Journal articles: 'Visual memory deficit'

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Easton, Alexander, Jamie P. Cockcroft, Kamar E. Ameen-Ali, and Madeline J. Eacott. "Impaired episodic simulation in a patient with visual memory deficit amnesia." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 4 (January 2020): 239821282095438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212820954384.

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For the first time, we assess episodic simulation in a patient with visual memory deficit amnesia, following damage to visual association cortices. Compared to control participants, the patient with visual memory deficit amnesia shows severely restricted responses when asked to simulate different types of future episodic scenarios. Surprisingly, the patient’s responses are more limited in cases where the scenarios require less reliance on visual information. We explain this counterintuitive finding through discussing how the severe retrograde amnesia in visual memory deficit amnesia limits the patient’s access to episodic memories in which vision has not been a focus of their life. As a result, we argue that the deficits in visual memory deficit amnesia continue to distinguish it from amnesia after direct damage to the hippocampus.

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Skodzik, Timo, Heinz Holling, and Anya Pedersen. "Long-Term Memory Performance in Adult ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 21, no. 4 (July 28, 2016): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054713510561.

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Objective: Memory problems are a frequently reported symptom in adult ADHD, and it is well-documented that adults with ADHD perform poorly on long-term memory tests. However, the cause of this effect is still controversial. The present meta-analysis examined underlying mechanisms that may lead to long-term memory impairments in adult ADHD. Method: We performed separate meta-analyses of measures of memory acquisition and long-term memory using both verbal and visual memory tests. In addition, the influence of potential moderator variables was examined. Results: Adults with ADHD performed significantly worse than controls on verbal but not on visual long-term memory and memory acquisition subtests. The long-term memory deficit was strongly statistically related to the memory acquisition deficit. In contrast, no retrieval problems were observable. Conclusion: Our results suggest that memory deficits in adult ADHD reflect a learning deficit induced at the stage of encoding. Implications for clinical and research settings are presented.

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Guimarães, Catarina A., Patrícia Rzezak, Daniel Fuentes, Renata C. Franzon, Maria Augusta Montenegro, Fernando Cendes, Kette D. Valente, and Marilisa M. Guerreiro. "Memory in children with symptomatic temporal lobe epilepsy." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 72, no. 3 (March 2014): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20130223.

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In children with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), memory deficit is not so well understood as it is in adults. The aim of this study was to identify and describe memory deficits in children with symptomatic TLE, and to verify the influence of epilepsy variables on memory. We evaluated 25 children with TLE diagnosed on clinical, EEG and MRI findings. Twenty-five normal children were compared with the patients. All children underwent a neuropsychological assessment to estimate intellectual level, attention, visual perception, handedness, and memory processes (verbal and visual: short-term memory, learning, and delayed recall). The results allowed us to conclude: besides memory deficits, other neuropsychological disturbances may be found in children with TLE such as attention, even in the absence of overall cognitive deficit; the earlier onset of epilepsy, the worse verbal stimuli storage; mesial lesions correlate with impairment in memory storage stage while neocortical temporal lesions correlate with retrieval deficits.

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Barnes, James, Lisa Hinkley, Stuart Masters, and Laura Boubert. "Visual Memory Transformations in Dyslexia." Perceptual and Motor Skills 104, no. 3 (June 2007): 881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.104.3.881-891.

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Representational Momentum refers to observers' distortion of recognition memory for pictures that imply motion because of an automatic mental process which extrapolates along the implied trajectory of the picture. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that activity in the magnocellular visual pathway is necessary for representational momentum to occur. It has been proposed that individuals with dyslexia have a magnocellular deficit, so it was hypothesised that these individuals would show reduced or absent representational momentum. In this study, 30 adults with dyslexia and 30 age-matched controls were compared on two tasks, one linear and one rotation, which had previously elicited the representational momentum effect. Analysis indicated significant differences in the performance of the two groups, with the dyslexia group having a reduced susceptibility to representational momentum in both linear and rotational directions. The findings highlight that deficits in temporal spatial processing may contribute to the perceptual profile of dyslexia.

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Vlachos, Filippos, and Argiris Karapetsas. "Visual Memory Deficit in Children with Dysgraphia." Perceptual and Motor Skills 97, no. 3_suppl (December 2003): 1281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.97.3f.1281.

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VLACHOS, FILIPPOS. "VISUAL MEMORY DEFICIT IN CHILDREN WITH DYSGRAPHIA." Perceptual and Motor Skills 97, no. 8 (2003): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.97.8.1281-1288.

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Richman, Lynn C., Tammy Wilgenbusch, and Thomasin Hall. "Spontaneous Verbal Labeling: Visual Memory and Reading Ability in Children with Cleft." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 42, no. 5 (September 2005): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/04-128r.1.

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Objective The purpose of this study was to examine different types of short-term memory deficits (visual versus verbal) of children with cleft and to determine what type of memory deficits were associated with reading disorders. Design The study examined memory and reading in 48 consecutive cases of children with cleft, aged 7 to 9 years. A memory test designed to assess memory modalities (verbal-visual) was administered, along with tests of reading ability. Results Visual and verbal memory were examined with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The memory pattern indicated greatest deficit in visual memory. Two subgroups were formed, according to whether or not there was evidence of visual memory impairment. A hit rate predicting reading disability based on group membership was calculated to be 65%. Visual memory was significantly correlated with reading ability (r = .48). Conclusion A brief visual memory test was almost as good as Full Scale IQ in predicting reading disability.

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GASPARINI, MARINA, ANNE MARIE HUFTY, GIOVANNI MASCIARELLI, DONATELLA OTTAVIANI, UGO ANGELONI, GIAN LUIGI LENZI, and GIUSEPPE BRUNO. "Contribution of right hemisphere to visual imagery: A visual working memory impairment?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, no. 5 (September 2008): 902–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617708080995.

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Visual Imagery is the ability to generate mental images in the absence of perception, that is, “seeing with the mind's eye.” We describe a patient, IM, who suffered from an acute ischemic stroke in the right anterior choroidal artery who appeared to demonstrate relatively isolated impairment in visual imagery. Her cognitive function, including her performance on tests of semantic function, was at ceiling, apart from a deficit in visual memory. IM failed in tasks involving degraded stimuli, object decision involving reality judgments on normal animals, and drawings from memory. By contrast, she was able to match objects seen from an unfamiliar viewpoint and to perform tasks of semantic and visual association. We hypothesize that IM has a visual working memory deficit that impairs her ability to generate full visual representations of objects given their names, individual feature, or partial representations. The deficit appears to be the result of damage to connections between the right thalamus and the right temporal lobe. Our findings may help to clarify the role of the thalamus in the cortical selective engagement processes that underlie working memory. (JINS, 2008, 14, 902–911.)

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Kiselev, S. "Visual delayed memory in ADHD children." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S445—S446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.460.

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It was shown that children with ADHD have deficit in cognitive abilities. Particularly, in our previous research we have revealed that children with ADHD have weakness have deficit in memory for faces and for names in delayed recall condition.The goal of this research was to examine the hypothesis that children with ADHD have weakness in visual memory in delayed recall condition.The experimental group included 19 children with ADHD at age 6–7 years. The control group included 19 typically developing children. The children from experimental and control group were matched for IQ, gender and age.Children from both groups were assessed with visual memory subtest from Luria's neuropsychological assessment battery. This subtest is designed to assess the ability to perform the visual memory for objects in immediate and delayed conditions. Two-way ANOVA was used to reveal group differences in reproducing the objects in two conditions.We have not revealed significant differences between children from experimental and control group in the reproducing the objects in immediate condition. However, the interaction of condition type and group was significant (P ≤ 0.05). ADHD children were less successful in reproducing the objects in delayed condition.In view of the obtained results, it can be assumed that children with ADHD have specific deficit in memory domain – weakness in delayed memory.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

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Lufi, Dubi, and Arie Cohen. "Attentional Deficit Disorder and short-term visual memory." Journal of Clinical Psychology 41, no. 2 (March 1985): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198503)41:2<265::aid-jclp2270410222>3.0.co;2-v.

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Li, Xin, Mingming Hu, and Huadong Liang. "The Percentages of Cognitive Skills Deficits among Chinese Children with Developmental Dyslexia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050548.

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The current study was conducted to examine the percentages of cognitive skills deficits among Chinese children with developmental dyslexia. Via a systematic review, we collated twenty-two available studies on the proportion of cognitive skills deficits, including phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, morphological awareness, orthographic knowledge, short-term memory and working memory, and visual and motor skills deficits, among Chinese children with developmental dyslexia. The results of a meta-analysis showed that the rapid automatized naming deficits are the core deficit of developmental dyslexia among Chinese children, with a pooled percentage of 44%. This is followed by orthographic knowledge deficits (43%), phonological awareness deficits (41%), morphological awareness deficits (40%), visual and motor skills deficits (33%), and short-term memory and working memory deficits (25%). At the same time, we compared the proportions of different locations, ages, standards and control groups.

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Li, Xin, Mingming Hu, and Huadong Liang. "The Percentages of Cognitive Skills Deficits among Chinese Children with Developmental Dyslexia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050548.

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The current study was conducted to examine the percentages of cognitive skills deficits among Chinese children with developmental dyslexia. Via a systematic review, we collated twenty-two available studies on the proportion of cognitive skills deficits, including phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, morphological awareness, orthographic knowledge, short-term memory and working memory, and visual and motor skills deficits, among Chinese children with developmental dyslexia. The results of a meta-analysis showed that the rapid automatized naming deficits are the core deficit of developmental dyslexia among Chinese children, with a pooled percentage of 44%. This is followed by orthographic knowledge deficits (43%), phonological awareness deficits (41%), morphological awareness deficits (40%), visual and motor skills deficits (33%), and short-term memory and working memory deficits (25%). At the same time, we compared the proportions of different locations, ages, standards and control groups.

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Oddo, Silvia, Patricia Solis, Damian Consalvo, Eduardo Seoane, Brenda Giagante, Luciana D'Alessio, and Silvia Kochen. "Postoperative Neuropsychological Outcome in Patients with Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in Argentina." Epilepsy Research and Treatment 2012 (November 22, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/370351.

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The aim of the present study is to compare pre- and postsurgical neuropsychological outcome in individuals suffering from mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), in order to evaluate prognosis. The selected thirty-five patients had medically mTLE and had undergone an anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). Neuropsychological evaluation was performed in three different stages: before ATL, 6 months after resection, and a year afterwards. Neuropsychological protocol evaluated attention, verbal memory, visual memory, executive function, language, intelligence, and handedness. There was a significant improvement () in the group with visual memory deficit after surgery, whereas no changes were observed across patients with verbal memory deficit. No changes were observed in language after surgery. Executive function showed significant improvement 6 months after surgery (). Postoperative outcome of cognitive impairments depends on baseline neuropsychological status of the patients with TLE. In our case series, deficits found in patients with mTLE after ATL did not result in a subjective complaint.

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MINSHEW, NANCY J., GERALD GOLDSTEIN, and DON J. SIEGEL. "Neuropsychologic functioning in autism: Profile of a complex information processing disorder." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 3, no. 4 (July 1997): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617797003032.

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Neurobehavioral theories of autism have hypothesized core deficits in sensory input or perception, basic attentional abilities or generalized attention to extrapersonal space, anterograde memory, auditory information processing, higher order memory abilities, conceptual reasoning abilities, executive function, control mechanisms of attention, and higher order abilities across domains. A neuropsychologic battery designed to investigate these hypotheses was administered to 33 rigorously diagnosed autistic individuals with IQ scores greater than 80, and 33 individually matched normal controls. Stepwise discriminant function was used to define the profile of neuropsychologic functioning across domains. The neuropsychologic profile in these autistic individuals was defined by impairments in skilled motor, complex memory, complex language, and reasoning domains, and by intact or superior performance in the attention, simple memory, simple language, and visual–spatial domains. This profile is not consistent with mental retardation or with a general deficit syndrome, but rather with a selective impairment in complex information processing that does not involve visual–spatial processing. This profile is not consistent with a single primary deficit, but with a multiple primary deficit model in which the deficit pattern within and across domains is reflective of the complexity of the information processing demands. This neuropsychologic profile is furthermore consistent with the neurophysiologic characterization of autism as a late information processing disorder with sparing of early information processing. (JINS, 1997, 3, 303–316)

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Shang, C. Y., and S. S. Gau. "Visual memory as a potential cognitive endophenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 12 (June 2, 2011): 2603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711000857.

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BackgroundExecutive functions have been proposed as endophenotypes for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, data regarding visual memory are lacking. We therefore assessed visual memory in adolescents with ADHD and their unaffected siblings compared with controls.MethodThe participants included 279 adolescents with ADHD, 108 unaffected siblings, and 173 unaffected school controls. They were assessed by using the visual memory tasks of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): Delayed Matching to Sample (DMS), Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM), Paired Associates Learning (PAL), and Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM).ResultsCompared with the controls, probands with ADHD had a significantly lower number of correct responses, a higher probability of an error following a correct response and following an error response in the DMS, and a lower percentage of correct responses in the SRM. Their unaffected siblings occupied an intermediate position between ADHD probands and controls in the probability of an error following a correct response and following an error response in the DMS, and in the percentage of correct responses in the SRM. In general, lower IQ and current use of and duration of treatment with methylphenidate were associated with more severe visual memory deficits.ConclusionsThe present results suggest that ADHD is associated with poorer visual memory function. Visual memory assessed by the DMS and SRM tasks in the CANTAB may be a useful endophenotype for ADHD.

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Hayashi, Satoshi, Seishi Terada, Etsuko Oshima, Shuhei Sato, Kairi Kurisu, Shintaro Takenoshita, Osamu Yokota, and Norihito Yamada. "Verbal or Visual Memory Score and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Alzheimer Disease." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 8, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000486093.

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Objective: Among many cognitive function deficits, memory impairment is an initial and cardinal symptom in Alzheimer disease (AD). In most cases, verbal and visual memory scores correlate highly, but in some cases the deficit of verbal or visual memory is very different from that of the other memory. In this study, we examined the neural substrates of verbal and visual memory in patients with AD. Methods: One hundred eighty-eight consecutive patients with AD were recruited from outpatient units. Verbal and visual memory scores were evaluated using the Wechsler Memory Scale – revised. The patients underwent brain SPECT with 99mTc-ethylcysteinate dimer. Results: After removing the effects of age, sex, education, and Mini-Mental State Examination scores, correlation analysis showed a significant correlation of verbal memory scores to regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the bilateral cingulate gyrus and left precuneus. Similarly, a significant correlation of visual memory scores to rCBF was found in the right precuneus and right cingulate gyrus. Conclusion: The posterior medial cortices (PMC) are very important areas in episodic memory among patients with mild AD. Verbal memory is more closely related to the both sides of the PMC, while visual memory is more closely related to the right PMC.

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Hadfield, Wendy S., Mark G. Baxter, and Elisabeth A. Murray. "Effects of Combined and Separate Removals of Rostral Dorsal Superior Temporal Sulcus Cortex and Perirhinal Cortex on Visual Recognition Memory in Rhesus Monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 4 (October 2003): 2419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00290.2003.

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The dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus (STSd) bears anatomical relations similar to those of perirhinal cortex, an area critical for visual recognition memory. To examine whether STSd makes a similar contribution to visual recognition memory, performance on visual delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) was assessed in rhesus monkeys with combined or separate ablations of the perirhinal cortex and STSd as well as in unoperated controls. Consistent with previous findings, ablations of perirhinal cortex produced deficits nearly as severe as that found after rhinal (i.e., entorhinal plus perirhinal) cortex lesions. However, combined lesions of perirhinal cortex and STSd produced a deficit no greater than that produced by perirhinal cortex ablation alone, and lesions of STSd alone were without effect on DNMS. We conclude that STSd is not critically involved in visual recognition memory.

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Guidetti, Giorgio, Riccardo Guidetti, and Silvia Quaglieri. "Sport as a Factor in Improving Visual Spatial Cognitive Deficits in Patients with Hearing Loss and Chronic Vestibular Deficit." Audiology Research 11, no. 2 (June 19, 2021): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11020027.

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Hearing loss and chronic vestibular pathologies require brain adaptive mechanisms supported by a cross-modal cortical plasticity. They are often accompanied by cognitive deficits. Spatial memory is a cognitive process responsible for recording information about the spatial environment and spatial orientation. Visual-spatial working memory (VSWM) is a kind of short-term working memory that allows spatial information to be temporarily stored and manipulated. It can be conditioned by hearing loss and also well-compensated chronic vestibular deficit. Vestibular rehabilitation and hearing aid devices or training are able to improve the VSWM. We studied 119 subjects suffering from perinatal or congenital hearing loss, compared with 532 healthy subjects and 404 patients with well-compensated chronic vestibular deficit (CVF). VSWM was evaluated by the eCorsi test. The subjects suffering from chronic hearing loss and/or unilateral or bilateral vestibular deficit showed a VSWM less efficient than healthy people, but much better than those with CVF, suggesting a better multimodal adaptive strategy, probably favored by a cross-modal plasticity which also provides habitual use of lip reading. The sport activity cancels the difference with healthy subjects. It is therefore evident that patients with this type of deficit since childhood should be supported and advised on a sport activity or repeated vestibular stimulation.

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Carota, Antonio, Herbert Neufeld, and Pasquale Calabrese. "Memory Profiles after Unilateral Paramedian Thalamic Stroke Infarction: A Comparative Study." Case Reports in Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/430869.

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We performed extensive neuropsychological assessment of two male patients (matched for age and educational level) with similar (localization and size) unilateral paramedian ischemic thalamic lesions (AB on the left and SD on the right). Both patients showed severe memory impairments as well as other cognitive deficits. In comparison to SD, AB showed severe impairment of executive functions and a more severe deficit of episodic/anterograde memory, especially in the verbal modality. The findings of this single case study suggest the possibility that the profile and severity of the executive dysfunction are determinant for the memory deficits and depend on from the side of the lesion. In addition to a material-side-specific (verbal versus visual) deficit hypothesis, the differential diencephalo-prefrontal contributions in mnestic-processing, in case of paramedian thalamic stroke, might also be explained in terms of their stage-specificity (encoding versus retrieval).

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Toffalini, Enrico, Mara Marsura, Ricardo Basso Garcia, and Cesare Cornoldi. "A Cross-Modal Working Memory Binding Span Deficit in Reading Disability." Journal of Learning Disabilities 52, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022219418786691.

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Successful reading demands the ability to combine visual-phonological information into a single representation and is associated with an efficient short-term memory. Reading disability may consequently involve an impaired working memory binding of visual and phonological information. The present study proposes two span tasks for assessing visual-phonological working memory binding. The tasks involved memorizing cross-modal associations between nonsense figures and nonwords, and they were administered, with other working memory measures, to children with and without a reading disability. The tasks required recognizing which figure was associated with a given nonword and recalling which nonword was associated with a given figure. Children with a reading disability had a similar significant deficit in both cross-modal binding tasks when compared with the control children, and the difference remained significant even after controlling for other verbal and nonverbal working memory measures. The cross-modal binding tasks described here seem to capture a core aspect of working memory associated with reading and may be a useful procedure for assessing reading disabilities.

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Moore, Norman C., Robert L. Vogel, Karen A. Tucker, Nahed M. Khairy, and Kerry L. Coburn. "P2 Flash Visual Evoked Response Delay May Be a Marker of Cognitive Dysfunction in Healthy Elderly Volunteers." International Psychogeriatrics 8, no. 4 (December 1996): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610296002876.

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In an earlier study, 31 healthy elderly volunteers had normal cognitive function as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination. Twenty-seven returned for further memory testing using the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). The P2 latency of the flash visual evoked response was positively correlated with age (p = .0008), but was not significantly related to gender. Nine of these 27 putatively healthy subjects had a delayed P2, suggestive of dementia. Although unaware of any memory deficits, 5 of the 27 had WMS-R Visual Memory Span percentile scores 1 or more standard deviations less than age-matched controls. Four of the five also had a significantly delayed P2 component. This positive correlation, adjusted for age, between poor Visual Memory Span performance and a delayed P2 was statistically significant (p < .025). These findings suggest that a delayed P2 in putatively healthy subjects is indicative of a visuospatial deficit which might be a precursor of dementia later.

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Jakobson, L. S., P. Pearson, and B. Robertson. "A colour-specific deficit in visual working memory and imagery." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (September 1, 2005): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.1025.

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Rubin, D. C., and D. L. Greenberg. "Visual memory-deficit amnesia: A distinct amnesic presentation and etiology." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 9 (April 28, 1998): 5413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.9.5413.

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Liang, Yuying, Yoni Pertzov, Jennifer M. Nicholas, Susie M. D. Henley, Sebastian Crutch, Felix Woodward, Kelvin Leung, Nick C. Fox, and Masud Husain. "Visual short-term memory binding deficit in familial Alzheimer's disease." Cortex 78 (May 2016): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.01.015.

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Rolinski, Michal, Nahid Zokaei, Michael Lawton, Samuel Evetts, Clare Mackay, Timothy Quinnell, Zenobia Zaiwalla, Yoav Ben-Shlomo, Masud Husain, and Michele Hu. "FEATURES IN IDIOPATHIC RBD MIRROR THOSE OBSERVED IN PD." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 86, no. 11 (October 14, 2015): e4.94-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2015-312379.183.

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IntroductionPatients with idiopathic RBD have an increased risk of developing a defined neurodegenerative disorder, the majority developing PD. Is it possible to detect features of PD in RBD, before a diagnosis of PD is established?MethodsFifty-seven patients with polysomnography-proven idiopathic RBD and seventy-four control and drug-naïve PD subjects were recruited. All participants underwent a thorough motor and non-motor assessment, and were screened for mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA) genes. Visual working memory was separately assessed in 21 RBD, 15 drug-naïve PD and 21 controls using a serial order task testing both recall precision and the pattern of impairment.ResultsRBD patients had increased motor and postural impairment compared to controls. Non-motor deficits (hyposmia, constipation, depression, anxiety) were similar between RBD and PD cases. Furthermore, there was a significant deficit of working memory memory recall precision in PD and RBD, with the pattern of deficit being similar in both groups.ConclusionRBD is associated with motor and non-motor impairment often seen in early PD. The pattern of visual working memory impairment in RBD is equivalent to that observed in early PD. These results support the hypothesis that idiopathic RBD is representative of prodromal sporadic PD.

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Lazzaro, Giulia, Cristiana Varuzza, Floriana Costanzo, Elisa Fucà, Silvia Di Vara, Maria Elena De Matteis, Stefano Vicari, and Deny Menghini. "Memory Deficits in Children with Developmental Dyslexia: A Reading-Level and Chronological-Age Matched Design." Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010040.

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Developmental Dyslexia (DD) is considered a multifactorial deficit. Among the neurocognitive impairments identified in DD, it has been found that memory plays a particularly important role in reading and learning. The present study aims to investigate whether short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) deficits could be related to poor reading experience or could be causal factors in DD. To verify that memory deficits in DD did not simply reflect differences in reading experience, 16 children with DD were not only compared to 16 chronological age-matched children (CA) but also to 16 reading level-matched children (RL) in verbal, visual-object, and visual-spatial STM and LTM tasks. Children with DD performed as well as RL, but worse than CA in all STM tasks. Considering LTM, the three groups did not differ in Visual-Object and Visual-Spatial Learning tasks. In the Verbal LTM task, DD recalled significantly fewer words than CA but not RL, while CA and RL showed a similar performance. The present results suggest that when reading experience was equated, children with DD and typical readers did not differ in STM and LTM, especially in the verbal modality, weakening claims that memory has a causal effect in reading impairments.

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Cappa, Antonella, Nicoletta Ciccarelli, Eleonora Baldonero, Marialuisa Martelli, and Maria Caterina Silveri. "Posterior AD-Type Pathology: Cognitive Subtypes Emerging from a Cluster Analysis." Behavioural Neurology 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/259358.

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Background. “Posterior shift” of the neuropathological changes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) produces a syndrome (posterior cortical atrophy) (PCA) dominated by high-level visual deficits.Objective. To explore in patients with AD-type pathology whether a data-driven analysis (cluster analysis) based on neuropsychological findings resulted in the emergence of different subgroups of patients; in particular to find out whether it was possible to identify patients with visuospatial deficits consistent with the hypothesis that PCA is a “dorsal stream” syndrome or, rather, whether there were subgroups of patients with different types of impairment within the high-level visual domain.Methods. 23 PCA and 16 DAT patients were studied. By a principal component analysis performed on a wide range of neuropsychological tasks, 15 variables were obtained that loaded onto five main factors (memory, language, perceptual, visuospatial, and calculation) which entered a hierarchical cluster analysis.Results. Four clusters of cognitive impairment emerged: visuospatial/perceptual, memory, perceptual/calculation, and language. Only in the first cluster a visuospatial deficit clearly emerged.Conclusions. AD pathology produces not only variants dominated by memory (DAT) and, to a lesser extent, visuospatial deficit (PCA), but also other distinct syndromic subtypes with disorders in visual perception and language which reflect a different vulnerability of specific functional networks.

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Rodríguez-Toscano, Elisa, Teresa Sánchez-Gutiérrez, Ángel Del Rey-Mejías, Laura Roldán, David Fraguas, Mara Parellada, Celso Arango, and Dolores Moreno. "Poster #T199 WORKING MEMORY AND VISUAL MEMORY DEFICIT IN CHILDREN OFFSPRING OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS." Schizophrenia Research 153 (April 2014): S359—S360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(14)71015-1.

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Rhodes, Sinead M., David R. Coghill, and Keith Matthews. "Methylphenidate restores visual memory, but not working memory function in attention deficit-hyperkinetic disorder." Psychopharmacology 175, no. 3 (May 8, 2004): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-1833-7.

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Rosenbaum, R. Shayna, Margaret C. McKinnon, Brian Levine, and Morris Moscovitch. "Visual imagery deficits, impaired strategic retrieval, or memory loss: disentangling the nature of an amnesic person’s autobiographical memory deficit." Neuropsychologia 42, no. 12 (January 2004): 1619–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.010.

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Pinero-Pinto, Elena, Rita Pilar Romero-Galisteo, María Carmen Sánchez-González, Isabel Escobio-Prieto, Carlos Luque-Moreno, and Rocío Palomo-Carrión. "Motor Skills and Visual Deficits in Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Narrative Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 7447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247447.

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Background: Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a developmental disorder in which numerous comorbidities seem to coexist, such as motor and visual impairment and some executive functions; Methods: A narrative review on motor and visual deficits in children with DCD was carried out; Results and Discussion: Fine and gross motor skills are affected in children with DCD. In addition, they seem to be related to visual deficits, such as difficulty in visual perception, sensory processing and visual memory. Limitations have also been found in accommodation. Interventions in children with DCD should be aimed at improving both aspects, since vision affects motor skills and vice versa; Conclusions: In children with DCD, who present a marked deficit in global shape processing, it causes an association between deficiencies in visual perception and motor skills.

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Tafti, Mahnaz Akhavan, Mansoor Ali Hameedy, and Nahid Mohammadi Baghal. "Dyslexia, a deficit or a difference: Comparing the creativity and memory skills of dyslexic and nondyslexic students in Iran." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 8 (September 1, 2009): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.8.1009.

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Positive and negative aspects of dyslexia were explored within the Iranian context. Dyslexia can be considered either as a deficit or merely as a difference. In this study 26 dyslexic primary-school students in Tehran were matched with 26 nondyslexics. The Shirazi and Nilipur (2004) Diagnostic Reading Test was administered to identify any significant difference in reading ability between the two groups. Then the Torrance (1974; as cited in Alizadeh, 1994) Creativity Test (Form B, picture subtest) and the Cornoldi (1995; as cited in Kakavand, 2003) Test of Visual-Spatial and Verbal Memory were used. Nondyslexics outperformed dyslexics significantly in visual-verbal memory of words for concrete objects and abstract concepts and in audio-verbal memory of words for abstract concepts. Dyslexic students performed significantly better in visual and audio memory of concrete words compared to abstract concepts; their visual-spatial memory was better than their visual-semantic memory, and their pictorial memory was also better than their verbal memory. Dyslexic students scored higher than nondyslexics for original thinking and equally as high in overall creativity. These findings indicate that a change of attitude is needed toward dyslexics.

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Saiki, J., and H. Miyatsuji. "Binding deficit in visual short-term memory reflects maintenance, not retrieval." Journal of Vision 7, no. 9 (March 30, 2010): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/7.9.853.

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Kobus, D. A., T. C. Zino, L. Lewandowski, and J. F. Sturr. "Reading Disability: A Hemispheric Asymmetry-Information Processing Approach." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 2 (October 1986): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.583.

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A visual half-field task using a Sperling partial-report paradigm was presented to 10 reading disabled and 10 control subjects (7 to 14 yr. old). The design was very similar to that described in 1977 by Morrison, Giordani, and Nagy, examining performance of letters placed in a circular array at both the perceptual and short-term memory stage. The reading-disabled subjects performed significantly lower on letter-recognition during both the perceptual and short-term memory processing stages. A hemi-field analysis showed a left visual-field performance decrement for the reading-disabled group during the short-term memory stage. Contrary to previous findings which discount a perceptual deficit, this study indicates that such a deficit may exist and is further accentuated during the short-term memory stage by a decrement in right-hemisphere performance.

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Charnallet, A., S. Carbonnel, D. David, and O. Moreaud. "Associative Visual Agnosia: A Case Study." Behavioural Neurology 19, no. 1-2 (2008): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/241753.

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We report a case of massive associative visual agnosia. In the light of current theories of identification and semantic knowledge organization, a deficit involving both levels of structural description system and visual semantics must be assumed to explain the case. We suggest, in line with a previous case study [1], an alternative account in the framework of (non abstractive) episodic models of memory [4].

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Shang, C. Y., H. Y. Lin, W. Y. Tseng, and S. S. Gau. "A haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene modulates regional homogeneity, gray matter volume, and visual memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 15 (February 13, 2018): 2530–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718000144.

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AbstractBackgroundThe dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and visual memory deficits have been consistently reported to be associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to examine whether a DAT1 haplotype affected functional and structural brain alterations in children with ADHD and whether those alterations were associated with visual memory.MethodWe recruited a total of 37 drug-naïve children with ADHD (17 with the DAT1 rs27048 (C)/rs429699 (T) haplotype and 20 without the CT haplotype) and 37 typically developing children (17 with the CT haplotype and 20 without the CT haplotype). Visual memory was assessed by the pattern recognition memory (PRM) and spatial recognition memory (SRM) tasks. We analyzed functional and structural brain architecture with regional homogeneity (ReHo) and gray matter volume (GMV).ResultsThe CT haplotype was associated with decreased ReHo in the left superior occipital gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus; and decreased GMV in the left superior occipital gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus, and in the right angular gyrus. Significant interactions of ADHD and the CT haplotype were found in the right postcentral gyrus for ReHo and in the right supplementary motor area for GMV. For the ADHD-CT group, we found negative correlations of total correct responses in PRM and SRM and positive correlations of mean latency of correct responses in PRM with the GMV in the left superior occipital gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the DAT1-related GMV alterations in the posterior cortical regions may contribute to visual memory performance in children with ADHD.

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Raghubar, Kimberly P., Marcia A. Barnes, Mary Prasad, Chad P. Johnson, and Linda Ewing-Cobbs. "Mathematical Outcomes and Working Memory in Children With TBI and Orthopedic Injury." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, no. 3 (November 20, 2012): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617712001312.

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AbstractThis study compared mathematical outcomes in children with predominantly moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI;n= 50) or orthopedic injury (OI;n=47) at 2 and 24 months post-injury. Working memory and its contribution to math outcomes at 24 months post-injury was also examined. Participants were administered an experimental cognitive addition task and standardized measures of calculation, math fluency, and applied problems; as well as experimental measures of verbal and visual-spatial working memory. Although children with TBI did not have deficits in foundational math fact retrieval, they performed more poorly than OIs on standardized measures of math. In the TBI group, performance on standardized measures was predicted by age at injury, socioeconomic status, and the duration of impaired consciousness. Children with TBI showed impairments on verbal, but not visual working memory relative to children with OI. Verbal working memory mediated group differences on math calculations and applied problems at 24 months post-injury. Children with TBI have difficulties in mathematics, but do not have deficits in math fact retrieval, a signature deficit of math disabilities. Results are discussed with reference to models of mathematical cognition and disability and the role of working memory in math learning and performance for children with TBI. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–10)

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Bedard, Anne-Claude, Rhonda Martinussen, Abel Ickowicz, and Rosemary Tannock. "Methylphenidate Improves Visual-Spatial Memory in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 43, no. 3 (March 2004): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200403000-00006.

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Mammarella, Nicola, Cesare Cornoldi, and Elena Donadello. "Visual but not spatial working memory deficit in children with spina bifida." Brain and Cognition 53, no. 2 (November 2003): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00132-5.

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Becske, M., C. Marosi, H. Molnár, Z. Fodor, L. Tombor, and G. Csukly. "Working Memory Deficit and Attentional Distractibility in Schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.538.

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Introduction Meta-analyses suggest that patients with schizophrenia show deficit in working memory – both verbal and visual – and are more distractible. Working memory disturbances are even regarded as the central deficit in schizophrenia by some researchers. Theta synchronization (especially over fronto-central areas) is related to cognitive control and executive functioning during working memory encoding and retention. Objectives The main goal of the study was to gain more understanding of the nature of working memory deficit and attentional distractibility in schizophrenia. Methods 35 patients with schizophrenia and 39 matched controls were enrolled in our study. Participants performed a modified Sternberg working memory task that contained salient and non-salient distractor items in the retention period. A high-density 128 channel EEG was recorded during the task. Event-related theta (4-7 Hz) synchronization was analyzed during working memory encoding (learning) and retention (distractor filtering) in a later time window (350-550 ms). Results Patients with schizophrenia showed weaker working memory performance and increased attentional distractibility compared to the control group: patients had significantly lower hit rates (p < 0.0001) and higher distractor-related commission error rates (p < 0.0001). Theta synchronization was modulated by condition (learning < distractor) in both groups but it was modulated by salience only in controls (salient distractor > non-salient distractor, p[patients] = 0.95, p[controls] < 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that patients with schizophrenia show diminished cognitive control compared to controls in response to salient distractors. Difficulties in cognitive control allocation may contribute to the behavioral results observed in this study. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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DUMONT, CATHERINE, BERNADETTE SKA, and YVES JOANETTE. "Conceptual apraxia and semantic memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease: Two sides of the same coin?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6, no. 6 (September 2000): 693–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700666079.

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This study was designed to examine the patterns of apraxic disturbances and the relationships between action knowledge and other measures of semantic knowledge about objects in 10 well-characterized Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Five tasks were used to assess components of action knowledge (action–tool relationships, pantomime recognition, and sequential organization of action) and praxis execution (actual use, pantomiming) according to the cognitive model of praxis. Three tasks (verbal comprehension, naming, and a visual semantic matching task) were used to assess verbal–visual semantics. Considering patterns of apraxia first, conceptual apraxia was found in 9 out of the 10 AD patients, suggesting that it is a common feature even in the early stages of AD. Second, we found partly parallel deficits in tests of action-semantic and verbal–visual semantic knowledge in 9 AD patients. Impaired action knowledge was found only in patients with a semantic language deficit. These findings provide no evidence that “action semantics” may be separated from other semantic information. Our results support the view of a unitary semantic system, given that the representations of action-semantic and other semantic knowledge of objects are often simultaneously disrupted in AD. (JINS, 2000, 6, 693–703.)

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Lin, Y. J., W. J. Chen, and S. S. Gau. "Neuropsychological functions among adolescents with persistent, subsyndromal and remitted attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 8 (September 27, 2013): 1765–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713002390.

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BackgroundPrevious studies have reported mixed results on neuropsychological deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and only a few studies have focused on adolescents. There is also a debate about whether the executive function (EF) impairments in ADHD are primary deficits or have some contribution from the underlying non-EF processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the impairments in EF and neuropsychological function with relatively low executive demand (low-EF) in adolescents with childhood diagnosis of ADHD as a function of current ADHD status.MethodPsychiatric diagnostic interviews and computerized neuropsychological tests classified into EF and low-EF tasks were completed by 435 adolescents with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD (300 adolescents classified as persistent ADHD, 109 as subsyndromal ADHD and 26 as remitted ADHD based on the current diagnosis) and 263 typically developing (TD) adolescents.ResultsThere were significant EF (spatial working memory, spatial planning and verbal working memory) and low-EF (signal detectability, spatial span and visual recognition memory) impairments in persistent and subsyndromal ADHD. The impairments in EF were independent of low-EF despite significant moderate correlations between any two of these tasks. Adolescents with remitted ADHD showed no deficit in either EF or low-EF.ConclusionsThis study suggests that adolescents with persistent and subsyndromal ADHD have EF and low-EF impairments that might contribute to ADHD independently.

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Khan, Nawab Akhtar, Masroor Jahan, Amrita Kanchan, and Amool Ranjan Singh. "MANAGEMENT OF ATTENTION DEFICIT AND FINE MOTOR INCOORDINATION OF PRIMARY SCHOOL GOING ADHD (INATTENTIVE TYPE) CHILDREN." Acta Neuropsychologica 15, no. 3 (October 12, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6094.

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Background: Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) have a wide range of neuropsychological deficits including attention, memory, and executive functioning. The study was targeted to use a neuropsychological approach in remediating attention and fine motor training or the incoordination of children with ADHD- Inattentive type (IA). Material/Methods: A total of 20 primary school children fulfilling the criteria of ADHD- IA type were selected from different schools in Mysuru, India. Neuropsychological deficits were assessed using appropriate tools. Children in the experimental group were given attention and fine motor training for 3 months. A post test was conducted after 3 months training. The maintenance effect of therapy was studied until the completion of 1 year. Results: Results revealed that attention fine motor training was effective in improving focused and selective attention, working memory, new learning ability, visual fluency and fine motor training incoordination. Conclusions: It can be concluded that a neuropsychological rehabilitation is effective in remediating the deficits faced by children with ADHD-IA.

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Macphail, Euan M., and Steve Reilly. "Hyperstriatal Lesions and Short-Term Retention of Non-Visual Information in Pigeons." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B 37, no. 2b (May 1985): 121–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748508402091.

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Short-term retention of non-visual information was investigated using three series of hyperstriatal-lesioned and unoperated control pigeons. Neither retention (Experiment 1) nor acquisition (Experiment 3) of go/no-go alternation was disrupted by the lesions. Similarly, Experiments 2 and 5 failed to detect significant disruption of either retention or acquisition of spatial alternation. Increases in the retention intervals used in these tasks reduced accuracy in both groups but did not differently affect hyperstriatal as opposed to control performance. A lasting deficit was, however, obtained in a delayed-response task (Experiment 4), but this deficit, which was independent of retention interval, appeared to be the result, not of a disruption of memory, but of an exaggerated perseverative tendency. Experiment 6 confirmed that all three series of hyperstriatal birds showed disruption of reversals of a spatial discrimination. It is concluded that hyperstriatal lesions do not disrupt memory processes, and the hypothesis that hyperstriatal damage induces perseveration of central sets is discussed.

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BURDICK, KATHERINE E., DELBERT G. ROBINSON, ANIL K. MALHOTRA, and PHILIP R. SZESZKO. "Neurocognitive profile analysis in obsessive-compulsive disorder." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, no. 4 (June 25, 2008): 640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617708080727.

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Although neurocognitive deficits have been identified in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), little research has focused on whether these deficits are generalized or specific to a given cognitive domain. We assessed the relative strengths and weaknesses of 26 adult patients with OCD compared to 38 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers in domains of motor, verbal memory, visual memory, reasoning/problem solving, processing speed processing, and language. Profile analysis revealed an overall neurocognitive deficit of ½ standard deviation in OCD patients versus healthy volunteers, with relative weaknesses in motor and processing speed domains. In contrast, relative strengths were observed in language, verbal memory, and reasoning/problem solving. Our findings demonstrate neurocognitive impairment in OCD that may relate to functional outcome in this population. Findings of specific abnormalities on tasks of motor and processing speed are consistent with a hypothesized role of thalamocortical and basal ganglia regions in the pathogenesis of OCD. (JINS, 2008, 14, 640–645.)

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Brébion, Gildas, Rodrigo A. Bressan, Lyn S. Pilowsky, and Anthony S. David. "Processing Speed and Working Memory Span: Their Differential Role in Superficial and Deep Memory Processes in Schizophrenia." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17, no. 3 (March 8, 2011): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617711000208.

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Previous work has suggested that decrement in both processing speed and working memory span plays a role in the memory impairment observed in patients with schizophrenia. We undertook a study to examine simultaneously the effect of these two factors. A sample of 49 patients with schizophrenia and 43 healthy controls underwent a battery of verbal and visual memory tasks. Superficial and deep encoding memory measures were tallied. We conducted regression analyses on the various memory measures, using processing speed and working memory span as independent variables. In the patient group, processing speed was a significant predictor of superficial and deep memory measures in verbal and visual memory. Working memory span was an additional significant predictor of the deep memory measures only. Regression analyses involving all participants revealed that the effect of diagnosis on all the deep encoding memory measures was reduced to non-significance when processing speed was entered in the regression. Decreased processing speed is involved in verbal and visual memory deficit in patients, whether the task require superficial or deep encoding. Working memory is involved only insofar as the task requires a certain amount of effort. (JINS, 2011, 17, 485–493)

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Low, Ann-Marie, Signe Vangkilde, Julijana le Sommer, Birgitte Fagerlund, Birte Glenthøj, Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen, Claus Bundesen, Anders Petersen, and Thomas Habekost. "Visual attention in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder before and after stimulant treatment." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 15 (December 18, 2018): 2617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718003628.

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AbstractBackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which frequently persists into adulthood. The primary goal of the current study was to (a) investigate attentional functions of stimulant medication-naïve adults with ADHD, and (b) investigate the effects of 6 weeks of methylphenidate treatment on these functions.MethodsThe study was a prospective, non-randomized, non-blinded, 6-week follow-up design with 42 stimulant medication-naïve adult patients with ADHD, and 42 age and parental education-matched healthy controls. Assessments included measures of visual attention, based on Bundesen's Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), which yields five precise measures of aspects of visual attention; general psychopathology; ADHD symptoms; dyslexia screening; and estimates of IQ.ResultsAt baseline, significant differences were found between patients and controls on three attentional parameters: visual short-term memory capacity, threshold of conscious perception, and to a lesser extent visual processing speed. Secondary analyses revealed no significant correlations between TVA parameter estimates and severity of ADHD symptomatology. At follow-up, significant improvements were found specifically for visual processing speed; this improvement had a large effect size, and remained when controlling for re-test effects, IQ, and dyslexia screen performance. There were no significant correlations between changes in visual processing speed and changes in ADHD symptomatology.ConclusionsADHD in adults may be associated with deficits in three distinct aspects of visual attention. Improvements after 6 weeks of medication are seen specifically in visual processing speed, which could represent an improvement in alertness. Clinical symptoms and visual attentional deficits may represent separate aspects of ADHD in adults.

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Cai, Biye, Shizhong Cai, Hua He, Lu He, Yan Chen, and Aijun Wang. "Multisensory Enhancement of Cognitive Control over Working Memory Capture of Attention in Children with ADHD." Brain Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13010066.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in school-age children. Although it has been well documented that children with ADHD are associated with impairment of executive functions including working memory (WM) and inhibitory control, there is not yet a consensus as to the relationship between ADHD and memory-driven attentional capture (i.e., representations in WM bias attention toward the WM-matched distractors). The present study herein examined whether children with ADHD have sufficient cognitive control to modulate memory-driven attentional capture. 73 school-age children (36 with ADHD and 37 matched typically developing (TD) children) were instructed to perform a visual search task while actively maintaining an item in WM. In such a paradigm, the modality and the validity of the memory sample were manipulated. The results showed that under the visual WM encoding condition, no memory-driven attentional capture was observed in TD children, but significant capture was found in children with ADHD. In addition, under the audiovisual WM encoding condition, memory-matched distractors did not capture the attention of both groups. The results indicate a deficit of cognitive control over memory-driven attentional capture in children with ADHD, which can be improved by multisensory WM encoding. These findings enrich the relationship between ADHD and cognitive control and provide new insight into the influence of cross-modal processing on attentional guidance.

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&NA;. "Methylphenidate improves visual-spatial memory in paediatric patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1431 (April 2004): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200414310-00032.

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Gilpin, Heather, Daniel Whitcomb, and Kwangwook Cho. "Atypical evening cortisol profile induces visual recognition memory deficit in healthy human subjects." Molecular Brain 1, no. 1 (2008): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-6606-1-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Visual memory deficit'

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