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Journal articles on the topic 'Visible and infrared photoinitiators'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Noirbent, Guillaume, Yangyang Xu, Aude-Héloise Bonardi, Sylvain Duval, Didier Gigmes, Jacques Lalevée, and Frédéric Dumur. "New Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts as Visible and Near Infrared Light Polymerization Photoinitiators." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102317.

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Polymerization photoinitiators that can be activated under low light intensity and in the visible range are being pursued by both the academic and industrial communities. To efficiently harvest light and initiate a polymerization process, dyes with high molar extinction coefficients in the visible range are ideal candidates. In this field, Donor-acceptor Stenhouse Adducts (DASA) which belong to a class of recently discovered organic photochromic molecules still lack practical applications. In this work, a series of DASA-based dyes are proposed as photoinitiators for the free radical polymerization of (meth)acrylates upon exposure to a near infrared light (laser diode at 785 nm).

2

Bouchikhi, Nouria, Manel Bouazza, Salah Hamri, Ulrich Maschke, Djahida Lerari, Faycal Dergal, Khaldoun Bachari, and Lamia Bedjaoui-Alachaher. "Photo-curing kinetics of hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA): synergetic effect of dye/amine photoinitiator systems." International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 11, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40090-019-00197-7.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine and evaluate several dye/amine systems as photoinitiators for photopolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) monomer under visible light conditions. For this purpose, a series of dye/amine photoinitiators were formed using methylene blue (MB) or acridine orange (AO) as photosensitizers, and triethanolamine (TEOA), ethyl 4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (EDMAB), trioctylamine (TOA), and N,N-diméthylallylamine (DMAA) as co-initiators. The photopolymerization kinetic of the HEA monomer in the presence of proposed dye/amine systems was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and the synergetic effect of the dye/amine photoinitiators systems on the photopolymerization efficiency was examined. Interestingly, (MB/EDMAB) system shows the better reactivity with a total conversion of HEA monomer.

3

Hola, Emilia, Maciej Pilch, and Joanna Ortyl. "Thioxanthone Derivatives as a New Class of Organic Photocatalysts for Photopolymerisation Processes and the 3D Printing of Photocurable Resins under Visible Light." Catalysts 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10080903.

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In the present paper, novel thioxanthone-based compounds were synthesised and evaluated as a component of photoredox catalysts/photoinitiating systems for the free-radical polymerisation (FRP) of acrylates and the ring-opening cationic polymerisation (CP) of epoxy monomers. The performance of the obtained thioxanthones in two- and three-component photoinitiating systems, in combination with amines, iodonium or sulphonium salt, as well as with alkyl halide, for photopolymerisation processes upon exposure to light emitting diodes (LEDs) with a maximum emission of 405 nm and 420 nm, was investigated. The studied compounds act also as one-component free-radical photoinitiators. Fourier transform real-time infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the kinetics of disappearance of the functional groups of the monomers during photoinitiated polymerisation. Excellent photoinitiating efficiency and high final conversions of functional groups were observed. Moreover, the influence of thioxanthone skeleton substitution on photoinitiating efficiency was discussed. The photochemical mechanism was also investigated through cyclic voltammetry. It was discovered that thioxanthone derivatives can be used as a metal-free photoredox catalyst active for both oxidative and reductive cycles. Furthermore, a photopolymerizable system based on novel thioxanthone derivatives in a stereolithography three-dimensional (3D) printing technology under visible sources of light was used. The effects of photoinitiator type system and monomer type in photoresins during 3D printing processes were explored. The outcome of this research is the development of high-performance visible photosensitive resins with improved photosensitivity obtained thanks to the development of entirely novel photoinitiating systems specifically adapted for this application.

4

Rahal, Mahmoud, Haifaa Mokbel, Bernadette Graff, Joumana Toufaily, Tayssir Hamieh, Frédéric Dumur, and Jacques Lalevée. "Mono vs. Difunctional Coumarin as Photoinitiators in Photocomposite Synthesis and 3D Printing." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101202.

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This work is devoted to investigate three coumarin derivatives (Coum1, Coum2, and Coum3), proposed as new photoinitiators of polymerization when combined with an additive, i.e., an iodonium salt, and used for the free radical polymerization (FRP) of acrylate monomers under mild irradiation conditions. The different coumarin derivatives can also be employed in three component photoinitiating systems with a Iod/amine (ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDB) or N-phenylglycine (NPG)) couple for FRP upon irradiation with an LED @ 405 nm. These compounds showed excellent photoinitiating abilities, and high polymerization rates and final conversions (FC) were obtained. The originality of this work relies on the comparison of the photoinitiating abilities of monofunctional (Coum1 and Coum2) vs. difunctional (Coum3) compounds. Coum3 is a combined structure of Coum1 and Coum2, leading to a sterically hindered chemical structure with a relatively high molecular weight. As a general rule, a high molecular weight should reduce the migration of initiating molecules and favor photochemical properties such as photobleaching of the final polymer. As attempted, from the efficiency point of view, Coum3 can initiate the FRP, but a low reactivity was observed compared to the monofunctional compound (Coum1 and Coum2). Indeed, to study the photochemical and photophysical properties of these compounds, different parameters were taken into account, e.g., the light absorption and emission properties, steady state photolysis, and fluorescence quenching. To examine these different points, several techniques were used including UV-visible spectroscopy, real-time Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (RT-FTIR), fluorescence spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The photochemical mechanism involved in the polymerization process is also detailed. The best coumarins investigated in this work were used for laser writing (3D printing) experiments and also for photocomposite synthesis containing glass fibers.

5

Fan, Shuheng, Xun Sun, Xianglong He, Yulian Pang, Yangyang Xin, Yanhua Ding, and Yingquan Zou. "Coumarin Ketoxime Ester with Electron-Donating Substituents as Photoinitiators and Photosensitizers for Photopolymerization upon UV-Vis LED Irradiation." Polymers 14, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 4588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214588.

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High-performance photoinitiators (PIs) are essential for ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) light emitting diode (LED) photopolymerization. In this study, a series of coumarin ketoxime esters (COXEs) with electron-donating substituents (tert-butyl, methoxy, dimethylamino and methylthio) were synthesized to study the structure/reactivity/efficiency relationships for substituents for the photoinitiation performance of PIs. The introduction of heteroatom electron-donating substituents leads to a redshift in the COXE absorption of more than 60 nm, which matches the UV-Vis LED emission spectra. The PIs also show acceptable thermal stability via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results from real-time Fourier transform infrared (RT-FTIR) measurements indicate that COXEs show an excellent photoinitiation efficiency for free radical polymerization under UV-Vis LED irradiation (365–450 nm); in particular, the conversion efficiency for tri-(propylene glycol) diacrylate (TPGDA) polymerization initiated by COXE-O and COXE-S (4.8 × 10−5 mol·g–1) in 3 s can reach more than 85% under UV-LED irradiation (365, 385 nm). Moreover, the photosensitization of COXEs in the iodonium hexafluorophosphate (Iod-PF6) and hexaarylbiimidazole/N-phenylglycine (BCIM/NPG) systems was investigated via RT-FTIR. As a coinitiator, COXEs show excellent performance in dry film photoresist (DFR) photolithography. This excellent performance of COXEs demonstrates great potential for UV-curing and photoresist applications, providing a new idea for the design of PIs.

6

Fu, Chang Qing, Zheng Yang, Zong Xiang Lu, and Liang Shen. "Synthesis and Properties of a Castor Oil-Based UV-Oligomer Comprising of Side-Chain Benzophenone." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 1628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1628.

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A castor oil-based UV-oligomer bearing benzophenone side chains (LU-5)was synthesis through two-step partial esterification reaction of polyacrylic acid with 4-hydroxy benzophenone and castor oil in the presence of N, N-diisopropyl carbodiimide and 4-(dimethylamino) pyridinium 4-toluenesulfonate(DPTS), then LU-5 was cured by UV irradiation with trimethylolpropane triacrylate(TMPTA) without any photoinitiator. The structure of the productions of the esterification reaction was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), and the properties of UV cured polymer(FUV) has been studied. The results show that LU-5 has a certain light initiator activity, and it can be used as a macromolecular photoinitiator, the film of polymer has a certain degree of crosslinking.

7

Tzeng, Jy-Jiunn, Yi-Ting Hsiao, Yun-Ching Wu, Hsuan Chen, Shyh-Yuan Lee, and Yuan-Min Lin. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Visible Light Curing Capacity of Polycaprolactone Acrylate." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8719624.

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Polycaprolactone (PCL) is drawing increasing attention in the field of medical 3D printing and tissue engineering because of its biodegradability. This study developed polycaprolactone prepolymers that can be cured using visible light. Three PCL acrylates were synthesized: polycaprolactone-530 diacrylate (PCL530DA), glycerol-3 caprolactone triacrylate (Glycerol-3CL-TA), and glycerol-6 caprolactone triacrylate (Glycerol-6CL-TA). PCL530DA has two acrylates, whereas Glycerol-3CL-TA and Glycerol-6CL-TA have three acrylates. The Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra suggested successful synthesis of all PCL acrylates. All are liquid at room temperature and can be photopolymerized into a transparent solid after exposure to 470 nm blue LED light using 1% camphorquinone as photoinitiator and 2% dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate as coinitiator. The degree of conversion for all PCL acrylates can reach more than 80% after 1 min of curing. The compressive modulus of PCL530DA, Glycerol-3CL-TA, and Glycerol-6CL-TA is 65.7±12.7, 80.9±6.1, and 32.1±4.1 MPa, respectively, and their compressive strength is 5.3±0.29, 8.3±0.18, and 3.0±0.53 MPa, respectively. Thus, all PCL acrylates synthesized in this study can be photopolymerized and because of their solid structure and low viscosity, they are applicable to soft tissue engineering and medical 3D printing.

8

Zhang, Huiyuan, Hongxing Zhang, Wenchao Zhu, Hailing Xi, Bomou Ma, and Yong He. "A Sprayable and Visible Light Rapid-Cured Strippable Film for Surface Radioactive Decontamination." Polymers 14, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051008.

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Strippable film is effective for removing radioactive contamination. However, it still has some limitations, such as the long curing time (about 30 min~24 h) and the requirement of organic solvents. To address these issues, we report a simple protocol to prepare strippable decontamination films using liquid polybutadiene (LPB) and tert-butyl acrylate (TBA) as the raw materials without solvent and using camphorquinone/ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (CQ/EDB) as a photoinitiator, where the film was formed under household LED panel light or daylight irradiation for about 540 s. After a thorough study of viscosity, real-time Fourier transform infrared (RT-FTIR spectra), gel and volatile organic compound (VOC) contents, mechanical properties and decontamination efficiency, the optimum composition and curing conditions were determined for the decontamination strippable film. VOC content is as low as 12.7 ± 0.7% and the resultant strippable film exhibits good mechanical performances with a tensile strength of up to 5.4 ± 0.4 MPa and elongation of up to 66.6 ± 13%. Most important, the decontamination efficiencies of this strippable film for 133CsCl on glass, ceramic and metal surfaces reach up to 98.1%, 94.3% and 97.6%, respectively.

9

Chibac-Scutaru, Andreea L., Viorica Podasca, Daniel Timpu, and Violeta Melinte. "Comparative Study on the Influence of Noble Metal Nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Pd) on the Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO NPs Embedded in Renewable Castor Oil Polymer Matrices." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 3468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163468.

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Hybrid polymeric materials, due to the unique combination of properties that can be obtained by the convenient variation of organic and inorganic components, represent an attractive alternative for many applications, especially photocatalysis. Herein, we report the preparation of nanocomposite films containing functionalized ZnO nanoparticles, as well as in situ photogenerated noble metal nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Pd), for the achieving of materials with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light. The flexible free-standing nanocomposite films were synthesized by photopolymerization of a monomer mixture (silane castor oil urethane dimethacrylate and polypropylene oxide urethane dimethacrylate) in the presence of a Irgacure 819 photoinitiator. The efficiency of ZnO NPs functionalization was established by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis, while the polymer composites were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to evidence the formation, size and distribution of the nanoparticles inside the photocrosslinked matrix. To establish the photocatalytic capacity of nanocomposite films, the decomposition of various pollutants (methyl orange, phenol, metronidazole) was monitored under visible light irradiation, the best results being obtained for Au/ZnO film. Also, the advantage of immobilizing the catalysts in a polymeric support and its recycling ability without a significant decrease in photocatalytic efficiency was analysed.

10

Lazauskas, Algirdas, Dalius Jucius, Valentinas Baltrušaitis, Rimantas Gudaitis, Igoris Prosyčevas, Brigita Abakevičienė, Asta Guobienė, Mindaugas Andrulevičius, and Viktoras Grigaliūnas. "Shape-Memory Assisted Scratch-Healing of Transparent Thiol-Ene Coatings." Materials 12, no. 3 (February 4, 2019): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030482.

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A photopolymerizable thiol-ene composition was prepared as a mixture of pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP) and 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (TTT), with 1 wt. % of 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA) photoinitiator. A systematic analytical analysis that investigated the crosslinked PETMP-TTT polymer coatings employed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, pencil hardness, thermo-mechanical cyclic tensile, scratch testing, and atomic force microscopy. These coatings exhibited high optical transparency and shape-memory that assisted scratch-healing properties. Scratches produced on the PETMP-TTT polymer coatings with different constant loadings (1.2 N, 1.5 N, and 2.7 N) were completely healed after the external stimulus was applied. The strain recovery ratio and total strain recovery ratio for PETMP-TTT polymer were found to be better than 94 ± 1% and 97 ± 1%, respectively. The crosslinked PETMP-TTT polymer network was also capable of initiating scratch recovery at ambient temperature conditions.

11

Liu, Feng, Shaoai Xie, Yan Wang, Jianjun Yu, and Qinghua Meng. "Preparation of the polymerizable titania oriented to 3D printing and the laser-induced crystallization." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 9 (November 12, 2018): 1421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-03-2017-0041.

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PurposeThe titania (titanium dioxide) is one of the important functional additives in the photosensitive resin and encounters the problem of stabilization in the photosensitive resin for 3D printing. This study aims to achieve enhancement in stabilization by preparation of the polymerizable titania andin situlaser-induced crystallization during 3D printing.Design/methodology/approachA type of polymerizable titania (AAEM@TiO2) was designed and prepared from tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) and 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate (AAEM) via the sol–gel process, which was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectra, surface bonding efficiency (SBE) and settling height (H). AAEM acted on both bonding to the titania and polymerization with the monomer in resin for stabilization. The polymerizable titania could be converted to the pigmented titania by means of laser-induced crystallization. The photosensitive resin was then formulated on the basis of optimization and used in a stereolithography apparatus (SLA) for 3D printing.FindingsThe stabilization effect of AAEM on TiO2was achieved and the mechanism of competition in the light-consuming reactions during photocuring was proposed. The ratio of nAAEM/nTBTin AAEM@TiO2, the concentration of AAEM@TiO2and photoinitiator (PI) used in the photosensitive resin were optimized. The anatase crystal form was indicated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and clustering of nanocrystals was revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after SLA 3D printing.Originality/valueThis investigation provides a novel method of pigmentation by preparation of the polymerizable titania andin situlaser-induced crystallization for SLA 3D printing.

12

JAKUBIAK, JULITA, and JAN F. RABEK. "Photoinitiators for visible light polymerization." Polimery 44, no. 07/08 (July 1999): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1999.447.

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13

Valdes-Aguilera, O., C. P. Pathak, J. Shi, D. Watson, and D. C. Neckers. "Photopolymerization studies using visible light photoinitiators." Macromolecules 25, no. 2 (March 1992): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00028a008.

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14

Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent Advances in Visible Light Photoinitiating Systems Based on Flavonoids." Photochem 3, no. 4 (December 12, 2023): 495–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photochem3040030.

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The design of biosourced and/or bioinspired photoinitiators is an active research field as it offers a unique opportunity to develop photoinitiating systems exhibiting better biocompatibility as well as reduced toxicity. In this field, flavonoids can be found in numerous fruits and vegetables so these structures can be of interest for developing, in the future, polymerization processes, offering a reduced environmental impact but also better biocompatibility of the polymers. In this review, the different flavonoids reported to date as photoinitiators of polymerization are presented. Over the years, different modifications of the flavonoid scaffold have been examined including the grafting of well-known chromophores, the preparation of Type II photoinitiators or the introduction of photocleavable groups enabling the generation of Type I photoinitiators. Different families of flavonoids have also been investigated, enabling to design of high-performance photoinitiating systems.

15

Liao, Wen, Can Xu, Xiang Wu, Qiuyan Liao, Ying Xiong, Zhen Li, and Hongding Tang. "Photobleachable cinnamoyl dyes for radical visible photoinitiators." Dyes and Pigments 178 (July 2020): 108350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2020.108350.

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16

Ahn, Dowon, Sameer S. Sathe, Brian H. Clarkson, and Timothy F. Scott. "Hexaarylbiimidazoles as visible light thiol–ene photoinitiators." Dental Materials 31, no. 9 (September 2015): 1075–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.06.005.

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17

Benedikt, Stephan, Jieping Wang, Marica Markovic, Norbert Moszner, Kurt Dietliker, Aleksandr Ovsianikov, Hansjörg Grützmacher, and Robert Liska. "Highly efficient water-soluble visible light photoinitiators." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 54, no. 4 (October 5, 2015): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.27903.

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18

Liu, Shaohui, Timur Borjigin, Michael Schmitt, Fabrice Morlet-Savary, Pu Xiao, and Jacques Lalevée. "High-Performance Photoinitiating Systems for LED-Induced Photopolymerization." Polymers 15, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15020342.

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Currently, increasing attention has been focused on light-emitting diodes (LEDs)-induced photopolymerization. The common LEDs (e.g., LED at 365 nm and LED at 405 nm) possess narrow emission bands. Due to their light absorption properties, most commercial photoinitiators are sensitive to UV light and cannot be optimally activated under visible LED irradiation. Although many photoinitiators have been designed for LED-induced free radical polymerization and cationic polymerization, there is still the issue of the mating between photoinitiators and LEDs. Therefore, the development of novel photoinitiators, which could be applied under LED irradiation, is significant. Many photoinitiating systems have been reported in the past decade. In this review, some recently developed photoinitiators used in LED-induced photopolymerization, mainly in the past 5 years, are summarized and categorized as Type Ⅰ photoinitiators, Type Ⅱ photoinitiators, and dye-based photoinitiating systems. In addition, their light absorption properties and photoinitiation efficiencies are discussed.

19

Xiao, Pu, Frédéric Dumur, Jing Zhang, Bernadette Graff, Didier Gigmes, Jean Pierre Fouassier, and Jacques Lalevée. "New role of aminothiazonaphthalimide derivatives: outstanding photoinitiators for cationic and radical photopolymerizations under visible LEDs." RSC Advances 6, no. 54 (2016): 48684–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra09422h.

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Aminothiazonaphthalimide derivatives can act as photoinitiators (when combined with additives) to start the cationic polymerization or the radical polymerization upon exposure to visible LEDs or a polychromatic visible light.

20

Mau, Alexandre, Thi Huong Le, Céline Dietlin, Thanh-Tuân Bui, Bernadette Graff, Frédéric Dumur, Fabrice Goubard, and Jacques Lalevee. "Donor–acceptor–donor structured thioxanthone derivatives as visible photoinitiators." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 45 (2020): 7221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01244k.

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21

Abdallah, Mira, Thanh-Tuân Bui, Fabrice Goubard, Dimitra Theodosopoulou, Frédéric Dumur, Akram Hijazi, Jean-Pierre Fouassier, and Jacques Lalevée. "Phenothiazine derivatives as photoredox catalysts for cationic and radical photosensitive resins for 3D printing technology and photocomposite synthesis." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 45 (2019): 6145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01265f.

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Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent Advances in Monocomponent Visible Light Photoinitiating Systems Based on Sulfonium Salts." Polymers 15, no. 21 (October 24, 2023): 4202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15214202.

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During the last decades, multicomponent photoinitiating systems have been the focus of intense research efforts, especially for the design of visible light photoinitiating systems. Although highly reactive three-component and even four-component photoinitiating systems have been designed, the complexity to elaborate such mixtures has incited researchers to design monocomponent Type II photoinitiators. Using this approach, the photosensitizer and the radical/cation generator can be combined within a unique molecule, greatly simplifying the elaboration of the photocurable resins. In this field, sulfonium salts are remarkable photoinitiators but these structures lack absorption in the visible range. Over the years, various structural modifications have been carried out in order to redshift their absorptions in the visible region. In this work, an overview of the different sulfonium salts activable under visible light and reported to date is proposed.

23

Zuo, Xiaoling, Fabrice Morlet-Savary, Michael Schmitt, Didier Le Nouën, Nicolas Blanchard, Jean-Philippe Goddard, and Jacques Lalevée. "Novel applications of fluorescent brighteners in aqueous visible-light photopolymerization: high performance water-based coating and LED-assisted hydrogel synthesis." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 28 (2018): 3952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py00584b.

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Dietlin, Céline, Thanh Tam Trinh, Stéphane Schweizer, Bernadette Graff, Fabrice Morlet-Savary, Pierre-Antoine Noirot, and Jacques Lalevée. "New Phosphine Oxides as High Performance Near- UV Type I Photoinitiators of Radical Polymerization." Molecules 25, no. 7 (April 4, 2020): 1671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071671.

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Carbazole structures are of high interest in photopolymerization due to their enhanced light absorption properties in the near-UV or even visible ranges. Therefore, type I photoinitiators combining the carbazole chromophore to the well-established phosphine-oxides were proposed and studied in this article. The aim of this article was to propose type I photoinitiators that can be more reactive than benchmark phosphine oxides, which are among the more reactive type I photoinitiators for a UV or near-UV light emitting diodes (LED) irradiation. Two molecules were synthesized and their UV-visible light absorption properties as well as the quantum yields of photolysis and photopolymerization performances were measured. Remarkably, the associated absorption was enhanced in the 350–410 nm range compared to benchmark phosphine oxides, and one compound was found to be more reactive in photopolymerization than the commercial photoinitiator TPO-L for an irradiation at 395 nm.

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Wu, Qingqing, Ying Xiong, Qiuhong Liang, and Hongding Tang. "Developing thioxanthone based visible photoinitiators for radical polymerization." RSC Adv. 4, no. 94 (October 14, 2014): 52324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07614a.

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Wu, Qingqing, Ying Xiong, Jianjing Yang, Hongding Tang, and Si Chen. "Thioxanthone-Based Hydrophilic Visible Photoinitiators for Radical Polymerization." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 217, no. 14 (May 11, 2016): 1569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201600052.

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Shao, Jianzhong, Yi Huang, and Qinguo Fan. "Visible light initiating systems for photopolymerization: status, development and challenges." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 14 (2014): 4195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py00072b.

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Marcille, Hugo, Jean-Pierre Malval, Marc Presset, Nicolas Bogliotti, Agata Blacha-Grzechnik, Vlasta Brezová, Yusuf Yagci, and Davy-Louis Versace. "Diphenyl functional porphyrins and their metal complexes as visible-light photoinitiators for free-radical, cationic and thiol–ene polymerizations." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 26 (2020): 4237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00468e.

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Breloy, Louise, Raúl Losantos, Diego Sampedro, Marco Marazzi, Jean-Pierre Malval, Yun Heo, Jun Akimoto, Yoshihiro Ito, Vlasta Brezová, and Davy-Louis Versace. "Allyl amino-thioxanthone derivatives as highly efficient visible light H-donors and co-polymerizable photoinitiators." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 26 (2020): 4297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00551g.

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Hammoud, Fatima, Nicolas Giacoletto, Guillaume Noirbent, Bernadette Graff, Akram Hijazi, Malek Nechab, Didier Gigmes, Frédéric Dumur, and Jacques Lalevée. "Substituent effects on the photoinitiation ability of coumarin-based oxime-ester photoinitiators for free radical photopolymerization." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 24 (2021): 8361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qm01310f.

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Bonardi, Aude-Héloïse, Soraya Zahouily, Céline Dietlin, Bernadette Graff, Fabrice Morlet-Savary, Malika Ibrahim-Ouali, Didier Gigmes, Norbert Hoffmann, Frédéric Dumur, and Jacques Lalevée. "New 1,8-Naphthalimide Derivatives as Photoinitiators for Free-Radical Polymerization Upon Visible Light." Catalysts 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9080637.

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Photopolymerization processes, and especially those carried out under visible light, are more and more widespread for their multiple advantages compared to thermal processes. In the present paper, new 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives are proposed as photoinitiators for free-radical polymerization upon visible light exposure using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at 395, 405, and 470 nm. These photoinitiators are used in combination with both iodonium salts and phosphine. The synthesis of these compounds as well as their excellent polymerization initiation ability for methacrylate monomers are presented in this article. A full picture of the involved chemical mechanisms is also provided thanks to photolysis, radical characterization, and redox measurements.

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Lee, Zhong-Han, Fatima Hammoud, Akram Hijazi, Bernadette Graff, Jacques Lalevée, and Yung-Chung Chen. "Synthesis and free radical photopolymerization of triphenylamine-based oxime ester photoinitiators." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 9 (2021): 1286–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01768j.

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Nitti, Andrea, Angelo Martinelli, Fabrice Batteux, Stefano Protti, Maurizio Fagnoni, and Dario Pasini. "Blue light driven free-radical polymerization using arylazo sulfones as initiators." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 40 (2021): 5747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00928a.

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Li, Zhiquan, Weizhen Shen, Xiaoya Liu, and Ren Liu. "Efficient unimolecular photoinitiators for simultaneous hybrid thiol–yne–epoxy photopolymerization under visible LED light irradiation." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 9 (2017): 1579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00159b.

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Several unimolecular photoinitiators, which generate free radicals and super bases in one step under visible LED light irradiation, can efficiently induce simultaneous hybrid thiol–yne–epoxy photopolymerization.

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Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent Advances on Furan-Based Visible Light Photoinitiators of Polymerization." Catalysts 13, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13030493.

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Photopolymerization is an active research field enabling to polymerize in greener conditions than that performed with traditional thermal polymerization. At present, a great deal of effort is devoted to developing visible light photoinitiating systems. Indeed, the traditional UV photoinitiating systems are currently the focus of numerous safety concerns so alternatives to UV light are being actively researched. However, visible light photons are less energetic than UV photons so the reactivity of the photoinitiating systems should be improved to address this issue. In this field, furane constitutes an interesting candidate for the design of photocatalysts of polymerization due to its low cost and its easy chemical modification. In this review, an overview concerning the design of furane-based photoinitiators is provided. Comparisons with reference systems are also established to demonstrate evidence of the interest of these photoinitiators in innovative structures.

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Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent Advances on Quinoxaline-Based Photoinitiators of Polymerization." Catalysts 13, no. 4 (April 10, 2023): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13040718.

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Photopolymerization offers a unique opportunity to convert liquid monomers to polymers using light as the activation source. Recently, major efforts have been devoted to developing visible light photo-initiating systems, and the search for new dyes that can be incorporated into photocurable resins and polymerize a resin within a few seconds is still ongoing. With the aim of exploring a maximum of structures to reach this goal, quinoxaline has been identified to be a promising scaffold for the design of UV-centered and visible light photo-initiating systems. In this review, an overview of the different quinoxaline-based dyes will be given. In order to evidence the interest in these structures, comparisons with reference systems will be given.

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Bao, Binghui, Jian You, Dongxiao Li, Haitao Zhan, Luhang Zhang, Mingyang Li, and Tao Wang. "Double benzylidene ketones as photoinitiators for visible light photopolymerization." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 429 (August 2022): 113938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113938.

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Rahal, Mahmoud, Mira Abdallah, Thanh-Tuân Bui, Fabrice Goubard, Bernadette Graff, Frédéric Dumur, Joumana Toufaily, Tayssir Hamieh, and Jacques Lalevée. "Design of new phenothiazine derivatives as visible light photoinitiators." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 19 (2020): 3349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00497a.

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Meng, Xiaoyan, Huaqiao Lu, Zhiquan Li, Chen Wang, Ren Liu, Xin Guan, and Yusuf Yagci. "Near-infrared light induced cationic polymerization based on upconversion and ferrocenium photochemistry." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 41 (2019): 5574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01262a.

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Ma, Xiaoyu, Renquan Gu, Liujian Yu, Weixiang Han, Jie Li, Xiuyan Li, and Tao Wang. "Conjugated phenothiazine oxime esters as free radical photoinitiators." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 39 (2017): 6134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00797c.

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Rieger, Paul, Sabrina Pueschmann, Michael Haas, Max Schmallegger, Gema Guedes de la Cruz, and Thomas Griesser. "Exploring Aromatic S-Thioformates as Photoinitiators." Polymers 15, no. 7 (March 26, 2023): 1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15071647.

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Thiyl radicals were generated from aromatic S-thioformates by photolysis. The corresponding photo-initiated decarbonylation allows initiating polymerization reactions in both acrylate- and thiol-acrylate-based resin systems. Compared to aromatic thiols, the introduction of the photolabile formyl group prevents undesired reactions with acrylate monomers allowing photoinitiators (PIs) with constant reactivity over storage. To demonstrate the potential of S-thioformates as PIs, the bifunctional molecule S,S′-(thiobis(4,1-phenylene))dimethanethioate (2b) was synthesized, providing reactivity under visible light excitation. Consequently, acrylate-based formulations could successfully be processed by digital light processing (DLP)-based stereolithography at 405 nm in high resolution.

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Pachfule, Pradip, Amitava Acharjya, Jérôme Roeser, Ramesh P. Sivasankaran, Meng-Yang Ye, Angelika Brückner, Johannes Schmidt, and Arne Thomas. "Donor–acceptor covalent organic frameworks for visible light induced free radical polymerization." Chemical Science 10, no. 36 (2019): 8316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc02601k.

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Crystalline and porous covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with donor-acceptor moieties in their backbone are utilized as initiators for visible light induced radical polymerization. The COFs are efficient photoinitiators, maintaining their structural integrity for several cycles.

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Sun, Ke, Xiaotong Peng, Zengkang Gan, Wei Chen, Xiaolin Li, Tao Gong, and Pu Xiao. "3D Printing/Vat Photopolymerization of Photopolymers Activated by Novel Organic Dyes as Photoinitiators." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101272.

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Even though numerous organic dyes which are used as photoinitiators/photocatalysts during photopolymerization have been systematically investigated and collected in previous reviews, further designs of these chromophores and the developments in high-performance photoinitiating systems have emerged in recent years, which play the crucial role in 3D printing/Vat polymerization. Here, in this mini-review, various families of organic dyes that are used as newly synthesized photoinitiators/photocatalysts which were reported in literature during 2021–2022 are specified by their photoinitiation mechanisms, which dominate their performance during photopolymerization, especially in 3D printing. Markedly, visible light-induced polymerization could be employed in circumstances not only upon the irradiation of artificial light sources, e.g., in LEDs, but also in sunlight irradiation. Furthermore, a short overview of the achievements of newly developed mechanisms, e.g., RAFT, photoinitiator-RAFT, and aqueous RAFT using organic chromophores as light-harvesting compounds to induce photopolymerization upon visible light irradiation are also thoroughly discussed. Finally, the reports on the semiconducting nanomaterials that have been used as photoinitiators/photocatalysts during photopolymerization are also introduced as perspectives that are able to expand the scope of 3D printing and materials science due to their various advantages such as high extinction coefficients, broad absorption spectra, and having multiple molecular binding points.

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Díaz-Vázquez, E. Daniela, Silvia M. Soria-Castro, Irina Della-Cagnoletta, Sandra E. Martín, Gabriela Oksdath-Mansilla, and Paula M. Uberman. "Highly active small Pd nanocatalysts obtained by visible-light-induced photoreduction with citrate and oxalate salts under batch and flow approaches." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 4 (2022): 957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1re00524c.

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With a suitable combination of citrate and oxalate salts as photoinitiators, a visible-light induced Pd NP synthesis was conducted. Depending on the reaction conditions of the catalysis, the ligands may have a great impact on the catalytic activity.

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Topa, Monika, Emilia Hola, Mariusz Galek, Filip Petko, Maciej Pilch, Roman Popielarz, Fabrice Morlet-Savary, Bernadette Graff, Jacques Lalevée, and Joanna Ortyl. "One-component cationic photoinitiators based on coumarin scaffold iodonium salts as highly sensitive photoacid generators for 3D printing IPN photopolymers under visible LED sources." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 32 (2020): 5261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00677g.

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This paper describes the development of new coumarin chromophore-based iodonium salts as efficient one-component cationic photoinitiators upon LEDs irradiation with maximum emission under the UV-A region at 365 nm and under visible light at 405 nm.

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Tomal, Wiktoria, and Joanna Ortyl. "Water-Soluble Photoinitiators in Biomedical Applications." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051073.

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Light-initiated polymerization processes are currently an important tool in various industrial fields. The advancement of technology has resulted in the use of photopolymerization in various biomedical applications, such as the production of 3D hydrogel structures, the encapsulation of cells, and in drug delivery systems. The use of photopolymerization processes requires an appropriate initiating system that, in biomedical applications, must meet additional criteria such as high water solubility, non-toxicity to cells, and compatibility with visible low-power light sources. This article is a literature review on those compounds that act as photoinitiators of photopolymerization processes in biomedical applications. The division of initiators according to the method of photoinitiation was described and the related mechanisms were discussed. Examples from each group of photoinitiators are presented, and their benefits, limitations, and applications are outlined.

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Kirschner, Julie, Alexandre Baralle, Julien Paillard, Bernadette Graff, Jean‐Michel Becht, Joachim E. Klee, and Jacques Lalevée. "Silyl Glyoximides: Toward a New Class of Visible Light Photoinitiators." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 223, no. 6 (February 5, 2022): 2100500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.202100500.

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Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent advances on visible light Triphenylamine-based photoinitiators of polymerization." European Polymer Journal 166 (March 2022): 111036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111036.

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Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent advances on visible light Phenothiazine-based photoinitiators of polymerization." European Polymer Journal 165 (February 2022): 110999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.110999.

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Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent advances on visible light Thiophene-based photoinitiators of polymerization." European Polymer Journal 169 (April 2022): 111120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111120.

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