Relevant bibliographies by topics / Visitor impacts

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Visitor impacts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Visitor impacts"

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Garrod, Brian, Alan Fyall, and Anna Leask. "Scottish visitor attractions: managing visitor impacts." Tourism Management 23, no. 3 (June 2002): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(01)00077-2.

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Ibrahim, Fahmi, and Nurfadhlina Mohamad Zainin. "Exploring the Technological Impacts." International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Digital Age 5, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijthmda.2021010101.

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Aside from educating the public, museums are adapting to the changing world as they have become one of the popular sites for cultural heritage tourism. Thus, from tourists and educational activities, they generate an increase in the number of visitors every year. With the emergence of interactive technology, it enables museums to produce better visiting experience especially when technology able to facilitate the visitor-exhibition interactivity in diverse ways. This paper investigates visitors' satisfaction and findings demonstrate a detailed insight on how the interactive technology in museum approach shapes the visiting experience. Basically, this study will show the process of creating repeat visitation from the effects of technology use in the museums. Interactive exhibitions with technology use are required in enhancing visitor satisfaction. A conceptual framework is developed to provide guideline and knowledge in understanding the role of interactive technology to secure visitor satisfaction and repeat visitation particularly in the context of Brunei Darussalam.
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Fernandez, Eduardo J., and Samantha J. Chiew. "Animal-Visitor Interactions: Effects, Experiences, and Welfare." Animal Behavior and Cognition 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.04.01.2021.

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Animal-Visitor Interactions (AVI) within zoos and aquariums have become an increasingly studied topic. Influenced by both the broader field of Human-Animal Interactions (HAI), as well as visitor studies conducted in museums, AVI studies can be separated into two areas of focus: (1) Visitor effects, or the impact visitors have on the animals housed within a zoo, and (2) visitor experiences, or the impact zoo animals and visiting a zoo have on the visitors. Historically, visitor effects have been of primary concern to the study of AVIs, as have the potential negative impacts on the welfare of animals, particularly those of zoo primates. This special issue examines the impact of AVIs in greater detail through twelve recent papers on the topic, equally addressing visitor effects and experiences. Many of the papers focus on positive welfare indices, as well as less traditional measures to examine both visitor effects and experiences, such as visitor proximity and visitor interviews. In addition, we discuss the relevance of future AVI work, with particular attention to (a) increased interest in visitor experience research, (b) examinations of signage effects, and (c) continued focus on positive welfare indices and direct interactions, such as public feedings.
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Northey, Emily J., Baine B. Craft, and Eduardo J. Fernandez. "Effects of New Seal Introductions on Conspecific and Visitor Activity." Animals 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 2962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12212962.

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Modern zoos and aquariums are defined by several primary goals, which include improving the welfare of their animals, public education, and inspiring visitors to develop an interest in conservation. Animal-Visitor Interactions (AVIs) (i.e., the impact of captive animals and visitors on each other) are a primary means to study these goals. The introduction of new animals into two seal exhibits—the harbor and northern fur seals—at the Seattle Aquarium presented a valuable opportunity to assess the impacts of introductions on the currently exhibited animals and aquarium visitors. The impacts of animal introductions were measured through direct observations of seal activity (i.e., ethogram behavioral observations) and visitor activity (i.e., crowd size and visitor length of stay) before and after new seal introductions. This study consisted of two experiments: Experiment 1 (Harbor seal exhibit) and Experiment 2 (Northern fur seal exhibit). In Experiment 1, we found that the introduction had few impacts on the existing harbor seals or on visitor activity. In Experiment 2, the introduction of a new fur seal had significant positive impacts on the existing fur seal, as was seen through increased social behaviors and decreased stereotypic behaviors, as well as a significant increase in crowd size post-introduction. Based on these findings, new animal introductions were associated with neutral to positive changes in both seal and visitor activity. Findings from this study suggest that studying new animal introductions can result in better understanding and promoting positive interactions with existing animals (introduction effects) and likewise positive experiences for zoo and aquarium visitors (introduction experiences).
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Diaz-Perez, Flora Maria, and Mª Bethencourt-Cejas. "An Application of the CHAID Algorithm to Study the Environmental Impact of Visitors to the Teide National Park in Tenerife, Spain." International Business Research 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2017): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n7p168.

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The significant and complex relationship between visitor numbers to a national park and the environment calls for appropriate policies to be adopted. This paper analyzes the relationship from the perspective of visitors to the Teide National Park (TNP) in Tenerife, aiming to establish strategies to reduce visitors' environmental impacts. This is particularly important as the TNP, with over 3,000,000 visitors in 2015, is the most visited park in Spain and one of the most visited in Europe. An empirical study was conducted during 2016 resulting in 805 valid questionnaires. A CHAID algorithm was then applied to segment visitors according to criterion variables. Findings show the first segmenting variable is transport type, with the car being the most frequently used by visitors. Specifically, the visitor segment coming by car is also associated with the longest stays in the TNP. Regarding the practical and social implications, it is assumed the longer the stay, the greater the environmental impact. These results highlight the need for new transport strategies for the park with improved, less polluting vehicles.
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Schneider, Ingrid E., Arne Arnberger, Stuart P. Cottrell, and Eick von Ruschkowski. "Modeling Impacts of Bark Beetle Infestations on Forest Visitor Experiences and Intended Displacement." Forest Science 65, no. 5 (June 3, 2019): 614–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz021.

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AbstractBark beetle outbreak impacts are occurring at reportedly unprecedented levels. Despite previous research on the aesthetic and economic impacts of terrestrial pest infestations, minimal visitor behavioral response research exists. As beetle infestation progresses, both tree appearance and landscape change can negatively impact visitation and visitor revenue. Given the multiple-use mandate of most forests, this lack of research is surprising. To meet this gap, this study simulated impacts of varied beetle outbreak levels, management approaches, and visitor characteristics on interference with forest visitors’ experience and intended displacement. Visitors at two forested US state park study sites, one with significant bark beetle impact and the other with much less, responded to onsite questionnaires with digitally calibrated photos depicting a variety of beetle-impacted forest scenarios. Up to 80 percent of visitors indicated forest scenarios with significant bark beetle impact would interfere with their experience, and 70 percent reported they would not visit or be displaced. Analyses revealed forest fore- and midground conditions with varying levels of impact significantly predicted both experience interference and displacement. The relative importance of social, biophysical, and managerial conditions differed between models. Results inform management and planning efforts as well as advance understanding of the biophysical and social factors influencing interference and intended displacement.
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Dowling, Ross K., and David Newsome. "Geotourism Destinations – Visitor Impacts and Site Management Considerations." Czech Journal of Tourism 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjot-2017-0006.

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Abstract Geotourism is becoming a well established form of tourism based on the geological environment. It offers a new form of sustainable tourism which is more holistic then previous niche forms of tourism. However, with more people than ever visiting natural areas worldwide, the cumulative impacts of visitors on geological sites is increasing. This paper surveys visitor impacts and site management at geological sites which are geotourism destinations. We describe geotourism which is the engine driving the core activities of conservation, education and sustainable development in geoparks. We then outline some lessons learned from management in dealing with visitor impacts at a heavily visited geopark in Taiwan, a volcano in Indonesia, and a coastal World Heritage site in England. The importance of education is emphasized for geo-climbing in Spain and all-terrain vehicles in Poland. A number of site management approaches are noted, including the importance of guiding as a management strategy as well as the value of a positive involvement by the local community. Finally, some examples are given of the risks associated with tourism activities in volcanic areas as well as related appropriate management activities.
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Garrod, Brian, Alan Fyall, and Anna Leask. "Managing Visitor Impacts at Visitor Attractions: An International Assessment." Current Issues in Tourism 9, no. 2 (March 15, 2006): 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500608668242.

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Suklabaidya, Paramita, and Monika Aggarwal. "Visitor Management at UNWHS." Atna Journal of Tourism Studies 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 81–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.24.5.

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Studies have shown a significant increase in the number of visitors to the site after being featured on the UNWHS list which leads to visitation pressure and impacts thereof on the site. Visitor management at the UNWHS is the need of the hour. The paper aims to critically analyse the existing visitor management plan at the selected UNWHS - Taj Mahal, the second-best UNWHS in the world with more than 8 million visitors every year (timesofindia.indiatimes.com, tribuneindia.com, indiatoday. in, hindustantimes.com, 2017), and to suggest numerous proactive and reactive measures to bring about an effective Visitor Management strategy for the Site. The descriptive and exploratory research methodology has been used along with a mixed approach of both Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. Literature review of Visitor Management practices followed at UNWHS globally and an in-depth study of opinion of different groups – Site Managers, Travel agents, Guides, Visitors visiting the site helped conclude, that to defy the harmful impact of the visitation and to give an enhanced experience, an effective marketing plan with strict conservation and preservation practices have to be implemented in collaboration with locals, stakeholders and the government agencies
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Juma, Leanard Otwori, Izabella Mária Bakos, and Aniko Khademi-Vidra. "Nature Interpretation and Visitor Management Objectives: A Survey of Tourist Attitudes at Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 7246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187246.

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Nature interpretation has been advocated as a soft and non-obtrusive on-site visitor management strategy to enhance visitor knowledge and understanding of the resource, mitigate visitor impacts, encourage the conservation and improvement of attraction areas, and assist visitors in enjoying their visit. However, the way in which nature interpretation programs are implemented, and the subsequent attitudes created amongst visitors can pose a challenge to the effectiveness of nature interpretation as a visitor management strategy. The situation becomes more complicated with limited resources to implement, monitor, and evaluate nature interpretation in expansive wilderness areas like Masai Mara National Reserve (MMNR). The question therefore is, does nature interpretation in MMNR create favourable attitudes amongst wildlife tourists, consequently leading to enhanced visitor experiences and satisfaction of the support for conservations, or not? This research, therefore, sought to establish the extent to which the attitudes created by nature interpretation affect visitor satisfaction or the enhanced visitor experience and support for conservation, broadly termed as visitor management objectives in MMNR Kenya. Thus, Ho1 postulated that attitudes created by nature interpretation do not influence visitors’ support for conservation in MMNR, and Ho2, that attitudes created by nature interpretation do not enhance visitor experience and satisfaction in MMNR. This study used a structured questionnaire for the survey to collect data from a sample of 351 respondents as a proportion of visitors into MMNR. Research findings revealed that a moderate relationship between attitudes created by nature interpretation and support to conservation with rs = 0.426 and p = 0.000, thus null hypothesis H01 was rejected. Secondly, results showed that attitudes created by nature interpretation moderately affected visitor satisfaction rs = 0.478 and p = 0.000, while similarly, null hypothesis H02 was rejected. The research concluded that various forms of NI result in the formation of attitudes that moderately affect support for conservation and visitor satisfaction. The study concluded that enhanced nature interpretation training and awareness creation, along with continual improvement initiatives, could unlock its full potential as a visitor management strategy. This consistent, well-coordinated, and diligent implementation of nature interpretation initiatives by all stakeholders in MMNR would sustain a cumulative, long-term impact.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Visitor impacts"

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Daniels, Melissa Lynn. "Minimizing Visitor Impacts to Protected Lands: An Examination of Site Management and Visitor Education Methods." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42509.

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This thesis contains two studies that explore different methods of visitor management in recreation. The management strategies studied here are both relatively indirect approaches intended to minimize the environmental and social impacts that visitors cause in protected areas. The Annapolis Rocks study focuses on visitors' evaluations of a site management strategy that shifted camping from a flat, open area to constructed side-hill campsites. A visitor questionnaire was administered before and after the treatment to determine visitors' ratings of importance and satisfaction for various campsite attributes. We found some evidence of visitor displacement but concluded that the site management strategy supported the intentions of the managers. The Leave No Trace study evaluates the effectiveness of the Trainer courses in improving the knowledge, ethics, and behavior of the participants and encouraging them to teach others in the community. This study employed pre-course, post-course, and follow-up questionnaires to evaluate the participants' short-term and long-term gains from the course. Trainer course participants showed significant short-term and long-term gains from the course, with a slight decline in the total gain four months after the course. The participants showed improvements in low-impact behaviors, suggesting that education is an effective visitor management strategy. These studies demonstrate that managers can be successful at controlling visitor impacts without relying on stringent regulations and enforcement.
Master of Science
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Reid, Scott Edmonds. "An Adaptive Assessment of Visitor Impacts to Protected Areas." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32365.

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As an applied approach to recreation management, adaptive management allows researchers and protected area managers to cooperatively improve management policies, and achieve the dual mandate to protect natural resources and provide high-quality recreational experiences. Through an evaluation of the efficacy of campsite and campfire management policies, this research provides land managers with an empirical assessment to aid in the adaptation and improvement of their visitor management strategies. Results from the Shenandoah National Park camping management study suggest that an established camping visitor containment strategy succeeded in reducing the areal extent of camping impacts while minimizing restrictions on visitor campsite selection options. Findings from the campfire research in seven protected areas indicate that current campfire policies have been largely ineffectual at reducing resource damage, and may exact a heavy toll in visitor experiences via campfire restrictions. The incorporation of resource and social research in this research offers a holistic approach to the evaluation of management objectives and affords protected area managers a more balanced perspective on the assessment of their policies. The conclusions reached by this integrated research will provide land managers with germane and timely information that will allow them to adapt their policies to better achieve their recreation management objectives.
Master of Science
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Turner, Rex. "Visitor Behaviors and Resource Impacts at Cadillac Mountain, Acadia National Park." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2001. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/TurnerR2001.pdf.

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Littlefair, Carolyn Joy, and n/a. "The Effectiveness of Interpretation in Reducing the Impacts of Visitors in National Parks." Griffith University. School of Environmental and Applied Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050324.085357.

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With visitation to natural areas increasing, the appropriate management of these areas is important. There are a number of management tools available which endeavour to minimise environmental impacts of visitors. One such management tool is interpretation. Interpretation is widely used as a management tool because: it is perceived to be the most cost effective method; it is a light-handed approach and allows visitors the freedom of choice; and it enhances visitor experiences and satisfaction. However, the ability of interpretation to bring about a reduction in the impacts of visitors to natural areas, has rarely been quantified. This study was designed to determine the extent to which an interpretive program reduced the environmental impacts of visitors to national parks. Fieldwork was undertaken in Lamington National Park, where 41 guided walks were examined. To measure the actual behaviour or resulting impacts of visitors in a national park, three appropriate environmental indicators were chosen: shortcutting of corners, picking up litter already on the track, and noise levels. Five interpretive programs were created, each with a different combination of environmental interpretation, role modelling and verbal appeals. For the shortcutting results, the interpretive program with the combination of environmental interpretation, role modelling by the guide and verbal appeals from the guide, was always the most effective in reducing shortcutting. Visitors in this interpretive program were always, statistically, less likely to shortcut than visitors on all the other interpretive programs. The programs with only environmental interpretation or no environmental interpretation, were always least effective in reducing shortcutting. The interpretive programs with environment interpretation plus role modelling, or verbal appeals, were always in the middle of these extremes. They were more effective than having neither role modelling or verbal appeals, but less effective than having both. Results for the amount of litter picked up found that the inclusion of verbal appeals in an interpretive program was the only factor that influenced whether visitors picked up litter. In addition, there was no difference in the amount of litter picked up, by the interpretive program with environmental interpretation only, and the program with no environmental interpretation. Results for the noise levels of visitors, found that no interpretive program reduced the amount of shouting and talking loudly of visitors. Although not statistically significant, it did appear that there were lower proportions of shouting and talking loudly, following a verbal appeal and/or role modelling. Additionally, there was no influence of the interpretive program on the proportion of time visitors were talking, or quiet, during their walk. Overall, this research found that interpretation can be an effective management tool in reducing visitor impacts. Interpretation is most effective in reducing impacts when those impacts are specifically addressed through verbal appeals, combined with positive role modelling of appropriate behaviours. However, interpretation did not reduce all the impacts studied and therefore is not the solution to all problems. Implications of this study are that those using interpretation as a means of reducing visitor impacts, must ensure that they have a high standard of interpretation, which specifically addresses the impacts that need to be reduced. It also highlights the importance of the role of the guide, and that those employed should be well trained and competent in their position.
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Wood, Kerry Todd. "Assessing Recreation Impacts to Cliffs in Shenandoah National Park: Integrating Visitor Observation with Trail and Recreation Site Measurements." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33032.

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The rock outcrops and cliffs of Shenandoah National Park provide habitat for several rare and endangered plant and animal species. The location of the world-famous ridgeline parkway, Skyline Drive, makes many outcrops and cliffs within the park readily accessible to the parkâ s 1.2 million annual visitors. Consequently, visitor use of cliff areas has led to natural resource impacts, including marked decreases in size and vigor of known rare plant populations. Despite the clear ecological value and potential threats to the natural resources at cliff areas in the park, managers possess little information on visitor use of cliff sites and presently have no formal planning document to guide management. Thus, a park wide study of cliff sites was initiated during the 2005 visitor use season. As part of this research effort, the study presented in this thesis integrated data from resource impact measurements and visitor use observation to help assess the effects of recreational use on the natural resources of one heavily used cliff site in the park, Little Stony Man Cliffs. Results of resource impact measurements indicate that several nodal areas of high disturbance (bare soil) are present on the cliff-top and cliff-bottom. Additionally, visitor observation data point to several possible visitor use factors that may contribute to cliff-top impacts, including concentrated levels of use during certain times of day and days of the week, and frequent trampling of soil and vegetation by visitors. The information from the study presented in this thesis will help assist Shenandoah National Park staff in developing a cliff resource management plan that will protect park resources while providing opportunities for visitor enjoyment.
Master of Science
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Farrell, Tracy Ann. "Visitor Impact Assessment and Management for Protected Areas in Central and South America." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40425.

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Ecotourism and protected area visitation have been steadily increasing in recent years in Central and South America, inevitably resulting in natural resource impacts. The consequences of such impacts may include natural resource degradation, diminished aesthetic qualities, or decreased functionality of certain facilities like recreation sites and trails. Recreation ecology and visitor impact management expertise and tools are available to help balance the potentially conflicting management goals of protecting natural resources and permitting visitation but such knowledge has not been widely used in Central and South America. The goals of this research were to characterize certain visitor-related natural resource impacts and to determine how these impacts could be assessed and managed in Central and South America. The research included case studies of eight protected areas in Costa Rica and Belize, trail impact assessment research at Torres del Paine National Park in Chile, and development of a new visitor impact assessment and management framework, presented as three papers intended for journal submission. The first paper had two objectives: 1) to identify visitor-related natural resource impacts at selected protected areas in Costa Rica and Belize to increase awareness about visitor impact problems, and 2) to apply and compare rapid trail and recreation site impact assessment procedures to provide study site managers with impact data and impact assessment procedures. A variety of natural resource impacts were reported by interview subjects and recorded by rapid assessment procedures. The management utility of the rapid trail and recreation site impact assessment procedures were compared and discussed and the need for developing additional rapid assessment procedures to evaluate other resource impacts reported by protected area managers was also identified. The intent of the second paper was to investigate trail impacts at Torres del Paine National Park. Study objectives included measuring the frequency and magnitude of selected trail impacts, and comparing the relative impact contribution of the amount of use, vegetation type, trail position and trail grade on common condition indicators such as width and incision. Findings somewhat contradicted those of other studies, revealing that amount of use significantly contributed to trail width and incision. However, findings also indicated that vegetation type and trail grade contributed to number of informal trails and trail incision, respectively. A variety of management strategies were recommended and suggestions were provided for future monitoring studies. The purpose of the third paper was to propose a new visitor impact assessment and management framework that would provide managers with a feasible means of addressing visitor impact management concerns for selected protected areas in Central and South America. The Protected Areas Impact Assessment and Management (PAIAM) framework was adapted from existing frameworks like carrying capacity and the Limits of Acceptable Change to provide a simple, cost-effective and relatively quick decision making process. PAIAM analyzes visitor impacts using an expert panel and incorporates stakeholders and local residents into decision making. This study experimentally applied the new framework in Mexico and compared PAIAM to existing frameworks. The focus of this dissertation is on Central and South America since they are heavily visited ecotourist regions that could potentially benefit from applying recreation ecology and visitor impact expertise and tools to protected area management. This research demonstrated that a variety of visitor impacts are affecting natural resources and visitor facilities like trails and recreation sites at selected protected areas in Central and South America. This research also developed and applied rapid impact assessment procedures and visitor impact frameworks for use in Central and South American protected areas.
Ph. D.
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RAMTAHAL, JOEL FABIAN. "CAMPSITE IMPACTS IN WILDERNESS VS. VISITOR WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR ITS PRESERVATION." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/817.

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Wilderness areas provide a wide array of quality nature experiences including primitive recreational opportunities in a primeval condition. However, a lot of these ecological and pristine sites suffer from disturbance and environmental degradation by the exhaustive human recreational use on campsites. Most of the impacts associated with camping gradually become a critical concern since they can be devastating to a wilderness environment and the affiliated experience. This study employed the contingent valuation method to determine peoples' willingness to pay for the preservation of the Panther Den Wilderness if campsites were restricted /limited, and to estimate an economic value of non-market goods and services affiliated to the preservation and use values of the Panther Den Wilderness. A Contingent valuation questionnaire was administered to gather information on the respondent's intentions and to determine what they would be willing to pay under a hypothetical scenario. Moon's WTP model estimated the willingness to pay relationship with a set of explanatory and socio-demographic variables including bid sizes, miles traveled, recreation times, campsite impacts observed, age, gender, and education. Results revealed that there was a clear relationship between the respondents' willingness to pay, the pre-determined bid-size/fee level, and the distance traveled to the Panther Den Wilderness, hence; the correlation between the variables was highly significant. The estimated mean willingness to pay value for the preservation of the Panther Den Wilderness was $9.56 per visitor. Overall, the estimated results and mean willingness to pay value served as the interpretation of an assessment which clearly revealed that outdoor recreation users were willing to pay a user fee for the preservation of the Panther Den Wilderness regardless of campsite limitations or restrictions.
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Leujak, Wera. "Monitoring of coral communities in South Sinai, Egypt, with reference to visitor impacts." Thesis, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430866.

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Lee, Nathaniel H. "Environmental Impacts of Camping in Low Regulatory Wilderness: Geographic Patterns in the Allegheny National Forest and their Implications for Management." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1523442960070504.

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Squires, Carolyn. "An Assessment of Trampling Impact on Alpine Vegetation, Fiordland and Mount Aspiring National Parks, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Environmental Science, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1494.

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The objectives of this study were two fold. The first was to quantify the nature and extent of current levels of human impact in alpine areas at four sites within Fiordland and Mount Aspiring National Parks along walking tracks at Key Summit, Gertrude Saddle, Borland Saddle and Sugarloaf Pass. In order to do so, a survey was carried out with transects placed perpendicular to the track, and distributed among different vegetation types. In each transect, plant structural and compositional aspects, and soil and environmental parameters were measured. Transects were divided into track, transition, undisturbed and control zones, and changes to dependent variables were compared with distance from the track centre. Damage from visitor impact was largely restricted to within 1m from the track centre. The most significant impacts were to structural aspects of plant and soil properties with significant reductions in plant height, total vegetation cover and bryophyte cover, and increases in bareground and erosion on tracks. Erosion was more prevalent on slopes greater than 25°, while tracks on peat soils contained greater bareground exposure, particularly of organic soil. The second study objective was to investigate the relationship between specific levels of impact and the resulting damage to two key alpine vegetation types, tussock herb field and cushion bog. This was undertaken by carrying out controlled trampling experiments, measuring changes to plant structural and compositional aspects four weeks and one year after treatment. Both vegetation types saw dramatic reductions in total vegetation cover and height immediately after trampling, however overall composition and species richness varied little. These two alpine vegetation types showed moderate-low resistance to initial impact and low resilience, with very little recovery evident one year later. Research intothese two areas is important for managing visitor use within alpine areas in order to meet conservation and recreation goals. The survey indicates that alpine community types are very sensitive to visitor use, showing significant structural damage, however the spatial extent of impact is limited within the broader landscape. Instead, visitor impacts associated with tracks are likely to be more visually and aesthetically significant, influencing the visitor experience. The trampling experiments indicate that use levels over 25-75 passes per year within tussock herbfield and cushion bog vegetation on peat soils will result in ongoing damage to previously undisturbed sites. Methods for minimising impacts include limiting visitor numbers, public education in low impact practices, redirection of tracks and use to areas that are less sensitive, the dispersal of visitor activity at very low use intensities (less than 75 direct passes per year) and the concentration of activity on tracks above this level.
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Books on the topic "Visitor impacts"

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Kerry, Godfrey, and Goodey Brian, eds. Towards visitor impact management: Visitor impacts, carrying capacity, and management responses in Europe's historic towns and cities. Aldershot: Avebury, 1995.

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McCrone, Ann. Visitor impacts on marine protected areas in New Zealand. Wellington, N.Z: Dept. of Conservation, 2001.

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N, Cole David, and Rocky Mountain Research Station--Ogden, eds. High-use destinations in wilderness: Social and biophysical impacts, visitor responses, and management options. Ogden, UT (324 25th St., Ogden 84401): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1997.

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Marion, Jeffrey L. Developing a natural resource inventory and monitoring program for visitor impacts on recreation sites: A procedural manual. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, 1991.

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Kuss, Fred R. Visitor impact management. Washington, D.C: National Parks and Conservation Association, 1990.

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Hagelqvist, S. Public access and visitor impact: visitor wear and tear, management techniques and carrying capacity determination. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1995.

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Draft environmental assessment for the Ulm Pishkun Educational Visitor Center and Interpretive Improvement Project. Great Falls, MT]: The Dept., 1997.

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Voyageurs National Park (Minn.). Final general management plan/environmental impact statement and visitor use and facilities plan: Voyageurs National Park, Koochiching and St. Louis Counties, Minnesota. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 2001.

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P.G. Whiting & Associates. Prince Edward Island National Park economic impact of non-resident visitor expenditures. Charlottetown: P.G. Whiting and Associates, 1989.

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Cole, David N. Wilderness visitors and recreation impacts: Baseline data available for twentieth century conditions. Ogen, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Visitor impacts"

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Mason, Peter. "Visitor management." In Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management, 124–39. Fourth editon. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York,: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429273544-11.

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Garrod, Brian. "Managing Visitor Impacts at Visitor Attractions." In Managing Visitor Attractions, 163–78. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003041948-12.

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Agius, Karl. "Ecoguides: legal challenges and impacts on visitor experiences in central Mediterranean islands." In Managing visitor experiences in nature-based tourism, 67–79. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245714.0006.

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Abstract This chapter assesses the availability and quality of ecotourism interpretation services with specific reference to ecoguides, the policy and legal frameworks that they work in and related challenges in the central Mediterranean region. A case study approach is used to examine different scenarios on islands under different jurisdictions. The scenarios represent situations where there are tourist guides and ecoguides. Specifically, this chapter demonstrates how a complex policy and legal context with a one-size-fits-all approach can hinder the successful development and implementation of ecotourism experiences in small islands. In addition, it suggests a good practice legal framework that can be adapted to address similar challenges in other destinations.
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Agius, Karl. "Ecoguides: legal challenges and impacts on visitor experiences in central Mediterranean islands." In Managing visitor experiences in nature-based tourism, 67–79. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245714.0067.

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Abstract This chapter assesses the availability and quality of ecotourism interpretation services with specific reference to ecoguides, the policy and legal frameworks that they work in and related challenges in the central Mediterranean region. A case study approach is used to examine different scenarios on islands under different jurisdictions. The scenarios represent situations where there are tourist guides and ecoguides. Specifically, this chapter demonstrates how a complex policy and legal context with a one-size-fits-all approach can hinder the successful development and implementation of ecotourism experiences in small islands. In addition, it suggests a good practice legal framework that can be adapted to address similar challenges in other destinations.
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Nicely, Annmarie, and Karla “Gabbie” Morrison. "Economic impact of visitor (trader) harassment on tourist destinations and what tourism leaders can do about it." In The Routledge Handbook of Tourism Impacts, 168–83. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351025102-14.

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Allen, Mary E., and Robert C. Burns. "Outdoor recreation experiences at Diamond Lake, Oregon (USA), before, during and after a biological disruption." In Managing visitor experiences in nature-based tourism, 131–47. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245714.0011.

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Abstract This chapter examines recreational displacement in response to a unique management and biological event: the introduction of the non-native cyprinid tui chub (Gila bicolor pectinifer) into Diamond Lake. The study demonstrates the behavioural reactions of visitors in response to a management action or a 'controlled' decision to intervene in the impacts of the invasive tui chub. About half of the Diamond Lake visitors who still visit the lake exhibited some temporal and/or spatial displacement behaviours. Visitors at Diamond Lake dealt with the lake's closure by remaining at the lake but participating in another activity (activity substitution) or by moving to an alternative location to continue their primary activity (spatial displacement/resource substitution). More than one-third of all Diamond Lake visitors chose not to recreate during that period (temporal displacement) and 17% changed both their activity and location (absolute displacement).
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Allen, Mary E., and Robert C. Burns. "Outdoor recreation experiences at Diamond Lake, Oregon (USA), before, during and after a biological disruption." In Managing visitor experiences in nature-based tourism, 131–47. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245714.0131.

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Abstract This chapter examines recreational displacement in response to a unique management and biological event: the introduction of the non-native cyprinid tui chub (Gila bicolor pectinifer) into Diamond Lake. The study demonstrates the behavioural reactions of visitors in response to a management action or a 'controlled' decision to intervene in the impacts of the invasive tui chub. About half of the Diamond Lake visitors who still visit the lake exhibited some temporal and/or spatial displacement behaviours. Visitors at Diamond Lake dealt with the lake's closure by remaining at the lake but participating in another activity (activity substitution) or by moving to an alternative location to continue their primary activity (spatial displacement/resource substitution). More than one-third of all Diamond Lake visitors chose not to recreate during that period (temporal displacement) and 17% changed both their activity and location (absolute displacement).
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Vandenbroucke, Gabriel Marin, Simon Gérard, and Anthony May. "The impact of the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games on the visitor economy: a human rights perspective." In Managing events, festivals and the visitor economy: concepts, collaborations and cases, 145–59. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242843.00011.

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Abstract The overall findings of this research point to a mix of positive and negative human rights impacts of the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games, and on the visitor economy of the host city. On a positive note, affirmative action included persons with disabilities and from underprivileged communities in the workforce. New sports and leisure centres were built. Freedom of expression and association was reinforced by protesters demonstrating and using the platform of the event to raise issues. Several initiatives by the Organizing Committee, government, companies, and associations constituted positive mechanisms for leverage of the human rights to education and to participate in the cultural life of the community, albeit with limited long-term impacts. These wider economic and social successes associated with the hosting of the Games can positively contribute to the quality and inclusivity of the visitor economy. redevelopment, the Games' land use displaced thousands of people, violating the right to housing and several other human rights through abusive practices used by the government in the eviction process. Under the pretext of creating safe spaces for visitors and safeguarding their image of the city, the government's violence towards poor and black communities was aggravated, with the militarisation of the city impacting on the right to life, protection, education, and justice. Attempting to mask the city's socio-economic problems and undesirable aspects for sponsors and visitors, freedom of expression was undermined as protesters were targeted by the police and street vendors were driven out of public spaces.
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Hassan, Azizul, and Haywantee Ramkissoon. "Augmented reality application in visitor experiences in nature-based tourism." In Managing visitor experiences in nature-based tourism, 118–30. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245714.0010.

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Abstract This chapter analyses the conceptual understanding of visitor experience in a nature-based tourism context with particular reference to augmented reality (AR) applications. Critical explanation is offered to outline the ways in which to apply AR in nature-based tourism settings. The Sundarbans forest in Bangladesh, where there was a devastating oil spill in the Sundarbans Natural World Heritage Site in 2014, is the case study example used in this chapter. The potential importance of AR as a tool to protect the forest's natural fragility is discussed and highlighted. Combining the real and virtual image of the forest is proposed in a management tool to mitigate tourists' negative impacts, protecting the resources for present and future generations and improving visitor experiences.
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Seraphin, Hugues, and Maximiliano Korstanje. "Locals' satisfaction and dissatisfaction with overtourism and events in Winchester, UK." In Managing events, festivals and the visitor economy: concepts, collaborations and cases, 109–28. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242843.0009.

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Abstract This chapter has provided a contribution that examines the following disciplinary perspectives in the context of the visitor economy: managing stakeholders, analysing and evaluating impacts, developing and regenerating local communities and regional economies, and looking at environmental footprint and challenges. As a contribution, the chapter has examined the following applied problem-based perspectives in the context of the visitor economy: tackling overtourism, promoting wellbeing and happiness, creating 'festival cities', enhancing the visitor welcome and experience, and developing a 'city for all'. Winchester is a good example of a sustainable destination when it comes to tourism and event management. The balance is kept between attracting visitors and maintaining the level of happiness of locals. The success of this destination is based on the fact that events and tourism activities developed are meeting local needs and are not impacting negatively on any aspect of their life. Another factor that has proven to be quite important is resilience. Indeed, if the locals are naturally happy, external elements such as tourists or events are less likely to be an issue. The contribution of this chapter relies on providing an example of a destination that has managed to keep the locals happy despite the development of tourism and events activities. For practitioners, it could be a destination that could be looked at as a model. For academics, this chapter offers a list of criteria that contribute to keep locals and visitors happy while interacting in a friendly atmosphere. In a nutshell, the chapter provides another application of ambidextrous management to tourism. By doing so, it provides evidence of how broad the application of ambidextrous management can be.
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Conference papers on the topic "Visitor impacts"

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Mohd Salleh Daim, Ishak Malim Sidik Malim, Mohd Nazip Suratman, and Nur Hasmiza Abdul Hamid. "Monitoring visitor impacts in Imbak Canyon Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia." In 2011 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbeia.2011.6088783.

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Jones, Andrew, and Jason Polk. "INVESTIGATING WATER QUALITY IMPLICATIONS FROM RECREATIONAL VISITOR IMPACTS IN THE RED RIVER GORGE AREA OF KENTUCKY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-281314.

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Scherrer, P., and A. Growcock. "Managing visitor impacts in the Australian Alps: a case study in informal track development and track recovery." In SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/st060101.

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Abonomi, Abdullah, Terry De Lacy, and Joanne Pyke. "COLLABORATIVE PLANNING FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE HAJJ." In GLOBAL TOURISM CONFERENCE 2021. PENERBIT UMT, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/gtc.2021.11.020.

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Every year, millions of Muslim worshippers visit Mecca in Saudi Arabia to perform the Hajj which is the fifth and final pillar of Islam. Mecca hosts more than 2,300,000 people from around 183 different countries and cultures every year. In 2016, these numbers were forecast to grow to 2,500,000 in 2020. This goal, however, has not been achieved due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has forced the government to severely reduce the number of pilgrims in 2020 to just 10,000 people. Ultimately, this situation is temporary and visitor numbers should continue to rise. Tourism, especially religious tourism such as the Hajj, is expected to boost the economy and create new jobs for Saudi youth in the services sector. Yet, despite the many benefits of the pilgrimage, the Hajj itself has several severe adverse environmental impacts. The activities of Hajj generate considerable solid and liquid waste, use large quantities of scarce fresh water and produce high levels of greenhouse gasses (GHGs).
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Sungur, Zerrin. "Social Impact of Sustainable Ecotourism: Cases from Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00522.

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The concept of sustainability began to dominate tourism debates after the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development, the Earth Summit in Rio de Janerio in 1992. Ecotourism is the fastest growing sector, with an estimated growth rate of 25 to 30 percent, of one of the largest industries in the world. The motto of Action Program for Sustainable Development was that “Only whatever can be sustained by nature and society in the long term permissible.” The World Conservation Union expanded this definition as follows: “Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature that promotes conservation, has low negative visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local populations.” There are two major problems with respect to ecotourism: achieving ecologic integrity of the ecotourism resource and, increasing and ensuring consistency of quality of the recreation experience for the ecotourist. Economic, environmental and social impacts involved in ecotourism should be balanced within ethical principles. The first official reference to the concept of ecotourism in Turkey was made in the Eighth Five-Year Development Plan (2001-2005). The aim of this study is to explore social impacts of ecotourism in Turkey. Some projects and surveys related with ecotourism will be considered in order to get better understanding of social impacts of ecotourism on the lives of local people in Turkey.
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Urbaníková, Marta, and Michaela Štubňová. "Impact of the Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic on tourism facilities in the regions of Slovakia in 2020." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-27.

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Tourism is an inter-ministerial sector, significantly affecting the employment and development of regions. The paper aims to determine the impact of the epidemiological situation caused by the COVID-19 on the development of tourism in the regions of Slovakia based on the use of quantitative methods. Extensive travel restrictions caused a record drop in accommodation visit rate in 2020. The number of foreign visitors decreased by two-thirds year-on-year to the level of 1998. The visit rate in the Slovak Republic was mainly by domestic visitors. Despite the pandemic, in the third quarter of 2020, they exceeded last year's record numbers from the summer season. After considering the visit rate of domestic and foreign visitors, the number of visitors decreased the least year-on-year in the Žilina Region. The most significant year-on-year decrease in visitors was recorded in the Bratislava Region, where business clients were significantly absent. Gross sales decreased by almost half compared to the previous year. The highest gross sales were achieved by accommodation establishments in the Žilina Region. The number of overnight stays decreased year-on-year in all regions. However, the length of stays was significantly extended in the fourth quarter of 2020, thanks to the visit rate in spa towns.
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Paulus, Jéssica, Livia Vicchi, and Graziela Ribeiro. "O IMPACTO DA VISITA VIRTUAL PARA PACIENTE E FAMÍLIA EM TEMPOS DE COVID 19." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Saúde Pública On-line: Uma abordagem Multiprofissional. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/3018.

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Introdução: No ano de 2020 a pandemia da Covid-19, desencadeou uma crise mundial, tornando-se o maior desafio sanitário do século. A alta transmissão do vírus aliada à inexistência de vacinas e o desconhecimento da doença impuseram desafios ao sistema de saúde global, exigindo a adoção de medidas emergenciais pelas autoridades. Uma das principais medidas contingentes é o distanciamento social, que alterou o conceito de visitas nos hospitais e mudou a forma como pacientes e familiares vivenciam a hospitalização. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto das visitas virtuais para paciente e família em tempos de COVID-19. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma revisão não sistemática narrativa de literatura dos estudos realizados no período de 2020-2021 e a partir dos descritores: “family” or “Covid 19” or” “virtual visit” em bases de dados científicas, no idioma inglês e português. Resultados: A inviabilidade de permitir acompanhantes e visitas na hospitalização por COVID-19 afetou famílias e pacientes, gerando sentimentos de ansiedade e angústia, já que a situação é de vulnerabilidade, solidão, dor, além da possibilidade de finitude da vida. Destaca-se a importância da Política Nacional de Humanização (PNH) que visa aumentar a qualidade das informações entre as pessoas e os grupos de trabalho. Salienta-se o impacto positivo da visita virtual nos pacientes, a redução de delírios e ansiedade e para os familiares a satisfação com o cuidado ofertado para o paciente. Constatou-se também que as visitas virtuais permitem a manutenção dos vínculos, sensação de pertencimento familiar e partilhar notícias. Outrossim, situações que o paciente está sedado, entubado ou em casos de despedida, a tecnologia é o que conforta amigos e familiares do paciente. Conclusão: Os estudos revelaram que a visita virtual se realizada de forma ética, mostrou-se benéfica, contribuiu com a manutenção de vínculos e reduziu sentimentos negativos de pacientes e familiares. Por isso, ressalta-se a necessidade da existência da Política Nacional de Humanização (PNH) e considera-se necessária a realização de pesquisas empíricas sobre o tema no contexto nacional, frente a relevância e escassez no meio científico e acadêmico.
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João Bravo Lima Nunes Delgado, Maria, and Fernando Moreira da Silva. "Ergonomics versus Inclusive Design Spaces The Case Study of The National Tile Museum." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference (2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001215.

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The current conceptions of the museum determine the exploration of strategies that promote not only observation of the works, but also dialogue and interaction, ensuring access, social and cultural participation of an increasingly diverse audience, without discrimination and within equal access conditions. The aim of this paper is to discuss the potential of Inclusive Design Spaces applied to museum space, taking into consideration the common and specific user needs as a consequence of human diversity. Based on an empirical study, undertaken in The National Tile Museum (MNAz) in Lisbon and applied on two distinct groups of visitors - a young and a senior group with different needs and expectations at the physical, social and cognitive level - it was possible to ascertain the impact of the physical attributes of a museum space on visitors. Ergonomics and Inclusive Design Spaces are the two sides of the same coin. This study seeks also to expand knowledge on the influence of Design in museological space in the process of communication and in the effective accessibility of all information with maximum visitor autonomy.
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Kuen-Han Lin, Han-Pang Huang, Sheng Yen Lo, and Chun-Hung Huang. "Scene space inference based on stereo vision." In 2010 IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/arso.2010.5680017.

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Wong, Ray-Hwa, Min-Siou Li, and Ying T. Wang. "A vision based low-frequency electro-hydraulic fatigue testing machine." In 2011 6th International Microsystems, Packaging, Assembly and Circuits Technology Conference (IMPACT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/impact.2011.6117273.

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Reports on the topic "Visitor impacts"

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Propst, Dennis B., Daniel J. Stynes, Hui Jiao, and Rena Koesler. Economic Impacts of Recreation on the Upper Mississippi River System. Recreation Expenditure Report: Development of Visitor Spending Profiles for the Upper Mississippi River System. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada265154.

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Munshi, Laveena, Ayodele Odutayo, Gerald A. Evans, Maggie Keresteci, Julie Drury, Dylan Kain, Jennie Johnstone, et al. Impact of Hospital Visitor Restrictions during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.31.1.0.

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Johnson, Sarah, Michael Sinclair, Emily Leonard, and Forrest Rosenbower. Development of strategies for monitoring and managing sandscape vegetation, with an assessment of declining vegetation in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. National Park Service, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293187.

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Coastal dune habitats such as those of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore (APIS) are regionally rare habitats of global and state-wide concern. Their dynamic, sandy landforms provide habitat for unique species specifically adapted to frequent disturbance, drought, and other stresses. Despite having disturbance-driven life histories, these species are at risk due to increased visitor use of sandscape habitats and environmental change. Resource managers at APIS have long understood the values of these sandscapes and threats presented by recreational trampling, but more recently they have recognized the precarious position that these coastal habitats are in due to their proximity to the lake and exposure to weather-related phenomena linked with long-term climate change. In recognition of emerging threats and the need to track impacts of these threats, park managers initiated a revision of their methods for monitoring sandscape vegetation. We applied these methods to 15 sandscape locations within the national lakeshore in 2014. Here, we outline what these revisions to the methods were, assess the current status of sandscape structure and composition, assess the utility of data collected with these methods, provide suggestions for further revisions of the sampling method, outline a two-tiered sampling approach for future monitoring, and we provide management recommendations. In a second section of the report, we provide a focused assessment of the size and health of Juniperus communis (common juniper), a target species of concern in these sandscape communities after it was observed by park managers to be dying or stressed on Michigan Island. Our assessments include the status of J. communis across all sandscapes monitored in 2014, and an analysis of change over time since 2012 in the health of J. communis on Michigan, Outer, and Stockton Islands. We provide evidence of impacts by rodents on foliar dieback, primarily on Michigan Island, and we discuss possible interactions with the non-native pale juniper web-worm (Aethes rutilana) and with climate change.
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Johnson, Sarah, Michael Sinclair, Emily Leonard, and Forrest Rosenbower. Development of strategies for monitoring and managing sandscape vegetation, with an assessment of declining vegetation in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. National Park Service, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293187.

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Coastal dune habitats such as those of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore (APIS) are regionally rare habitats of global and state-wide concern. Their dynamic, sandy landforms provide habitat for unique species specifically adapted to frequent disturbance, drought, and other stresses. Despite having disturbance-driven life histories, these species are at risk due to increased visitor use of sandscape habitats and environmental change. Resource managers at APIS have long understood the values of these sandscapes and threats presented by recreational trampling, but more recently they have recognized the precarious position that these coastal habitats are in due to their proximity to the lake and exposure to weather-related phenomena linked with long-term climate change. In recognition of emerging threats and the need to track impacts of these threats, park managers initiated a revision of their methods for monitoring sandscape vegetation. We applied these methods to 15 sandscape locations within the national lakeshore in 2014. Here, we outline what these revisions to the methods were, assess the current status of sandscape structure and composition, assess the utility of data collected with these methods, provide suggestions for further revisions of the sampling method, outline a two-tiered sampling approach for future monitoring, and we provide management recommendations. In a second section of the report, we provide a focused assessment of the size and health of Juniperus communis (common juniper), a target species of concern in these sandscape communities after it was observed by park managers to be dying or stressed on Michigan Island. Our assessments include the status of J. communis across all sandscapes monitored in 2014, and an analysis of change over time since 2012 in the health of J. communis on Michigan, Outer, and Stockton Islands. We provide evidence of impacts by rodents on foliar dieback, primarily on Michigan Island, and we discuss possible interactions with the non-native pale juniper web-worm (Aethes rutilana) and with climate change.
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Ziesler, Pamela, and Claire Spalding. Statistical abstract: 2021. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2293345.

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In 2021, recreation visits to National Park Service (NPS) sites rebounded from the COVID-19 pandemic-driven low visitation of 2020 and climbed to 297,115,406 recreation visits. This is an increase of 60 million recreation visits (+25.3%) from 2020 and a decrease of 30 million recreation visits (-9.3%) from 2019. Recreation visitor hours were 1,356,657,749 – a 28.6% increase from 2020 and a 5.1% decrease from 2019. Total overnight stays followed a similar pattern with 12,745,455 overnight stays – up 4.7 million (+58.5%) from 2020 and down 1.1 million (-8%) from 2019. Five parks were added to the reporting system in 2021: Alagnak Wild River in Alaska, Camp Nelson National Monument in Kentucky, Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument in Mississippi, Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument in Nevada, and World War I Memorial in Washington, D.C. These parks were responsible for over 629,000 recreation visits in 2021. Factors influencing visits to National Park System units in 2021 include: continuing closures and limited capacities due to COVID-19 mitigation at some parks, temporary closures for wildland fires in 2021 (eleven parks), severe regional smoke/haze from ongoing wildland fires throughout the summer and early autumn affecting parks in the western half and northern tier of states in the continental U.S., two hurricanes in 2021 – both in August – impacted visitation: Hurricane Henri caused temporary closures of some parks in the northeast and Hurricane Ida caused temporary closures of parks along the Gulf Coast and generated some heavy flooding in the northeast, hurricanes and wildland fires in previous years resulting in lingering closures, most notably Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017, the Carr and Woolsey Fires in 2018, Hurricane Dorian in 2019, the Caldwell, Cameron Peak, East Troublesome, and Woodward Fires in 2020, and Hurricane Sally in 2020. Forty-four parks set a record for recreation visits in 2021 and 6 parks broke a record they set in 2020. See Appendix A for a list of record parks. The number of reporting units with over 10 million recreation visits was the same as in recent years (3 parks) and 73 parks had over 1 million recreation visits. Twenty-five percent of total recreation visits occurred in the top 8 parks and fifty percent of total visitation occurred in the top 25 parks. Several parks passed annual visitation milestones including Capulin Volcano NM which passed 100,000 annual recreation visits for the first time, Big Bend NP and Devils Tower NM which each passed 500,000 annual recreation visits for the first time, and Zion NP which passed 5 million visits for the first time. Other parks passed milestones for accumulated recreation visits including Hamilton Grange NMEM (1968-2021) and Palo Alto Battlefield NHP (2003-2021) each passing 1 million total recreation visits, Voyageurs NP (1976-2021) passing 10 million total recreation visits, and Hot Springs NP (1904-2021) passing 100 million total recreation visits. Population center designations were updated in 2021 to reflect overlap of park boundaries with statistical areas from the 2020 U.S. Census. Many population center changes reflect increases in local population as indicated by parks changing from rural to outlying or from outlying to suburban. Other changes reflect increasing complexity in population density as parks changed from a single designation, such as rural or suburban, to a mixed designation. See the Definitions section for population center definitions and Table B.1 for previous and updated population center designations by park. In the pages that follow, a series of tables and figures display visitor use data for calendar year 2021. By documenting these visits across the National Park System, the NPS Statistical Abstract offers a historical record of visitor use in parks and provides NPS staff and partners with a useful tool for effective management and planning. In 2021, 394 of 423 NPS units...
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Cole, David N., and Vita Wright. Wilderness visitors and recreation impacts: baseline data available for twentieth century conditions. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-117.

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Bayham, Mary, Annaliese Cothron, Sean Boynes, Ilya Okunev, and Jude Bayham. An Evaluation of COVID-19 Impacts on Dental Office Visits. DentaQuest Partnership for Oral Health Advancement, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35565/dqp.2020.2019.

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Perry, Chris E. Vertical Impact Tests of the Panoramic Night Vision Goggle. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada364165.

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Perry, Chris E. Vertical Impact Testing of Two Helmet-Mounted Night Vision Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada293055.

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Perry, Chris E. Vertical Impact Testing of Two Helmet-Mounted Night Vision Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada297637.

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