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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Viscous flow Mathematical models'
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1
Stokes, Yvonne Marie. "Very Viscous Flows Driven by Gravity with particular application to Slumping of Molten Glass." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://thesis.library.adelaide.edu.au/public/adt-SUA20020724.171358.
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Bibliography: leaves 247-257. Electronic publication; Full text available in PDF format; abstract in HTML format. This thesis examines the flow of very viscous Newtonian fluids driven by gravity, with emphasis on the lumping of molten glass into a mould, as in the manufacture of optical components, which are in turn used to manufacture ophthalmic lenses. Electronic reproduction.[Australia] :Australian Digital Theses Program,2001.
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Marshall, David D. "Extending the functionalities of Cartesian grid solvers : viscous effects modeling and MPI parallelization." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11999.
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Rossi, Louis Frank, and Louis Frank Rossi. "A spreading blob vortex method for viscous bounded flows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186562.
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In this dissertation, I introduce a vortex method that is generally applicable to any two-dimensional, incompressible flow with or without boundaries. This method is deterministic, accurate, convergent, naturally adaptive, geometry independent and fully localized. For viscous flows, the vorticity distribution of each vortex element must evolve in addition to following a Lagrangian trajectory. My method relies upon an idea called core spreading. Core spreading is inconsistent by itself, but I have corrected it with a deterministic process known as "vortex fission" where one "fat" vortex is replaced by several "thinner" ones. Also, I examine rigorously a method for merging many blobs into one. This process maintains smaller problem sizes thus boosting the efficiency of the vortex method. To prove that this corrected core spreading method will converge uniformly, I adapted a continuous formalism to this grid-free scheme. This convergence theory does not rely on any form of grid. I only examine the linear problem where the flow field is specified, and treat the full nonlinear problem as a perturbation of the linear problem. The estimated rate of convergence is demonstrated to be sharp in several examples. Boundary conditions are approximated indirectly. The boundary is decomposed into a collection of small linear segments. I solve the no-slip and no-normal flow conditions simultaneously by superimposing a potential flow and injecting vorticity from the boundary consistent with the unsteady Rayleigh problem. Finally, the ultimate test for this new method is to simulate the wall jet. The simulations produce a dipole instability along the wall as observed in water tank and wind tunnel experiments and predicted by linear stability analysis. Moreover, the wavelength and height of these simulations agree quantitatively with experimental observations.
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Kim, Goo. "A vorticity-velocity approach for three-dimensional unsteady viscous flow over wings." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12123.
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Huang, Lingyan, and 黃凌燕. "Mass transport due to surface waves in a water-mud system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B35380457.
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Vantzos, Orestis. "Mathematical Modeling of Charged Liquid Droplets: Numerical Simulation and Stability Analysis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5240/.
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The goal of this thesis is to study of the evolution of 3D electrically charged liquid droplets of fluid evolving under the influence of surface tension and electrostatic forces. In the first part of the thesis, an appropriate mathematical model of the problem is introduced and the linear stability analysis is developed by perturbing a sphere with spherical harmonics. In the second part, the numerical solution of the problem is described with the use of the boundary elements method (BEM) on an adaptive mesh of triangular elements. The numerical method is validated by comparison with exact solutions. Finally, various numerical results are presented. These include neck formation in droplets, the evolution of surfaces with holes, singularity formation on droplets with various symmetries and numerical evidence that oblate spheroids are unstable.
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Sirino, Thiago. "Estudo numérico da influência da viscosidade no desempenho de uma bomba centrífuga submersa." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/880.
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Petrobrás; ANP; UTFPR; LACITBombas centrífugas submersas têm sido cada vez mais utilizadas comométodo de elevação artificial para a produção de óleos em campos marítimos profundos. O bombeio de fluidos com viscosidades significativamente diferentes a da água gera um desempenho da bomba distinto ao do apresentado no seu catálogo, com uma queda de rendimento da mesma, assim sendo, a influência da viscosidade do fluido no desempenho em uma bomba centrífuga submersa tem recebido muita atenção há alguns anos. Neste cenário, no presente trabalho foi realizada a simulação numérica do escoamento monofásico, newtoniano, incompressível e isotérmico no rotor e difusor de uma bomba centrífuga submersa utilizando o programa de dinâmica de fluidos computacional ANSYS CFX. As simulações numéricas foram realizadas para um estágio de uma BCS de três estágios para escoamentos envolvendo fluidos com viscosidades variando de 1 a 1020 cP. A partir dos resultados numéricos obtidos foram elaboradas as curvas para a altura de elevação da bomba e eficiência e comparados contra dados experimentais obtidos por Amaral (2007). Também foi realizada uma análise do padrão do escoamento no rotor e difusor com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento dos campos de velocidade e pressão, a intensidade turbulenta e o aparecimento de recirculações para a BCS operando fora da faixa de operação ótima. Alem disso foi analisada a degradação do desempenho da bomba em função da viscosidade do fluido de trabalho, e foram utilizados números adimensionais como parâmetros para quantificar essa degradação.
This work presents a numerical analysis on the influence of viscosity on the performance of a semi-axial electrical submersible pump (ESP) such as the ones used in offshore petroleum production. A single stage composed of an impeller with seven blades and a diffuser with seven vanes is considered. Flow simulations for water and other fluids with viscosity ranging from 60 to 1020 cP were performed with the aid of Computational Fluid Dynamics, and both design and off-design flow rates and impeller speeds were investigated. The numerical model was compared with experimental measurements of the static pressure difference on a given stage of a three-stage ESP system. Results showed good agreement between the numerical and the measured pressure difference values. As a main objective, the pump performance degradation relative to viscosity is analyzed for several conditions regarding design and off-design operation. The flow field pattern associated with the effect of viscosity is also analyzed. Studying the pump performance degradation cause by viscosity, especially for off-design operation like this work is also intended, is a current and ongoing demand in offshore petroleum production. In association with that, understanding the flow field pattern for those scenarios, which seems to be very particular for each pump, should help to contribute to the related literature in this field.
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Cummings, Linda Jane. "Free boundary models in viscous flow." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339364.
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Goble, Brian Dean. "A truncation error injection approach to viscous-inviscid interaction." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184318.
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A numerical procedure is presented which uses the truncation error injection methodology to efficiently achieve accurate approximations to complex problems having disparate length scales in the context of solving viscous, transonic flow over an airfoil. The truncation error distribution is estimated using the solution on a coarse grid. Local fine grids are formed which improve the resolution in regions of large truncation error. A fast fourth-order accurate scheme is presented for interpolating and relating the solutions between the generalized curvilinear coordinate systems of the local and global grids. It is shown that accurate solutions can be obtained on a global coarse grid with correction information obtained on local fine grids, which may or may not be topologically similar to the global grid as long as they are capable of resolving the local length scale. Dirichlet boundary conditions for the local grid yield the best results. The scheme also serves as the basis of a local refinement technique wherein a grid local to the nose of an airfoil is used to resolve a supersonic zone terminated by a shock and its interaction with a turbulent boundary layer. The solution on the local grid reveals details of the shock structure and a jet-like flow emanating from the root of the normal shock in the shock boundary layer interaction zone.
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Garthwaite, Matthew Campbell. "Deformation of Tibet : InSAR analysis and viscous flow models." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2611/.
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The Tibetan plateau in central Asia is a prime example of the distributed deformation that occurs in the lithosphere as a result of continental collision. Large scale lithospheric deformation can be estimated using viscous continuum models that balance the vertical stress induced by lateral variations of potential energy, and horizontal stress induced by tectonic boundary forces. I find that the 2-dimensional Thin Viscous Sheet (TVS) model gives a good approximation to deformation during continental collision, providing that the indenter half-width is greater than the lithospheric thickness. However even when this ratio approaches one, reasonable correspondence exists when the strain-rate exponent (n) of the rheological constitutive law is ≤ 3. By applying the TVS to model the contemporary deformation of Asia, I find that the first order features of the geodetically-determined velocity field can be explained. Models which can best predict the observed velocity field have n between 2 and 5 Argand numbers of between 1 and 4, and the strength of the Tibetan plateau and Tien Shan is between 3 and 8 times weaker than the foreland regions. Models with these parameters give a value of FL = 7-15x1012 N m-1 for the vertically integrated horizontal driving force on the Himalayan arc. I describe the π-rate method for determining slow linear deformation rates from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations and validate it using synthetic data. When using real data, the π-rate method out-performs the conventional stacking method. The RMS difference between the two methods and observed GPS measurements are 3.7 and 7.1 mm/yr for π-rate and stacking respectively. I used the ~rate method to determine the interseismic velocity field across the Tibetan plateau in an approximately north-south orientated, ~1000 km-long swath using ESA Envisat data spanning a period of 6.23 years. The resulting InSAR rate map indicates a factor of 2 variation in the magnitude of line-of-sight (LOS) velocity between the latitudes of 29-40oN. Significant localisation of deformation around mapped fault zones is not observed. A deviation of up to 8 mm/yr in LOS between the InSAR rate map and GPS-derived horizontal velocity field suggests either ~8 mm/yr of vertical uplift, an additional ~20 mm/yr of eastward motion, or a combination of horizontal and vertical motion that has not been measured using horizontal-component campaign GPS data. Comparison of InSAR and GPS observations with predictions of kinematic block and viscous continuum models suggests that the latter provides a more useful description for large-scale continental deformation.
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O'Kiely, Doireann. "Mathematical models for the glass sheet redraw process." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3788de4d-8254-4fba-9cd0-4bec32409d1e.
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In this thesis we derive mathematical models for the glass sheet redraw process for the production of very thin glass sheets. In the redraw process, a prefabricated glass block is fed into a furnace, where it is heated and stretched by the application of draw rollers to reduce its thickness. Redrawn sheets may be used in various applications including smartphone and battery technology. Our aims are to investigate the factors determining the final thickness profile of a glass sheet produced by this process, as well as the growth of out-of-plane deformations in the sheet during redraw. Our method is to model the glass sheet using NavierâStokes equations and free-surface conditions, and exploit small aspect ratios in the sheet to simplify and solve these equations using asymptotic expansions. We first consider a simple two-dimensional sheet to determine which physical effects should be taken into account in modelling the redraw process. Next, we derive a mathematical model for redraw of a thin threedimensional sheet. We consider the limits in which the heater zone is either short or long compared with the sheet half-width. The resulting reduced models predict the thickness profile of the redrawn sheet and the initial shape required to redraw a product of uniform thickness. We then derive mathematical models for buckling of thin viscous sheets during redraw. For buckling of a two-dimensional glass sheet due to gravity-induced compression, we predict the evolution of the centreline and investigate the early- and late-time behaviour of the system. For a three-dimensional glass sheet undergoing redraw, we use numerical solutions to investigate the behaviour of the sheet mid-surface.
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Guvenen, Haldun. "Aerodynamics of bodies in shear flow." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184917.
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This dissertation investigates spanwise periodic shear flow past two-dimensional bodies. The flow is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible. Using singular perturbation techniques, the solution is developed for ε = L/ℓ ≪ 1, where L represents body cross-sectional size, and ℓ the period of the oncoming flow U(z). The singular perturbation analysis involves three regions: the inner, wake and outer regions. The leading order solutions are developed in all regions, and in the inner region higher order terms are obtained. In the inner region near the body, the primary flow (U₀, V₀, P₀) corresponds to potential flow past the body with a local free stream value of U(z). The spanwise variation in U(z) produces a weak O(ε) secondary flow W₁ in the spanwise direction. As the vortex lines of the upstream flow are convected downstream, they wrap around the body, producing significant streamwise vorticity in a wake region of thickness O(L) directly behind the body. This streamwise vorticity induces a net volume flux into the wake. In the outer region far from the body, a nonlifting body appears as a distribution of three-dimensional dipoles, and the wake appears as a sheet of mass sinks. Both singularity structures must be included in describing the leading outer flow. For lifting bodies, the body appears as a lifting line, and the wake appears as a sheet of shed vorticity. The trailing vorticity is found to be equal to the spanwise derivative of the product of the circulation and the oncoming flow. For lifting bodies the first higher order correction to the inner flow is the response of the body to the downwash produced by the trailing vorticity. At large distances from the body, the flow takes on remarkably simple form.
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Scroggs, Richard A. "Validation of computational fluid-structure interaction models by comparison with collapsible tube experiments." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14835/.
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The objective of this thesis was to assess the validity of the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) facilities in LS-DYNA for the analysis of highly deformable structures interacting with flowing viscous fluids. The collapsible tube experiment was chosen as a validation tool for FSI since its three-dimensional computational modelling would have been impossible if the viscous internal fluid flow were not considered. An explicit three-dimensional finite element model of a collapsible-tube was constructed and solved using LS-DYNA. The fully coupled model included internal fluid flow; external, inlet and outlet pressures; tube wall tension; pre-stressing; and contact. The finite element boundary conditions were taken as the recorded values of flow rate and pressure from a standard collapsible-tube experiment for both steady and unsteady flows. The predicted tube geometry in the steady LS-DYNA model showed good agreement with the experiment for operating points in the highly compliant region of the pressure-flow characteristic curve. The comparative position of the pinch at the outlet end differed by only 5.6% of the outlet diameter in the worst case. This analysis represents an advance on other published work in that previously no comparison with experiments have been drawn for FSI models involving high Reynolds number flowing viscous fluids interacting with highly deformable three dimensional structures. This analysis successfully made that comparison and the experimental and computational results have combined to form a more detailed picture of the collapsible-tube phenomenon by including detailed stress results of the tube walls and views of the internal fluid flow. The collapsible tube model exhibited uncertainty errors due to the use of a coarser than desirable mesh and a reduced fluid speed of sound. Although both these approximations caused significant error in the model both were necessary in order to achieve acceptable solution times. Because of these errors a thorough quantitative validation could not be achieved although LS-DYNA has been proven to be qualitatively accurate. Increases in computing speed are required before thorough quantitative validation of FSI can be achieved by comparison with the collapsible tube experiments.
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Wong, Ka-chung Colin, and 黃家聰. "Hydraulics of bottom rack chamber for supercritical flow diversion." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42664469.
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Henry, Eric James. "Contaminant induced flow effects in variably-saturated porous media." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191256.
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Dissolved organic contaminants that decrease the surface tension of water (surfactants) can have an effect on unsaturated flow through porous media due to the dependence of capillary pressure on surface tension. One and two-dimensional (1D, 2D) laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to study surfactant-induced unsaturated flow. The 1D experiments investigated differences in surfactant-induced flow as a function of contaminant mobility. The flow in a system contaminated with a high solubility, mobile surfactant, butanol, was much different than in a system contaminated with a sparingly soluble, relatively immobile surfactant, myristyl alcohol (MA). Because surface tension depression caused by MA was confined to the original source zone, the MA system was modeled using a standard unsaturated flow model (HYDRUS-1D) by assigning separate sets of hydraulic functions to the initially clean and source zones. To simulate the butanol system, HYDRUS-1D was modified to incorporate surfactant concentration-dependent changes to the moisture content-pressure head and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions. Following the 1D study, a two-dimensional flow cell (2.4 x 1.5 x 0.1 m) was used to investigate the infiltration of a surfactant contaminant plume from a point source on the soil surface, through the vadose zone, and toward a shallow aquifer. Above the top of the capillary fringe the advance of the surfactant solution caused a drainage front that radiated from the point source. Upon reaching the capillary fringe, the drainage front caused a localized depression of the capillary fringe and eventually a new capillary fringe height was established. Horizontal transport of surfactant in the depressed capillary fringe caused the propagation of a wedge-shaped drainage front in the downgradient direction. The numerical model HYDRUS-2D was modified to account for surfactant concentration-dependent effects on the unsaturated hydraulic functions and was successfully used to simulate the surfactant infiltration experiment. The extensive propagation of the drying front and the effect of vadose zone drainage on contaminant breakthrough time demonstrate the potential importance of considering surface tension effects on unsaturated flow and transport in systems containing surface-active organic contaminants or in systems where surfactants are used for remediation of the vadose zone or unconfined aquifers.
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Zeidan, Dia Hussein Abdulhameed. "Mathematical and numerical study of two-phase flow models." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396533.
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Wang, Ying, and 王瑩. "A study of mutual fund flow and market return volatility." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26843572.
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BASEGHI, BEHDAD. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEEPAGE THROUGH POROUS MEDIA WITH THE RESIDUAL FLOW PROCEDURE." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184107.
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The purpose of this study is to present the development and application of residual flow procedure for analysis of three-dimensional (3-D) steady-state and transient seepage. The finite element equations are derived using a pseudo-variational principle which leads to a transient residual flow (load) vector that, in turn, is used to correct the position of the free surface iteratively. The procedure involves a fixed mesh which requires no mesh regeneration during transient analysis and during iterations. The procedure is also capable of handling material nonhomogeneities and anisotropy with relative ease. Several applications are made including verification with respect to closed-form solutions, and with results from a laboratory glass bead model simulating three-dimensional situations. For these glass beads, the coefficients of permeability and specific storage are also evaluated experimentally.
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Chan, Johnson Lap-Kay. "Numerical procedure for potential flow problems with a free surface." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28637.
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A numerical procedure based upon a boundary integral method for gravity wave making problems is studied in the time domain. The free-surface boundary conditions are combined and expressed in a Lagrangian notation to follow the free-surface particle's motion in time. The corresponding material derivative term is approximated by a finite difference expression, and the velocity terms are extrapolated in time for the completion of the formulations. The fluid-body intersection position at the free surface is predicted by an interpolation function that requires information from both the free surface and the submerged surface conditions. Solutions corresponding to a linear free-surface condition and to a non-linear free-surface condition are obtained at small time increment values. Numerical modelling of surface wave problems is studied in two dimensions and in three dimensions. Comparisons are made to linear analytical solutions as well as to published experimental results. Good agreement between the numerical solutions and measured values is found. For the modelling of a three dimensional wave diffraction problem, results at high wave amplitude are restricted because of the use of quadrilateral elements. The near cylinder region of the free surface is not considered to be well represented because of the coarse element size. Wave forces calculated on the vertical cylinder are found to be affected by the modelled tank length. When the simulated wave length is comparable to the wave tank's dimension, numerical results are found to be less than the experimental measurements. However, when the wave length is shorter than the tank's length, solutions are obtained with very good precision.Applied Science, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Department of
Graduate
20
Liu, Peng, and 刘鹏. "Flow mechanisms in horizontal sediment-laden jets." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49799496.
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Particle-laden jets are an important type of multiphase flow which can be found in various natural and technical processes. This study focuses on the flow mechanisms in a horizontally discharging sediment-laden jet that is of particular interest in environmental science and engineering.
Experimental techniques and mathematical models are developed to investigate horizontal sediment-laden jets, both for the buoyant and non-buoyant jet discharge cases. In the laboratory, the separation of images of the fluid and the particulate phases is achieved by harnessing light signals of visualization at different wavelengths. Whole field measurements of velocities of the two phases are made by the adoption of particle image velocimetry (PIV) algorithms. Numerical models are developed in two approaches with regard to the treatment of the particulate phase. In the Lagrangian approach, individual sediment particles are tracked while the flow field of the fluid phase is computed with large-eddy simulation (LES). This simulation successfully captures the transient nature of the particle-laden flow. In the Eulerian approach, a two-phase model is used to obtain steady flow simulations in a much shorter computation time.
The experimental and numerical results for the horizontal momentum jets show that, at low initial particle concentrations, the sediment particles generally follow the jet flow but with some levels of deficit velocities. In the upper layer of the jet the particles do not follow the fluid flow as well as in its lower layer. More particles are observed in the lower layer than in the upper one. For the momentum-dominated zone of a horizontal buoyant jet, the flow exhibits similar behaviors as the horizontal particle-laden momentum jet, except that there are some slight modifications from the effects of buoyancy. In the bending zone of the buoyant jet, the effects of buoyancy become significant. Notably, the locations of maximum velocity magnitude and those of maximum turbulence intensity are well separated in this zone. A strong correlation of particle abundance and high turbulence intensity is observed in the lower outer jet layer in this bending zone.
Significant modifications to the global behaviors of horizontal sediment jets are observed as the particle concentration increases to relatively high levels. The jet trajectories are brought downwards by the particle loads and the jet widths are also increased. For the flow regime being investigated, turbulence intensity in the fluid flow is found to be increased by the presence of sediment particles.
The results suggest that turbulence helps suspend sediment particles in horizontally discharging jets. A Stokes number is proposed to represent the ability of particles to follow the fluid flow. It is defined as St=W_s/U_j , where ws is the particle settling velocity in still fluid and Uj is the jet exit velocity, which indirectly governs the turbulence characteristics of the jet flow.
The advecting large eddies in a turbulent jet are found to play the role of organizing particles in patches. Interaction and coalescence between particle-concentrated eddies may result in the sudden drop of a group of particles, which contributes to sediments falling from a horizontal jet in the form of particle-rich “fingers”.published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
21
Zoebelein, Till. "Development of an LU-scheme for the solution of hypersonic non-equilibrium flow." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12509.
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Wong, Ching-chi, and 黃精治. "Flow and pollutant dispersion over idealized urban street canyons using large-eddy simulation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206698.
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Flows and pollutant dispersion over flat rural terrain have been investigated for decades. However, our understanding of their behaviours over urban areas is rather limited. Most cases have either focused on street level or in the roughness sub-layer (RSL) of urban boundary layer (UBL). Whereas, only a handful of studies have looked into the coupling between street-level and UBL-core dynamics, and their effects on pollutant dispersion.
In this thesis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is employed to examine the flows and pollutant transport in and over urban roughness. Idealised two-dimensional (2D) street canyons are used as the basic units fabricating hypothetical urban surfaces. A ground-level passive and chemically inert pollutant source is applied to simulate the flows and pollutant dispersion over rough surfaces in isothermal condition. Large-eddy simulation (LES) with the one-equation subgrid-scale model is used to solve explicitly the broad range of scales in turbulent flows. Arrays of idealized street canyons of both uniform and non-uniform building height are used to formulate a unified theory for the flows and pollutant dispersion over urban areas of different morphology. The geometry of roughness elements is controlled by the building-height-to-street-width (aspect) ratio (0.083 ≤ AR ≤ 2) and/or the building height variability (BHV = 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6), in which the characteristic regimes of skimming flow, wake-interference and isolated roughness are covered.
A detailed analysis on the roof-level turbulence structure reveals parcels of low-speed air masses in the streamwise flows and narrow high-speed down-drafts in the urban canopy layer, signifying the momentum entrainment into the street canyons. The decelerating streamwise flows in turn initiate up-drafts carrying pollutants away from the street canyons, illustrating the basic pollutant removal mechanism in 2D street canyons. Turbulent transport processes, in the form of ejection and sweep, are the key events governing the exchanges of air and pollutant of street canyon. Air exchange rate (ACH) along the roof level is dominated by turbulent transport, in particular over narrow street canyons.
The LES results show that both the turbulence level and ACH increase with increasing aerodynamic resistance defined in term of the Fanning friction factor. At the same AR, BHV greatly increases the friction factor and the ACH in dense built areas (AR ≤ 0.25). The turbulence intensity is peaked on the windward side of street canyons that does not overlap with the maximum velocity gradient near the leeward building corners, suggesting the importance of background turbulence in street-level ventilation. Over the building roughness, pollutant plume dispersion after the ground-level area source in cross flows resumes the self-similar Gaussian shape in the vertical direction in which the vertical plume coverage is proportional to the square root of downwind distance in the streamwise direction. Moreover, the vertical dispersion coefficient is proportional to the one-fourth power of friction factor over idealised street canyons. Conclusively, friction factor can be used to parametrise ventilation and pollutant dispersion over urban areas.published_or_final_version
Mechanical Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
23
Grm, Aleksander. "Mathematical analysis of macroscopic models for slow dense granular flow." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=98408214X.
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Peng, Jixian, and 彭继娴. "Macroscopic characteristics of dense road networks." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/195994.
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In the continuum modeling of traffic networks, a macroscopic cost-flow function (MCF) and macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) can be used to represent the fundamental relationships between traffic quantities such as speed, flow, and density. The MCF governs the steady-state cost-flow relationship, whereas the MFD represents the instantaneous inter-relationship between speed, flow, and density of traffic streams. This thesis explores the influence of network topologies on the MCF and MFD.
The Hong Kong road system is divided into unit-sized road networks with various physical characteristics for which the network structure and signal timings are reserved. By universally scaling the origin-destination (OD) matrices of the morning peak, traffic conditions ranging from free-flow to congestion are created for microscopic simulation. From the simulation results, an MCF that relates the average journey time and the number of vehicles traveling through the network in one hour and an MFD that relates space to the mean speed and average density aggregated across 300s intervals are derived. The MCF and MFD are calibrated with mathematical models for each network.
The density of roads, junctions, and signal junctions all influence the value of the macroscopic parameters in the MCF and MFD, and predictive equations are constructed that relate the macroscopic parameters to the network topological characteristics. Based on the fitting performance of the mathematical models, recommendations are made for selecting MCF and MFD models for continuum modeling.published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Master
Master of Philosophy
25
Yan, Li, and 顏理. "On the traffic flow control system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39431174.
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Poon, Hao-chi Cynthia, and 潘顥之. "Numerical simulation of turbulent flow and microclimate within and above vegetation canopy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45589677.
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Rinaldi, Stephanie. "Experiments on the dynamics of cantilevered pipes subjected to internal andor external axial flow." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111615.
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The main objective of this thesis is to study and investigate the dynamics and stability of cantilevered structures subjected to internal, external, or simultaneous internal and external axial flows. This was accomplished, in some cases, by deriving the linear equations of motion using a Newtonian approach and, in other cases, by making the necessary modifications to existing theoretical models. The continuous cantilevered systems were then discretized using the Galerkin method in order to determine their complex eigenfrequencies. Moreover, numerous experiments were performed to compare and validate, or otherwise, the theoretical models proposed. More specifically, the four cantilevered systems studied were the following: (i) a pipe conveying fluid that is fitted with a stabilizing end-piece, which suppresses flutter by blocking the straight-through exit of flow at the downstream end; (ii) a pipe aspirating fluid, which flutters at low flow velocities in its first mode; (iii) a free-clamped cylinder (i.e. with the upstream end free and the downstream end clamped) in confined axial flow, which also flutters at low flow velocities in its first mode and eventually develops a buckling instability; and (iv) a pipe subjected to internal flow, which after exiting the pipe is transformed to a confined counter-current annular flow, that becomes unstable by flutter too.
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Yue, Yang, and 樂陽. "Spatial-temporal dependency of traffic flow and its implications for short-term traffic forecasting." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B35507366.
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Wong, Chung-yin Philip, and 黃仲賢. "The development of pedestrian flow model." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48194025.
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This dissertation reported on the findings of the characteristics of the pedestrian
flows in Chinese New Year Eve Fair in Hong Kong and, the recommendations to its
crowd control measures. Since most of the pedestrian flow models were developed
for general purposes under normal condition, special models developed specifically
for major events such as bazaars, fairs and festivals in Hong Kong were required to
understand their pedestrian flow patterns. In this dissertation, pedestrian flows in the
Fair were videotaped and data was extracted for calibrating several pedestrian flow
models. These included the conventional models developed by Greenshields,
Greenberg, Pipes-Munjal, Underwood, Drake, Wong et al. and four modifications of
these models for simulating isotropic and bi-directional pedestrian flow scenarios.
The free flow speed of the pedestrians in the Chinese New Year Eve Fair was found
to be around 0.69-0.84 m/s, slower than those identified in other researches. Besides,
the results of these models showed the relationships between walking speed, density
and flow of the pedestrians in the Fair. Also, the effects of bi-directional flow to
pedestrian flows were assessed and quantified. These findings obtained from models
were then used as a basis for formulating crowd control strategy of major events in
Hong Kong.published_or_final_version
Transport Policy and Planning
Master
Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning
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Richard, Paul François. "A computer analysis of the flow of water and nutrients in agricultural soils as affected by subsurface drainage." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29171.
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A computer model was developed in order to determine the effects of drainage practices on nutrient losses from level agricultural soils.
The model performs a daily simulation of the vertical flow of water, nitrogen, phosphorus, and heat, and of the growth of crops. A water flow submodel calculates the depth of the water table based on daily predictions of evaporation, transpiration, flow to drains and ditches, and deep percolation. An original saturated-unsaturated flow algorithm is used to determine moisture infiltration, redistribution, and upward flow in the soil matrix, as well as bypassing flow in the soil macropores and horizontal flux between the soil matrix and the macropores, and surface runoff. Nutrient movement occurs by mass flow. Heat flow, nutrient biochemical transformations, and crop growth are determined by using well established relations.
Field tests were carried out for a period of two years on an experimental site in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. The water table depth was measured on a continuous basis. Grab samples of drainwater and observation wells were obtained periodically and analyzed for nitrogen (N0₃-N, NH₄-N, and TKN) and phosphorus (P0₄-P and TP). The field results show a decrease in the concentration of all nutrients over the sampling period, and provide evidence that denitrification and bypassing flow are important mechanisms affecting the nutrient balance of this soil.
These results were used to calibrate the model. An excellent fit of the observed water table profile and an adequate fit of the observed drain concentration of nitrate were obtained. The simulation revealed that bypassing flow is a very important transfer mechanism in this soil and must be included in order to obtain a satisfactory fit of the experimental data.
A sensitivity analysis of the model showed that the patterns of moisture flow have a predominant influence on the rate of nutrient leaching. In particular, it was found that the nutrient concentration in drain water is a strong function of the hydraulic conductivity of the soil matrix and of the horizontal distance between the soil macropores, which control the ratio of moisture flow in the soil matrix to the macropore flow and the lateral diffusion of nutrients between the soil matrix and the macropores.
The effects of four different drainage designs on nutrient losses were simulated over a period of two years for three different soils and two different nutrient distributions in the soil. It was found that there is a large difference between the amount of nutrients leached from drainage systems using different drainage coefficients. There was also a large difference in the response of two drainage designs based on the same drainage coefficient but using different depth and spacing of drains. Transient effects, as determined by the initial vertical distribution of the nutrients, were seen to remain dominant over the two year duration of the simulation.
The model was found to be useful in explaining the apparent contradictions found in the literature assessing the effects of subsurface drainage on nutrient losses. The results from the model show these effects to be strongly site and condition specific. Furthermore, the model shows that soils and drainage designs that produce similar volumes of drain flow may exhibit very different leaching responses, and that drainage designs equivalent from a hydraulic standpoint can be very dissimilar in their potential for leaching nutrients. The model provides a tool which can be used to determine the appropriateness of different drainage designs in soils where minimizing nutrient losses is critical.Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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Brihi, Sarra. "Mathematical analysis and numerical approximation of flow models in porous media." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC263/document.
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Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des équations du Darcy Brinkman Forchheimer (DBF) avec des conditions aux limites non standards. Nous montrons d'abord l'existence de différents type de solutions (faible, forte) correspondant au problème DBF stationnaire dans un domaine simplement connexe avec des conditions portants sur la composante normale du champ de vitesse et la composante tangentielle du tourbillon. Ensuite, nous considérons le système Brinkman Forchheimer (BF) avec des conditions sur la pression dans un domaine non simplement connexe. Nous prouvons que ce problème est bien posé ainsi que l'existence de la solution forte. Nous établissons la régularité de la solution dans les espaces L^p pour p >= 2.L'étude et l'approximation du problème DBF non stationnaire est basée sur une approche pseudo-compressibilité. Une estimation d'erreur d'ordre deux est établie dans le cas o\`u les conditions aux limites sont de types Dirichlet ou Navier.Enfin, une méthode d'éléments finis Galerkin Discontinue est proposée et la convergence établie concernant le problème DBF linéarisé et le système DBF non linéaire avec des conditions aux limites non standardThis thesis is devoted to Darcy Brinkman Forchheimer (DBF) equations with a non standard boundary conditions. We prove first the existence of different type of solutions (weak, strong) of the stationary DBF problem in a simply connected domain with boundary conditions on the normal component of the velocity field and the tangential component of the vorticity. Next, we consider Brinkman Forchheimer (BF) system with boundary conditions on the pressure in a non simply connected domain. We prove the well-posedness and the existence of a strong solution of this problem. We establish the regularity of the solution in the L^p spaces, for p >= 2.The approximation of the non stationary DBF problem is based on the pseudo-compressibility approach. The second order's error estimate is established in the case where the boundary conditions are of type Dirichlet or Navier. Finally, the finite elements Galerkin Discontinuous method is proposed and the convergence is settled concerning the linearized DBF problem and the non linear DBF system with a non standard boundary conditions
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Khatibi, Rahman Haghi. "Mathematical open channel flow models and identification of their friction parameters." Thesis, University of London, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263145.
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This thesis l concerned with the mathematical modelling of open channel flows governed by the Saint-Venant equations, which are used as a prediction or identification tools. A survey of the literature in these fields identified the problems in need of Immediate research. Numerical test runs were then devised which led to projecting a clear picture as follows. The performance of twn widely used Implicit finite difference schemes, the 4-point box and 6-point staggered schemes were compared In a wide range of circumstances. it is concluded that both schemes produce 'very close results, but the staggered scheme is prone to convergence problems In some extreme cases. It was also noted that a sharp change in geometric configuration of compound channels produced discontinuous features on the aim ulated depth and discharge hydrographs. The inability of the staggered scheme In handling a head-discharge relationship as a downstream boundary condition was tackled by proposing and implementing a scheme of second order accuracy. As model data are generally corrupted withh errors and noise, their effects together with that of other factors on the Identified friction parameters we Investigated. The results demonstte the paramount Importance of the effect of a choice of objective function on the Identified parameters. While the individual values of the identified M2nning n may vary from one flood event to another, their mean is shown both numerically and rigorously to be dependent upon the choice of objective function. It is shown that an objective function formulated by using absolute errors performs ideally and produces reliable results even in the presence of autocorrelated Gaucian noise samples. The mean of the Identified parameters is also found to be adversely affected if the observation station is affected by localized disturbances. Sensitivity of objective functions to the variation In the value of the friction parameter Is also found to be an Important factor, as Insensitivity leads to ill-conditioning.
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Lierkamp, Darren. "Simulating the effects of following distance on a high-flow freeway." Full text available online (restricted access), 2003. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/Lierkamp.pdf.
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"CP830 Research Project and Thesis 2". Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-93) Electronic reproduction.[S.l. :s.n.],2003.Electronic data.Mode of access: World Wide Web.System requirements: Adobe Acrobat reader software for PDF files.Access restricted to institutions with a subscription.
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Aland, Sebastian, Sabine Egerer, John Lowengrub, and Axel Voigt. "Diffuse interface models of locally inextensible vesicles in a viscous fluid." Elsevier, 2014. https://htw-dresden.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32307.
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We present a new diffuse interface model for the dynamics of inextensible vesicles in a viscous fluid with inertial forces. A new feature of this work is the implementation of the local inextensibility condition in the diffuse interface context. Local inextensibility is enforced by using a local Lagrange multiplier, which provides the necessary tension force at the interface. We introduce a new equation for the local Lagrange multiplier whose solution essentially provides a harmonic extension of the multiplier off the interface while maintaining the local inextensibility constraint near the interface. We also develop a local relaxation scheme that dynamically corrects local stretching/compression errors thereby preventing their accumulation. Asymptotic analysis is presented that shows that our new system converges to a relaxed version of the inextensible sharp interface model. This is also verified numerically. To solve the equations, we use an adaptive finite element method with implicit coupling between the Navier-Stokes and the diffuse interface inextensibility equations. Numerical simulations of a single vesicle in a shear flow at different Reynolds numbers demonstrate that errors in enforcing local inextensibility may accumulate and lead to large differences in the dynamics in the tumbling regime and smaller differences in the inclination angle of vesicles in the tank-treading regime. The local relaxation algorithm is shown to prevent the accumulation of stretching and compression errors very effectively. Simulations of two vesicles in an extensional flow show that local inextensibility plays an important role when vesicles are in close proximity by inhibiting fluid drainage in the near contact region.
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Kim, Inchul. "Numerical study of the onset of instability in the flow past a sphere." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184809.
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Experiment shows that the steady axisymmetric flow past a sphere becomes unstable in the range 120 < Re < 300. The resulting time-dependent nonaxisymmetric flow gives rise to nonaxisymmetric vortex shedding at higher Reynolds numbers. The present work reports a computational investigation of the linear stability of the axisymmetric base flow. When the sphere is towed, fixed, or otherwise constrained, stability is determined solely by the Reynolds number. On the other hand, when the sphere falls due to gravity, the present work shows that a additional parameter, the ratio of fluid density to sphere density (β = ρ(f)/ρ(s)) is involved. We use a spectral technique to compute the steady axisymmetric flow, which is in closer agreement with experiment than previous calculations. We then perform a linear stability analysis of the base flow with respect to axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric disturbances. A spectral technique similar to that employed in the base flow calculation is used to solve the linear disturbance equations in streamfunction form for axisymmetric disturbances, and in a modified primitive variable form for nonaxisymmetric disturbances. For the density ratio β = 0, which corresponds to a fixed sphere, the analysis shows that the axisymmetric base flow undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at Re = 175.1, with the critical disturbance having azimuthal wavenumber m = 1. The results are favorably compared to previous experimental work.
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El, Didy Sherif Mohamed Ahmed 1951. "Two-dimensional finite element programs for water flow and water quality in multi-aquifer systems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191110.
Full textAbstract:
Multiple aquifer systems similar to those that exist at coal gasification sites are complicated groundwater situations. In these types of systems, the aquifers are separated by aquitards through which interaction between aquifers can occur. The movement of the products of combustion into the coal seam and adjacent aquifers is a serious problem of interest. This dissertation presents two-dimensional finite element models for water flow and water quality in multiple aquifer systems. These models can be applied for general problems as well as the problems associated with the burned cavities in coal gasification sites. The Galerkin weightedresidual method is used in both models. Eight-noded isoparametric elements are used. Spatial numerical integration is performed using Gaussian quadrature. A weighted finite difference scheme is used, in both of them, for time integration. The two models are written in FORTRAN V for the CDC CYBER 175. They are applicable to one- or two-dimensional problems involving steady-state or transient flow. Each aquifer can have different initial conditions and boundary conditions. Boundary conditions, pumping rates, and the recharge can be specified as a function of time. The output of the flow program-nodal heads and velocity components is used as an input to the quality program. The numerical models were validated for simple problems that have available analytical solutions.
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Pincombe, Brandon. "A study of non-Newtonian behaviour of blood flow through stenosed arteries /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php6469.pdf.
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Khosravi-Dehkordi, Iman. "Load flow feasibility under extreme contingencies." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100252.
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This thesis examines the problem of load flow feasibility, in other words, the conditions under which a power network characterized by the load flow equations has a steady-state solution. In this thesis, we are particularly interested in load flow feasibility in the presence of extreme contingencies such as the outage of several transmission lines.Denoting the load flow equations by z = f(x) where z is the vector of specified injections (the real and reactive bus demands, the specified real power bus generations and the specified bus voltage levels), the question addressed is whether there exists a real solution x to z = f( x) where x is the vector of unknown bus voltage magnitudes at load buses and unknown bus voltage phase angles at all buses but the reference bus. Attacking this problem via conventional load flow algorithms has a major drawback, principally the fact that such algorithms do not converge when the load flow injections z define or are close to defining an infeasible load flow. In such cases, lack of convergence may be due to load flow infeasibility or simply to the ill-conditioning of the load flow Jacobian matrix.
This thesis therefore makes use of the method of supporting hyperplanes to characterize the load flow feasibility region, defined as the set the injections z for which there exists a real solution x to the load flow equations. Supporting hyperplanes allow us to calculate the so-called load flow feasibility margin, which determines whether a given injection is feasible or not as well as measuring how close the injection is to the feasibility boundary. This requires solving a generalized eigenvalue problem and a corresponding optimization for the closest feasible boundary point to the given injection.
The effect of extreme network contingencies on the feasibility of a given injection is examined for two main cases: those contingencies that affect the feasibility region such as line outages and those that change the given injection itself such as an increase in VAR demand or the loss of a generator. The results show that the hyperplane method is a powerful tool for analyzing the effect of extreme contingencies on the feasibility of a power network.
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Li, Xianxiang, and 李顯祥. "Large-eddy simulation of wind flow and air pollutant transport inside urban street canyons of different aspect ratios." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40687326.
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Hnidei, Stephen D. "Selective withdrawal of a linearly stratified fluid in a triangular reservoir." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28834.
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The water in most reservoirs is density stratified with depth. This stratification leads to the inhibition of vertical movement, consequently, when water is withdrawn from the reservoir it tends to move in a jet-like layer called a withdrawal layer, towards the sink. By placing the sink at a certain depth, one is able to selectively withdrawal water from a limited range of depths and thus obtain water of a desired quality.
Much work has been done in this field by considering a simplified boundary geometry, usually rectangular. However little attention has been given to the effects of accurate boundary geometry. For this thesis, five numerical experiments were conducted for the problem of a two-dimensional, viscous, incompressible, slightly-stratified flow towards a sink in a triangular reservoir.Science, Faculty of
Mathematics, Department of
Graduate
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Sheng, Jopan. "Multiphase immiscible flow through porous media." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53630.
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A finite element model is developed for multiphase flow through soil involving three immiscible fluids: namely air, water, and an organic fluid. A variational method is employed for the finite element formulation corresponding to the coupled differential equations governing the flow of the three fluid phase porous medium system with constant air phase pressure. Constitutive relationships for fluid conductivities and saturations as functions of fluid pressures which may be calibrated from two-phase laboratory measurements, are employed in the finite element program. The solution procedure uses iteration by a modified Picard method to handle the nonlinear properties and the backward method for a stable time integration. Laboratory experiments involving soil columns initially saturated with water and displaced by p-cymene (benzene-derivative hydrocarbon) under constant pressure were simulated by the finite element model to validate the numerical model and formulation for constitutive properties. Transient water outflow predicted using independently measured capillary head-saturation data agreed well with observed outflow data. Two-dimensional simulations are presented for eleven hypothetical field cases involving introduction of an organic fluid near the soil surface due to leakage from an underground storage tank. The subsequent transport of the organic fluid in the variably saturated vadose and ground water zones is analysed.Ph. D.
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Morland, Lawrence Christopher. "Mathematical models for a fluid flow arising in turbine blade cooling passages." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330029.
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Woudberg, Sonia. "Laminar flow through isotropic granular porous media." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1320.
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Ho, Wai-man, and 何慧敏. "A numerical study on turbulent oscillatory plane Couette flow." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B2977083X.
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Amikiya, Emmanuel Adoliwine. "Flow and reactive transport processes in porous media." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85838.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Flow and reactive transport of chemical species is a very common phenomenon that occurs in natural and artificial systems. However in this study, the topic is related to acid mine drainage in the South African mining environment. Due to the hazards associated with acid mine drainage, prevention or treatment of mine effluent water before discharging to receiving waters and other environments is a necessity. A new time-dependent mathematical model is developed for a passive treatment method, based on multi-scale modelling of the coupled physico-chemical processes such as diffusion, convection, reactions and filtration, that are involved in the treatment process. The time-dependent model is simulated on a two-dimensional domain using finite volume discretization to obtain chemical species distributions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vloei en reagerende transport van chemiese spesies is ’n baie algemene verskynsel wat in natuurlike en kunsmatige stelsels plaasvind. In hierdie studie is die onderwerp egter verwant aan suurmyndreinering in die Suid-Afrikaanse mynbou-omgewing. As gevolg van die gevare wat verband hou met suurmyndreinering, is die voorkoming of die behandeling van die afval-mynwater voor dit in opvangswaters en ander omgewings beland ’n noodsaaklikheid. ’n Nuwe tydafhanklike wiskundige model vir ’n passiewe behandelingsmetode is ontwikkel. Dit is gebaseer op die multi-skaal modulering van gekoppelde fisies-chemiese prosesse soos diffusie, konveksie, reaksies en filtrasie, wat by die behandelingsproses betrokke is. Die tydafhanklike model word gesimuleer op ’n twee-dimensionele domein met behulp van eindige volume diskretisasie om die verspreiding van chemiese spesies te bepaal.
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Atamtürk, Alper. "Conflict graphs and flow models for mixed-integer linear optimization problems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26002.
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溫建勇 and Kin-yung Wan. "Biham-middleton-levine traffic model in different spatial dimensions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3122183X.
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Wong, Chun-kuen, and 黃春權. "Dynamic macroscopic modeling of highway traffic flows." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31243757.
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Freedland, Graham. "Investigation of Jet Dynamics in Cross-Flow: Quantifying Volcanic Plume Behavior." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3314.
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Volcanic eruption columns inject high concentrations of ash into the atmosphere. Some of this ash is carried downwind forming ash clouds in the atmosphere that are hazardous for private and commercial aviation. Current models rely on inputs such as plume height, duration, eruption rate, and meteorological wind fields. Eruption rate is estimated from plume height using relations that depend on the rate of air entrainment into the plume, which is not well quantified. A wind tunnel experiment has been designed to investigate these models by injecting a vertical air jet into a cross-flow. The ratio of the cross-flow and jet velocities is varied to simulate a weak plume, and flow response is measured using particle image velocimetry. The plumes are characterized and flow data relative to the centerline is examined to measure the growth of weak plumes and the entrainment velocity along its trajectory. It was found that cross-flow recirculates behind the jet and entrainment occurs both up and downstream of the jet. Analysis of the generation of turbulence enhanced results by identifying the transition point to bending plume and the growth of the shear layer in a bending plume. This provides information that can be used to improve models of volcanic ash concentration changes in the atmosphere.
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Hofstede, Coen Matthijs. "Ice Stream Dynamics: A Transition between Sheet Flow and Shelf Flow." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/HofstedeCM2008.pdf.
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