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Academic literature on the topic 'Viscoelastic Vessels'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Viscoelastic Vessels"

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Skalak, T. C., and G. W. Schmid-Scho¨nbein. "Viscoelastic Properties of Microvessels in Rat Spinotrapezius Muscle." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 108, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3138602.

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In order to establish a quantitative model of blood flow in skeletal muscle, the mechanical properties of the blood vessels need to be measured. We present measurements of the viscoelastic properties of arterioles, venules, and capillaries in exteriorized rat spinotrapezius muscle. Muscles were perfused with an inert silicone polymer and a uniform static pressure was established by occlusion of the venous outflow. Vessel diameters were then measured as a function of the static pressure. This study provides the first measurements of the viscoelastic properties of microvessels in skeletal muscle in situ. Over a pressure range of 20–200 mmHg, the transverse arterioles are the most distensible vessels, while the arcade venules are the stiffest. In response to a step change in pressure, all vessels show an initial elastic deformation, followed by a nonlinear creep. Based on the experimental results for different pressure histories a constitutive equation relating vessel diameter to the local transmural pressure is proposed. Diameter changes are expressed in the form of a diameter strain, analogous to a Green’s strain, and are related to the local transmural pressure using a standard linear solid model. This model has only three empirical coefficients and could be fitted to all experimental results for all vessels within error of measurement.
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Zhang, Wei, Yi Liu, and Ghassan S. Kassab. "Viscoelasticity reduces the dynamic stresses and strains in the vessel wall: implications for vessel fatigue." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293, no. 4 (October 2007): H2355—H2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00423.2007.

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The mechanical behavior of blood vessels is known to be viscoelastic rather than elastic. The functional role of viscoelasticity, however, has remained largely unclear. The hypothesis of this study is that viscoelasticity reduces the stresses and strains in the vessel wall, which may have a significant impact on the fatigue life of the blood vessel wall. To verify the hypothesis, the pulsatile stress in rabbit thoracic artery at physiological loading condition was investigated with a quasi-linear viscoelastic model, where the normalized stress relaxation function is assumed to be isotropic, while the stress-strain relationship is anisotropic and nonlinear. The artery was subjected to the same boundary condition, and the mechanical equilibrium equation was solved for both the viscoelastic and an elastic (which has a constant relaxation function) model. Numerical results show that, compared with purely elastic response, the viscoelastic property of arteries reduces the magnitudes and temporal variations of circumferential stress and strain. The radial wall movement is also reduced due to viscoelasticity. These findings imply that viscoelasticity may be beneficial for the fatigue life of blood vessels, which undergo millions of cyclic mechanical loadings each year of life.
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Sánchez-Molina, David, Silvia García-Vilana, Jordi Llumà, Ignasi Galtés, Juan Velázquez-Ameijide, Mari Carmen Rebollo-Soria, and Carlos Arregui-Dalmases. "Mechanical Behavior of Blood Vessels: Elastic and Viscoelastic Contributions." Biology 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10090831.

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The mechanical properties of the cerebral bridging veins (CBVs) were studied using advanced microtensile equipment. Detailed high-quality curves were obtained at different strain rates, showing a clearly nonlinear stress–strain response. In addition, the tissue of the CBVs exhibits stress relaxation and a preconditioning effect under cyclic loading, unequivocal indications of viscoelastic behavior. Interestingly, most previous literature that conducts uniaxial tensile tests had not found significant viscoelastic effects in CBVs, but the use of more sensitive tests allowed to observe the viscoelastic effects. For that reason, a careful mathematical analysis is presented, clarifying why in uniaxial tests with moderate strain rates, it is difficult to observe any viscoelastic effect. The analysis provides a theoretical explanation as to why many recent studies that investigated mechanical properties did not find a significant viscoelastic effect, even though in other circumstances, the CBV tissue would clearly exhibit viscoelastic behavior. Finally, this study provides reference values for the usual mechanical properties, as well as calculations of constitutive parameters for nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic models that would allow more accurate numerical simulation of CBVs in Finite Element-based computational models in future works.
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DARJANI, MORTEZA, ALI ESTEKI, and S. AHMAD HASSANTASH. "IN VITRO INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF HUMAN SAPHENOUS VEINS USING A CARDIOVASCULAR SIMULATOR." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 04 (June 2016): 1650044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519416500445.

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Coronary bypass surgery is a usual therapy for vessel-related diseases as several thousand of this kind of surgery are reported annually. In this surgery, saphenous vein, internal mammary artery or radial artery are grafted to replace coronary vessels. This research aims to evaluate viscoelastic properties of human saphenous vein vessel wall used in bypass surgery using a device designed in our laboratory. The most important feature of this device is its ability to simulate physiological conditions which exist inside humans’ bodies. During experiments, variations in both vessel diameter and exerted pressure are recorded simultaneously. After performing measurements at frequencies near to heart beat frequency and finding loss and storage modulus for each frequency, it is found that, in the scanned frequency range, Kelvin model is the best approach to assess viscoelastic behavior of vessels. Remarkably, the results found in this research are in agreement with literature.
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Eslami, M. R., and M. Shariyat. "A Technique to Distinguish the Primary and Secondary Stresses." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 117, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842112.

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A technique is developed which can be used to distinguish the primary and secondary stresses in pressure vessels. The general definition of the two types of stresses stated by the ASME Code is used; a simple viscoelastic model is proposed for each stress category. The proposed model can be extended to elastic as well as plastic regions of strain-hardening materials and can include the mechanical as well as thermal loads. The proposed viscoelastic models are used to judge the nature of elastic stresses and the effective stress-strain curve is used to simulate the state of stress at any stage of loading and the percentage of primary to secondary stresses at any radius of the vessel. It is found that thermal stresses cannot always be categorized as secondary stress, and in the case of thermoplastically loaded vessels they can contribute partly to the primary stress in the vessel.
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Berglund, Joseph D., Robert M. Nerem, and Athanassios Sambanis. "Viscoelastic Testing Methodologies for Tissue Engineered Blood Vessels." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 127, no. 7 (June 6, 2005): 1176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2073487.

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In order to function in vivo, tissue engineered blood vessels (TEBVs) must encumber pulsatile blood flow and withstand hemodynamic pressures for long periods of time. To date TEBV mechanical assessment has typically relied on single time point burst and/or uniaxial tensile testing to gauge the strengths of the constructs. This study extends this analysis to include creep and stepwise stress relaxation viscoelastic testing methodologies. TEBV models exhibiting diverse mechanical behaviors as a result of different architectures ranging from reconstituted collagen gels to hybrid constructs reinforced with either untreated or glutaraldhyde-crosslinked collagen supports were evaluated after 8 and 23 days of in vitro culturing. Data were modeled using three and four-parameter linear viscoelastic mathematical representations and compared to porcine carotid arteries. While glutaraldhyde-treated hybrid TEBVs exhibited the largest overall strengths and toughness, uncrosslinked hybrid samples exhibited time-dependent behaviors most similar to native arteries. These findings emphasize the importance of viscoelastic characterization when evaluating the mechanical performance of TEBVs. Limits of testing methods and modeling systems are presented and discussed.
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Seyssiecq, I., A. Tolofoudyé, H. Desplanches, and Y. Gaston-Bonhomme. "Viscoelastic Liquids in Stirred Vessels– Part I: Power Consumption in Unaerated Vessels." Chemical Engineering & Technology 26, no. 11 (November 10, 2003): 1155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200301689.

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Lee, J., E. P. Salathe, and G. W. Schmid-Schonbein. "Fluid exchange in skeletal muscle with viscoelastic blood vessels." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 253, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): H1548—H1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.6.h1548.

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A mathematical model of capillary-tissue fluid exchange in a viscoelastic blood vessel is presented, and the Landis occlusion experiment is simulated. The model assumes that the fluid exchange is governed by Starling's law and that the protein and red blood cells are conserved in the capillary. Before occlusion, in the steady flow state, the pressure in the capillary decreases from the arterial to venous end due to viscous dissipation. After occlusion a constant pressure is established along the capillary. We assume the capillary to be distensible with viscoelastic wall properties. Immediately following occlusion an instantaneous distension of the capillary occurs. The vessel continues to expand viscoelastically while fluid is filtered for a period of several minutes, until it reaches an equilibrium state. A full numerical solution of the governing equations has been obtained. We use this model to compute the distance variation between two labeled erythrocytes as obtained in the Landis occlusion experiment and compare the results with experimental data obtained recently for the spinotrapezius muscle in our laboratory. The new model can fit the experimental data better than previous models that neglect the distensibility of the capillaries.
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Hackett, Robert M., and Jan D. Dozier. "Viscoelastic/Damage Modeling of Filament-Wound Spherical Pressure Vessels." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 6, no. 2 (April 1987): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168448700600202.

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Schmid-Scho¨nbein, G. W. "A Theory of Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 110, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3108401.

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A theoretical analysis of blood flow in the microcirculation of skeletal muscle is provided. The flow in the microvessels of this organ is quasi steady and has a very low Reynolds number. The blood is non-Newtonian and the blood vessels are distensible with viscoelastic properties. A formulation of the problem is provided using a viscoelastic model for the vessel wall which was recently derived from measurements in the rat spinotrapezius muscle (Skalak and Schmid-Scho¨nbein, 1986b). Closed form solutions are derived for several physiologically important cases, such as perfusion at steady state, transient and oscillatory flows. The results show that resting skeletal muscle has, over a wide range of perfusion pressures an almost linear pressure-flow curve. At low flow it exhibits nonlinearities. Vessel distensibility and the non-Newtonian properties of blood both have a strong influence on the shape of the pressure-flow curve. During oscillatory flow the muscle exhibits hysteresis. The theoretical results are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Viscoelastic Vessels"

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Hall, James Joseph. "Study of viscous and viscoelastic flows with reference to laminar stirred vessels." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2005. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/study-of-viscous-and-viscoelastic-flows-with-reference-to-laminar-stirred-vessels(78790164-7ff7-4dae-bf42-c54fefafb018).html.

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Book chapters on the topic "Viscoelastic Vessels"

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Wünsch, Olaf. "Simulation of mixing of viscoelastic fluids in vessels." In Progress and Trends in Rheology V, 175–76. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51062-5_77.

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Ju, Wentao, Xiongbin Huang, Yingchen Wang, Litian Shi, Bin Zhang, and Jingxian Yuan. "An Investigation of the Flow Field of Viscoelastic Fluid in a Stirred Vessel." In 10th European Conference on Mixing, 313–20. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044450476-0/50040-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Viscoelastic Vessels"

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Shimizu, N., H. Nasuno, T. Yazaki, and K. Sunakoda. "Design and Analysis of Viscoelastic Seismic Dampers." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1444.

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This paper describes a methodology of design and analysis of viscoelastic seismic dampers by means of the time domain finite element analysis. The viscoelastic constitutive relation of material incorporating with the fractional calculus has been derived and the finite element formulation based on the constitutive relation has been developed to analyze the dynamic property of seismic damper. A time domain computer program was developed by using the formulation. Dynamic properties of hysteresis loop, damping capacity, equivalent viscous damping coefficient, and equivalent spring constant are calculated and compared with the experimental results. Remarkable correlation between the FE analysis and the experiment is gained, and consequently the design procedure with the help of the FE analysis has been established.
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Tamura, Ichiro, Masashi Kuramasu, Frank Barutzki, Daniel Fischer, Victor Kostarev, Alexey Berkovskiy, Peter Vasiliev, Takuma Inoue, Shunsuke Okita, and Yoshio Namita. "Dynamic Analysis of NPP Piping Systems and Components With Viscoelastic Dampers Subjected to Severe Earthquake Motions." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-64029.

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In Shimane nuclear power plant of Chugoku Electric Power Co., a number of safety improvements are planned to be implemented aiming for the highest level of safety in the world to be achieved. One of the new safety measures is the application of viscoelastic dampers for seismic protection of safety related piping system and components. High performance of viscoelastic dampers has been confirmed by direct testing of the piping natural scale model at the shaking table subjected to severe seismic accelerations up to 20 m/s2. However, viscoelastic dampers as a dynamic protection device have frequency-dependent dynamic characteristics, which are difficult to reproduce in the frame of conventional seismic analysis based typically on the use of response spectrum method. For example, the dynamic properties of viscoelastic dampers exhibit nonlinear dependence on dissipation energy, shear rate of viscous fluid, and temperature. Method for Seismic analysis of systems with viscoelastic dampers (SAVD-Method) is one of the analytical approaches capable of considering the dynamic properties and nonlinear behavior of viscoelastic dampers. The SAVD-Method is a comparatively simple but reliable approach for dynamic analysis of a piping system and components with viscoelastic dampers. Frequency-dependent dynamic characteristics of the viscoelastic dampers are able to be modeled by a four-parameter Maxwell model. To consider the nonlinearity of the dynamic properties of viscoelastic dampers, the Maxwell model parameters were determined for different usage conditions in conjunction with the adjustment dependent on the energy dissipation criteria. Direct comparison of the shaking table measurements and analysis according to SAVD-method shows good matching of results for all controlled parameters and levels of seismic excitation.
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Valdez-Jasso, Daniela, Mansoor A. Haider, Stephen L. Campbell, Daniel Bia, Yanina Zocalo, Ricardo L. Armentano, and Mette S. Olufsen. "Modeling Viscoelastic Wall Properties of Ovine Arteries." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-205640.

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Generation of a complete map of arterial wall mechanical properties can improve treatment of cardiovascular diseases via contributions to design of patient specific vascular substitutes used to alleviate atherosclerosis and stenoses, which are predominant in arterial pathways (i.e., abdominal aorta, carotids, or femoral arteries). Clinically useful estimation of arterial properties from patient data requires both efficient algorithms and models that are both complex enough to capture clinically important properties and simple enough to allow rapid computation. In this study, we used mechanical models accounting for both elastic and viscoelastic wall deformation to analyze how vessel properties and associated model parameters vary with artery type. It is known that for the aorta wall, deformation is dominated by nonlinear elastic dynamics, while for the smaller vessels (e.g. the carotid artery) deformation is dominated by viscoelastic responses. The latter is correlated with composition of the vessels; the aorta contains significantly less smooth muscle cells (∼40%) than the carotid artery (∼60%), and has significantly more elastin (see Fig 1).
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Kostarev, Victor, Ichiro Tamura, Masashi Kuramasu, Frank Barutzki, Petr Vasilev, Yuji Enomoto, Yoshio Namita, Shunsuke Okita, and Yuki Sato. "Shaking Table Tests of a Piping System With Viscoelastic Dampers Subjected to Severe Earthquake Motions." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-64004.

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In Shimane Nuclear Power Plant of the Chugoku Electric Power Co. located in the West Japan area, a number of safety improvements are planned to be implemented aiming at achieving the highest world level in nuclear safety. One of the new safety approaches for seismic protection of NPPs is the application of viscoelastic dampers for safety related piping, systems and components. This technology is widely spread in nuclear power since 80s of the last century, [1 and 2]. In order to investigate and check the actual behavior of viscoelastic dampers installed at piping systems and subjected to severe earthquake motions, a shaking table test with full-scale piping and viscoelastic dampers was carried out. The shaking table test was performed for two general conditions. One is without aseismic devices and the other one is with viscoelastic dampers. It was confirmed by comparing the test results of the above mentioned two conditions that viscoelastic dampers provide to piping systems very high overall damping and protect piping systems even against large earthquakes.
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Paolacci, Fabrizio, and Mariano Ciucci. "Seismic Behaviour of Torsionally Coupled Structures Equipped With Viscoelastic Dampers." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84373.

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The paper deals with the seismic passive control of torsionally coupled structures, equipped with viscoelastic dampers. Based on the dynamic response of a three degrees of freedom model to a white noise input process, an energy-based design procedure is proposed, and its effectiveness is investigated through an extensive parametric analysis. Subsequently, the proposed methodology is applied to a seven-story torsionally coupled building.
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Chao, C. K., and C. C. Hsiao. "Stress Analysis of a Elastic Cracked Layer Bonded to a Viscoelastic Substrate." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2299.

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The effect of a viscoelastic substrate on an elastic cracked layer under an in-plane concentrated load is solved and discussed in this study. Based on a correspondence principle, the viscoelastic solution is directly obtained from the corresponding elastic one. The elastic solution in an anisotropic trimaterial is solved as a rapidly convergent series in terms of complex potentials via the successive iterations of the alternating technique in order to satisfy the continuity condition along the interfaces between dissimilar media. This trimaterial solution is then applied to a problem of a thin layer bonded to a half-plane substrate. Using the standard solid model to formulate the viscoelastic constitutive equation, the real time stress intensity factors can be directly obtained by performing the numerical calculations. The results obtained in this paper are useful in studying the problem with defects where a crack is assumed to exist in an elastic body that is bonded to a viscoelastic substrate.
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Bertaglia, Giulia. "Augmented fluid-structure interaction systems for viscoelastic pipelines and blood vessels." In VI ECCOMAS Young Investigators Conference. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/yic2021.2021.13450.

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Mathematical models and numerical methods are a powerful resource for better understanding phenomena and processes throughout the fluid dynamics field, allowing significant reductions in the costs, which would otherwise be required to perform laboratory experiments, and even allowing to obtain useful data that could not be gathered through measurements.The correct characterization of the interactions that occur between the fluid and the wall that surrounds it is a fundamental aspect in all contexts involving deformable ducts, which requires the utmost attention at every stage of both the development of the computational method and the interpretation of the results and their application to cases of practical interest.In this work, innovative mathematical models able to predict the behavior of the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) mechanism that underlies the dynamics of flows in different compliant ducts is presented. Starting from the purely civil engineering sector, with the study of plastic water pipelines, the final application of the proposed tool is linked to the medical research field, to reproduce the mechanics of blood flow in both arteries and veins. With this aim, various linear viscoelastic models, from the simplest to the more sophisticated, have been applied and extended to obtain augmented FSI systems in which the constitutive equation of the material is directly embedded into the system as partial differential equation [1]. These systems are solved recurring to second-order Finite Volume Methods that take into account the recent evolution in the computational literature of hyperbolic balance laws systems [2]. To avoid the loss of accuracy in the stiff regimes of the proposed systems, asymptotic-preserving IMEX Runge-Kutta schemes are considered for the time discretization, which are able to maintain the consistency and the accuracy in the diffusive limit, without restrictions due to the scaling parameters [3]. The models have been extensively validated through different types of test cases, highlighting the advantages of using the augmented formulation of the system of equations. Furthermore, comparisons with experimental data have been considered both for the water pipelines scenario and the blood flow modeling, recurring to in-vivo measurements for the latter.REFERENCES[1] Bertaglia, G., Caleffi, V. and Valiani, A. Modeling blood flow in viscoelastic vessels: the 1D augmented fluid-structure interaction system. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 360(C):112772 (2020).[2] Bertaglia, G., Ioriatti, M., Valiani, A., Dumbser, M. and Caleffi, V. Numerical methods for hydraulic transients in visco-elastic pipes. J. Fluids Struct., 81:230-254 (2018).[3] Pareschi, L. and Russo, G. Implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta schemes and applications to hyperbolic systems with relaxation. J. Sci. Comput., 25:129-155 (2005).
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Watakabe, Tomoyoshi, and Satoshi Fujita. "Research and Development of Locally Installed Dampers Suitable for Industrial and Non-Industrial Structures by Using Displacement Amplification Mechanism." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26480.

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In Japan, many types of dampers are installed into various structures to reduce excessive responses during earthquakes. The demand for high performance, low cost dampers with wide range of applicability requires new developments in this area. This paper describes two new types of dampers using the displacement amplification mechanism. One of the dampers is designed to be installed in the connection of a column and a beam (“connecting-corner-damper”). The other is a damper of brace type, which enables to reduce the brace strength economically by adding the spring tension (“brace-damper”). Both dampers are designed to transmit displacements efficiently, and economically. This paper reports on the static loading test performed to investigate the fundamental characteristics of the viscoelastic material used as damping material in two dampers. Also, it describes the earthquake response analysis of an actual structure using dampers. The experimental results confirm that the viscoelastic material used in two dampers has displacement-, frequency- and temperature-dependent properties. The properties of the viscoelastic material are described by the non-linear-4-element model. Analytical results obtained by considering the characteristics of the viscoelastic material and the effect of the amplification mechanism principle confirm that each damper has good vibration control performance.
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Zhang, Yue, Xiangpeng Luo, and Jianfeng Shi. "Viscoelastic and Damage Model of Polyethylene Pipe Material for Slow Crack Growth Analysis." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-66217.

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Polyethylene (PE) pipe is widely used for oil and gas transportation. Slow crack growth (SCG) is the main failure mechanism of PE pipes. Current SCG resistance testing methods for PE pipes have significant drawbacks, including high cost, time-comsuming and uncertain reliability. Alternative method is in need to reduce the testing time and/or cost. In this paper, a numerical model is proposed by taking the viscoelastic and damage effect of PE material into account. The material behavior is described on the basis of linear viscoelastic integral constitutive model, along with damage effect in effective configuraion concept. Three dimensional incremental form of damage viscoelastic model is derived and implemented by ABAQUS UMAT. It is found that the curve of tensile displacement via time, as well as the curve of crack opening displacement via time from numerical results fit well with those from the standard PENT test (ASTM 1473). Based on the proposed model, SCG failure process is analyzed, and the effects of damage parameters on SCG process are furtherly studied and discussed.
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Li, Xiang, Jinyang Zheng, Yaxian Li, Ping Xu, Chunying Zheng, Taiqing Shao, Hangzeng Shao, Defu Chen, Guangzhong Li, and Xiaolian He. "Long-Term Stress Analysis of Plastic Pipe Reinforced by Cross-Winding Steel Wire." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61718.

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Plastic pipe reinforced by cross helically wound steel wires (PSP) is a new type of metal-plastics composite pipe developed in China. Time-dependent properties of PSP are investigated theoretically and experimentally in this paper. Although the steel wire can carry most of the loading in a liner elastic way, the time dependent behavior shown in the PSP should be further analyzed and described. Based on the structural features of PSP and the viscoelastic behaviors of HDPE in matrix, a three layer viscoelastic model is proposed to calculate time-dependent elastic stresses and strains in the PSP subjected to internal pressure. The experimental results show that the hoop strain decreases slowly, while the axial strain increases by 0.16% in 14000 minutes at constant internal pressure. Good agreement between theoretical results and experimental data shows that the three layer viscoelastic model is able to predict the time-dependent relationship of stress and strain in PSP. The effects of volume fraction and winding angle of the steel wires on the creep behaviour of the PSP subjected to an internal pressure are discussed in the end.
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