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Journal articles on the topic 'Visitor impact management'
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Suklabaidya, Paramita, and Monika Aggarwal. "Visitor Management at UNWHS." Atna Journal of Tourism Studies 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 81–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.24.5.
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Studies have shown a significant increase in the number of visitors to the site after being featured on the UNWHS list which leads to visitation pressure and impacts thereof on the site. Visitor management at the UNWHS is the need of the hour. The paper aims to critically analyse the existing visitor management plan at the selected UNWHS - Taj Mahal, the second-best UNWHS in the world with more than 8 million visitors every year (timesofindia.indiatimes.com, tribuneindia.com, indiatoday. in, hindustantimes.com, 2017), and to suggest numerous proactive and reactive measures to bring about an effective Visitor Management strategy for the Site. The descriptive and exploratory research methodology has been used along with a mixed approach of both Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. Literature review of Visitor Management practices followed at UNWHS globally and an in-depth study of opinion of different groups – Site Managers, Travel agents, Guides, Visitors visiting the site helped conclude, that to defy the harmful impact of the visitation and to give an enhanced experience, an effective marketing plan with strict conservation and preservation practices have to be implemented in collaboration with locals, stakeholders and the government agencies
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Qaddhat, Ranea Mohammed, Hanaa Abedlkader Fayed, and Ghada Mohamed Wafik. "Evaluation of Visitor Management and its Impact on Visitor Experience and Satisfaction at Archaeological Sites in Jordan (Case Study: Jerash)." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0022.
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This study aims to assess visitor management at the Jerash archaeological site in Jordan. It also sheds light on their approaches in guiding and managing visitors at the site, and to discover the effectiveness of adopting indirect approaches (soft strategies) by comparison to using direct approaches (hard strategies). This study examines the effects of visitor management practices on the level of experience quality for visitors, as well as on their satisfaction. The primary data has been obtained from various tools, mainly a survey questionnaire. The study has used descriptive analysis and linear regression. Moreover, the researcher has used site observation to assists in supporting, or refuting, the findings. The study has revealed an effect of visitor management on the visitor quality of experience and visitor satisfaction. The study has come up with many recommendations that will improve the effectiveness of visitor management at the Jerash site.
Received: 9 August 2020 / Accepted: 2 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
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Jim, Chi Yung. "Visitor Management in Recreation Areas." Environmental Conservation 16, no. 1 (1989): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290000847x.
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The ever-increasing demands for outdoor recreation have caused widespread ecological damages in many parts of the world, so that methods to contain deleterious impacts and maintain the quality of recreational experience must be earnestly sought. Besides the commonlyprescribed preventive and ameliorative actions on the resource-base, visitor management which can provide cost-effective and long-term solutions deserves more attention than hitherto. This paper evaluates a spectrum of relevant options including the subtle (influencing userbehaviour), through the intermediate (redistributing use), to the regulatory (rationing use).The reduction of per caput impact can, naturally, raise the capacity of an area to accommodate continuing use. Minimum impact techniques can substantially curtail the largely inadvertent damage due to ignorance rather than malice, while recreational planning and management can take into account the changing user preference. Appropriate data to guide management decisions can be acquired through innovative non-contact approaches, including visitor observation, to solicit candid and spontaneous responses. Good-quality information, conveyed through different channels in ample time before a visit, can effectively modify user behaviour and perception. Formal and informal education, to inculcate a responsible attitude towards the natural environment, can bring long-range benefits. Citizen participation can furnish diversified and useroriented perspectives that are important for successful programmes.
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Schneider, Ingrid E., Arne Arnberger, Stuart P. Cottrell, and Eick von Ruschkowski. "Modeling Impacts of Bark Beetle Infestations on Forest Visitor Experiences and Intended Displacement." Forest Science 65, no. 5 (June 3, 2019): 614–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz021.
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AbstractBark beetle outbreak impacts are occurring at reportedly unprecedented levels. Despite previous research on the aesthetic and economic impacts of terrestrial pest infestations, minimal visitor behavioral response research exists. As beetle infestation progresses, both tree appearance and landscape change can negatively impact visitation and visitor revenue. Given the multiple-use mandate of most forests, this lack of research is surprising. To meet this gap, this study simulated impacts of varied beetle outbreak levels, management approaches, and visitor characteristics on interference with forest visitors’ experience and intended displacement. Visitors at two forested US state park study sites, one with significant bark beetle impact and the other with much less, responded to onsite questionnaires with digitally calibrated photos depicting a variety of beetle-impacted forest scenarios. Up to 80 percent of visitors indicated forest scenarios with significant bark beetle impact would interfere with their experience, and 70 percent reported they would not visit or be displaced. Analyses revealed forest fore- and midground conditions with varying levels of impact significantly predicted both experience interference and displacement. The relative importance of social, biophysical, and managerial conditions differed between models. Results inform management and planning efforts as well as advance understanding of the biophysical and social factors influencing interference and intended displacement.
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Hadwen, Wade L., Wendy Hill, and Catherine M. Pickering. "Linking Visitor Impact Research to Visitor Impact Monitoring in Protected Areas." Journal of Ecotourism 7, no. 1 (August 2008): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2167/joe193.0.
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Juma, Leanard Otwori, Izabella Mária Bakos, and Aniko Khademi-Vidra. "Nature Interpretation and Visitor Management Objectives: A Survey of Tourist Attitudes at Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 7246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187246.
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Nature interpretation has been advocated as a soft and non-obtrusive on-site visitor management strategy to enhance visitor knowledge and understanding of the resource, mitigate visitor impacts, encourage the conservation and improvement of attraction areas, and assist visitors in enjoying their visit. However, the way in which nature interpretation programs are implemented, and the subsequent attitudes created amongst visitors can pose a challenge to the effectiveness of nature interpretation as a visitor management strategy. The situation becomes more complicated with limited resources to implement, monitor, and evaluate nature interpretation in expansive wilderness areas like Masai Mara National Reserve (MMNR). The question therefore is, does nature interpretation in MMNR create favourable attitudes amongst wildlife tourists, consequently leading to enhanced visitor experiences and satisfaction of the support for conservations, or not? This research, therefore, sought to establish the extent to which the attitudes created by nature interpretation affect visitor satisfaction or the enhanced visitor experience and support for conservation, broadly termed as visitor management objectives in MMNR Kenya. Thus, Ho1 postulated that attitudes created by nature interpretation do not influence visitors’ support for conservation in MMNR, and Ho2, that attitudes created by nature interpretation do not enhance visitor experience and satisfaction in MMNR. This study used a structured questionnaire for the survey to collect data from a sample of 351 respondents as a proportion of visitors into MMNR. Research findings revealed that a moderate relationship between attitudes created by nature interpretation and support to conservation with rs = 0.426 and p = 0.000, thus null hypothesis H01 was rejected. Secondly, results showed that attitudes created by nature interpretation moderately affected visitor satisfaction rs = 0.478 and p = 0.000, while similarly, null hypothesis H02 was rejected. The research concluded that various forms of NI result in the formation of attitudes that moderately affect support for conservation and visitor satisfaction. The study concluded that enhanced nature interpretation training and awareness creation, along with continual improvement initiatives, could unlock its full potential as a visitor management strategy. This consistent, well-coordinated, and diligent implementation of nature interpretation initiatives by all stakeholders in MMNR would sustain a cumulative, long-term impact.
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Navarro-Ruiz, Sandra, and Bob McKercher. "The usability of visitor attractions: state-of-the-art." Tourism Review 75, no. 3 (January 2, 2020): 497–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-02-2019-0057.
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Purpose Visitor attractions constitute the essence of the tourism phenomenon. However, management techniques that are expressly designed for tourism and develop different uses/activities and subsequently influence visitor experiences are under-researched. Hence, the purpose of this study is to develop a conceptual framework that provides a bridge between on-site management, visitor attraction development and visitor experience by introducing a novel concept: “usability of visitor attractions.” This new concept captures how managers can develop uses for visitors to experience the attraction. Thus, this study explores this concept and serves as the foundation for further research on this topic. Design/methodology/approach The systematization of the state of the art is based on an exhaustive desk research review of both academic and grey literature to endorse the “usability of visitor attractions” concept. Findings The literature review reveals that visitor attraction management affects visitor experience. To succeed, managers should consider the ease of use and the design of activities. Therefore, an innovative conceptual model is built to explore how on-site management techniques based on this new concept impact on visitor’s experience. Originality/value Research on visitor experience in attractions has neglected the impact of on-site management tools hitherto. Therefore, the originality of the study lies on providing a robust framework that enlightens how visitor attraction management affects visitor experience by developing the usability. The study proposes a novel concept and an original model that will be of a critical interest to tourism academia and will serve as practical guidance for attraction managers.
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Marion, Jeffrey L., and Toivo Sober. "Environmental Impact Management in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/4.1.7.
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Abstract Increases in wilderness and backcountry recreational use have resulted in significant environmental impacts that are requiring more intensive visitor and resource management by the managing agencies. Resource impacts in the nation's most highly used wilderness, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, have been reduced through the implementation of a designated site camping policy in the early 1970s. The number and location of sites are matched to visitor numbers and use patterns by a travel model developed from visitor trip records. Recently, a campsite rehabilitation program has been extended to campsites currently in use in an effort to restore natural conditions and prevent impacts from reaching unacceptable levels. This has been accomplished through the use of native materials and plant species to reduce both the area and the extent of impact at each campsite. North. J. Appl. For. 4:7-10, Mar. 1987.
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Stienmetz, Jason L., and Daniel R. Fesenmaier. "Destination Value Systems: Modeling Visitor Flow Structure and Economic Impact." Journal of Travel Research 58, no. 8 (December 21, 2018): 1249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287518815985.
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This study proposes that the structure of visitor flows within a destination significantly influences the overall economic value generated by visitors. In particular, destination network metrics (i.e., density, in-degree centralization, out-degree centralization, betweenness centralization, and global clustering coefficient) for 29 Florida counties were derived from 4.3 million geotagged photos found on the photo sharing service Flickr and then correlated with visitor-related spending reported by the Florida Department of Revenue. The results of regression analyses indicate that density, out-degree centralization, and in-degree centralization are negatively correlated with total visitor-related spending within a destination, while betweenness centralization is found to have a positive relationship. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the economic value generated by tourism is constrained by the destination network structure of supply-side and demand-side interactions. Further, it is argued that a “network orchestrator” approach to management can be used to better manage economic impacts within a destination.
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Arnberger, Arne, Ingrid E. Schneider, Renate Eder, and Ami Choi. "Differences in urban forest visitor preferences for emerald ash borer-impacted areas." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 93, no. 2 (December 28, 2019): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpz072.
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Abstract Emerald ash borer (EAB), an invasive forest insect from Asia, has impacted vast areas in the United States and European Russia. To proactively understand the social impact of an EAB invasion in Europe and the USA, this study analyzed visitors’ preferences and preference heterogeneity for EAB-impacted forest scenarios in Vienna, Austria (n = 510) and Minneapolis, USA (n = 307). An image-based discrete choice experiment with latent-class analysis among on-site completed questionnaires in Vienna indicated four different visitor segments based on trade-offs among biophysical, social and viewscape elements. Within the forested environment, two segments placed greater importance on (bio)physical attributes and two on social aspects. Although all segments preferred a non-impacted ash forest, only one of the four identified the attribute describing EAB impacts and forest management as the most important attribute. Rather, visitor numbers and background viewscapes were more important than EAB impact and management to differentiate landscape preferences for three of the four segments. Differences in preferences were found between the Vienna and Minneapolis samples. Vienna respondents showed a higher preference for more natural conditions, disliked more the initial stage of EAB impact and placed more importance on background viewscapes and visitor numbers. Forest managers and greenspace planners need to consider the entirety of the forested condition, social and visual, for effective management and address that visitors differ in their preferences for all of these conditions.
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BHAT, IRFAN NABI, and FAISAL NABI. "Visitor impact assessment and management of Gulmarg tourist area." ASIAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 11, no. 1 (June 15, 2016): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ajes/11.1/72-77.
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McGinlay, James, Vassilis Gkoumas, Jens Holtvoeth, Ruymán Federico Armas Fuertes, Elena Bazhenova, Alessandro Benzoni, Kerstin Botsch, et al. "The Impact of COVID-19 on the Management of European Protected Areas and Policy Implications." Forests 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111214.
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The COVID-19 pandemic led to many European countries imposing lockdown measures and limiting people’s movement during spring 2020. During the summer 2020, these strict lockdown measures were gradually lifted while in autumn 2020, local restrictions started to be re-introduced as a second wave emerged. After initial restrictions on visitors accessing many Nature Protected Areas (PAs) in Europe, management authorities have had to introduce measures so that all users can safely visit these protected landscapes. In this paper, we examine the challenges that emerged due to COVID-19 for PAs and their deeper causes. By considering the impact on and response of 14 popular European National and Nature Parks, we propose tentative longer-term solutions going beyond the current short-term measures that have been implemented. The most important challenges identified in our study were overcrowding, a new profile of visitors, problematic behavior, and conflicts between different user groups. A number of new measures have been introduced to tackle these challenges including information campaigns, traffic management, and establishing one-way systems on trail paths. However, measures to safeguard public health are often in conflict with other PA management measures aiming to minimize disturbance of wildlife and ecosystems. We highlight three areas in which management of PAs can learn from the experience of this pandemic: managing visitor numbers in order to avoid overcrowding through careful spatial planning, introducing educational campaigns, particularly targeting a new profile of visitors, and promoting sustainable tourism models, which do not rely on large visitor numbers.
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Švajda, Juraj, Samuel Koróny, Antoni Zięba, and Paweł Adamski. "Perceptions of natural disturbance in Tatra National Park, Poland." Forestry Journal 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2016-0011.
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Abstract Since the last decades, natural disturbances in forests including protected areas have intensified. They have the potential to impact visual quality and safety of visitors as well as spread beyond protected area boundaries. While economic and ecological impacts are well studied, there is still a lack of work focused on human dimensions and social aspects. This study examines visitor perceptions towards bark beetle infestation in Tatra National Park, Poland. The findings, based on visitor surveys collected during the summer of 2014, indicate the significance of different factors influencing visitor attitudes towards the bark beetle. Age of visitors and importance of the bark beetle issue for them (based on subjective ratings of importance of bark beetle issue for respondents) are the most prominent variables. Also place of origin and environmental worldview were recognized as significantly important variables in accordance with similar studies. Results suggest management implications for park authorities including public relations and environmental education in order to increase knowledge and support for natural disturbance and ecological integrity policies in the national park.
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AlMasri, Reem, and Abdelkader Ababneh. "Heritage Management: Analytical Study of Tourism Impacts on the Archaeological Site of Umm Qais—Jordan." Heritage 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 2449–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030138.
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The archaeological site of Umm Qais is a popular tourist destination for both local and foreign tourists who come to appreciate the site’s archaeological history, scenic landscape, and panoramic perspective. The site was the focus of tourism planning, which included the construction of amenities and infrastructure, the creation of tourist circuits, and archaeological management. This development was linked to a rise in visitor numbers as well as the provision of a high level of service, such as parking, tickets, kiosks, restaurants, and cafés, to welcome visitors. The purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of on-site tourist services and infrastructures, as well as those of visitors, and their geographical and temporal scope on the site. The study used a qualitative approach based on case study fieldwork as a research method to achieve this goal. Personal observation, interviews with site-related stakeholders, and a checklist were used to collect data during the fieldwork. Both tourism infrastructure and visitors were proven to have a detrimental influence on tourist attractions. The site’s aesthetic pollution and structural deterioration were caused by tourism services and infrastructure. Graffiti, vandalism, and trash left by visitors exerted strong negative impacts. Furthermore, spatial and temporal negative impacts were determined by the patterns of seasonal movement of visitors and the location of infrastructure. Thus, most of the impacts were concentrated in a small portion of the site, among the western theater, the panoramic view, and the traditional Ottoman village. This research sheds light on these challenges and makes recommendations in the areas of heritage management, tourism, and visitor impact management that may be of interest to on-the-ground decision makers as well as academics.
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Freeland, Laura, Charlotte Ellis, and Christopher J. Michaels. "Documenting Aggression, Dominance and the Impacts of Visitor Interaction on Galápagos Tortoises (Chelonoidis nigra) in a Zoo Setting." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040699.
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Ensuring high levels of welfare is imperative for modern zoos, but such organisations must also engage visitors in order to successfully spread awareness and raise conservation funds. It is therefore important to understand the responses of animals to visitor interaction to optimise welfare. Often, the opportunity to interact with humans may be enriching for animals, but in other contexts, this interaction may have negative welfare effects. We observed captive female Galápagos giant tortoises (Chelonoidis nigra) to describe aggressive interactions, characterize hierarchy using Elo ratings and assess the impact of visitor interactions. Elo ratings indicated that one individual was dominant over two equally ranked subordinates; aggressive interactions are discussed in this context. We detected significant effects of the presence of visitors and visitor type (keepers, vets or public) within the enclosure on aggression and activity. We suggest that previous miscategorisation of a natural behaviour (the finch response) as an operantly conditioned behaviour, rather than a fixed action pattern, may have triggered aggression. We then document changes made to the management of the animals to mitigate the impacts discovered. This work highlights the importance of empirical evidence in determining optimal management strategies for zoo animals with regards to public interactions and animal welfare.
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Deng, Jinyang, Kathryn Gazal, and Steven Selin. "Visitor Economic Impact Estimates of Garrett County, Maryland." Tourism Analysis 22, no. 1 (March 23, 2017): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/108354217x14828625279933.
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Gorgadze, Aleksei, Anastasia Sinitsyna, Julia Trabskaya, and To'neill Bala. "The impact of new affective components on museum visitor retention: the context of major city event using SEM and CTree." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 12, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-11-2020-0071.
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PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between ranges of affective components that have an impact on the revisit intention of museum visitors, in the context of a major city event. The study reveals the most significant factors that affect decision-making by applying the findings to a structural equation modelling (SEM) and conditional inference tree (CTree).Design/methodology/approachThe paper utilises face-to-face survey research at the “Long Night of Museums” event in Saint Petersburg, 298 questionnaires were completed on the night of the event. The empirical part of the research is based on the SEM and interpreted by using the CTree. The SEM model measures the direct and indirect influence of the cognitive and affective components; the CTree enables the testing of both component and the joint effect they both produce.FindingsThis study shows a strong indirect correlation between the cognitive component of the major city event and the revisit intention of museum visitors. When focussing on affective components, both the SEM and the CTree demonstrated that attractiveness and atmosphere are revealed to be the most impactful elements regarding visitor retention and repeat custom. The research allows for a deeper understanding of visitor behaviours, intentions and their decision-making processes.Practical implicationsThe results of the study allow museum managers to understand how to create repeat custom amongst visitors, by appreciating the importance of participation in major city events and the role that attraction and atmosphere play when creating intention for repeat visit. The research has uncovered which dimensions are the most important to visitors, and as a result, these particular dimensions should be thoroughly developed by museums in future in order to attract and repeat visits. This study has demonstrated the practical implications for museums participating in city events. When considering policy makers, this particular research provides an opportunity to develop recommendations for future city events, as well as using the CTree to assess and predict the effectiveness of visitor behaviour.Originality/valueThis is an original study which aims to integrate the impact of the perceived value of the cognitive component and a new range of affective elements regarding museum retention in the context of a major city event. The study includes newly developed dimensions of perceived value, as well as a unique focus on affective dimensions such as – atmosphere and attraction. Another point of originality is provided by using a CTree, which captures an in depth understanding of the intention formation process. This study provides an opportunity to advance our understanding of visitor decision-making processes.
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Venter, Dewald, and Tanya Erasmus. "The Impact of Popular Culture Fandom on the Quality of Life of Visitors to Comic Con Africa 2019." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no. 10(3) (June 30, 2021): 1064–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-149.
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This study aimed to establish the effects that travel motives and life domains have on visitors’ quality-of-life. Based on the setting, a convenience sampling technique was used in which fieldworkers administered the questionnaire to visitors at Comic Con Africa 2019. Data from 433 (N) completed questionnaires were captured regarding their travel motives, life domains, life domains overall, and quality-of-life affect, and analysed. A structural equation modelling analysis indicated a positive linear relationship between the visitors’ travel motives, life domains measured, life domains overall, and quality-of-life; all of which attained good composite reliabilities. The findings indicate that travel motives have an influence on visitors’ life domains, positive and negative, relevant to their perceived importance. Overall, a visit to this pop culture event had a positive effect on visitors’ quality-of-life. Based on the visitor demographics, social media marketing should be aimed at niche lifestyle aspects that are most enticing to visitor’s pop culture life. The approach would most likely appeal to the markets’ higher-order needs, which could increase visitor numbers and help improve their quality-of-life overall. This research opened the door to the new pop culture life domain, and contributes to the literature and methodology in tourism, life domains and quality-of-life.
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FLETCHER, H., and C. L. J. FRID. "Impact and management of visitor pressure on rocky intertidal algal communities." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 6, no. 4 (December 1996): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0755(199612)6:4<287::aid-aqc199>3.0.co;2-q.
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Quintal, Vanessa, Michael Lwin, Ian Phau, and Abhinav Sood. "Festival Personality and How It Influences Visitor Attitude and Intention." Event Management 24, no. 6 (November 20, 2020): 665–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599519x15506259856543.
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This study explores festival personality for its impacts on visitor attitude and intention toward festivals. Two distinct and popular festivals held at a botanic park in Western Australia were selected for the research. A total of 481 local and international visitors participated in the self-administered, pen-and-paper and online surveys. The Excitement personality attribute was unique to the Chili Festival, whereas the Cheerfulness personality attribute was unique to the Tulip Festival. Both festivals embodied the Imagination personality attribute, suggesting the place in which a festival is held may embody its own attributes, which contribute to the holistic personality of the festival. For both festivals, the personality attributes had significant impact on favorable visitor attitude, resulting in their positive intention toward these festivals. The study paves the way for researchers to extend brand personality research to the event tourism domain, particularly in the niche sector of festivals. The enhanced understanding lends input into how festival organizers, brand managers, and marketers can manage the positioning, differentiation, and communication strategies of their festivals in this competitive sector.
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Jingwen, Wang, and Liang Mingzhu. "Characteristics of visitor expenditure in Macao and their impact on its economic growth." Tourism Economics 24, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 218–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816617749352.
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This article assesses the economic impact of visitor expenditure in Macao and the impacts of major expense types to the visitor expenditure. As consumption habits are changing gradually, which can be reflected in the consumption habits of the tourists, we concentrate on the characteristics of visitor expenditure to analyze the factors that drive up the consumption. This article analyzes the relative statistical indicators from 2010 to 2016 in Macao using the ordinary least squares method. According to empirical analysis of this study, 1 Macanese Patacas (MOP) of visitor expenditure can create 7.896 MOP in additional gross domestic product (GDP) in Macao. Moreover, “transportation” and “shopping” present obvious equal status on the pulling function to the visitor expenditure, which indicates that a better transportation system can increase more consumption opportunities. The items of “shopping” and “cosmetics and perfume” have a distinctively high pulling function to the visitor expenditure. This indicates that the power of female consumer group should be emphasized. Compared with other commodities, we observed the obvious pulling function of “local food products,” which shows that the culture-based tourism experience will be helpful to promote the visitor expenditure. In discussing the results, relevant suggestions for developing the diversified tourism in Macao are presented in the article.
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Liu, Tzu-Ming. "Using RPL Model to Probe Trade-Offs among Negative Externalities of Controlling Invasive Species." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (November 5, 2019): 6184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216184.
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This empirical study uses the choice experiment method to analyze the preferences of national park (NP) visitors regarding the negative externalities of NP measures to prevent and control invasive alien species (IAS). In addition, it estimates the visitor responses to the trade-offs between various negative externalities and the prices visitors are willing to pay. Based on these trade-offs and the willing-to-pay prices, NPs can plan IAS prevention that has the least impact on visitors. Adopting visitors to Taiwan’s Shei-Pa National Park as the survey respondents, this paper uses a stratified random sampling method to select the survey time and applies systematic sampling to select respondents during the survey period. A total of 602 questionnaires and 2998 observations were obtained. The results reveal that visitors believe that the negative externalities of IAS have a significant impact on them. However, their preference for prevention and control outweighs their preference for no prevention and control measures. In terms of the negative externalities associated with IAS prevention and control, visitors award priority to avoidance of ecological disturbance and harm to visitor health, and are more likely to accept the reduction of recreational area.
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Jorgenson, Jake, Norma Nickerson, Douglas Dalenberg, Justin Angle, Elizabeth Metcalf, and Wayne Freimund. "Measuring Visitor Experiences: Creating and Testing the Tourism Autobiographical Memory Scale." Journal of Travel Research 58, no. 4 (April 18, 2018): 566–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287518764344.
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The purpose of this study was to test the validity of the new Tourism Autobiographical Memory Scale (TAMS) that measures visitor experience through personal memory. The TAMS uses the autobiographical memory framework to represent the degree to which a travel experience was impactful to a traveler’s life. Visitors were asked to recall a memory from their visit to a national park and rate the memory of the experience based on its impact and frequency of rehearsal on a 7-point scale. Using exploratory factor analysis and reliability testing, two distinct factors emerged. Results identified a reliable measure of a memory’s impact and frequency of rehearsal of tourists. The TAMS provides researchers a new scale to gather information about the impact of a visitor experience from the direct source—personal memories. Destination managers who understand the impact they can have on a traveler will be able to manage and market to those types of experiences.
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Marion, Jeffrey L., and Tracy A. Farrell. "Management practices that concentrate visitor activities: camping impact management at Isle Royale National Park, USA." Journal of Environmental Management 66, no. 2 (October 2002): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.2002.0584.
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Farrell, Tracy A., and Jeffrey L. Marion. "The Protected Area Visitor Impact Management (PAVIM) Framework: A Simplified Process for Making Management Decisions." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10, no. 1 (March 2002): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667151.
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Svajda, J., S. Korony, I. Brighton, S. Esser, and S. Ciapala. "Trail impact monitoring in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA." Solid Earth 7, no. 1 (January 26, 2016): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-115-2016.
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Abstract. This paper examines impacts of increased visitation leading to human trampling of vegetation and soil along several trails in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) to understand how abiotic factors and level of use can influence trail conditions. RMNP is one of the most visited national parks in the USA, with 3.3 million visitors in 2012 across 1075 km2 and 571 km of hiking trails. 95 % of the park is designated wilderness, making the balance between preservation and visitor use challenging. This research involves the application of trail condition assessments to 56 km of trails to determine prevailing factors and what, if any, connection between them exist. The study looked at a variety of inventory and impact indicators and standards to determine their importance and to develop a baseline condition of trails. The data can be used for future comparison and evaluation of development trends. We found that trail widening (mean trail width 88.9 cm) and soil loss (cross-sectional area 172.7 cm2) are the most visible effects of trail degradation. Further statistical analyses of data identified the role and influence of various factors (e.g., use level and topography). Insights into the influence of these factors can lead to the selection of appropriate management measures to avoid or minimize negative consequences from increased visitation.
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Svajda, J., S. Korony, I. Brighton, S. Esser, and S. Ciapala. "Trail impact monitoring in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA." Solid Earth Discussions 7, no. 4 (November 6, 2015): 3117–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-3117-2015.
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Abstract. This paper examines impacts of increased visitation leading to human trampling of vegetation and soil along several trails in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) to understand how abiotic factors and level of use can influence trail conditions. RMNP is one of the most visited national parks in the USA with 3.3 million visitors in 2012 across 1075 km2 and 571 km of hiking trails. 95 % of the park is designated wilderness making the balance between preservation and visitor use challenging. This research involves the application of trail condition assessments to 56 km of trails to determine prevailing factors and what, if any, connection between them exist. The study looked at a variety of inventory and impact indicators and standards to determine their importance and to develop a baseline condition of trails. The data can be used for future comparison and evaluation of development trends. We found that trail widening (mean trail width 88.9 cm) and soil loss (cross sectional area 172.7 cm2) are the most visible effects of trail degradation. Further statistical analyses of data identified the role and influence of various factors (e.g. use level and topography). Insights into the influence of these factors can lead to the selection of appropriate management measures to avoid or minimize negative consequences from increased visitation.
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Pilcher, Danielle Robyn, and Nick Eade. "Understanding the audience: Purbeck Folk Festival." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 7, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 21–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-09-2015-0039.
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Purpose – Despite the ongoing research into visitor motivation in the live events and tourism industries, only a limited amount of research has examined the motivational factors exhibited in individual segments of society. The purpose of this paper was to identify a relationship between visitor demographics and visitor motivation, for the purpose of enhanced market research at folk festivals in the UK. Design/methodology/approach – In this research, a qualitative study of visitor demographics and their accompanying motivation to attend Purbeck Folk Festival is reported. The study was conducted in the form of interviews, which investigated the underlying motivation behind visitor attendance to Purbeck Folk Festival in 2014. The research process, guided by the literature of Robson (2011) and Bryman (2012), aimed to establish the extent to which visitor demographics did or did not impact visitor motivation to attend the event. Findings – The study revealed five motivational dimensions, and from this devised five core audience segments including: the escapists, the socialites, the family type, the experience seekers and the folkniks. This study highlights the correlation between visitor demographics and visitor motivation and suggests further applications of this research and similar research in the field of live events. The study contributes an insight into the audience of Purbeck Folk Festival and may be used to provide an understanding of audience profile and behaviour at folk festivals within the UK. Research limitations/implications – Due to the nature of the research, participants will be secured through non-probability quota sampling, which is a method of convenience. This approach may place limitations on the validity of the findings, as researcher bias may occur when selecting participants, for example, avoiding visitors who look intimidating or abnormal (Robson, 2011). The use of open-ended questions in the capacity of a greenfield event was identified as a potential difficulty, as participants are required to think about their answers and provide opinions, unlike a closed question method, which although quicker and easier, may not be as effective (Kumar, 2014). Therefore, to keep participants engaged and willing to provide further information, the interview design was kept short and questions are easily comprehendible. Originality/value – The research study reflects early the work of Mayo (Dickson, 1973), Maslow (1954) and Herzberg (1966), and builds on more recent literature by Kruger and Saayman (2012), which analysed the relationship between audience profile and motivation to attend.
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Ervina, Ersy, SRP Wulunga, and Vany Octivanya. "Tourist Perception of Visitor Management Strategy in North Bandung Protected Area." Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism 6, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.22334/jbhost.v6i2.235.
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Sustainable tourism is one of Djuanda Forest Park (Tahura) management goals in implementing a visitor management strategy in the North Bandung Protected Areas. Djuanda Forest Park is an important area to be preserved as a tourist destination because of its very strategic function for environmental sustainability in Bandung City and its buffer areas. The visitor management strategy's implementation level can be seen from the perception of tourist who comes to Djuanda Forest Park, which analyzes by the intensity of destination use, accessibility, and carrying capacity. Perception cannot be separated from the satisfaction of tourists when visiting. This study aims to analyze tourists' perceptions of the implementation of visitor management strategies together with tourist satisfaction in the Tahura protected area. The method used is descriptive with data collection techniques through questionnaires. The results showed that tourist perceptions and satisfaction with the Visitor Management Strategy application were quite good. In improving quality, management is expected to be able to design a more systematic flow of visits and limit the number of visits for each tourist area to minimize the impact of tourism activities on the environment. On the satisfaction side, managers need to improve product and service quality, especially the preservation of tourist areas to create tourists experience
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Rocha, Geraldo César, Ricardo da Silva Rocha, Lucas Pinheiro De Paula, and Victor Almeida Biancardi. "Capacidade de suporte ambiental da Trilha do Tostão, Morro do Cristo, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brasil." Principia: Caminhos da Iniciação Científica 18, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/2179-3700.2018.v18.29872.
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Este trabalho aborda a capacidade de suporte ambiental da chamada Trilha do Tostão, localizada em uma das áreas de significativa importância ambiental do centro da cidade de Juiz de Fora-MG, o chamado Morro do Cristo. Com base em metodologia consagrada calculou-se a Capacidade de Carga Física da trilha, para se definir o número máximo suportado de visitantes. Além disso, foi utilizado o método VIM (Visitor Impact Management) para se chegar ao Percentual Aceitável de Impacto (PAI) na trilha estudada. Concluiu-se que a trilha suporta visitas de 115 pessoas por dia, individualmente ou em grupos, totalizando 5 visitas diárias. A implementação e uso dessa trilha poderá incrementar a proteção ambiental da área, diminuindo riscos físicos e aumentando a percepção de riscos da comunidade e arredores.
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Knapman, Bruce, and Natalie Stoeckl. "Recreation User Fees: An Australian Empirical Investigation." Tourism Economics 1, no. 1 (March 1995): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669500100102.
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It is widely acknowledged that increasing tourism and recreation usage of natural resources in Australia has placed heavy demands on those responsible for visitor management. The consequent need for more revenue has led local government and national park management to contemplate extended implementation of the ‘user pays' principle. However, user pays may be rejected on the grounds that it is not a first-best pricing policy, and/or on the grounds that public resources funded out of the public purse should be freely available. It has been suggested in the case of entry fees to national parks that they penalize the poor. This paper uses empirical estimates of demand curves for two World-Heritage-listed national parks — Kakadu and Hinchinbrook Island — to investigate the impact of entry fees on visitation and revenue, and the efficiency of fees as a revenue-raising device. An examination of visitors' socio-economic characteristics allows some comment on the equity issue. It is concluded that modest entry fees would have little impact on visitor numbers; that, provided the administrative costs of fee imposition are not prohibitive, entry fees are not only a good potential source of revenue, but also impose smaller efficiency costs than the income taxation system; and that fees may well constitute a progressive tax.
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Bilbrey, Larry Edward, and Natalie R. Dickson. "Using retrospective adverse event data to assess the impact of visitor management during a pandemic emergency plan at a community oncology practice." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 29_suppl (October 10, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.29_suppl.146.
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146 Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, our community oncology practice, with over 150 providers at 33 locations, incorporated infection control guidance from the CDC into our Pandemic Emergency Plan, including visitor restrictions at all locations. There was an increase in patient fall events in our clinics after visitor restrictions were implemented in March 2020, as there were fewer care-givers available in the clinics to assist patients. Methods: Using our adverse event reporting system, we abstracted and trended all safety events that involved patient falls from March 2019 through May 2020. We compared patient fall events during the period of visitor restriction (March-May 2020) to the same period in 2019, and to the 3 months preceding March 2020 and the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions. We report patient fall events per 1,000 patient visits. Results: Prior to COVID-19, patient fall events averaged .207 falls per 1,000 patient visits for March thru May 2019 and .137 falls per 1,000 patient visits for Dec 2019 thru Feb 2020. Following the implementation of visitor restrictions in March 2020, patient fall events increased to .271 per 1000 visits, with a vast upward trend resulting in .435 patient fall events per 1,000 visits in May of 2020 when the restrictions were tightened, more than double previous averages prior to COVID-19. Conclusions: Family members and care-givers play an important role in the patient’s care team. We are confident that the significant increase in patient falls in May 2020 is attributed to visitor restrictions. These findings support the vital role of family and care-givers in patient safety. They not only provide transportation, emotional support and information on patient health status, but assist with ADLs, ambulation and transfer needs during the patients’ visits to the clinics. Healthcare facilities are often under-resourced and under-staffed to fully address patients’ physical needs. Limiting care-givers during a pandemic may reduce the transmission of infection, but also may lead to other unexpected adverse events. Using these findings, we will be implementing standard fall prevention procedures. The practice’s emergency pandemic plan on visitor restrictions will also be amended to take this into account.
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Iswandaru, Dian, Ambar Kusumandari, and Chafid Fandeli. "STUDI IMPLEMENTASI STANDAR SISTEM MANAJEMEN LINGKUNGAN (ISO 14001:2004) DALAM PENGELOLAAN WISATA ALAM DI TAMAN NASIONAL BROMO TENGGER SEMERU (Studi Kasus Pelaksanaan Sertifikasi dalam Pengelolaan Wisata Alam)." JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jhppk.2016.1.2.117.
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High nature potency, strategic location, and accessible have made TNBTS as one of most visited national parks, thus the potency cause negative impact to the ecosystem. To anticipate, the Management of TNBTS has applied environment management system/EMS based on ISO 14001 : 2004. The study aimed to investigate the EMS applied by the management of TNBTS, implementation process of ISO 14001 : 2004, evaluate the phase and percent of EMS application on natural tourism management. Method used was descriptive explorative with frequent descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis. The result showed that the most inuencing factor in the EMS application in TNBTS was visitor aspect and facilities establishment. Implementation process of ISO 14001 : 2004 in TNBTS was started with EMS training by an external consultant, agreeing the certification scope, conducting early review, and identifying environmental impact aspect also the regulation. Then set the environmental policy, management, conduct inspection and review of the management. To support successfulness of the implementation of ISO 14001 : 2004, requires management and personal commitment. Compliance degree of the EMS implementation based on ISO 14001 : 2004 was 3.86 and 79.95% with the category of close to consistent. Result of SWOT analysis showed that the strategic position of TNBTS in applying EMS to manage their natural tourism was in quadrant/ cell 1 (1.18; 0.65). Therefore, the strategy that can be developed is growth strategy, with the strategy form increasing service to visitors, increasing management work in maintaining the EMS quality.
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Marion, Jeffrey L., and Caroline S. Rogers. "The applicability of terrestrial visitor impact management strategies to the protection of coral reefs." Ocean & Coastal Management 22, no. 2 (January 1994): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-5691(94)90017-5.
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Somova, Eugenia Gennadievna, and Andrei Mikhailovich Sazykin. "Assessment of «Leopard Land» National Park and the «Kedrovaya Pad» Reserve landscapes potential resistance to visitor impact." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201871122.
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The paper considers potential resistance of the Leopard Land national park and the Kedrovaya Pad reserve landscapes to visitor impact. The landscapes resistance map to visitor impact for both protected areas has been created based on the materials of permissible visitor impact on the plant communities in Primorsky Region. It has been revealed that the majority of resistant plant communities to visitor impact are concentrated in southern and central parts of the Leopard Land national park, while the most vulnerable landscapes are located in the northern part. Relatively stable landscapes occupy 75% of the recreational zone and 94% of the economic zone of the Leopard Land national park that helps to develop tourism in the national park. The recreational use of the Kedrovaya Pad reserve should be strictly regulated due to its status of reserve and high amount of black-fir broad-leaved forests, which locate on 30% of the reserve area. The paper proposes a method for conversion the values of permissible visitor impact from areal to linear scale. It has been identified that the carrying capacity of the planned routes in the Leopard Land national park varies from 10 people per day (with an allowable recreational load of 0,5 people/ha) up to 70 people per day (with an allowable load of 3,5 people/ha) without construction of impact-resistant trails and additional management strategies. The obtained results would be of interest to managers of the protected areas and their goal of carrying out rational tourism.
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Berno, Tracy, Eilidh Thorburn, Mindy Sun, and Simon Milne. "International visitor surveys." Hospitality Insights 3, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v3i1.53.
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International visitor surveys (IVS) are traditionally designed to provide destinations with marketing data and intelligence. The New Zealand Tourism Research Institute has been developing new approaches to IVS implementation and data collection in the Pacific Islands that can provide a much richer source of information [1]. The research outlined here is the first to utilise an IVS to explore the positioning of cuisine in the culinary identity of a destination – specifically, the cuisine of the Cook Islands. The Cook Islands is known primarily for its sun, sea and sand features, rather than its culinary attributes. Drawing on data mining of the Cook Islands IVS (2012–2016) and a web audit of destination websites and menus, this paper considers the positioning of food and food-related activities within the Pacific nation’s tourism experience.
National tourism organisations are increasingly seeking competitive advantage by utilising their local cuisines as tourist attractions. Research suggests that distinctive local cuisines can act as both a tourism attraction, and as a means of shaping the identity of a destination [2, 3]. In addition to providing an important source of marketable images, local cuisine can also provide a unique experience for tourists. This reinforces the competitiveness and sustainability of the destination [2].
The cuisine of the Cook Islands has come up repeatedly in recommendations for how the country can grow its tourism revenue. Recommendations have been made to improve the food product on offer, develop a distinctive Cook Islands cuisine based on fresh, local produce, and to promote a Cook Islands cuisine experience [4, 5], and to use these to market the Cook Islands as a destination for local food tourism experiences [4]. Despite these recommendations, Cook Island cuisine features less prominently than stereotypical sun, sea, and sand marketing images, and little is known about tourists’ perceptions of and satisfaction with food and food-related activities [6]. Our research addresses this gap by mining IVS data to gain a deeper understanding of tourists’ experiences and perceptions of food in the Cook Islands and assessing whether local food can be positioned as means of creating a unique destination identity.
Two methods were used to develop a picture of where food sits in the Cook Islands tourist experience: one focussed on tourist feedback; and the other focused on how food is portrayed in relevant online media. Analysis of all food-related data collected as part of the national IVS between 1 April 2012 and 30 June 2016 was conducted (N = 10,950). A web audit also focused on how food is positioned as part of the Cook Islands tourism product.
After identifying the quantitative food-related questions in the IVS, satisfaction with these activities was analysed. Qualitative comments related to food experiences were also examined. The results suggest that participation in food-related activities is generally a positive feature of the visitor experience. The web-audit revealed, however, that food is not a salient feature in the majority of Cook Islands-related websites, and when food did feature, it tended to be oriented towards international cuisine with a ‘touch of the Pacific’ rather than specifically Cook Islands cuisine. This reinforced findings from the IVS data mining that Cook Islands food is presented as a generic tropical ‘seafood and fruit’ cuisine that, largely, lacks the defining and differentiating features of authentic Cook Island cuisine.
High participation rates in food-related activities and overall positive evaluations by visitors emerged from the IVS data, yet a dearth of images and information on the country’s food suggests that the Cook Islands is not exploiting its cuisine and food experiences to their full potential. As a direct result of this secondary analysis of IVS data, which highlighted the importance of and potential for food-related activities, the Cook Islands Government is now actively addressing this gap by developing a range of food-related resources and information that can better link tourism to local cuisine. In addition to developing a greater presence of local food in online resources, the Cook Islands Tourism Corporation has also taken on board the messages from the IVS to drive the development of Takurua [7] – an initiative to develop and document local, traditional cuisine and share it with the world. This approach is part of a broader ongoing effort to differentiate the Cook Islands from other South Pacific destinations through its unique cultural attributes.
Data mining and secondary analysis of IVS data has not been restricted to the identification of food-related opportunities. Secondary analysis of IVS data in the Pacific has also been used to investigate the impact of other niche markets such as events [8] and to gauge the impact of environmental incidents, for example Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu [9] and algal bloom in the Cook Islands [10], thus reinforcing that IVS data are a rich source of information and are indeed more than just numbers.
Corresponding author
Tracy Berno can be contacted at tracy.berno@aut.ac.nz
References
(1) New Zealand Tourism Research Institute (NZTRI). Cook Islands Resources and Outputs; NZTRI: Auckland. http://www.nztri.org.nz/cook-islands-resources (accessed Jun 10, 2019).
(2) Lin, Y.; Pearson, T.; Cai, L. Food as a Form of Destination Identity: A Tourism Destination Brand Perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research 2011, 11, 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1057/thr.2010.22
(3) Okumus, F.; Kock, G.; Scantlebury, M. M.; Okumus, B. Using Local Cuisines when Promoting Small Caribbean Island Destinations. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 2013, 30 (4), 410–429.
(4) Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Linking Farmers to Markets: Realizing Opportunities for Locally Produced Food on Domestic and Tourist Markets in Cook Islands. FAO Sub-regional Office of the Pacific Islands: Apia, Samoa, 2014.
(5) United Nations. “Navigating Stormy Seas through Changing winds”: Developing an Economy whilst Preserving a National Identity and the Modern Challenges of a Small Island Developing State. The Cook Islands National Report for the 2014 Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) Conference and post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1074217Cook%20Is%20_%20Final%20NATIONAL%20SIDS%20Report.pdf (accessed Jun 10, 2019).
(6) Boyera, S. Tourism-led Agribusiness in the South Pacific Countries; Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Cooperation (CTA): Brussels, 2016.
(7) Cook Islands Tourism Corporation (CITC). Takurua: Food and Feasts of the Cook Islands; CITC: Avarua, Cook Islands, 2018.
(8) Thorburn, E.; Milne, S.; Histen, S.; Sun, M.; Jonkers, I. Do Events Attract Higher Yield, Culturally Immersive Visitors to the Cook Islands? In CAUTHE 2016: The Changing Landscape of Tourism and Hospitality: The Impact of Emerging Markets and Emerging Destinations; Scerri, M., Ker Hui, L., Eds.; Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School: Sydney, 2016; pp 1065–1073.
(9) Sun, M.; Milne, S. The Impact of Cyclones on Tourist Demand: Pam and Vanuatu. In CAUTHE 2017: Time for Big Ideas? Re-thinking the Field for Tomorrow; Lee, C., Filep, S., Albrecht, J. N., Coetzee, W. JL, Eds.; Department of Tourism, University of Otago: Dunedin, 2017; pp 731–734.
(10) Thorburn, E.; Krause, C.; Milne, S. The Impacts of Algal Blooms on Visitor Experience: Muri Lagoon, Cook Islands. In CAUTHE 2017: Time for Big Ideas? Re-thinking the Field For Tomorrow; Lee, C., Filep, S., Albrecht, J. N., Coetzee, W. JL, Eds., Department of Tourism, University of Otago: Dunedin, 2017; pp 582–587.
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Bojanic, David C. "The impact of age and family life experiences on Mexican visitor shopping expenditures." Tourism Management 32, no. 2 (April 2011): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.012.
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Cessford, Gordon, and Paul R. Dingwall. "Research on shipborne tourism to the Ross Sea region and the New Zealand sub-Antarctic islands." Polar Record 34, no. 189 (April 1998): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400015230.
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AbstractAn ongoing programme of tourist survey research, conducted since the 1990/91 summer season, is summarised. While focusing initially on the nature reserves of the New Zealand sub-Antarctic islands, the programme was subsequently extended to encompass related tourist visits to Macquarie Island (Australia) and the Ross Sea region of Antarctica. In accordance with expressed management information needs, the research objectives and the methodology, based on questionnaires distributed by national representatives aboard tour vessels, have evolved from general descriptive visitor surveys to more site-specific visitor assessments. Research findings emphasised that these tourists constitute a distinctive activity group. The impact issues they reported were mainly related to trampling and some site-specific wildlife disturbance, with other impact issues not being prominent. No notable dissatisfactions were apparent or visit improvements demanded, and strong support was indicated for most of the management restrictions applied to onshore visits. Methodological lessons from conducting this survey programme are briefly summarised, and suggestions for future research directions are made, with more emphasis on post-voyage evaluation surveys and assessments of physical impacts related to tourist visits.
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Cole, Shu Tian, and H. Charles Chancellor. "Examining the festival attributes that impact visitor experience, satisfaction and re-visit intention." Journal of Vacation Marketing 15, no. 4 (October 2009): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766709335831.
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Çela, Ariana, Jill Knowles-Lankford, and Sam Lankford. "Local food festivals in Northeast Iowa communities: A visitor and economic impact study." Managing Leisure 12, no. 2-3 (July 2007): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13606710701339470.
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Fanelli, Rosa Maria. "Examining the relationship between the price, the characteristics and the visitor evaluation of attributes of Italian farmhouses with an educational farm." Tourism Review 75, no. 5 (December 16, 2019): 827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-07-2019-0316.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the price charged for a guest room in a farmhouse with an educational farm, the farmhouse characteristics and the visitor evaluation of the principal external and internal farmhouse attributes. Design/methodology/approach A large sample of 10,880 visitor reviews, extrapolated from the websites of 399 Italian farmhouses with an educational farm (FEF), was analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify the main latent dimensions of the farmhouses (visitor satisfaction with farmhouse attributes, farmhouse dimensions, visitor frequency, farmhouse services, types of accommodation and altitude) that affect the price charged for a guest room. Subsequently, multivariate regression was applied to measure the impact of these new latent factors on the price. Findings Overall, the results indicate that the price of a farmhouse with an educational farm – in the context of this niche of the Italian agritourism sector – reflects the visitor evaluation of the farmhouse attributes (especially activities and facilities available in the surrounding countryside), the farmhouse dimensions, the types of accommodation, the number of services on offer and the presence of connectivity (WI-FI). In addition, the results reveal that the price represents an important driver that guides guests in their choice of a farmhouse and that it affects visitor satisfaction with farmhouse attributes. Research limitations/implications Because of the sample chosen, the data gathered are limited to one type of organization – Italian FEF. Furthermore, it may be important to investigate in more depth some issues that remain partly unanswered that concern this niche of the Italian agritourism sector. Practical implications Thanks to the identification of latent dimensions by PCA and the examination of their impact on the farmhouse price, farmhouse operators can understand a priori the main determinants on which to focus to improve the quality of activities and facilities available in the farmhouse location to better satisfy visitor expectations. Originality/value This study provides new and practical insights into the farmhouse experience in Italian municipalities, an area where very limited research has been conducted. Indeed, this is one of the few studies to focus on online reviews to evaluate more than two farmhouse attributes and their impact on pricing.
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Iordanova, Elitza, and Dimitrios Stylidis. "The impact of visitors’ experience intensity on in-situ destination image formation." Tourism Review 74, no. 4 (September 25, 2019): 841–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-12-2018-0178.
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Purpose This study aims to shed some light on destination image formation by exploring whether image is altered as a result of tourists’ experience intensity with a destination. Design/methodology/approach A visitor experience intensity index was developed based on the amount of events and attractions visitors have already attended/visited or were planning to attend/visit during their stay. The data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and the total sample consisted of 400 tourists in Linz, Austria. Principal component analysis, multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were applied to analyse the data. Findings The findings indicate that the higher the experience intensity score, the more favourable the cognitive and affective evaluations of destination image, indicating that tourists’ experiences are central in the formation of the in situ image. Research limitations/implications The “level of psychological involvement” with the destination should be considered by future studies, as this paper focussed on level of experience intensity. Practical implications This paper supports the effective and innovative solutions for place marketing and branding of tourist destinations such as promoting experiences that further enhance destination image. The study also assists places with bad reputation or negative image, like the selected case study (Linz, Austria), in repositioning themselves as attractive experience providers. Originality/value The paper’s originality lies in applying “mere exposure theory” in tourism and using an innovative way of measuring tourists’ experience through an intensity index. The study addresses a significant, but still neglected image determinant, that of experience intensity, contributing to a better understanding of the in situ destination image formation process.
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Patriquin, Mike N., Janaki RR Alavalapati, Adam M. Wellstead, Suzanne M. Young, Wiktor L. Adamowicz, and William A. White. "Estimating impacts of resource management policies in the Foothills Model Forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-164.
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This study examines the economic impact of policy changes in a forested region of the province of Alberta known as the Foothills Model Forest (FMF). The effects of policy changes in various sectors are analyzed in terms of all sectors of the regional economy with particular emphasis on the forestry sector. Unlike most analyses of regional policies, this study uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework rather than a fixed-price framework to analyze economy-wide impacts of land use or forest policy changes. The application of this technique on a regional scale is rare in the scientific literature. Model results indicate that a decrease in forestry output somewhat offsets the positive economic impact generated by increased visitor activity. Failure to consider these trade-off impacts in the analysis will result in erroneous conclusions. The outcomes from three timely policy scenarios are examined in this paper. The results from the CGE framework suggest that policy makers face a greater degree of complexity than in current economic impact frameworks.
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Smith, Liam, Sue Broad, and Betty Weiler. "A Closer Examination of the Impact of Zoo Visits on Visitor Behaviour." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 16, no. 5 (December 1, 2008): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.2167/jost817.0.
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Farrell, Tracy A., and Jeffrey L. Marion. "Identifying and assessing ecotourism visitor impacts at eight protected areas in Costa Rica and Belize." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 3 (September 2001): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000224.
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Protected area visitation is an important component of ecotourism, and as such, must be sustainable. However, protected area visitation may degrade natural resources, particularly in areas of concentrated visitor activities like trails and recreation sites. This is an important concern in ecotourism destinations such as Belize and Costa Rica, because they actively promote ecotourism and emphasize the pristine qualities of their natural resources. Research on visitor impacts to protected areas has many potential applications in protected area management, though it has not been widely applied in Central and South America. This study targeted this deficiency through manager interviews and evaluations of alternative impact assessment procedures at eight protected areas in Belize and Costa Rica. Impact assessment procedures included qualitative condition class systems, ratings systems, and measurement-based systems applied to trails and recreation sites. The resulting data characterize manager perceptions of impact problems, document trail and recreation site impacts, and provide examples of inexpensive, efficient and effective rapid impact assessment procedures. Interview subjects reported a variety of impacts affecting trails, recreation sites, wildlife, water, attraction features and other resources. Standardized assessment procedures were developed and applied to record trail and recreation site impacts. Impacts affecting the study areas included trail proliferation, erosion and widening, muddiness on trails, vegetation cover loss, soil and root exposure, and tree damage on recreation sites. The findings also illustrate the types of assessment data yielded by several alternative methods and demonstrate their utility to protected area managers. The need for additional rapid assessment procedures for wildlife, water, attraction feature and other resource impacts was also identified.
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Widiawan, Arvin, Thomas Santoso, and Sienny Thio. "Perceptions of Visitors towards the Implementation of Sustainable Tourism at Kawasan Ekowisata Mangrove Wonorejo, Surabaya." Petra International Journal of Business Studies 3, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ijbs.3.1.9-17.
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The purpose of this study is to determine visitors’ perceptions towards the implementation of sustainable tourism at Kawasan Ekowisata Mangrove Wonorejo (KEMW) as seen from the perspectives of the environmental, economic, as well as social dimensions. The research method used is descriptive quantitative by distributing questionnaires to 101 respondents as KEMW visitors. The study result shows that the implementation of sustainable tourism from the environmental dimension still prioritizes goals that lead to conservation. Sustainable tourism from the economic dimension is directed to provide benefit to the local economy. Whereas from the social dimension, KEMW has given visitors a sense of comfort and security. KEMW management is expected to be able to create more proactive programs, to educate visitors about conservation, and to involve the community to clean up waste in deeper forest areas. Moreover, the management should promote the variety of processed local mangrove products, as well as add facilities that provide easier access for visitors with special needs. Further research can be done by either measuring the level of visitor satisfaction towards the services of KEMW’s employees or identifying the impact of the presence of KEMW on the economic and social characteristics of the local population.
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Piñeiro, Ana, Isabel Barja, Gema Silván, and Juan Carlos Illera. "Effects of tourist pressure and reproduction on physiological stress response in wildcats: management implications for species conservation." Wildlife Research 39, no. 6 (2012): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10218.
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Context Ecotourism and human recreational activities are increasing and can have a significant impact on fauna. The analysis of faecal glucocorticoid concentrations is a non-invasive method of measuring physiological stress responses of wildlife to various factors (i.e. human disturbances). Aims The aim of the present study was to determine whether increased physiological stress levels in wildcats (Felis silvestris) were a response to the level of tourism allowed within different zones in a natural park and/or a response to the seasonal reproductive state of wildcats. Methods The study was conducted from May 2005 to June 2009 at the Natural Park Montes do Invernadeiro (north-western Spain). The Natural Park is divided into the following three zones according to the level of tourism allowed: restricted public-use, restricted zone and integral reserve. An enzyme immunoassay technique was used to quantify cortisol metabolites and sex hormones from each of 110 fresh wildcat faecal samples collected from walked transects on forest roads within each zone. The number of visitors was recorded as a measure of tourist pressure. Key results The general linear model indicated that park zone and faecal progesterone levels were the factors that explained the variation in the faecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels. Cortisol metabolite concentrations were higher in some park zones where tourism intensity was higher (restricted public-use zone). Faecal cortisol metabolite concentrations were more elevated during gestation (spring) and during the young dispersal period (autumn). Key conclusions Therefore, we recommend that some zones of park (integral reserve) continue being maintained free of visitor impact and that visitor numbers be specially controlled during the animals’ sensitive periods (gestation) in the zone of restricted public use and in the restricted zone.
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Mayer, Christopher C., and George N. Wallace. "The Interpretive Power of Setting: Identifying and Protecting the Interpretive Potential of the Internal and External Setting at Copan Archaeological Park, Honduras." Journal of Interpretation Research 13, no. 2 (November 2008): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258720801300202.
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This study examined how differing levels of restoration and development within, and intensifying development adjacent to Copan Archeological Park would affect interpretive potential and the visitor experience at this World Heritage Site in Honduras. Surveys and interviews with visitors revealed that Latin Americans, North Americans, and Europeans all show a preference for a mixture of restored ruins and those being reclaimed by nature. Visitors described how this juxtaposition added to their experience. A majority of visitors indicated a strong preference for maintaining agricultural or forested lands between the park and the town of Copán Ruinas and described how the intensification of development would impact their experience. Implications for park management and interpretive planning are discussed and recommendations given. Protecting the interpretive potential of these settings will require interpreters to inform the protected area and local government planning decisions that will ultimately determine the content and quality of programmatic interpretation.
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Kolasinska, Anna, Zbigniew Witkowski, Paweł Adamski, Simon Ciapała, and Juraj Svajda. "Trail management, off-trail walking and visitor impact in the Pieniny Mts National Park (Polish Carpathians)." eco.mont (Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research) 7, no. 1 (2015): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/eco.mont-7-1s26.
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Moore, Susan A., Amanda J. Smith, and David N. Newsome. "Environmental Performance Reporting for Natural Area Tourism: Contributions by Visitor Impact Management Frameworks and Their Indicators." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 11, no. 4 (October 2003): 348–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669580308667211.
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