Journal articles on the topic 'Visual abstraction in time'
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1
Lupacchini, Rossella. "Ways of Abstraction." Culture and Dialogue 4, no. 1 (July 22, 2016): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683949-12340005.
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The invention of “artificial perspective” revealed the ideal character of Euclidean geometry already in the Renaissance Europe of the fifteenth century. To the extent to which it made painting a “science” relying on mathematical rules, it made mathematics an “art” independent of the “geometry of nature.” It was the artistic vision emerging from perspective drawing that paved the way for scientific abstraction. However, it was only in the nineteenth century that the discovery of non-Euclidean geometry compelled mathematics to ponder the visual evidence of its principles and the reliability of its abstract concepts. At that time, it was the mathematical vision that first championed the rights of ideal forms to a higher level of abstraction and, therefore, oriented science and art towards new representational spaces.
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Ratner, Megan. "Abstraction Through Representation: Interview with Kevin Jerome Everson." Film Quarterly 71, no. 3 (2018): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2018.71.3.58.
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Kevin Jerome Everson has made more than 131 shorts and nine features—so far—exploring the intersections of work and geography among African Americans and other people of African descent. Often mining events from his own life, local history, and vignettes from his actors’ lives, Everson scripts ordinary behavior and dialogue into theatrical gestures. In reediting or restaging personal stories or archival footage, the prosaic becomes specific and distinct. Everson looks for “frames that connect the necessity and the coincidence,” where “necessity” is the plot or character driving the film, “coincidence” the scenes that seem accidental or are lifted from found footage. Ratner engages Everson on his oblique approach that prizes his subjects’ dignity over his viewers’ comfort. At a time when weightless spectacle dominates imagery, Everson responds to her questions and to his craft with nuanced gravity.
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Ebright, Ryan. "Doctor Atomic or: How John Adams Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Sound Design." Cambridge Opera Journal 31, no. 1 (March 2019): 85–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954586719000119.
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AbstractIn his autobiography, John Adams mused that his 2005 opera, Doctor Atomic, challenges directors and conductors owing to its ‘abstracted treatment’ of time and space. This abstraction also challenges scholars. In this article, I bring the cross-disciplinary field of sound studies into the opera house to demonstrate that Adams's obfuscation of operatic space–time is achieved primarily through the use of a spatialised electroacoustic sound design. Drawing on archival materials and new interviews with director Peter Sellars and sound designer Mark Grey, I outline the dramaturgical, epistemological and hermeneutic ramifications of sound design for opera studies and advocate for disciplinary engagement with the spatial dimensions of electroacoustic music generally, and within opera specifically.
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Pitts, Frederick Harry, Eleanor Jean, and Yas Clarke. "Sonifying the quantified self: Rhythmanalysis and performance research in and against the reduction of life-time to labour-time." Capital & Class 44, no. 2 (September 19, 2019): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816819873370.
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Today there is a proliferation of wearable and app-based technologies for self-quantification and self-tracking. This article explores the potential of an Open Marxist reading of Henri Lefebvre’s rhythmanalysis to understand data as an appearance assumed by the quantitative abstraction of everyday life, which negates a qualitative disjuncture between different natural and social rhythms – specifically those between embodied circadian and biological rhythms and the rhythms of work and organisations. It takes as a case study a piece of performance research investigating the methodological and practical potential of quantified-self technologies to tell us about the world of work and how it sits within life as a whole. The prototype performance research method developed in the case study reconnects the body to its forms of abstraction in a digital age by means of the collection, interpretation and sonification of data using wearable tech, mobile apps, synthesised music and modes of visual communication. Quantitative data were selectively ‘sonified’ with synthesisers and drum machines to produce a 40-minute electronic symphony performed to a public audience. The article theorises the project as a ‘negative dialectical’ intervention reconnecting quantitative data with the qualitative experience it abstracts from, exploring the potential for these technologies to be used as tools to recover the embodied social subject from its abstraction in data. Specifically, we explore how the rhythmanalytical method works in and against the reduction of life-time to labour-time by situating labour within the embodied time of life as a whole. We close by considering the capacity of wearable technologies to be repurposed by workers in constructing new forms of measurement around which to organise and bargain.
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Yoo, Sangbong, Seongmin Jeong, and Yun Jang. "Gaze Behavior Effect on Gaze Data Visualization at Different Abstraction Levels." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144686.
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Many gaze data visualization techniques intuitively show eye movement together with visual stimuli. The eye tracker records a large number of eye movements within a short period. Therefore, visualizing raw gaze data with the visual stimulus appears complicated and obscured, making it difficult to gain insight through visualization. To avoid the complication, we often employ fixation identification algorithms for more abstract visualizations. In the past, many scientists have focused on gaze data abstraction with the attention map and analyzed detail gaze movement patterns with the scanpath visualization. Abstract eye movement patterns change dramatically depending on fixation identification algorithms in the preprocessing. However, it is difficult to find out how fixation identification algorithms affect gaze movement pattern visualizations. Additionally, scientists often spend much time on adjusting parameters manually in the fixation identification algorithms. In this paper, we propose a gaze behavior-based data processing method for abstract gaze data visualization. The proposed method classifies raw gaze data using machine learning models for image classification, such as CNN, AlexNet, and LeNet. Additionally, we compare the velocity-based identification (I-VT), dispersion-based identification (I-DT), density-based fixation identification, velocity and dispersion-based (I-VDT), and machine learning based and behavior-based modelson various visualizations at each abstraction level, such as attention map, scanpath, and abstract gaze movement visualization.
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Hung, Keung, and Jean M. Ippolito. "Time-Space Alterations: A New Media Abstraction of Traditional Chinese Painting and Calligraphy Aesthetics." Leonardo 53, no. 1 (February 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01573.
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The artist and scholar Keung Hung argues that traditional Chinese manners of approaching art can be abstracted through digital media, forging new interdisciplinary correlations. He posits that digital media can be used to shift the notions of time and space from traditional Chinese aesthetics into the contemporary art context.
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BURNETT, MARGARET, JOHN ATWOOD, REBECCA WALPOLE DJANG, JAMES REICHWEIN, HERKIMER GOTTFRIED, and SHERRY YANG. "Forms/3: A first-order visual language to explore the boundaries of the spreadsheet paradigm." Journal of Functional Programming 11, no. 2 (March 2001): 155–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796800003828.
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Although detractors of functional programming sometimes claim that functional programming is too difficult or counter-intuitive for most programmers to understand and use, evidence to the contrary can be found by looking at the popularity of spreadsheets. The spreadsheet paradigm, a first-order subset of the functional programming paradigm, has found wide acceptance among both programmers and end users. Still, there are many limitations with most spreadsheet systems. In this paper, we discuss language features that eliminate several of these limitations without deviating from the first-order, declarative evaluation model. The language used to illustrate these features is a research language called Forms/3. Using Forms/3, we show that procedural abstraction, data abstraction and graphics output can be supported in the spreadsheet paradigm. We show that, with the addition of a simple model of time, animated output and GUI I/O also become viable. To demonstrate generality, we also present an animated Turing machine simulator programmed using these features. Throughout the paper, we combine our discussion of the programming language characteristics with how the language features prototyped in Forms/3 relate to what is known about human effectiveness in programming.
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Virgoe, April. "Nexus, veil: Robert Ryman and the equivocal spaces of abstraction." Journal of Contemporary Painting 7, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jcp_00031_1.
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It is now understood that the two great defining points in the history of western painting ‐ the emergence of illusory space in the Quattrocento and its disavowal in the mid-twentieth century ‐ represent significant shifts in a perpetual tide in which pictorial space is re-invented. Outside of modernist teleology, the ‘abstract’ in painting is a malleable term, denoting a tendency, or a move away from, rather than a polemic against depiction. How productively, then, can notions of pictorial space be mapped between ‘abstraction’ and ‘figuration’? In this article, I focus on the work of the American painter Robert Ryman (1930‐2019). Ryman defined his work as ‘realist’ and deployed a materialism that foregrounded the processes of painting. His paintings are both disarmingly simple and spatially complex, and, despite his disavowal of illusion, this complexity is, paradoxically, concerned with the production of pictorial space. I bring together two texts, Hubert Damisch’s A Theory of /Cloud/ and Hanneke Grootenboer’s The Rhetoric of Perspective, to address the complex and contradictory spaces in Ryman’s paintings and to suggest that they enter into a negotiation with a perspective that is something very different to a rebuttal. To look at Ryman again in this way is to offer a rethinking of the paradoxical spaces of abstract painting, its past and its present.
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Iachini, Santa, and Fiorella Giusberti. "Metric Aspects of Mental Images." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 3_suppl (December 1996): 1243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.3f.1243.
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This research concerns the representation of size and shape in long-term memory at different levels of abstraction. Some authors suggested a distinction between surface characteristics, including size, depending on an observer's point of view (viewer-centered), and abstract characteristic based only on an object's shape (object-centered). These studies raise the question of whether size-information is stored in long-term memory. This question may be dealt with by considering the topic of cognitive costs; since abstract representation needs more processing, more time is required to store fewer abstract representations than many viewer-level representations. Two hypotheses were put forward: information about size is preserved when an intermediate time is allowed to process visual stimuli, whereas it is discarded when a longer time is available; subjects who have longer time focus on shape, while subjects who have less time do not. Subjects were assigned to two groups differing in the time allowed to learn visual images. Both groups had to recognize previously learned visual mental images. These images were built up by a subtraction task. The testing stimuli were identical to learned ones, of a different size, or of a different shape. Analysis showed that information about size is not held in long-term memory. As regards shape, results were controversial.
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Nogueira, Franey. "Artists and the sciences in the birth of Modern life." Revista Scientiarum Historia 1 (December 12, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51919/revista_sh.v1i0.72.
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The time comprised in between the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century presented a revolution in the sciences that shaped what came to be defined as Modern life. It influenced and affected all fields of knowledge and social relationships. In this article I analyze how some of the main inventions and discoveries of this period impacted artists and artistic movements in practical and philosophical ways and how they collaborated to the surge of abstraction in the visual arts.
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Rosinol, Antoni, Andrew Violette, Marcus Abate, Nathan Hughes, Yun Chang, Jingnan Shi, Arjun Gupta, and Luca Carlone. "Kimera: From SLAM to spatial perception with 3D dynamic scene graphs." International Journal of Robotics Research 40, no. 12-14 (December 2021): 1510–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02783649211056674.
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Humans are able to form a complex mental model of the environment they move in. This mental model captures geometric and semantic aspects of the scene, describes the environment at multiple levels of abstractions (e.g., objects, rooms, buildings), includes static and dynamic entities and their relations (e.g., a person is in a room at a given time). In contrast, current robots’ internal representations still provide a partial and fragmented understanding of the environment, either in the form of a sparse or dense set of geometric primitives (e.g., points, lines, planes, and voxels), or as a collection of objects. This article attempts to reduce the gap between robot and human perception by introducing a novel representation, a 3D dynamic scene graph (DSG), that seamlessly captures metric and semantic aspects of a dynamic environment. A DSG is a layered graph where nodes represent spatial concepts at different levels of abstraction, and edges represent spatiotemporal relations among nodes. Our second contribution is Kimera, the first fully automatic method to build a DSG from visual–inertial data. Kimera includes accurate algorithms for visual–inertial simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), metric–semantic 3D reconstruction, object localization, human pose and shape estimation, and scene parsing. Our third contribution is a comprehensive evaluation of Kimera in real-life datasets and photo-realistic simulations, including a newly released dataset, uHumans2, which simulates a collection of crowded indoor and outdoor scenes. Our evaluation shows that Kimera achieves competitive performance in visual–inertial SLAM, estimates an accurate 3D metric–semantic mesh model in real-time, and builds a DSG of a complex indoor environment with tens of objects and humans in minutes. Our final contribution is to showcase how to use a DSG for real-time hierarchical semantic path-planning. The core modules in Kimera have been released open source.
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Häusler, Christian O., and Michael Hanke. "An annotation of cuts, depicted locations, and temporal progression in the motion picture "Forrest Gump"." F1000Research 5 (September 8, 2016): 2273. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9536.1.
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Here we present an annotation of locations and temporal progression depicted in the movie “Forrest Gump”, as an addition to a large public functional brain imaging dataset (http://studyforrest.org). The annotation provides information about the exact timing of each of the 870 shots, and the depicted location after every cut with a high, medium, and low level of abstraction. Additionally, four classes are used to distinguish the differences of the depicted time between shots. Each shot is also annotated regarding the type of location (interior/exterior) and time of day. This annotation enables further studies of visual perception, memory of locations, and the perception of time under conditions of real-life complexity using the studyforrest dataset.
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Porteous, Julie, Jonathan Teutenberg, David Pizzi, and Marc Cavazza. "Visual Programming of Plan Dynamics Using Constraints and Landmarks." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 21 (March 22, 2011): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v21i1.13451.
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In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the use of planning techniques in the area of new media. Many traditional planning notions no longer apply in the context of these applications. In particular, it can be difficult to answer the important question of what constitutes a good plan for the domain, but there is an emerging consensus that plan dynamics play an important role. As a consequence, it is important to support representation of such aspects. Our solution is to introduce a meta-level of representation that is an abstraction of the domain with respect to both time and causality, and to develop a visual representation of this in the form of a narrative arc. This visual representation can then be used in a visual programming approach to the exploration and specification of plan dynamics. In the paper we outline this approach to meta-level representation using constraints along with the visual programming interface we have developed. We illustrate the approach with examples of visual programming in the development of an interactive entertainment system based on Shakespeare's play ``The Merchant of Venice''
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White, Noel. "Time in the Aesthetic Dimension of Visual Art." KronoScope 8, no. 1 (2008): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852408x323201.
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AbstractIn the spring of 2006 the English artist Noel White met the author J.T. Fraser while staying with friends near Cordoba, Spain. Lively discussion arose between them prompted by a reading of a paper by the social scientist Barbara Adam, which argues for the recognition of a moral dimension in political decisions. What follows here is an essay based on their conversation. The essay does not comment directly on Adam's arguments, but extends the question of the moral dimension to White's own area of expertise, the visual arts. Through an analysis of aspects of the history of modern painting it offers an understanding of morality in art, not as an added extra, to be permitted or not, but, if the making of a thing is to go beyond mere emotional expression, as integral to it. This conclusion is reached by showing how it is the moral dimension that underlies the early discoveries of modern painting, which at the same time links it with earlier forms of painting, but which was an aspect subsequently overlooked in the interpretation of this new form in the modern era with perhaps hidden consequences.
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Bois, Yve-Alain. "Kobro and Strzemiński Revisited." October 156 (May 2016): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00250.
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An introduction to Katarzyna Kobro and Władysław Strzemiński's 1932 treatise on sculpture, Composing Space/Calculating Space-Time Rhythms, this piece discusses how these authors carry the essentialism and historicism typical of geometric abstraction of the interwar period to unprecedented levels. Includes critical remarks about the authors’ omissions (of Rodin, of Hildebrand, of Cubist sculpture) and their connection to Russian Constructivism.
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Ergun, Hilal, Yusuf Caglar Akyuz, Mustafa Sert, and Jianquan Liu. "Early and Late Level Fusion of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Concept Recognition." International Journal of Semantic Computing 10, no. 03 (September 2016): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x16400158.
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Visual concept recognition is an active research field in the last decade. Related to this attention, deep learning architectures are showing great promise in various computer vision domains including image classification, object detection, event detection and action recognition in videos. In this study, we investigate various aspects of convolutional neural networks for visual concept recognition. We analyze recent studies and different network architectures both in terms of running time and accuracy. In our proposed visual concept recognition system, we first discuss various important properties of popular convolutional network architecture under consideration. Then we describe our method for feature extraction at different levels of abstraction. We present extensive empirical information along with best practices for big data practitioners. Using these best practices we propose efficient fusion mechanisms both for single and multiple network models. We present state-of-the-art results on benchmark datasets while keeping computational costs at low level. Our results show that these state-of-the-art results can be reached without using extensive data augmentation techniques.
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Boujot, C., S. Cassen, and J. Vaquero Lastres. "Some Abstraction for a Practical Subject: the Neolithization of Western France Seen Through Funerary Architecture." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8, no. 2 (October 1998): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300001839.
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This article discusses the establishment of the Neolithic in western Europe, and presents two models which integrate aspects of the Neolithic funerary structures of western France. One model presents a cyclical evolution of tombs in France, in which there is a transformation of the funerary space around the corpse (the grave itself). This includes the modification of the anatomical order of the skeleton which becomes dependent on this transformation of the enclosing space, delimited by architectural forms such as allées couvertes.The second model places emphasis on relationships which were observed in north-west Spain between the visual references inherent in any natural environment, and the location of the earliest monumental funerary structures. This model also emphasizes the location of these monuments in space, a location which seems to depend on human movement through the landscape.When applied to such a region as the Morbihan débartement of Brittany (famous for sites such as Carnac and Locmariaquer), the two models converge. Together, they contribute to a better understanding of the succession of cultural complexes through time; but above all they suggest a radical process of transformation which is without doubt connected to the emergence of the Neolithic.
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Di Mascio, Tania, Rosella Gennari, Alessandra Melonio, and Laura Tarantino. "Supporting Children in Mastering Temporal Relations of Stories." International Journal of Distance Education Technologies 14, no. 1 (January 2016): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdet.2016010103.
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Though temporal reasoning is a key factor for text comprehension, existing proposals for visualizing temporal information and temporal connectives proves to be inadequate for children, not only for their levels of abstraction and detail, but also because they rely on pre-existing mental models of time and temporal connectives, while in the case of children the system has to induce the development of a mental model not existing yet. Filling this gap was the main goal of the FP7 European project TERENCE, which developed an adaptive learning system shaped around the concepts of repeated interaction experience and of graded text simplification and consistent with consolidated pedagogical approaches built on question-based games. In particular, in this paper the authors present the main features of its learner-oriented read-and-play visual interaction environment that, according to the dual-coding theory, follows a two-tiers approach pairing verbal and visual information.
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Lo-fen, I. "Text and Image Studies: Theory of East Asian Cultural Diffusion." Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jciea-2019-100104.
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Abstract The word ‘Text’ in Text and Image Studies encompasses sound/ language text, textual body, word/ literary text and image text. ‘Image’ represents not only pictorial illustrations, but also symbols, icons, logos/ trademarks and other forms of visual rhetoric, as well as videos, lines and printed material. Text and Image Studies offers valuable approaches in the investigation and analysis of the complexity of the interplay, interrelations and disjunctions between text and image in various forms of visual media. Chief subjects of interest include creativity and innovation, distribution and dissemination, sociopolitical implications, impact on consumerism, psychological effects on human cognition, etc. The theoretical application of Text and Image Studies in the East Asian cultural exchange discussed in this article is the fruit of almost two decades of research. The article uses a seven-pronged approach - canonization, politicization, conceptualization, abstraction, localization, standardization, modularization- in the study of East Asian cultural exchange in variety of regions, time periods, and genre in an attempt to explore new research ideologies and theories.
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NALEPA, GRZEGORZ J., ANTONI LIGĘZA, and KRZYSZTOF KACZOR. "FORMALIZATION AND MODELING OF RULES USING THE XTT2 METHOD." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 20, no. 06 (December 2011): 1107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213011000541.
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The paper discusses a new knowledge representation for rule-based systems called XTT2. It combines decision trees and decision tables forming a transparent and hierarchical visual representation of the decision units linked into a workflow-like structure. There are two levels of abstraction in the XTT2 model: the lower level, where a single knowledge component defined by a set of rules working in the same context is represented by a single decision table, and the higher level, where the structure of the whole knowledge base is considered. This model has a concise formalization which opens up possibility of well-defined, structured design and verification of formal characteristics. Based on the visual XTT2 model, a textual representation of the rule base is generated. A dedicated engine provides a unified run-time environment for the XTT2 rule bases. The focus of the paper is on the formalization of the presented approach. It is based on the so-called ALSV(FD) logic that provides an expressive calculus for rules.
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Weppelmann, Thomas A., Sabrina Khalil, Nabeel Zafrullah, Sabah Amir, and Curtis E. Margo. "Ocular Paraneoplastic Syndromes: A Critical Review of Diffuse Uveal Melanocytic Proliferation and Autoimmune Retinopathy." Cancer Control 29 (January 2022): 107327482211444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10732748221144458.
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Background: Dozens of paraneoplastic syndromes affect the visual system ranging from conjunctival pemphigoid to encephalopathy of the occipital cortex. The most profiled ocular syndromes are bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP) and the autoimmune retinopathies. Purpose: To review the critical features of these 2 entities then concentrate on advancements in treatment made within the last 10 years. Study Design: Literature review with structured data abstraction. Results: Major insights into pathogenesis have been wanting. Plasmapheresis appears to improve vision in a substantial proportion of patients with BDUMP. The number of clinical variables that influence visual outcome in paraneoplastic retinopathies combined with the variety of local and systemic treatment options makes interpretation of clinical effectiveness difficult. Conclusions: The rarity of these disorders makes randomized clinical trials unlikely. It may be time for a clinical professional organization to use a modified Delphi method to establish a consensus algorithm for the diagnosis and management of retinal paraneoplastic syndromes to augment clinical communications and clinical trials.
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Zupan, Zorana, and Derrick G. Watson. "Perceptual grouping constrains inhibition in time-based visual selection." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 2 (December 24, 2019): 500–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01892-4.
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AbstractIn time-based visual selection, task-irrelevant, old stimuli can be inhibited in order to allow the selective processing of new stimuli that appear at a later point in time (the preview benefit; Watson & Humphreys, 1997). The current study investigated if illusory and non-illusory perceptual groups influence the ability to inhibit old and prioritize new stimuli in time-based visual selection. Experiment 1 showed that with Kanizsa-type illusory stimuli, a preview benefit occurred only when displays contained a small number of items. Experiment 2 demonstrated that a set of Kanizsa-type illusory stimuli could be selectively searched amongst a set of non-illusory distractors with no additional preview benefit obtained by separating the two sets of stimuli in time. Experiment 3 showed that, similarly to Experiment 1, non-illusory perceptual groups also produced a preview benefit only for a small number of number of distractors. Experiment 4 demonstrated that local changes to perceptually grouped old items eliminated the preview benefit. The results indicate that the preview benefit is reduced in capacity when applied to complex stimuli that require perceptual grouping, regardless of whether the grouped elements elicit illusory contours. Further, inhibition is applied at the level of grouped objects, rather than to the individual elements making up those groups. The findings are discussed in terms of capacity limits in the inhibition of old distractor stimuli when they consist of perceptual groups, the attentional requirements of forming perceptual groups and the mechanisms and efficiency of time-based visual selection.
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Avola, Danilo, Luigi Cinque, Alessio Fagioli, Gian Luca Foresti, Daniele Pannone, and Claudio Piciarelli. "Bodyprint—A Meta-Feature Based LSTM Hashing Model for Person Re-Identification." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 5365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185365.
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Person re-identification is concerned with matching people across disjointed camera views at different places and different time instants. This task results of great interest in computer vision, especially in video surveillance applications where the re-identification and tracking of persons are required on uncontrolled crowded spaces and after long time periods. The latter aspects are responsible for most of the current unsolved problems of person re-identification, in fact, the presence of many people in a location as well as the passing of hours or days give arise to important visual appearance changes of people, for example, clothes, lighting, and occlusions; thus making person re-identification a very hard task. In this paper, for the first time in the state-of-the-art, a meta-feature based Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) hashing model for person re-identification is presented. Starting from 2D skeletons extracted from RGB video streams, the proposed method computes a set of novel meta-features based on movement, gait, and bone proportions. These features are analysed by a network composed of a single LSTM layer and two dense layers. The first layer is used to create a pattern of the person’s identity, then, the seconds are used to generate a bodyprint hash through binary coding. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested on three challenging datasets, that is, iLIDS-VID, PRID 2011, and MARS. In particular, the reported results show that the proposed method, which is not based on visual appearance of people, is fully competitive with respect to other methods based on visual features. In addition, thanks to its skeleton model abstraction, the method results to be a concrete contribute to address open problems, such as long-term re-identification and severe illumination changes, which tend to heavily influence the visual appearance of persons.
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Kjeldsen, Jens E. "Visual rhetorical argumentation." Semiotica 2018, no. 220 (January 26, 2018): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0136.
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AbstractIn semiotics and the study of pictorial communication, the conceptualization of visual rhetoric and argumentation has been dominated by two connected approaches: firstly, by providing an understanding of visual rhetoric through tropes and figures; and secondly, by interpreting pictures as texts that are read and decoded in the same way as words. Because these approaches provide an opportunity to understand pictures as a form of language, they contribute in explaining how pictures can be used to argue. At the same time, however, these approaches seem to under-communicate two central aspects of pictorial argumentation: its embedment in specific situations and the distinguishing phenomenological aesthetics of pictures. This paper argues that the study of visual argumentation must understand pictures both as languageandas a material aesthetic event. The possibility and actuality of visual argumentation is partly explained by understanding argumentation as a cognitive and situational phenomenon, and partly by introducing the notion of symbolic condensation. It is suggested that reconstruction of visual argumentation should be supported by reception analysis.
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Giordani, Bruno, Elise K. Hodges, Kenneth E. Guire, Deborah L. Ruzicka, James E. Dillon, Robert A. Weatherly, Susan L. Garetz, and Ronald D. Chervin. "Changes in Neuropsychological and Behavioral Functioning in Children with and without Obstructive Sleep Apnea Following Tonsillectomy." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, no. 2 (January 25, 2012): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617711001743.
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AbstractThe most common treatment for sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is adenotonsillectomy (AT). Following AT, SDB resolves in most cases, and gains in cognitive and behavior scores are consistently reported, although persistent neuropsychological deficits or further declines also have been noted. This study presents results of the comprehensive 1-year follow-up neuropsychological examinations for children in the Washtenaw County Adenotonsillectomy Cohort I (95% return rate). After adjusting for normal developmental and practice-effect related changes in control children, significant improvements 1 year following AT were noted in polysomnography and sleepiness, as well as parental reports of behavior, although cognitive outcomes were mixed. Children undergoing AT with and without polysomnography-confirmed obstructive sleep apnea improved across a range of academic achievement measures, a measure of delayed visual recall, short-term attention/working memory, and executive functioning, along with parental ratings of behavior. On the other hand, measures of verbal abstraction ability, arithmetic calculations, visual and verbal learning, verbal delayed recall, sustained attention, and another measure of visual delayed recall demonstrated declines in ability, while other measures did not improve over time. These findings call into question the expectation that AT resolves most or all behavioral and cognitive difficulties in children with clinical, office-based diagnoses of SDB. (JINS, 2012, 18, 212–222)
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Teng, Evelyn L., Kazuo Hasegawa, Akira Homma, Yukimuchi Imai, Eric Larson, Amy Graves, Keiko Sugimoto, et al. "The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI): A Practical Test for Cross-Cultural Epidemiological Studies of Dementia." International Psychogeriatrics 6, no. 1 (March 1994): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610294001602.
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The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) has a score range of 0 to 100 and provides quantitative assessment on attention, concentration, orientation, short-term memory, long-term memory, language abilities, visual construction, list-generating fluency, abstraction, and judgment. Scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Modified Mini-Mental State Test, and the Hasegawa Dementia Screening Scale can also be estimated from subsets of the CASI items. Pilot testing conducted in Japan and in the United States has demonstrated its cross-cultural applicability and its usefulness in screening for dementia, in monitoring disease progression, and in providing profiles of cognitive impairment. Typical administration time is 15 to 20 minutes. Record form, manual, videotape of test administration, and quizzes to qualify potential users on the administration and scoring of the CASI are available upon request.
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Mocrei-Rebrean, Lucian. "Psychology of Dwelling and Visual Appropriations—An Anthropological Application." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010082.
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We find ourselves situated within a world that can be experienced visually, for the first time, in its wholeness. Using conceptual analysis, we intend to show that notions born within the practice of habitation, such as the sense of place, place attachment, and hearth, can help us evaluate the psychological implications of the images of Earth taken from space. We chose a phenomenological approach to human habitation because it allows concepts pertaining to connected and inherently interdisciplinary fields, for instance environmental psychology or human geography, to be reunited under the umbrella of an anthropological interpretation. The sensory and imaginary connotations of the notion of place may be noticed starting from the distinction between space as mathematical abstraction and concrete places being experienced directly. An analysis of the nature of this connection leads to the finding that we actively imagine and reimagine the surrounding world as an unfolding space in which we are constantly attempting to dwell. What is of particular interest for us is the manner in which technologically-mediated visual experience may inspire cognitive representations or may generate profound emotions, such as the attachment to a particular place. Therefore, the value of imagination for the anthropology of habitation is not rendered by its compensatory role, but by its link to ontogenesis. Familiar places, which continue to attract us, are capable of triggering unique imaginary processes, reveries which refer us to the primordial steps of ontogenesis with outmost intensity. The process of subjective appropriation of the world begins with that privileged space of origin specific to each of us, the space which we identify with most intensely. Thus, the psychological impact of the image of Earth from space: we become intensely aware that this planet is our Place within a hostile universe.
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Uroskie, Andrew V. "Visual Music after Cage: Robert Breer, expanded cinema and Stockhausen's Originals (1964)." Organised Sound 17, no. 2 (July 19, 2012): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135577181200009x.
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Within William Seitz's 1961 exhibition The Art of Assemblage for the New York Museum of Modern Art, the question of framing – of art's exhibitionary situation within and against a given environment – had emerged as perhaps the major issue of postwar avant-garde practice. Beyond the familiar paintings of Johns and Rauschenberg, a strategy of radical juxtaposition in this time extended well beyond the use of new materials, to the very institutions of aesthetic exhibition and spectatorship. Perhaps the most significant example of this disciplinary juxtaposition can be found in the intermingling of the static and the temporal arts. Like many artists of the twentieth century, Robert Breer was fascinated by the aesthetic and philosophical character of movement. Trained as a painter, he turned to cinematic animation as a way of extending his inquiry into modernist abstraction. While the success of his initial Form Phases spurred what would be a lifelong commitment to film, Breer quickly grew frustrated with the kind of abstract animation that might be said to characterise the dominant tradition of visual music. Starting in 1955, his Image by Images inaugurated a radical new vision of hyperkinetic montage that would paradoxically function at the threshold of movement and stasis. As such, Breer's film ‘accompaniment’ to the 1964 production of Stockhausen's Originals has a curious status. While untethered from the musical performance, Breer's three-part ‘film performance’ extended Stockhausen's aesthetic and conceptual framework in rich and surprising ways. It might thus be understood as a ‘post-Cagean’ form of visual music, one in which the sonic and visual components function in a relation of autonomous complementarity within an overarching intermedia assemblage.
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Krzepota, Justyna, Teresa Zwierko, Lidia Puchalska-Niedbał, Mikołaj Markiewicz, Beata Florkiewicz, and Wojciech Lubiński. "The Efficiency of a Visual Skills Training Program on Visual Search Performance." Journal of Human Kinetics 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0051.
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AbstractIn this study, we conducted an experiment in which we analyzed the possibilities to develop visual skills by specifically targeted training of visual search. The aim of our study was to investigate whether, for how long and to what extent a training program for visual functions could improve visual search. The study involved 24 healthy students from the Szczecin University who were divided into two groups: experimental (12) and control (12). In addition to regular sports and recreational activities of the curriculum, the subjects of the experimental group also participated in 8-week long training with visual functions, 3 times a week for 45 min. The Signal Test of the Vienna Test System was performed four times: before entering the study, after first 4 weeks of the experiment, immediately after its completion and 4 weeks after the study terminated. The results of this experiment proved that an 8-week long perceptual training program significantly differentiated the plot of visual detecting time. For the visual detecting time changes, the first factor, Group, was significant as a main effect (F(1,22)=6.49, p<0.05) as well as the second factor, Training (F(3,66)=5.06, p<0.01). The interaction between the two factors (Group vs. Training) of perceptual training was F(3,66)=6.82 (p<0.001). Similarly, for the number of correct reactions, there was a main effect of a Group factor (F(1,22)=23.40, p<0.001), a main effect of a Training factor (F(3,66)=11.60, p<0.001) and a significant interaction between factors (Group vs. Training) (F(3,66)=10.33, p<0.001). Our study suggests that 8-week training of visual functions can improve visual search performance.
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Herawati, Herawati, Rustono Farady Marta, Hana Rochani G. Panggabean, and Changsong Wang. "Social Media and Identity Formation: Content Analysis of Movie “Eighth Grade”." Journal of Society and Media 5, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jsm.v5n2.p385-408.
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Movie is regarded as a visual medium that offers a comprehensive presentation of a phenomenon in a defined time. This study employed a qualitative method to provide an interpretive paradigm on the movie titled “Eighth Grade” (directed by Bo Burnham, 2018). It aims to understand the massive role of the use of social media in shaping the identity of young people. The content analysis of movie “Eighth Grade” was carried out by considering abstraction, explication, and structuring. To understand this phenomenon, this study employed Luyckx's perspective on identity formation theory and the social identity model of deindividuation effect. The results of the research showed that the movie "Eighth Grade" vividly described the process of identity formation in a sequential and comprehensive manner, as well as showcased the occurrence of deindividuation processes in social media activities. It Is suggested that to construct a healthy identity, digital activities should complement offline activities, not replace them.
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Romanov, Alexey, and Maria Lyakina. "Travel Time Estimation as a Global Trend in the Analysis of Innovative Transportation Projects." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 11011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112911011.
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Research background: The problem of evaluating the results of innovative transport technologies is extremely important for their implementation and realization. The assessment of possible benefits of innovative transport projects is complicated by a number of circumstances. These include a wide range of arising effects in various forms and the long life cycle of the project, which increases the difficulty of reliably measuring the various costs and results. Thus, it can be argued that outdated approaches and methods for assessing the new transport products hinder the development of innovations. Purpose of the article: to identify directions for assessing the travel time value in the analysis of the transportation projects economic efficiency. Methods: The study was conducted by means of scientific methods such as the comparative analysis, system method, generalization and abstraction. Also, we use the results of expert assessments based on depth-in interviews. Findings & Value added: The article substantiates the necessity of taking into account the incremental benefits for passengers from travel time reduction as the most important aspect of transport projects implementation, ensuring the formation of the whole range of external social and economic effects; The multi-factor dependence of the travel time value for a passenger, which is characterised by its heterogeneity during a journey, has been substantiated. The necessity of assessing changes of travel time values in the general transport costs of passengers has been substantiated, taking into account the several factors that lead to different time values. A visual model of the socio-economic effects formation of the HSR project, caused by changes in the passengers’ total transport costs and increased transport accessibility of the region, is proposed.
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Halpern, Orit. "Perceptual Machines: Communication, Archiving, and Vision in Post-War American Design." Journal of Visual Culture 11, no. 3 (December 2012): 328–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470412912455619.
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This article examines historical transformations in the relationship between the image, time, and knowledge after the war. One site to investigate these changes in representation is at the locus of science, design, film and architecture in the works of Charles and Ray Eames and Gyorgy Kepes for the Center for Advanced Visual Study at MIT and in the interests of science education. In these works, including many science education and pedagogy films, the nature of the image, the materiality of vision, and the relationship between documentation and communication were being aggressively rethought. All these projects were deeply invested in the emergent terms of cybernetics and electronic media. Ontology, documentation, and representation were seemingly replaced by discourses of communication, performance, and modularity; the world as interface for the mediation of ongoing, lively communicative exchanges. The work of Charles and Ray Eames and Gyorgy Kepes provides evidence of a more global reformulation of the work of the document, the relationship between abstraction and materiality, and among science, aesthetics, and visuality.
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Bernard, Jürgen, Marco Hutter, Michael Sedlmair, Matthias Zeppelzauer, and Tamara Munzner. "A Taxonomy of Property Measures to Unify Active Learning and Human-centered Approaches to Data Labeling." ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems 11, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2021): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3439333.
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Strategies for selecting the next data instance to label, in service of generating labeled data for machine learning, have been considered separately in the machine learning literature on active learning and in the visual analytics literature on human-centered approaches. We propose a unified design space for instance selection strategies to support detailed and fine-grained analysis covering both of these perspectives. We identify a concise set of 15 properties, namely measureable characteristics of datasets or of machine learning models applied to them, that cover most of the strategies in these literatures. To quantify these properties, we introduce Property Measures (PM) as fine-grained building blocks that can be used to formalize instance selection strategies. In addition, we present a taxonomy of PMs to support the description, evaluation, and generation of PMs across four dimensions: machine learning (ML) Model Output , Instance Relations , Measure Functionality , and Measure Valence . We also create computational infrastructure to support qualitative visual data analysis: a visual analytics explainer for PMs built around an implementation of PMs using cascades of eight atomic functions. It supports eight analysis tasks, covering the analysis of datasets and ML models using visual comparison within and between PMs and groups of PMs, and over time during the interactive labeling process. We iteratively refined the PM taxonomy, the explainer, and the task abstraction in parallel with each other during a two-year formative process, and show evidence of their utility through a summative evaluation with the same infrastructure. This research builds a formal baseline for the better understanding of the commonalities and differences of instance selection strategies, which can serve as the stepping stone for the synthesis of novel strategies in future work.
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BAUCKHAGE, CHRISTIAN, ELKE BRAUN, and GERHARD SAGERER. "FROM IMAGE FEATURES TO SYMBOLS AND VICE VERSA — USING GRAPHS TO LOOP DATA- AND MODEL-DRIVEN PROCESSING IN VISUAL ASSEMBLY RECOGNITION." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 18, no. 03 (May 2004): 497–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001404003198.
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Graphs and graph matching are powerful mechanisms for knowledge representation, pattern recognition and machine learning. Especially in computer vision their application is manifold. Graphs can characterize relations among image features like points or regions but they may also represent symbolic object knowledge. Hence, graph matching can accomplish recognition tasks on different levels of abstraction. In this contribution, we demonstrate that graphs may also bridge the gap between different levels of knowledge representation. We present a system for visual assembly monitoring that integrates bottom-up and top-down strategies for recognition and automatically generates and learns graph models to recognize assembled objects. Data-driven processing is subdived into three stages: first, elementary objects are recognized from low-level image features. Then, clusters of elementary objects are analyzed syntactically; if an assembly structure is found, it is translated into a graph that uniquely models the assembly. Finally, symbolic models like this are stored in a database so that individual assemblies can be recognized by means of graph matching. At the same time, these graphs enable top-down knowledge propagation: they are transformed into graphs which represent relations between image features and thus describe the visual appearance of the recently found assembly. Therefore, due to model-driven knowledge propagation assemblies may subsequently be recognized from graph matching on a lower computational level and tedious bottom-up processing becomes superfluous.
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Shahar, Y., M. Taieb-Maimon, and D. Klimov. "Intelligent Interactive Visual Exploration of Temporal Associations among Multiple Time-oriented Patient Records." Methods of Information in Medicine 48, no. 03 (2009): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me9227.
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Summary Objectives: To design, implement and evaluate the functionality and usability of a methodology and a tool for interactive exploration of time and value associations among multiple-patient longitudinal data and among meaningful concepts derivable from these data. Methods: We developed a new, user-driven, interactive knowledge-based visualization technique, called Temporal Association Charts (TACs). TACs support the investigation of temporal and statistical associations within multiple patient records among both con cepts and the temporal abstractions derived from them. The TAC methodology was implemented as part of an interactive system, called VISITORS, which supports intelligent visualization and exploration of longitudinal patient data. The TAC module was evaluated for functionality and usability by a group of ten users, five clinicians and five medical informaticians. Users were asked to answer ten questions using the VISITORS system, five of which required the use of TACs. Results: Both types of users were able to answer the questions in reasonably short periods of time (a mean of 2.5 ± 0.27 minutes) and with high accuracy (95.3 ± 4.5 on a 0–100 scale), without a significant difference between the two groups. All five questions requiring the use of TACs were answered with similar response times and accuracy levels. Similar accuracy scores were achieved for questions requiring the use of TACs and for questions requiring the use only of general exploration operators. However, response times when using TACs were slightly longer. Conclusions: TACs are functional and usable. Their use results in a uniform performance level, regardless of the type of clinical question or user group involved.
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Klimov, Denis, Alexander Shknevsky, and Yuval Shahar. "Exploration of patterns predicting renal damage in patients with diabetes type II using a visual temporal analysis laboratory." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 22, no. 2 (October 28, 2014): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2014-002927.
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Abstract Objective To analyze the longitudinal data of multiple patients and to discover new temporal knowledge, we designed and developed the Visual Temporal Analysis Laboratory (ViTA-Lab). In this study, we demonstrate several of the capabilities of the ViTA-Lab framework through the exploration of renal-damage risk factors in patients with diabetes type II. Materials and methods The ViTA-Lab framework combines data-driven temporal data mining techniques, with interactive, query-driven, visual analytical capabilities, to support, in an integrated fashion, an iterative investigation of time-oriented clinical data and of patterns discovered in them. Patterns discovered through the data mining mode can be explored visually, and vice versa. Both analysis modes are supported by a rich underlying ontology of clinical concepts, their relations, and their temporal properties. The knowledge enables us to apply a temporal-abstraction pre-processing phase that abstracts in a context-sensitive manner raw time-stamped data into interval-based clinically meaningful interpretations, increasing the results’ significance. We demonstrate our approach through the exploration of risk factors associated with future renal damage (micro-albuminuria and macro-albuminuria) and their relationship to the hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C ) and creatinine level concepts, in the longitudinal records of 22 000 patients with diabetes type II followed for up to 5 years. Results The iterative ViTA-Lab analysis process was highly feasible. Higher ranges of either normal albuminuria or normal creatinine values and their combination were shown to be significantly associated with future micro-albuminuria and macro-albuminuria. The risk increased given high HbA1C levels for women in the lower range of normal albuminuria, and for men in the higher range of albuminuria. Conclusions The ViTA-Lab framework can potentially serve as a virtual laboratory for investigations of large masses of longitudinal clinical databases, for discovery of new knowledge through interactive exploration, clustering, classification, and prediction.
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Kozłowski, Krzysztof. "„Jupiter and Beyond the Infinite”. 2001: Odyseja kosmiczna Stanleya Kubricka." Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 27, no. 36 (December 15, 2020): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/i.2020.36.07.
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The article deals with the relationship between film and painting, as well as the sciences (physics, cosmology) of the 20th century. It introduces the historical context important for the time when Kubrick’s film was made, and addresses the issue of abstraction in cinema, contemporary painting and cosmology, confronting artistic and scientific ideas (the models of the Universe). The starting point for the detailed analysis was “autonomous abstract film” (Alicja Helman), which as a film inside a film combines various cinematic types and genres. The analysis of takes and sequences of this film inside a film made it possible to decipher the director’s idea, which is expressed in intra-film references. The particular results of the research were compared with the possible iconographic context (Gerhard Richter). The inclusion of a diagnosis obtained on the basis of materials examined in the Kubrick Archives in London (Kamil Kościelski), and references to cultural tradition (Plato), supplement the aforementioned considerations in an important way.
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Alves, Caroline L., Rubens Gisbert Cury, Kirstin Roster, Aruane M. Pineda, Francisco A. Rodrigues, Christiane Thielemann, and Manuel Ciba. "Application of machine learning and complex network measures to an EEG dataset from ayahuasca experiments." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): e0277257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277257.
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Ayahuasca is a blend of Amazonian plants that has been used for traditional medicine by the inhabitants of this region for hundreds of years. Furthermore, this plant has been demonstrated to be a viable therapy for a variety of neurological and mental diseases. EEG experiments have found specific brain regions that changed significantly due to ayahuasca. Here, we used an EEG dataset to investigate the ability to automatically detect changes in brain activity using machine learning and complex networks. Machine learning was applied at three different levels of data abstraction: (A) the raw EEG time series, (B) the correlation of the EEG time series, and (C) the complex network measures calculated from (B). Further, at the abstraction level of (C), we developed new measures of complex networks relating to community detection. As a result, the machine learning method was able to automatically detect changes in brain activity, with case (B) showing the highest accuracy (92%), followed by (A) (88%) and (C) (83%), indicating that connectivity changes between brain regions are more important for the detection of ayahuasca. The most activated areas were the frontal and temporal lobe, which is consistent with the literature. F3 and PO4 were the most important brain connections, a significant new discovery for psychedelic literature. This connection may point to a cognitive process akin to face recognition in individuals during ayahuasca-mediated visual hallucinations. Furthermore, closeness centrality and assortativity were the most important complex network measures. These two measures are also associated with diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, indicating a possible therapeutic mechanism. Moreover, the new measures were crucial to the predictive model and suggested larger brain communities associated with the use of ayahuasca. This suggests that the dissemination of information in functional brain networks is slower when this drug is present. Overall, our methodology was able to automatically detect changes in brain activity during ayahuasca consumption and interpret how these psychedelics alter brain networks, as well as provide insights into their mechanisms of action.
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Figueroa, J. Sebastián. "Landscapes of Extraction and the Memories of Extinction in Patricio Guzmán’s Nostalgia de la luz and El botón de nácar." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 11, no. 1 (March 21, 2020): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2020.11.1.3325.
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Focusing on Guzmán's essay films Nostalgia de la luz (2010) and El botón de nácar (2015), in this article I argue that the ambiguity between reference and abstraction that pervades the visual representation of landscape in late capitalism offers a productive way to map out the processes of extinction caused by continual histories of extraction. This ambiguity not only reveals the limits of the landscape-form to convey the degradation of nature, but also the progressive disappearance of the human subject from the center of history in such spaces where capital seeks time and time again to resolve its internal contradictions through new forms of resource extraction. In this fashion, Guzmán’s totalizing aspiration to represent the historical, archaeological, and even cosmological pasts through the landscapes of the Atacama Desert and Patagonia becomes a way to explain how capital has moved from the human to the planetary, which entails a larger alteration of ecological metabolism and transforms extinction into the only historical horizon. I conclude that the memory of past processes of extraction and extinction inscribed in these landscapes can also function as a prolepsis of a future without us, thus presenting an opportunity to reactivate the subject’s historical potential to change the way we relate to nature.
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Wu, Renzhi, Prem Sakala, Peng Li, Xu Chu, and Yeye He. "Demonstration of panda." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, no. 12 (July 2021): 2735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3476311.3476332.
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Entity matching (EM) refers to the problem of identifying tuple pairs in one or more relations that refer to the same real world entities. Supervised machine learning (ML) approaches, and deep learning based approaches in particular, typically achieve state-of-the-art matching results. However, these approaches require many labeled examples, in the form of matching and non-matching pairs, which are expensive and time-consuming to label. In this paper, we introduce Panda, a weakly supervised system specifically designed for EM. Panda uses the same labeling function abstraction as Snorkel, where labeling functions (LF) are user-provided programs that can generate large amounts of (somewhat noisy) labels quickly and cheaply, which can then be combined via a labeling model to generate accurate final predictions. To support users developing LFs for EM, Panda provides an integrated development environment (IDE) that lives in a modern browser architecture. Panda's IDE facilitates the development, debugging, and life-cycle management of LFs in the context of EM tasks, similar to how IDEs such as Visual Studio or Eclipse excel in general-purpose programming. Panda's IDE includes many novel features purpose-built for EM, such as smart data sampling, a builtin library of EM utility functions, automatically generated LFs, visual debugging of LFs, and finally, an EM-specific labeling model. We show in this demo that Panda IDE can greatly accelerate the development of high-quality EM solutions using weak supervision.
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Assink, Egbert, Merel Lam, and Paul Knuijt. "Visual and phonological processes in poor readers' word recognition." Applied Psycholinguistics 19, no. 3 (July 1998): 471–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400010286.
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ABSTRACTIn two experiments, poor and normal Dutch readers, matched for reading age, were presented with visual matching tasks on a computer screen. In Experiment 1, word and pseudoword letter strings were used. The strings consisted of either uppercase/lowercase congruent (e.g., o/O) or uppercase/lowercase incongruent letters (e.g., a/A). Poor readers needed significantly more time to decode uppercase/lowercase incongruent pairs, especially when the pairs consisted of pseudowords. Experiment 2 investigated whether this effect was phonologically or visually mediated. Strings of letters, digit strings, and abstract figure symbols were used. Letter strings included words, pseudowords, and nonwords. Poor readers needed more time to match incongruent letter case pairs, consistent with Experiment 1. Poor readers performed more poorly on letter and digit string matching but not on the figure–symbol matching task. No evidence was found for the differential use of orthographic information in terms of multiletter constraints. The combined data on the letter, digit, and graphic symbol matching experiments suggest that an inadequate command of grapheme–phoneme associations is a critical factor in reading disability. Evidence for poor visual processing as an independent source of reading disability could not be established.
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Akula, Ramya, and Ivan Garibay. "VizTract: Visualization of Complex Social Networks for Easy User Perception." Big Data and Cognitive Computing 3, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3010017.
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Social networking platforms connect people from all around the world. Because of their user-friendliness and easy accessibility, their traffic is increasing drastically. Such active participation has caught the attention of many research groups that are focusing on understanding human behavior to study the dynamics of these social networks. Oftentimes, perceiving these networks is hard, mainly due to either the large size of the data involved or the ineffective use of visualization strategies. This work introduces VizTract to ease the visual perception of complex social networks. VizTract is a two-level graph abstraction visualization tool that is designed to visualize both hierarchical and adjacency information in a tree structure. We use the Facebook dataset from the Social Network Analysis Project from Stanford University. On this data, social groups are referred as circles, social network users as nodes, and interactions as edges between the nodes. Our approach is to present a visual overview that represents the interactions between circles, then let the user navigate this overview and select the nodes in the circles to obtain more information on demand. VizTract aim to reduce visual clutter without any loss of information during visualization. VizTract enhances the visual perception of complex social networks to help better understand the dynamics of the network structure. VizTract within a single frame not only reduces the complexity but also avoids redundancy of the nodes and the rendering time. The visualization techniques used in VizTract are the force-directed layout, circle packing, cluster dendrogram, and hierarchical edge bundling. Furthermore, to enhance the visual information perception, VizTract provides interaction techniques such as selection, path highlight, mouse-hover, and bundling strength. This method helps social network researchers to display large networks in a visually effective way that is conducive to ease interpretation and analysis. We conduct a study to evaluate the user experience of the system and then collect information about their perception via a survey. The goal of the study is to know how humans can interpret the network when visualized using different visualization methods. Our results indicate that users heavily prefer those visualization techniques that aggregate the information and the connectivity within a given space, such as hierarchical edge bundling.
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Bourouni, S., K. Dritsas, D. Kloukos, and R. J. Wierichs. "Efficacy of resin infiltration to mask post-orthodontic or non-post-orthodontic white spot lesions or fluorosis — a systematic review and meta-analysis." Clinical Oral Investigations 25, no. 8 (June 9, 2021): 4711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03931-7.
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Abstract Objective The present review systematically analyzed clinical studies investigating the efficacy of resin infiltration on post-orthodontic or non-post-orthodontic, white spot lesions (WSL), or fluorosis. Materials Five electronic databases (Central, PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, LILACS) were screened. Article selection and data abstraction were done in duplicate. No language or time restrictions were applied. Outcomes were visual-tactile or DIAGNOdent measurements. Results Eleven studies with 1834 teeth being affected in 413 patients were included. Nine studies were randomized control trials, one a prospective cohort study, and one had an unclear study design. Meta-analysis could be performed for “resin infiltration vs. untreated control,” “resin infiltration vs. fluoride varnish,” and “resin infiltration without bleaching vs. resin infiltration with bleaching.” WSL being treated with resin infiltration showed a significantly higher optical improvement than WSL without any treatment (standard mean difference (SMD) [95% CI] = 1.24 [0.59, 1.88], moderate level of evidence [visual-tactile assessment]) and with fluoride varnish application (mean difference (MD) [95% CI] = 4.76 [0.74, 8.78], moderate level of evidence [DIAGNOdent reading]). In patients with fluorosis, bleaching prior to resin infiltration showed no difference in the masking effect compared to infiltration alone (MD [95% CI] = − 0.30 [− 0.98, 0.39], moderate level of evidence). Conclusion Resin infiltration has a significantly higher masking effect than natural remineralization or regular application of fluoride varnishes. However, although the evidence was graded as moderate, this conclusion is based on only very few well-conducted RCTs. Clinical relevance Resin infiltration seems to be a viable option to esthetically mask enamel white spot lesions and fluorosis.
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Chishtie, Jawad Ahmed, Jean-Sebastien Marchand, Luke A. Turcotte, Iwona Anna Bielska, Jessica Babineau, Monica Cepoiu-Martin, Michael Irvine, et al. "Visual Analytic Tools and Techniques in Population Health and Health Services Research: Scoping Review." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): e17892. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17892.
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Background Visual analytics (VA) promotes the understanding of data with visual, interactive techniques, using analytic and visual engines. The analytic engine includes automated techniques, whereas common visual outputs include flow maps and spatiotemporal hot spots. Objective This scoping review aims to address a gap in the literature, with the specific objective to synthesize literature on the use of VA tools, techniques, and frameworks in interrelated health care areas of population health and health services research (HSR). Methods Using the 2018 PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines, the review focuses on peer-reviewed journal articles and full conference papers from 2005 to March 2019. Two researchers were involved at each step, and another researcher arbitrated disagreements. A comprehensive abstraction platform captured data from diverse bodies of the literature, primarily from the computer and health sciences. Results After screening 11,310 articles, findings from 55 articles were synthesized under the major headings of visual and analytic engines, visual presentation characteristics, tools used and their capabilities, application to health care areas, data types and sources, VA frameworks, frameworks used for VA applications, availability and innovation, and co-design initiatives. We found extensive application of VA methods used in areas of epidemiology, surveillance and modeling, health services access, use, and cost analyses. All articles included a distinct analytic and visualization engine, with varying levels of detail provided. Most tools were prototypes, with 5 in use at the time of publication. Seven articles presented methodological frameworks. Toward consistent reporting, we present a checklist, with an expanded definition for VA applications in health care, to assist researchers in sharing research for greater replicability. We summarized the results in a Tableau dashboard. Conclusions With the increasing availability and generation of big health care data, VA is a fast-growing method applied to complex health care data. What makes VA innovative is its capability to process multiple, varied data sources to demonstrate trends and patterns for exploratory analysis, leading to knowledge generation and decision support. This is the first review to bridge a critical gap in the literature on VA methods applied to the areas of population health and HSR, which further indicates possible avenues for the adoption of these methods in the future. This review is especially important in the wake of COVID-19 surveillance and response initiatives, where many VA products have taken center stage. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/14019
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Lee, Seow Phing, C. H. Raymond Ooi, and Ku Wing Cheong. "Bach and Busoni Essentials in A Chaotic World." Harmonia: Journal of Arts Research and Education 21, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/harmonia.v21i1.30152.
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The study analyses the manifestation of structural change from the Bach Violin Chaconne (BWV1004, c.1720) to the Bach-Busoni piano transcription (c.1897). This article explores the use of two-dimensional music abstraction for vertical (pitch height) and horizontal (time) and its signal insignificant identified bariolage sections in music. Bariolage excerpts are chosen for they are implied sounds captured in repeatability and recontextuality. The first part of the article offers an excerpt of the Bariolage from violin at bars (113-120) and its parallel piano transcription at bars (118-125). Significant expressions of registral change utilizing different voice parts (Soprano, Alto, Tenor) offer a wider expansion with piano. These excerpts were chosen after reviewing the original Bach Chaconne and its essentials in analytical aesthetics for the projection of beauty in symmetry-asymmetry-chaos in composition. This study captures the aesthetics of the beautiful from the original score of the violin Chaconne at (bars 89-96) and (bars 113-120) for Bach-Busoni piano transcription. Further, there are recommendations for future studies to explore vertical spaces and mathematical sequences embedded in the music in other sections. The findings of this study were implied through new music analytical formats to be applied in composition, pedagogy, and performance practice.
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Robinson, Judith, Ellen A. Schmitt, and John E. Dowling. "Temporal and spatial patterns of opsin gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Visual Neuroscience 12, no. 5 (September 1995): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800009457.
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AbstractIn zebrafish, the first class of cone photoreceptor to become morphologically distinct is the ultraviolet-sensitive short single cone, at 4 days postfertilization, whereas the last class, the red- and green-sensitive double cone, becomes distinct at 10 days postfertilization. We have examined the time course of visual pigment gene expression in zebrafish using whole-mount in situ hybridization. Within the retina, opsins may be detected as early as 40 h postfertilization with the ultraviolet and rod visual pigments being expressed before the blue- (48 h) and red- (60 h) sensitive pigments. In the pineal, red-sensitive opsin is expressed at 48 h postfertilization. Visual pigment expression provides a useful tool for investigations of early cell fate in zebrafish.
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Levy, Mia Alyce, Jeremy Warner, Neal Sanders, Pam Carney, Joy Pratt, Jared Cobb, Ariadne Taylor, and Michael N. Neuss. "A breast analytics dashboard to allow near-real-time visualization of quality assurance data." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 30_suppl (October 20, 2014): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.30_suppl.186.
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186 Background: Quality metrics for internal use (e.g. quality improvement; quality assurance [QA/QI] activities) and external use (e.g. accreditation; national quality reporting) are currently primarily obtained through retrospective manual data abstraction on subsets of patients, at a majority of cancer centers. Real-time QA/QI of all patients is attractive but requires collection of electronic data from disparate clinical systems that are rarely fully interoperable. We developed a dashboard to aggregate relevant clinical information in near real-time for QA/QI visualizations. Methods: Tableau® software was used to visualize data from multiple clinical systems at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC). Custom extract, transform, and load (ETL) processes were developed to collect radiology, pathology, professional billing, and clinical data on a daily basis. An integrated dashboard was developed through an iterative process involving physicians, nurses, and software engineers. As a pilot project, data from all patients with an image-guided breast biopsy obtained at VUMC from 2009-2013 was visualized. Results: 4177 biopsies were included in the visualized cohort as of June 2014. 3,210 (77%) of the biopsies were preceded by a BiRADS 4 or 5 mammogram. The annual biopsy rate increased by 51% over the time period. Despite this increase in volume, the median number of weekdays from BiRADS 4 or 5 mammogram to image-guided biopsy was stable at 5 days over the time period. Prior diagnosis status, lesion class, procedure type, and imaging exam type were also included in the dashboard. Conclusions: This pilot project demonstrates the ability to visualize near real-time clinical data for QA/QI purposes. Tableau® is interactive, so that certain patterns (e.g. the distribution of number of days from screening mammogram to biopsy) can be explored at a granular level. This functionality also allows the user to investigate why 23% of patients had no apparent imaging before biopsy. Based on a perceived pattern of delayed biopsy in certain outliers, QI efforts at VUMC are underway to ensure timely biopsy. Interactive visual dashboards such as the one described present opportunities to rapidly cycle QA findings into QI actions.
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Rojer, Alan, and Eric Schwartz. "A Multiple-Map Model for Pattern Classification." Neural Computation 1, no. 1 (March 1989): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1989.1.1.104.
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A characteristic feature of vertebrate sensory cortex (and midbrain) is the existence of multiple two-dimensional map representations. Some workers have considered single-map classification (e.g. Kohonen 1984) but little work has focused on the use of multiple maps. We have constructed a multiple-map classifier, which permits abstraction of the computational properties of a multiple-map architecture. We identify three problems which characterize a multiple-map classifier: classification in two dimensions, mapping from high dimensions to two dimensions, and combination of multiple maps. We demonstrate component solutions to each of the problems, using Parzen-window density estimation in two dimensions, a generalized Fisher discriminant function for dimensionality reduction, and split/merge methods to construct a “tree of maps” for the multiple-map representation. The combination of components is modular and each component could be improved or replaced without affecting the other components. The classifier training procedure requires time linear in the number of training examples; classification time is independent of the number of training examples and requires constant space. Performance of this classifier on Fisher's iris data, Gaussian clusters on a five-dimensional simplex, and digitized speech data is comparable to competing algorithms, such as nearest-neighbor, back-propagation and Gaussian classifiers. This work provides an example of the computational utility of multiple-map representations for classification. It is one step towards the goal of understanding why brain areas such as visual cortex utilize multiple map-like representations of the world.
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Birtwistle, Andy. "Marking time and sounding difference: Brubeck, temporality and modernity." Popular Music 29, no. 3 (October 2010): 351–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143010000243.
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AbstractIn critical writing on the music of Dave Brubeck, little attention has been paid to the use of polyrhythm, despite the fact that this has been central to Brubeck's approach to jazz since the late 1940s. Focusing on work recorded by the ‘classic’ Dave Brubeck Quartet, the article aims to re-evaluate Brubeck's use of polyrhythm by situating it within a cultural history of modernity, rather than the established discourses of jazz musicology. The article revisits the early 1960s to reconstruct the context provided for the music not only by articles printed in the music press, but also by news stories and features run in the popular press, and by the visual signifiers that coalesce around Brubeck. Articulated through the key tropes of modernity and difference, the press's construction of Brubeck during this period signals the broad cultural context of Modernism as an alternative frame within which his musical practice might be usefully situated. The article explores how two key cultural artefacts emerging from this context – Brubeck's Oakland home, and the Miró canvas featured on the cover of the album Time Further Out – might serve to provide a productive means by which to re-evaluate the radical potential of Brubeck's polyrhythm.
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Jakob-Girbig, Juliane, Susanne Salewsky, and Daniel Meller. "Use of the Ophtec Artificial Iris Model C1 in Patients with Aniridia/Aphakia." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 238, no. 07 (July 2021): 803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1475-1049.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn the present cases, the use of the Ophtec Arificial Iris model C1 is described in patients with traumatic or postoperative aniridia/aphakia. In one of the patients, it was combined with perforating keratoplasty because of corneal scarring. In both of the presented cases, improvement in visual acuity and a satisfactory aesthetic result without any serious complications can be shown. However, the short follow-up time must be emphasised.