implicitly process the affective valence of unseen emotional stimuli (affective blindsight) through alternative visual pathways bypassing the striate cortex. These alternative pathways may also allow exploitation of multisensory (audio-visual) integration mechanisms, such that auditory stimulation can enhance visual detection of stimuli which would otherwise be undetected when presented alone (crossmodal blindsight). The present dissertation investigated implicit emotional processing and multisensory integration when conscious visual processing is prevented by real or virtual lesions to the geniculo-striate pathway, in order to further clarify both the nature of these residual processes and the functional aspects of the underlying neural pathways. The present experimental evidence demonstrates that alternative subcortical visual pathways allow implicit processing of the emotional content of facial expressions in the absence of cortical processing. However, this residual ability is limited to fearful expressions. This finding suggests the existence of a subcortical system specialised in detecting danger signals based on coarse visual cues, therefore allowing the early recruitment of flight-or-fight behavioural responses even before conscious and detailed recognition of potential threats can take place. Moreover, the present dissertation extends the knowledge about crossmodal blindsight phenomena by showing that, unlike with visual detection, sound cannot crossmodally enhance visual orientation discrimination in the absence of functional striate cortex. This finding demonstrates, on the one hand, that the striate cortex plays a causative role in crossmodally enhancing visual orientation sensitivity and, on the other hand, that subcortical visual pathways bypassing the striate cortex, despite affording audio-visual integration processes leading to the improvement of simple visual abilities such as detection, cannot mediate multisensory enhancement of more complex visual functions, such as orientation discrimination.
Una lesione alla via visiva primaria (genicolo-striata) causa cecità nel campo visivo controlesionale. Ciononostante, studi precedenti suggeriscono che, mediante vie visive alternative che non coinvolgono la corteccia striata, i pazienti con deficit di campo visivo potrebbero ancora riuscire ad elaborare implicitamente la valenza affettiva degli stimoli emotivi non visti (affective blindsight) e di sfruttare meccanismi multisensoriali (audio-visivi), cosicchè la stimolazione uditiva migliori la detezione visiva di stimoli non percepiti quando presentati da soli (crossmodal blindsight). Nella presente tesi si sono indagate l’elaborazione emotiva implicita e l’integrazione multisensoriale osservabili quando l’elaborazione visiva cosciente è impedita da lesioni reali o virtuali della via genicolo-striata, in modo da chiarire sia la natura di tali processi sia gli aspetti funzionali dei circuiti neurali sottostanti. Le evidenze sperimentali qui presentate dimostrano che, in assenza di elaborazione corticale, le vie visive alternative sottocorticali consentono l’elaborazione implicita del contenuto emotivo delle espressioni facciali, ma che tale abilità è limitata alle espressioni di paura. Questo suggerisce l’esistenza di un sistema sottocorticale specializzato nella detezione di segnali di pericolo a partire da segnali visivi grezzi, permettendo dunque il rapido reclutamento di risposte comportamentali di lotta o fuga già prima che possa avvenire un riconoscimento conscio e dettagliato delle potenziali minacce. Inoltre, la presente tesi estende le conoscenze riguardo ai fenomeni di “crossmodal blindsight”, dimostrando che, a differenza della detezione visiva, la discriminazione di orientamento di linee non può essere migliorata dalla presentazione di suoni quando la corteccia striata non è funzionante. Questo dato suggerisce da un lato che la corteccia striata ha un ruolo causativo nel miglioramento “cross-modale” della sensibilità visiva all’orientamento e, dall’altro, che le vie visive sottocorticali che non coinvolgono la corteccia striata, anche se permettono l’integrazione di segnali audio-visivi e il miglioramento della semplice detezione, non possono potenziare abilità visive complesse, come la discriminazione di orientamento

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8

Cecere, Roberto <1981&gt. "Residual visual processing following real or virtual lesions to primary visual pathways." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5896/.

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Lesions to the primary geniculo-striate visual pathway cause blindness in the contralesional visual field. Nevertheless, previous studies have suggested that patients with visual field defects may still be able to implicitly process the affective valence of unseen emotional stimuli (affective blindsight) through alternative visual pathways bypassing the striate cortex. These alternative pathways may also allow exploitation of multisensory (audio-visual) integration mechanisms, such that auditory stimulation can enhance visual detection of stimuli which would otherwise be undetected when presented alone (crossmodal blindsight). The present dissertation investigated implicit emotional processing and multisensory integration when conscious visual processing is prevented by real or virtual lesions to the geniculo-striate pathway, in order to further clarify both the nature of these residual processes and the functional aspects of the underlying neural pathways. The present experimental evidence demonstrates that alternative subcortical visual pathways allow implicit processing of the emotional content of facial expressions in the absence of cortical processing. However, this residual ability is limited to fearful expressions. This finding suggests the existence of a subcortical system specialised in detecting danger signals based on coarse visual cues, therefore allowing the early recruitment of flight-or-fight behavioural responses even before conscious and detailed recognition of potential threats can take place. Moreover, the present dissertation extends the knowledge about crossmodal blindsight phenomena by showing that, unlike with visual detection, sound cannot crossmodally enhance visual orientation discrimination in the absence of functional striate cortex. This finding demonstrates, on the one hand, that the striate cortex plays a causative role in crossmodally enhancing visual orientation sensitivity and, on the other hand, that subcortical visual pathways bypassing the striate cortex, despite affording audio-visual integration processes leading to the improvement of simple visual abilities such as detection, cannot mediate multisensory enhancement of more complex visual functions, such as orientation discrimination.
Una lesione alla via visiva primaria (genicolo-striata) causa cecità nel campo visivo controlesionale. Ciononostante, studi precedenti suggeriscono che, mediante vie visive alternative che non coinvolgono la corteccia striata, i pazienti con deficit di campo visivo potrebbero ancora riuscire ad elaborare implicitamente la valenza affettiva degli stimoli emotivi non visti (affective blindsight) e di sfruttare meccanismi multisensoriali (audio-visivi), cosicchè la stimolazione uditiva migliori la detezione visiva di stimoli non percepiti quando presentati da soli (crossmodal blindsight). Nella presente tesi si sono indagate l’elaborazione emotiva implicita e l’integrazione multisensoriale osservabili quando l’elaborazione visiva cosciente è impedita da lesioni reali o virtuali della via genicolo-striata, in modo da chiarire sia la natura di tali processi sia gli aspetti funzionali dei circuiti neurali sottostanti. Le evidenze sperimentali qui presentate dimostrano che, in assenza di elaborazione corticale, le vie visive alternative sottocorticali consentono l’elaborazione implicita del contenuto emotivo delle espressioni facciali, ma che tale abilità è limitata alle espressioni di paura. Questo suggerisce l’esistenza di un sistema sottocorticale specializzato nella detezione di segnali di pericolo a partire da segnali visivi grezzi, permettendo dunque il rapido reclutamento di risposte comportamentali di lotta o fuga già prima che possa avvenire un riconoscimento conscio e dettagliato delle potenziali minacce. Inoltre, la presente tesi estende le conoscenze riguardo ai fenomeni di “crossmodal blindsight”, dimostrando che, a differenza della detezione visiva, la discriminazione di orientamento di linee non può essere migliorata dalla presentazione di suoni quando la corteccia striata non è funzionante. Questo dato suggerisce da un lato che la corteccia striata ha un ruolo causativo nel miglioramento “cross-modale” della sensibilità visiva all’orientamento e, dall’altro, che le vie visive sottocorticali che non coinvolgono la corteccia striata, anche se permettono l’integrazione di segnali audio-visivi e il miglioramento della semplice detezione, non possono potenziare abilità visive complesse, come la discriminazione di orientamento

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Beaudet, Luc. "Adaptation mechanisms in the salmonid visual system." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0002/NQ32704.pdf.

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Vierck, Esther, and n/a. "Direct selection by colour for visual encoding." University of Otago. Department of Psychology, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070427.145655.

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The goal of this thesis was to investigate the role of colour in visual selective attention. Previous experiments exploring this topic in tasks where location varied led to mixed results. Some studies only found evidence of colour as a guide to a specific location where selection then takes place (e.g., Nissen, 1985). Others reported an effect, but could not decide clearly if the benefit was due to direct selection of colour in perception (e.g., Humphreys, 1981). One major contributor to the inconsistencies of findings seems to be the confounding of colour and location in these tasks. For that reason the initial paradigm used here was a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. Previous studies using similar paradigms have found no evidence for direct selection by colour (Poder, 2001; Shih & Sperling, 1996), but in these studies advance colour information was of limited usefulness because it only reduced the set of candidate stimuli by half. To assess an effect of colour in selection similar to the one associated with location, in all experiments reported here valid colour information led to only one item, as is typical in location cuing tasks. The first RSVP experiment explored whether colour certainty improved performance over a colour uncertainty condition. Colour was the defining feature of the target participants had to discriminate. In one condition the target colour was certain; in the other it could be one of two colours. Performance was improved when participants could focus on one colour. Further experiments used colour not as a defining feature of the target but as additional information presented in the form of cues, similar to the typical use of location cues. The participants� task was to discriminate whether a target letter within the RSVP sequence appeared in its upper or lower case version, and an advance cue indicated the colour in which the target letter was most likely to occur. An accuracy benefit of valid colour information was found, supporting the hypothesis that colour cuing allows the direct selection of objects for further perceptual processing. In addition, an effect of invalid colour cues was also observed. Subsequent experiments investigated possible factors influencing the colour cuing effect. Together, task requirements and properties of the stimulus set were shown to have an influence on the effect size, whereas an increase in perceptual load had no impact. Furthermore, the colour cuing effect seems to be due partially to both automatic and strategic processes. In all these experimental variations, benefits of colour cuing remained, indicating that the effect is very robust. Colour cuing effects were also found in a design where location could vary, extending the previous findings from selection in the time domain to selection in space. The two last experiments investigated whether advance colour knowledge would also lead to a performance benefit in single item tasks. No effect of colour cuing was found, indicating that colour information is only helpful in multiple item displays when a selection of one target stimulus among distractor items is necessary.

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Books on the topic "Visual pathways"

1

Rowe, Fiona J. Visual fields via the visual pathway. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub., 2006.

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Alan, Covey, Heywood Charles A, Milner A. D, and Blakemore Colin, eds. The roots of visual awareness: A festschrift in honour of Alan Cowey. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2004.

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1943-, Pettigrew J. D., Sanderson K. J. 1956-, and Levick W. R. 1931-, eds. Visual neuroscience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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Philip, Hicks T., Molotchnikoff S, and Ono Taketoshi, eds. The Visually responsive neuron: From basic neurophysiology to behavior. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1993.

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Armstrong, Keith B. Visual pathways to the inner self. DeKalb, Ill: LEPS Press, 1996.

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A, Goodale Melvyn, ed. The visual brain in action. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

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European Conference on Visual Perception (28th 2005 La Coruña, Spain). Visual perception. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007.

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Tovée, M. J. An introduction to the visual system. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

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Tovée, Martin J. An introduction to the visual system. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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1943-, Pettigrew J. D., Sanderson K. J. 1956-, and Levick W. R. 1931-, eds. Visual neuroscience. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Visual pathways"

1

Choudhury, Eileen, Sumayya J. Almarzouqi, Michael L. Morgan, and Andrew G. Lee. "Afferent Visual Pathways." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35951-4_1148-1.

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Choudhury, Eileen, Sumayya J. Almarzouqi, Michael L. Morgan, and Andrew G. Lee. "Afferent Visual Pathways." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 48–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9_1148.

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Mafee, M. F., and D. M. Yousem. "Orbit and Visual Pathways." In Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine, 118–23. Milano: Springer Milan, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2131-0_19.

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Guzzanti, Paula, and John D'Arcy. "Pathways." In The Different Faces of Politics in the Visual and Performative Arts, 201–19. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032640464-16.

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Triggs, Valerie, Michele Sorensen, and Rita L. Irwin. "Lively pathways." In Visual Participatory Arts Based Research in the City, 73–88. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003027966-7.

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Marzi, Carlo A. "Visual Attention And the Parallel Visual Pathways." In Visual Attention Mechanisms, 1–6. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0111-4_1.

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Büchel, C., and K. J. Friston. "Attentional Modulation in Visual Pathways." In Perspectives in Neural Computing, 225–41. London: Springer London, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3427-5_8.

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Gonzalez, Carlos F., Edward W. Gerner, Gary DeFilipp, and Melvin H. Becker. "Lesions Involving the Visual Pathways." In Diagnostic Imaging in Ophthalmology, 239–79. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8575-2_12.

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Raftopoulos, Konstantinos A., and Stefanos D. Kollias. "Visual Pathways for Shape Abstraction." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 291–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21735-7_36.

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DeYoe, Edgar A., John L. Ulmer, Wade Mueller, Lotfi Hacein-Bey, Viktor Szeder, Mary Jo Maciejewski, Karen Medler, Danielle Reitsma, and Jedediah Mathis. "fMRI of Human Visual Pathways." In Functional BOLD MRI, 267–300. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1995-6_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Visual pathways"

1

Barbur, J. L., A. J. Harlow, and L. Weiskrantz. "Measurement of Spatiotemporal Frequency Response Characteristics in a Hemianope: (Evidence for two separate channels)." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1992.ma1.

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Damage to the striate cortex in human subjects results in phenomenal "blindness" in corresponding parts of the retinal-cortical map. Paradoxically, in monkeys visual capacity can still be demonstrated in the affected parts of the visual field, and can be shown to be mediated by non-geniculo-striate pathways (of which there are 9 in addition to the classical geniculo-striate cortical pathway). As the same extra-striate pathways are presumed to exist in humans, the question is whether the difference in results between species depends upon the necessity to use forced-choice discrimination methods in animals.

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Caballero, Humberto S. Garcia, Alberto Corvo, Prabhakar M. Dixit, and Michel A. Westenberg. "Visual analytics for evaluating clinical pathways." In 2017 IEEE Workshop on Visual Analytics in Healthcare (VAHC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vahc.2017.8387499.

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Tobimatsu, Shozo. "Parallel visual pathways and face perception." In 2010 IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering - CME 2010. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccme.2010.5558855.

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Bowen, Richard W. "Pattern Masking Experiments Reveal ON and OFF Pathway Function." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1998.sae.1.

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It is well know in visual neurophysiology that units of the retinocortical pathway are selective for luminance and contrast polarity. The so-called ON and OFF pathways are comprised of cells responding either to increments in luminance or contrast (ON pathway) or decrements (OFF pathway)1. Although many psychophysical studies have manipulated stimulus polarity, there are relatively few papers that convincingly link polarity manipulation to selective activation of ON or OFF mechanisms. For example, there have been many demonstrations of threshold asymmetries, which typically show greater sensitivity to luminance decrements than increments2. But such a polarity asymmetry could occur in a generic visual pathway that had a nonlinear luminance or contrast response, and this result does not demand the existence of ON and OFF pathways in humans. More convincing evidence for selective ON and OFF pathway activation comes from studies of aftereffects of temporal sawtooth adaptation3, in which viewing of one polarity of sawtooth (either rapid on or rapid off) raises threshold for test stimuli of the same polarity more than for test stimuli of opposite polarity. This asymmetry suggests that polarity-sensitive visual mechanisms can be differentially adapted, and the result is consistent with a two-pathway ON-OFF model of luminance or contrast processing in the human visual system.

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Young, Rockefeller SL, Bae-Choel Han, and Ping-yuan Wu. "Nature of the Transient Pupillary Constriction To Light." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1991.wa2.

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It is well known that nerve fibers from the optic tract (as well as from several other pathways) project to the pretectum and drive the pupillomotor nuclei. But it has been less clear as to how or to what extent the pupillary light responses can provide information about visual function. A study by Leventhal, Rodieck, and Dreher (1981), however, may furnish an important clue. The investigators reported that the fibers forming the retinopretectal pathway in primates come from morphological A-, C-, and E- types of retinal ganglion cells. B-cells, the type which projects to the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), do not terminate in the pretectum. A-cells, the type which also projects to the magnocellular layers of the LGN, do. (Hereafter, we use the terms M- and P-pathway in accordance with Shapley (1990) when speaking of the A- and B-cells, respectively, or die neural signals that originate from the two).

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Schefrin, Brooke E., John S. Werner, and Anthony J. Adams. "Equilibrium Hue Loci in Diabetics: Evidence for Anomalies Beyond the Site of Chromatic Opponency." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1990.tub3.

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Previous studies have shown that diabetics make tritan-like errors in color-matching experiments1,2 and demonstrate elevated increment thresholds for test lights detected by an S-cone mechanism3,4. While these experiments indicate the presence of a defect in visual pathways that receive an input from S-cones, they are unable to identify which components within these pathways are responsible for abnormal visual functions associated with diabetes. The purpose of this study is determine if diabetes introduces an anomaly either prior to and/or at the sites of cone interaction, or after the pooling of cone signals within chromatically-opponent pathways.

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Hofmann, Martin I., and Peter E. Hallett. "Simple model of the early visual pathways." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.wl8.

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The model consists of discrete units, both spatial and temporal. The outputs are also restricted to discrete values and are nonlinear functions of the input. Units are arranged in three levels: (1) analogous to the photoreceptors, the image is sampled by a hexagonal array of units; (2) analogous to the center-surround-type cells, each unit is excited by nearby receptor units and inhibited by more distant units; (3) analogous to simple cells in the visual cortex, the units receive excitatory input from a band of center-surround units and inhibitory input from adjacent bands to produce a series of six orientation selective units. An important feature at level (3) is connectivity between the orientation selective units. In a local region of space excitatory connections exist between similarly oriented units and inhibitory connections between orthogonally oriented units. Consequently the properties of level (3) units are modified as the system iterates. The effect of this position-orientation interaction is to sharpen the tuning curves for both orientation and spatial frequency selectivity. The outputs of the units in level (3) may also serve as a basis for simple texture discrimination.

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Hartmann, E. Eugenie, Susan M. Hitchcox, and Vance M. Zemon. "Development of Pattern Responses to Contrast-Increment and -Decrement Stimuli in Infants: A VEP Measure of Functional Subsystems in the Visual Pathway." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1992.tub2.

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Visual scientists have frequently proposed dichotomous subsystems as the basis for analysis and organization of incoming visual information. One such subsystem is the ON- versus OFF-pathways. These pathways can be thought of as processing contrast-increment versus contrast-decrement information. Based on center-surround receptive field organization, ON- and OFF-center cells have been shown to exist in a wide variety of species (Hartline, 1938; Kuffler, 1953; Hubel and Wiesel, 1961). This subdivision begins with the retinal bipolar cells. At the retinal level, the distinction has been demonstrated both morphologically and pharmacologically (Famiglietti and Kolb, 1976; Slaughter and Miller, 1981). The segregation is further maintained in the lateral geniculate nucleus, with no interaction between the pathways occurring until the level of the visual cortex (Schiller, 1982).

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Heron, Gordon, Anthony J. Adams, and Roger Husted. "Central and Peripheral Measures of Blue-Sensitive Pathways in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1986.wc1.

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It is well established that an acquired blue-dyschromatopsia is often present in glaucoma.1 In addition, foveal spectral sensitivity measures in glaucoma have shown that the chromatic pathways are affected (the short wavelength region being particularly depressed).2-5 Combined, these results suggest that the blue sensitive pathways are primarily at risk in glaucoma. A large body of data from color testing, in addition to measures of flicker sensitivity, provides us with considerable evidence that foveal function is abnormal in glaucoma, even when acuity is not affected.6-14 Even greater emphasis has been placed on foveal function in glaucoma since the startling report by Quigley, et al., that as many as half of the optic nerve fibers are destroyed before any abnormality in the visual field is detected.15

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Jourdan, Fabien, and Guy Melancon. "Tool for metabolic and regulatory pathways visual analysis." In Electronic Imaging 2003, edited by Robert F. Erbacher, Philip C. Chen, Jonathan C. Roberts, Matti T. Groehn, and Katy Boerner. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.477524.

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Reports on the topic "Visual pathways"

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Dale, Naomi, Aneesa Khan, and Sophie Dale. Early intervention for vision and neurodevelopment in infants and very young children with visual impairment: a systematicreview. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0080.

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Review question / Objective: Research question - What is the effectiveness of Early Childhood Intervention (ECI) in the first 3 years of life? Population (P) Infants and very young children with diagnosed visual impairment. Intervention (I) ECI programmes that includes vision and developmental stimulation, play, learning and responsive parenting Comparison (C) Standard care or control Outcomes (O) Primary: Vision function or and/or neurodevelopment and/or parent-child interaction outcomes Secondary: Parental context factors eg parental wellbeing and mental health, parental satisfaction with service provision. Condition being studied: Childhood congenital or very early visual impairment arising from congenital disorders of the peripheral or anterior visual system or cerebral-based vision disorders. This includes all vision disorders of the globe, retina and anterior optic nerve and all vision disorders that are considered cerebral based along visual pathways that are retro-chiasmatic and include central brain regions and networks involved in vision processing.

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McFee, Erin, Connor Christensen, and Luke Magyar. Afghan Allies Out of War: Addressing the Needs of the Afghan Special Forces Community and their Families in the United States. Trust After Betrayal, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59498/34295.

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This policy paper examines the challenges faced by ex-Afghan National Army Special Operations Command (ANASOC) soldiers who resettled in the U.S. after the withdrawal from Afghanistan. The research, based on interviews and surveys with 36 veterans, reveals leadership dynamics, evacuation disparities, family reunification struggles, language barriers, and psychosocial challenges. The recommendations include designating ANASOC veterans for Special Immigrant Visas, streamlining family reunification, facilitating military service pathways, providing language and education support, and establishing comprehensive psychosocial frameworks. These measures not only honor their sacrifices but also enhance national security, reinforce partnerships, and contribute to the American workforce.

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Harris, L. B., P. Adiban, and E. Gloaguen. The role of enigmatic deep crustal and upper mantle structures on Au and magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr mineralization in the Superior Province. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328984.

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Aeromagnetic and ground gravity data for the Canadian Superior Province, filtered to extract long wavelength components and converted to pseudo-gravity, highlight deep, N-S trending regional-scale, rectilinear faults and margins to discrete, competent mafic or felsic granulite blocks (i.e. at high angles to most regional mapped structures and sub-province boundaries) with little to no surface expression that are spatially associated with lode ('orogenic') Au and Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr occurrences. Statistical and machine learning analysis of the Red Lake-Stormy Lake region in the W Superior Province confirms visual inspection for a greater correlation between Au deposits and these deep N-S structures than with mapped surface to upper crustal, generally E-W trending, faults and shear zones. Porphyry Au, Ni, Mo and U-Th showings are also located above these deep transverse faults. Several well defined concentric circular to elliptical structures identified in the Oxford Stull and Island Lake domains along the S boundary of the N Superior proto-craton, intersected by N- to NNW striking extensional fractures and/or faults that transect the W Superior Province, again with little to no direct surface or upper crustal expression, are spatially associated with magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr and related mineralization and Au occurrences. The McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, aka. 'Ring of Fire', constitutes only a small, crescent-shaped belt within one of these concentric features above which 2736-2733 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions bodies were intruded. The Big Trout Lake igneous complex that hosts Cr-Pt-Pd-Rh mineralization west of the Ring of Fire lies within a smaller concentrically ringed feature at depth and, near the Ontario-Manitoba border, the Lingman Lake Au deposit, numerous Au occurrences and minor Ni showings, are similarly located on concentric structures. Preliminary magnetotelluric (MT) interpretations suggest that these concentric structures appear to also have an expression in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and that lithospheric mantle resistivity features trend N-S as well as E-W. With diameters between ca. 90 km to 185 km, elliptical structures are similar in size and internal geometry to coronae on Venus which geomorphological, radar, and gravity interpretations suggest formed above mantle upwellings. Emplacement of mafic-ultramafic bodies hosting Ni-Cr-PGE mineralization along these ringlike structures at their intersection with coeval deep transverse, ca. N-S faults (viz. phi structures), along with their location along the margin to the N Superior proto-craton, are consistent with secondary mantle upwellings portrayed in numerical models of a mantle plume beneath a craton with a deep lithospheric keel within a regional N-S compressional regime. Early, regional ca. N-S faults in the W Superior were reactivated as dilatational antithetic (secondary Riedel/R') sinistral shears during dextral transpression and as extensional fractures and/or normal faults during N-S shortening. The Kapuskasing structural zone or uplift likely represents Proterozoic reactivation of a similar deep transverse structure. Preservation of discrete faults in the deep crust beneath zones of distributed Neoarchean dextral transcurrent to transpressional shear zones in the present-day upper crust suggests a 'millefeuille' lithospheric strength profile, with competent SCLM, mid- to deep, and upper crustal layers. Mechanically strong deep crustal felsic and mafic granulite layers are attributed to dehydration and melt extraction. Intra-crustal decoupling along a ductile décollement in the W Superior led to the preservation of early-formed deep structures that acted as conduits for magma transport into the overlying crust and focussed hydrothermal fluid flow during regional deformation. Increase in the thickness of semi-brittle layers in the lower crust during regional metamorphism would result in an increase in fracturing and faulting in the lower crust, facilitating hydrothermal and carbonic fluid flow in pathways linking SCLM to the upper crust, a factor explaining the late timing for most orogenic Au. Results provide an important new dataset for regional prospectively mapping, especially with machine learning, and exploration targeting for Au and Ni-Cr-Cu-PGE mineralization. Results also furnish evidence for parautochthonous development of the S Superior Province during plume-related rifting and cannot be explained by conventional subduction and arc-accretion models.

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