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Journal articles on the topic 'Visa system'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Karthiga, M. Kamakshi. "Visa Processing Information System." IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering 19, no. 03 (May 2017): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0661-1903023033.

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2

Urias, David, and Carol Camp Yeakey. "Analysis of the U.S. Student Visa System." Journal of Studies in International Education 13, no. 1 (February 20, 2008): 72–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1028315307308135.

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Given the political, economic, and social events surrounding 9/11, the major issue addressed concerns the impact of federal legislation on international students/scholars. The study explored several research questions that can be summarized as, What are the relevant laws affecting international student study in the United States, and What are the consequences of having those laws? To date, there has not been a comprehensive compilation identifying such regulations nor an analysis and charting of the broader public policy at various levels of implementation. This article attempts to do this. Sifting through the miasma of regulations, certain themes emerge from the analysis: philosophical changes, entry and exit registration, intended and unintended consequences, impact on Arab and Muslim students, effects on U.S. citizens, and emergent problems.
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3

Gueiros, Pedro Teixeira, and Fernanda Paes Leme Peyneau Rito. "O Social Credit System na Era dos Dados." PragMATIZES - Revista Latino-Americana de Estudos em Cultura 10, no. 19 (September 1, 2020): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/pragmatizes.v10i19.42516.

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Resumo: O presente trabalho visa investigar o controverso sistema de crédito social chinês, denominado Social Credit System, e seus impactos na vida dos indivíduos. Para tanto, parte de breves considerações acerca da era dos dados e a espetacularização da vida, marcada pela supremacia do processamento de dados e sua transfiguração em sistemas sociopolíticos disruptivos de hipervigilância, verificados, inclusive, no Brasil. Conclui-se pela necessária valoração de um componente ético por meio do devido reconhecimento dos dados pessoais como direito humano fundamental.
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4

Kim, Bongchul. "Changes in Portuguese Immigration Law Related to the Golden Visa System." KANGWON LAW REVIEW 61 (October 31, 2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18215/kwlr.2020.61..1.

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5

Coura, F. T., B. A. G. Oliveira, R. A. S. Schiavo, J. F. Lima, R. M. S. Batalha, and C. C. A. P. S. Martins. "Remote Access Web System to VISA Architecture Measurement Equipment." IEEE Latin America Transactions 14, no. 8 (August 2016): 3575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tla.2016.7786337.

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6

McLean, Jessica, and Rohan Mackenzie. "Digital justice in Australian visa application processes?" Alternative Law Journal 44, no. 4 (May 29, 2019): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x19853685.

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Automation and privatisation of the Australian visa processing system may produce digital injustices. As of late 2018, the federal government is pursuing automation and privatisation of visa processing to increase revenue, but this move will cut at least 3000 jobs and, given other experiences in automation and privatisation processes pursued by the government, is likely to produce serious errors. Automation of visa processing is under consideration and it may involve the use of artificial intelligence to facilitate decision-making on visas, drawing on digital tools to achieve this end. At this stage, the exact form of privatisation and automation for Australian visa processing is not yet decided. A digital justice lens is used to analyse some of the issues associated with uncritically pursuing ‘disruptive’ technologies.
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7

Payal Banerjee. "Transnational Subcontracting, Indian IT Workers, and the U.S. Visa System." WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly 38, no. 1-2 (2010): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wsq.0.0213.

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8

Bátiz-Lazo, Bernardo. "Electronic value exchange: origins of the Visa electronic payments system." Business History 54, no. 5 (August 2012): 821–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2012.675033.

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9

Zepcevski, J. "Electronic Value Exchange: Origins of the VISA Electronic Payment System." Enterprise and Society 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2012): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khr076.

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10

Pessoa, Silvia, Laura Harkness, and Andrew Gardner. "Ethiopian Labor Migrants and the "Free Visa" System in Qatar." Human Organization 73, no. 3 (September 2014): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.73.3.l1r140q0l35051t3.

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11

Mushak, N. "LEGAL REGULATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS’ FUNCTIONING WITHIN THE SCHENGEN AREA." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 130 (2017): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.130.0.70-81.

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The article investigates the legal regulation of cross-border information systems that operate within the Schengen area. These information systems are the Schengen Information System, Visa Information System and the European Travel Information and Authorisation System. The information systems provide the opportunity of free access to the database of border and law enforcement authorities of the Schengen area member states. These authorities are able to quick and efficient collaboration as well as in interaction in support of national security, public order and effective fight against organized crime, border-crossing of illegal immigrants, drug trafficking etc. The article defines that in addition to cooperation between the competent and relevant authorities of the Schengen area member states the information systems are to be the instruments of the freedom of movement of persons, contributing at the same time of public order and national security of each of the European countries. The article analyses the main tasks and purposes of a new European travel information and authorization system. In particular, the system concerns those countries that have already signed agreements on visa-free regime with the EU. In practice, it means that the citizens of "visa-free" countries will be able to travel to the Schengen area member states without a visa, but they are required to be authorized through this system before the trip. The research also analyzes the regulations of the European Union, western and national doctrine in respect of the operation of cross-border information systems within the Schengen area.
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12

Shashank Singh and Meenu Garg. "Credit Card Fraud Detection System." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061205.

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It is essential that Visa organizations can distinguish false Mastercard exchanges so clients are not charged for things that they didn't buy. Such issues can be handled with Data Science and its significance, alongside Machine Learning, couldn't be more important. This undertaking expects to outline the demonstrating of an informational collection utilizing AI with Credit Card Fraud Detection. The Credit Card Fraud Detection Problem incorporates demonstrating past Visa exchanges with the information of the ones that ended up being extortion. This model is then used to perceive if another exchange is fake. Our target here is to identify 100% of the fake exchanges while limiting the off base misrepresentation arrangements. Charge card Fraud Detection is an average example of arrangement. In this cycle, we have zeroed in on examining and pre- preparing informational indexes just as the sending of numerous irregularity discovery calculations, for example, Local Outlier Factor and Isolation Forest calculation on the PCA changed Credit Card Transaction
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13

Esafrin, Aninda Novedia, Antikowati -, and Gautama Budi Arundhati. "Legal Consequences of Refugees’ Visa Misuse to Obtain Indonesian Citizenship." Indonesian Journal of Law and Society 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ijls.v1i2.17479.

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This paper aims to examine problems regarding the possible abuse by refugees inconsistent with Indonesia’s laws and regulations. In the context, the government can make efforts to deal with refugees who enter Indonesia illegally and the government can formulate new laws and regulations that can discuss problems caused by refugee actions in more detail, clearly and in detail, starting from the arrest process to the sanctions process that is obtained. Because until now Indonesia has not had this policy. Those refugees' status then serves the purpose to get a decent living in a recipient country such as Australia. Misuse of visas is widely used by refugees because Indonesia implements a visa-free system of visits to 169 countries in the world. Visa-Free Visit Policy based on President Regulation Number 125 of 2016 concerning Visa-Free Visit. In this regard, the country needs to anticipate the increasing number of visa misuse for refugees entry to Indonesian territory by sending them to immigration detention centers as a form of sanctions imposed before returning to their country and making deportation the last step in resolving the visa misuse problem committed by refugees. KEYWORDS: misuse of visa in Indonesia, immigration detention, refugee deportation.
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14

Meneses, Brian, Enrique Lee Huamani, Melissa Yauri-Machaca, Jean Meneses-Claudio, and Rosa Perez-Siguas. "Authentication and Anti-Duplication Security System for Visa and MasterCard Cards." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v10i7.5558.

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This document attempts to provide the security to make a transaction, with the online transaction authentication flow, in order to make our purchases safely as there are many frauds and little security on the part of users when making an online purchase, as well as identity theft or card duplication, which cause transactions to be less reliable , with this system we will try to give the necessary confidence to make online purchases with our transaction flow, we will also use an agile methodology to design the system, which to develop it we will have to follow a few steps which will be elaborated, by 5 steps to develop this article.
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15

Peers, Steve. "Legislative Update: EC Immigration and Asylum Law, 2008: Visa Information System." European Journal of Migration and Law 11, no. 1 (March 20, 2009): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181609x410593.

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16

Chiang, Jung-Hsien. "An automated numeral reading system for VISA® card application forms." Computers in Industry 35, no. 2 (March 1998): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-3615(97)00063-8.

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17

Jeon, Ho-In, Nak-Hee Jung, Jin-San Choi, Yo-Seek Kang, Se-Ha Choi, Sang-Hun Shin, and Jung-Yung Son. "Super Multi-View 3-D Display System using Vibrating Scanner Array(ViSA)." Journal of the Optical Society of Korea 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3807/josk.2000.4.1.037.

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18

Simon, Miranda, Cassilde Schwartz, David Hudson, and Shane D. Johnson. "A data-driven computational model on the effects of immigration policies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 34 (August 6, 2018): E7914—E7923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800373115.

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Many scholars suggest that visa restrictions push individuals who would have otherwise migrated legally toward illegal channels. This expectation is difficult to test empirically for three reasons. First, unauthorized migration is clandestine and often unobservable. Second, interpersonal ties between migrants and would-be migrants form a self-perpetuating system, which adapts in ways that are difficult to observe or predict. Third, empirical evaluations of immigration policy are vulnerable to endogeneity and other issues of causal inference. In this paper, we pair tailor-made empirical designs with an agent-based computational model (ABM) to capture the dynamics of a migration system that often elude empirical analysis, while grounding agent rules and characteristics with primary data collected in Jamaica, an origin country. We find that some government-imposed restrictions on migrants can deter total migration, but others are ineffective. Relative to a system of free movement, the minimal eligibility conditions required to classify migrants into visa categories alone make migration inaccessible for many. Restrictive policies imposed on student and high-skilled visa categories have little added effect because eligible individuals are likely able to migrate through alternative legal categories. Meanwhile, restrictions on family-based visas result in significant reductions in total migration. However, they also produce the largest reorientation toward unauthorized channels—an unintended consequence that even the highest rates of apprehension do not effectively eliminate.
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19

Othman, Hala B., Rania M. Abdel Halim, Fatma Alzahraa M. Gomaa, and Malaka Z. Amer. "Vancomycin MIC Distribution among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Is Reduced Vancomycin Susceptibility Related To MIC Creep?" Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.009.

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AIM: To determine the distribution of vancomycin MIC and the frequency of S. aureus strains with reduced vancomycin susceptibility among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. METHODS: MRSA isolates (n = 100) were tested for reduced susceptibility to vancomycin using MIC broth microdilution method (BMD), vancomycin screening agar with different vancomycin concentrations with and without casein, and Vitek 2 system. RESULTS: BMD detected (22%) vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and (78%) vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA) but couldn’t detect nine (Heterogeneous VISA) (hVISA) isolates (9%) with MIC ≤ 2 µg/ml that grew on screening agar 4 µg/ml or 6 µg/ml. Adding casein to vancomycin screening agar increased detection rate of VISA by 4.5%. Screening agar with 6 µg/ml vancomycin overall detection rate for VISA was 95.45%. Probable ‘pre-hVISA’isolates (17%) showed growth on vancomycin screening agar 2 µg/ml with casein. Vitek 2 system failed to detect any VISA isolates. CONCLUSION: Vancomycin screening agar; 2 µg/ml and (4 and 6 µg/ml) were able to detect; probable “pre hVISA and (hVISA and VISA) isolates respectively based on their BMD MIC values. Decreased vancomycin susceptibility in MRSA isolates might be related to MIC creep. Analysis of vancomycin MIC values over longer periods is recommended to further study this phenomenon and its impact on vancomycin treatment failure. ABSTRACT Aims: Determine the distribution of vancomycin MIC and the frequency of S. aureus strains with reduced vancomycin susceptibility among MRSA isolates. Methods: MRSA isolates (n =100) were tested for reduced susceptibility to vancomycin using MIC broth microdilution method(BMD), vancomycin screening agar with different vancomycin concentrations with and without casein, and Vitek 2 system. Results: BMD detected (22%) vancomycin intermediate S. aureus(VISA) and (78%) vancomycin susceptible S. aureus(VSSA) but failed to detect nine (Heterogeneous VISA) (hVISA) isolates (9%) with MIC ≤2ug/ml that grew on screening agar 4ug/ml or 6 ug/ml. Adding casein to vancomycin screening agar increased detection rate of VISA by 4.5%. Screening agar with 6 ug/ml vancomycin over all detection rate for VISA was 95.45%. Probable ‘pre-hVISA’isolates (17%) showed growth on vancomycin screening agar 2µg/ml with casein. Vitek 2 system failed to detect any VISA isolates. Conclusion: vancomycin screening agar; 2 µg/ml and (4 and 6 µg/ml) were able to detect; probable “pre hVISA and (hVISA and VISA) isolates respectively based on their BMD MIC values. Decreased vancomycin susceptibility in MRSA isolates might be related to MIC creep. Analysis of vancomycin MIC values over longer periods of time is recommended to further study this phenomenon and its impact on vancomycin treatment failure.
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20

Prasetyaningrum, Putri Taqwa, and Dhana Sudana. "Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Seleksi Visa-Kitas Lansia Menggunakan Metode Fuzzy MADM (STUDI KASUS: PT. Mulia Prima Permai)." Telematika 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/telematika.v15i1.3063.

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AbstractThe selection of elderly visa-kitas receiver to asses the cantidate who qualify at PT Mulia Prima Permai Jakarta is not an easy process. The difficulty of the procedure require in Embassy makes PT Mulia Prima Permai needs to choose the most effective way to do the selection of elderly visa applicants before sending it to the Embassy. One of the options is by using the decision making of Fuzzy Multi Attribute Dictition Making (MADM) method. The Fuzzy Multi Attribute Diction Making Method is expected can help to solve the problem of elderly visa acceptance selection effectively. In this research, it is necessary to compile some criteria and alternatives. To support the selection process of acceptance for the elderly visa kitas a Decision Support System of selection was created by using Fuzzy Multi Attribute Dicision Making (MADM) method. The Decision Support System is useful to process the required data (input) of elderly visa kitas application and outcome the request status output in the form that 100% match the results of the calculation with PT. Mulia Prima Permai.Keywords: Fuzzy Multi Attribute Dicision Making (MADM), Elderly visa-kitas selection, Decission support systemAbstrakSeleksi penerimaan visa-kitas lansia, untuk menilai calon peserta yang memenuhi syarat di PT.Mulia Prima Permai Jakarta bukanlah suatu kegiatan yang mudah. Banyaknya prosedur seleksi pada tingkat Dirjen Imigrasi, membuat PT.Mulia Prima Permai harus mengambil keputusan yang tepat untuk menyeleksi persyartan pemohon visa sebelum dikirim ke Dirjen Imigrasi, ini menjamin permohonan visa-kitas dapat dipertangung-jawabkan dan disetujui. Salah satu solusi dalam memecahkan masalah seleksi penerimaan visa kitas lansia tersebut adalah dengan pengambilan keputusan metode Fuzzy Multi Attribute Dicision Making (MADM). Metode Fuzzy Multi Attribute Dicision Making dapat membantu menyelesaikan permasalahan seleksi penerimaan visa kitas lansia tersebut dengan efektif. Dalam penelitian ini, untuk mendapatkan solusi pengambilan keputusan seleksi penerimaan visa kitas lansia tersebut, perlu disusun beberapa kriteria dan alternatif. Untuk membantu proses seleksi penerimaan visa kitas lansia tersebut, maka dibuat sebuah Sistem Pendukung Keputusan seleksi penerimaan visa kitas lansia tersebut dengan menggunakan metode Fuzzy Multi Attribute Dicision Making (MADM). Sistem Pendukung Keputusan berguna untuk mengolah data-data syarat (input) permohonan visa kitas lansia dan mengahsilkan output status permohonan berupa kesamaan hasil 98% cocok terhadap hasil perhitungan PT. Mulia Prima Permai.Kata kunci: Fuzzy Multi Attribute Dicision Making (MADM), Seleksi visa-kitas lansia, Sistem Pendukung Keputusan
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21

Correa Da Silva, Waldimeiry. "MOVILIDAD INTERNACIONAL Y EL MERCADEO DE LA MIGRACIÓN SEGURA A TRAVÉS DE LA TEORÍA CRÍTICA DE LAS RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES." Revista española de derecho internacional 73, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17103/redi.73.2.2021.1a.03.

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This article aims to analyze the regular migration that occurs through Golden Visa from the application of the critical theory of International Relations (IR). The preliminary hypothesis for the study assumes that Golden Visa represent the binomial of inclusion and exclusion observed by critical theory. This study carries out a thematic literature review that seeks to answer the following questions: What is the Golden Visa? How are Golden Visa perceived in the context of contemporary migrations? How are they explained by critical theory? The final part delves into the three key elements of critical theory: the contestation of the liberal international order, the transformation of intersubjective meanings and the dialectical confrontation caused by the Golden Visa system.
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22

Neoh, Hui-min, Longzhu Cui, Harumi Yuzawa, Fumihiko Takeuchi, Miki Matsuo, and Keiichi Hiramatsu. "Mutated Response Regulator graR Is Responsible for Phenotypic Conversion of Staphylococcus aureus from Heterogeneous Vancomycin-Intermediate Resistance to Vancomycin-Intermediate Resistance." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 1 (October 22, 2007): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00534-07.

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ABSTRACT Multistep genetic alteration is required for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to achieve the level of vancomycin resistance of vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA). In the progression of vancomycin resistance, strains with heterogeneous vancomycin resistance, designated hetero-VISA, are observed. In studying the whole-genome sequencing of the representative hetero-VISA strain Mu3 and comparing it with that of closely related MRSA strains Mu50 (VISA) and N315 (vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus [VSSA]), we identified a mutation in the response regulator of the graSR two-component regulatory system. Introduction of mutated graR, designated graR*, but not intact graR, designated graRn, could convert the hetero-VISA phenotype of Mu3 into a VISA phenotype which was comparable to that of Mu50. The same procedure did not appreciably increase the vancomycin resistance of VSSA strain N315, indicating that graR* expression was effective only in the physiological milieu of hetero-VISA cell to achieve a VISA phenotype. Interestingly, the overexpression of graR* increased the daptomycin MICs in both Mu3 and N315 and decreased the oxacillin MIC in N315.
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23

한태희. "A Comparative Study on the Permanent Resident Visa System of Korea and Canada." Multiculture & Peace 10, no. 1 (April 2016): 20–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22446/mnpisk.2016.10.1.002.

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24

Cortada, James W. "Electronic Value Exchange: Origins of the VISA Electronic Payment System (review)." Technology and Culture 53, no. 1 (2012): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2012.0005.

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25

查, 苏生. "Historical Evolution and Cost-Benefit Analysis of China’s Ship Visa System (1952-2017)." Sustainable Development 09, no. 04 (2019): 470–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/sd.2019.94079.

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26

Felisberto, Eronildo, Rodrigo Lino de Brito, Danila Augusta Accioly Varella Barca, Mary Anne Fontenele Martins, Adriana Karla N. B. Marinho de Oliveira, Nidia Cristina de Souza, Ana Paula Neves Marques de Pinho, Jarbas Barbosa da Silva Júnior, and Isabella Samico. "Evaluation Model for developing effective indicators for health surveillance actions in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 18, no. 3 (September 2018): 653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042018000300011.

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Abstract Objective: to present an evaluation model for developing effective indicators for the Vigilância Sanitária (VISA) (Sanitary and Health Surveillance) actions in Brazil. Methods: an exploratory, evaluative study from primary sources data - electronic form by key informants and reports on national, international and secondary benchmarking visits - documental analysis. Results: the diversity of VISA management practices made it possible to define the evaluation object: Health Surveillance Actions - as an organized action system. The components: management; regulation; sanitary and health control; sanitary and health risk monitoring and information, communication and health education were derived from the aims of the intervention and composes a central structure of the Theoretical Model and the Logical Model Actions of VISA in the Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (SNVS) (National Sanitary and Health Surveillance System) . Conclusions: The Vigilância Sanitária (VISA) (Sanitary and Health Surveillance) accumulates experience with the process indicators for monitoring actions, being incipient are capable of evaluating its impact. The theoretical resources in the evaluation area support the information management in the VISA field and besides contributing for studies on social determinants and the incorporation of analyses in historic series.
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27

van Rooyen, Wim. "Family Unity for Permanent Residents and Their Spouses and Minor Children: A Common Sense Argument for Revival of the “V” Visa." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 15, no. 1 (October 2008): 185–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v15.i1.8.

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This Comment argues that the V visa should be revived for the overall promotion of family unity in our immigration system. First, it examines the unique situation of spouses and minor children of U.S. permanent residents. Next, it addresses the current V visa legislation- its history and purposes, how it operates, and why it is currently of little practical value. This Comment then suggests possible remedies, and in particular, argues for the revival of the V visa for humanitarian, economic, and practical reasons.
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28

Yakoviyk, Ivan, and Maksym Tsvelikh. "Digital Diplomacy: the Implementation of Electronic Visa Services in Ukraine." Law and innovations, no. 3 (39) (September 23, 2022): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2022-3(39)-10.

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Problem setting. In the XXI century almost all aspects of human life are covered by the processes of scientific and technological progress. The sphere of law has not been spared from these processes: thanks to information technologies, certain legal services have become more accessible and convenient. In Ukraine, this was manifested not only in the creation of electronic versions of national legislation and various electronic registers, but also in the provision of administrative services through the relevant services. Consular activities involve the provision of services. Amendments to the procedure for the provision of such administrative services and the provision of such services in electronic form can accelerate the process of digitalization of Ukraine, as well as unload the work of diplomatic institutions and reduce corruption risks. Analysis of recent researches and publications. In the national legal literature in recent years, much attention has been paid to e-government (Kravets R., Kuzhda T., Romaniv T.), while almost no attention is paid to the analysis of the state of implementation of electronic services (Solomko Y.), in particular electronic visa services (Kolomiets G., Makhoniuk O., Mulska O.), which determines the relevance and practical significance of this study. Target of research is to investigate the introduction of electronic services for foreign citizens to obtain a visa to enter or transit through the territory of Ukraine, as well as forecasting the prospects of using electronic visas in Ukraine based on the analysis of foreign experience of using this type of visa. Article’s main body. For the implementation of visa services, the Internet acts as a special platform for submitting, processing and, in some cases, providing a ready-made document granting the right to enter the country. This may be a special government website designed to process visa applications of foreigners or a special web application for migration issues. The use of the e-visa concept has been successfully tested in foreign countries and in the EU. It is mainly used by the states with strict immigration policies in order to facilitate and systematize the work of their diplomatic, consular and migration institutions, an electronic authorization system was created. Conclusions and prospects for the development. As a result of the study of the phenomenon of e-diplomacy, analysis of the practice of using electronic services for the provision of administrative services by diplomatic and consular institutions, analysis of the legislation of the countries with advanced e-visas, the state of implementation of e-visas in Ukraine was assessed and the prospects for their development were determined. The steps of the state in this direction are part of a large reform of digitalization of the country, the implementation of which will improve the image of Ukraine in the world, make our country attractive for tourists, as well as optimize the visa issuance procedure, relieving the workload of diplomatic and consular missions, authorized persons for processing visa applications and the Migration Service of Ukraine. The introduction of the e-visa institute as an element of digital diplomacy provides an opportunity for quick bilateral contact and communication, and thus contributes to the achievement of the goals set in the Strategy of State Migration Policy of Ukraine until 2025.
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29

Christen, Alex. "The UK's points-based system immigration and its impact on the healthcare sector." British Journal of Healthcare Management 28, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2022.0119.

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Alex Christen, senior associate at Capital Law, explains how changes to the UK's points-based visa system impacts the eligibility of overseas health and social care workers, and how this could affect the NHS.
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30

Ngai, Mae M. "The Civil Rights Origins of Illegal Immigration." International Labor and Working-Class History 78, no. 1 (2010): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000141.

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AbstractThe present immigration system is based on a core paradox. The method of allocating visas for the admission of permanent residents is based on principles of equality and fairness because all countries have the same quota. Yet visa demand varies widely. The principle of formal equality has disparate effects, being inclusionary for some and exclusionary for others. Four countries persistently max out on their caps—China, India, Mexico, and the Philippines—leading to long waits, easily ten to twenty years or more, and hence pressures for unlawful entry. The system generates an ever-larger caste-population of unauthorized immigrants.
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31

Prasada, Dewa Krisna. "Advokasi Dualisme Kebebasan Visa di Indonesia." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 9, no. 3 (November 8, 2020): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2020.v09.i03.p11.

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Visa is a written letter that has an element of legality used when one visits another country. In 2016 the President of the Republic of Indonesia issued a Presidential Regulation regarding Visa-Free Visit. Presidential Decree Number 21 Year 2016 concerning Visa-Free Visit (BVK) provides an opportunity for 169 countries to freely visit the territory of the Republic of Indonesia without a visa. With this provision, it creates dualism in a social environment. On one hand, this provision is beneficial in increasing the tourism economy, and on the other hand, the growth of the risk of criminalization by foreigners is increasing. This study aims to provide a solution to the problem in legal provisions to prevent and control the traffic of foreigners to Indonesia after the enactment of the BVK and how to sanction citizens who abuse the visa-free visit permit. This study uses normative legal research methods. The results of this study indicate that the rules that determine the supervision and implementation of the rules systematically against foreigners who abuse BVK are specified in Law Number 6 Year 2011, Regulation of the Ministry of Law and Human Affairs (Permenkumham) Number 17 Year 2016, and Regulation of the Ministry of Domestic Affairs (Permendagri) Number 49 Year 2010. In addition, for foreigners who are caught having committed violations, the government can provide administrative sanctions up to criminal sanctions and deportation. From the perspective of the ius constituendum, the provisions regarding BVK need to carry out legal reconstruction to determine specific sanctions against foreigners who commit violations. Besides, there is a need for provisions regarding the system for providing BVK to foreigners in detail so that it is right on target. Visa merupakan sesuatu surat tertulis yang memilki unsur legalitas yang digunakan dalam kegiatan kunjungan menuju negara lain. Pada tahun 2016 Presiden Republik Indonesia mengeluarkan Peraturan Presiden mengenai bebas visa kunjungan. Perpres Nomor 21 Tahun 2016 tentang Bebas Visa Kunjungan (BVK) memberikan kesempatan bagi 169 negara untuk bebas berkunjung ke wilayah Republik Indonesia tanpa visa. Ketentuan tersebut menimbulkan dualisme dalam suatu lingkungan sosial. Di satu sisi, ketentuan ini menguntungkan dalam peningkatan ekonomi pariwisata, dan di sisi lain pertumbuhan resiko kriminalisasi oleh orang asing kian bertambah. Kajian ini bertujuan memberikan suatu jawaban dari permasalahan dalam ketentuan hukum untuk mencegah dan mengendalikan lalu lintas orang asing ke Indonesia pasca berlakunya BVK dan bagaimana sanksi kepada warga yang menyalahgunakan izin bebas visa kunjungan. Kajian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif (normative legal research). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa aturan-aturan yang menentukan mengenai pengawasan dan berjalannya aturan secara sistematis terhadap orang asing yang menyalahgunakan BVK ditentukan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011, Permenkumham Nomor 17 Tahun 2016, dan Permendagri Nomor 49 Tahun 2010. Selain itu bagi orang asing yang tertangkap telah melakukan pelanggaran, pemerintah dapat memberikan sanksi administratif sampai sanksi pidana dan deportasi. Dari prespektif ius constituendum ketentuan mengenai BVK perlu dilakukan rekonstruksi hukum guna menentukan sanksi secara khusus terhadap warga asing yang melakukan pelanggaran. Selain itu, perlu adanya ketentuan mengenai sistem pemberian BVK kepada orang asing secara mendetail agar tepat sasaran.
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Phommahaxay, Soudalay, Peerasit Kamnuansipla, John Draper, Phouthakkannha Nantharath, and Eungoo Kang. "Preparedness of Lao People’s Democratic Republic to Implement ASEAN Common Visa (ACV)." Research in World Economy 10, no. 3 (December 18, 2019): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v10n3p419.

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The concept and practice of free migration has long existed, but the modern border pass and common visa have only been used since the establishment of the Schengen Agreement of the European Union in 1995. Since its establishment, the Schengen Visa has been an extraordinary example of the success of a borderless region and led to vibrant in growth and social development. ASEAN, as a new economic community that tries to set itself as a beneficiary of the lessons learned from the European Union, has been struggling in establishing its own common visa region. The reasons encompass economic, political, and social-cultural concerns. This study focuses specifically on the Lao PDR and it aims to assess the preparedness of the country if the region were to establish the common visa system. The study employs a qualitative approach and collects data via an interview questionnaire. Research data are collected from interviews of six high-ranking government officials. Using the theme generating and data coding approach in ATLAS, a qualitative data analysis program, this study found that the preparedness of the Lao PDR in implementing the ASEAN Common Visa (ACV) spans nine key factors: (1) geographical location, (2) visa policy, (3) immigration control, (4) quota of foreign workers in the private sector, (5) information and communications technology (ICT) in connectivity development, (6) electronic systems in the consular sector, (7) infrastructure, (8) population mobility, and (9) attitudes towards the ACV. After categorizing these factors based on economic, political, and social-cultural dimensions, it was found that population mobility is a common concern among the three dimensions. This suggests that the Lao PDR needs to focus on improvements in border management, synchronization of information and communication technology, infrastructure, and human resources development among the relevant sectors.
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33

Katayama, Yuki, Miwa Sekine, Tomomi Hishinuma, Yoshifumi Aiba, and Keiichi Hiramatsu. "Complete Reconstitution of the Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Phenotype of Strain Mu50 in Vancomycin-Susceptible S. aureus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 6 (April 11, 2016): 3730–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00420-16.

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Complete reconstitution of the vancomycin-intermediateStaphylococcus aureus(VISA) phenotype of strain Mu50 was achieved by sequentially introducing mutations into six genes of vancomycin-susceptibleS. aureus(VSSA) strain N315ΔIP. The six mutated genes were detected in VISA strain Mu50 but not in N315ΔIP. Introduction of the mutation Ser329Leu intovraS, encoding the sensor histidine kinase of thevraSRtwo-component regulatory (TCR) system, and another mutation, Glu146Lys, intomsrR, belonging to the LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) family, increased the level of vancomycin resistance to that detected in heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediateS. aureus(hVISA) strain Mu3. Introduction of two more mutations, Asn197Ser intograRof thegraSRTCR system and His481Tyr intorpoB, encoding the β subunit of RNA polymerase, converted the hVISA strain into a VISA strain with the same level of vancomycin resistance as Mu50. Surprisingly, however, the constructed quadruple mutant strain ΔIP4 did not have a thickened cell wall, a cardinal feature of the VISA phenotype. Subsequent study showed that cell wall thickening was an inducible phenotype in the mutant strain, whereas it was a constitutive one in Mu50. Finally, introduction of the Ala297Val mutation intofdh2, which encodes a putative formate dehydrogenase, or a 67-amino-acid sequence deletion intosle1[sle1(Δ67aa)], encoding the hydrolase ofN-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase in the peptidoglycan, converted inducible cell wall thickening into constitutive cell wall thickening.sle1(Δ67aa) was found to cause a drastic decrease in autolysis activity. Thus, all six mutated genes required for acquisition of the VISA phenotype were directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of cell physiology. The VISA phenotype seemed to be achieved through multiple genetic events accompanying drastic changes in cell physiology.
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Zhang, Zhi, and Fang Li. "Virtual Scanning Algorithm Based on Additional-area in Road Surveillance." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 9, no. 1 (August 19, 2015): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801509010117.

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The road surveillance based on wireless sensor network nowadays has received great attention and its application has been extensively used in practice. In this application, when the invasion target moves from road entrance to system protection points in road network, the nodes in wireless sensor network could detect the target timely and give an alarm before the target reaches the protection points.There are three main types of algorithms for nodes awake in road surveillance application presently, namely AAU(Always Awake-Up) algorithm, DC(Duty-Cycling) algorithm and Virtual Scanning Algorithm (VISA). VISA, which tailored and optimized for road network surveillance, has better performance than the others.This paper puts forward Virtual Scanning Algorithm based on Additional-area(VISAA), which introduces the more sleep time of the nodes based on the Additional Communication Area, to ensure the surveillance more reliability and effectively.The simulation results show that our algorithm has positive significance to improve the performance of road surveillance.
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35

Kirişci, Kemal. "A Friendlier Schengen Visa System as a Tool of “Soft Power”: The Experience of Turkey." European Journal of Migration and Law 7, no. 4 (2006): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181605776293219.

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36

Rogério Belai, Demitrius, Patrick Pedreira Silva, Elvio Gilberto Da Silva, and Larissa Pavarini da Luz. "Sistema especialista de elaboração de cardápios nutricionais / Expert System for Nutrition Managemen." Revista Internacional de Tecnología, Ciencia y Sociedad 5, no. 2 (October 26, 2016): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revtechno.v5.1350.

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ABSTRACTThe good nutrition helps for a healthy life. The nutriocionist is the professional responsible for maintaining the eating habits. This paper aims to develop a software that will help the nutritionist in assembling a weekly menu using production rules, breadth-first search and linear programming. Linear programming is used for calculating the amounts in dishes, the breadth-first search in combination and the production rules in the selection of dishes and validation of menus. The software presented is capable of generating valid menus, compatible with the basic daily needs.RESUMOA correta alimentação ajuda para uma vida saudável. O nutricionista é o profissional responsável pela manutenção de hábitos alimentares. Este trabalho visa desenvolver um software de auxílio ao nutricionista na montagem de um cardápio semanal utilizando regras de produção, busca em largura e programação linear. A programação linear é utilizada no cálculo das quantidades dos pratos, a busca em largura na combinação e as regras de produção na seleção dos pratos e validação dos cardápios. O software apresentado consegue gerar cardápios compatíveis com as necessidades básicas diárias de um indivíduo.
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Arora, Nimar, Stuart Russell, Paul Kidwell, and Erik Sudderth. "Global Seismic Monitoring: A Bayesian Approach." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 25, no. 1 (August 4, 2011): 1533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v25i1.7955.

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The automated processing of multiple seismic signals to detect and localize seismic events is a central tool in both geophysics and nuclear treaty verification. This paper reports on a project, begun in 2009, to reformulate this problem in a Bayesian framework. A Bayesian seismic monitoring system, NET-VISA, has been built comprising a spatial event prior and generative models of event transmission and detection, as well as an inference algorithm. Applied in the context of the International Monitoring System (IMS), a global sensor network developed for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), NET-VISA achieves a reduction of around 50% in the number of missed events compared to the currently deployed system. It also finds events that are missed even by the human analysts who post-process the IMS output.
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Moorefield, Bryan. "Challenging Employer Control within the H-2A and H-2B Visa Programs." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 684, no. 1 (July 2019): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219856854.

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Migrants holding H-2A and H-2B visas—contracted labor migrants—predominate in the new migration system that has emerged between Mexico and the United States. These migrants have been growing numerically in an era when net Mexico-U.S. migration has fallen to zero and undocumented migration is negative. These migrants are committed to contracts that require them to work for one employer, at a specified job, in a particular place, for a set duration of time, or risk loss of legal status and deportation. When visas were scarce, as they have been historically, this effectively gave employers monopoly over their contracted workers. This article describes the current system, particularly with respect to the U.S. labor market and the geography of both Mexico and the United States. With more employers now seeking H-2A and H-2B workers, the current moment may provide migrant workers with greater leverage to challenge the dominance of labor contractors and employers by moving among firms, industries, markets, and states from one contract to the next.
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39

Bodziony, Norbert, Paweł Jemioło, Krzysztof Kluza, and Marek R. Ogiela. "Blockchain-Based Address Alias System." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 16, no. 5 (April 13, 2021): 1280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16050072.

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In recent years, blockchains systems have seen massive adoption in retail and enterprise environments. Cryptocurrencies become more widely adopted, and many online businesses have decided to add the most popular ones, like Bitcoin or Ethereum, next to Visa or Mastercard payments. Due to the decentralized nature of blockchain-based systems, there is no possible way to revert confirmed transactions. It may result in losses caused by human error or poor design of the user interface. We created a cryptocurrency wallet with a full on-chain solution for aliasing accounts and tokens to improve user experience and avoid unnecessary errors. The aliasing system consists of a number of smart contracts deployed on top of the blockchain network that give the ability to register aliases to accounts and tokens and use them instead of opaque addresses. Our solution shows how performant modern blockchains are and presents a way of building fully decentralized applications that can compete with centralized ones in terms of performance.
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Wang, Bao Peng, Yong Bin Leng, Wei Min Zhou, Lu Yang Yu, and Ying Bing Yan. "Cavity Beam Position Monitor Test System Based on Virtual Instrument." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 2354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.2354.

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Based on the virtual instrument technology, a dedicated test system has been developed for cavity beam position monitor (CBPM). The system consists of commercial nanopositioning stage and its controller, the analog output DAQ card based on PXI and network analyzer. In the LABVIEW environment, software which implemented function of instrument control and data acquisition based on virtual instrument soft architecture (VISA) has been developed. Experimental results illustrated that the test system achieved positioning precision of sub micron which meets requirement of test of CBPM. Also it could serve CBPM signal processing system.
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Howden, Benjamin P., Timothy P. Stinear, David L. Allen, Paul D. R. Johnson, Peter B. Ward, and John K. Davies. "Genomic Analysis Reveals a Point Mutation in the Two-Component Sensor Gene graS That Leads to Intermediate Vancomycin Resistance in Clinical Staphylococcus aureus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 10 (July 21, 2008): 3755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01613-07.

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ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), once restricted to hospitals, is spreading rapidly through the wider community. Resistance to vancomycin, the principal drug used to treat MRSA infections, has only recently emerged, is mainly low level, and characteristically appears during vancomycin therapy (vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus [VISA] and hetero-resistant VISA). This phenomenon suggests the adaptation of MRSA through mutation, although defining the mutations leading to resistance in clinical isolates has been difficult. We studied a vancomycin-susceptible clinical MRSA isolate (MIC of 1 μg/ml) and compared it with an isogenic blood culture isolate from the same patient, despite 42 days of vancomycin treatment (MIC of 4 μg/ml). A whole-genome sequencing approach allowed the nearly complete assembly of the genome sequences of the two isolates and revealed only six nucleotide substitutions in the VISA strain compared with the parent strain. One mutation occurred in graS, encoding a putative two-component regulatory sensor, leading to a change from a polar to a nonpolar amino acid (T136I) in the conserved histidine region of the predicted protein. Replacing the graS allele of the vancomycin-susceptible parent strain with the graS allele from the VISA derivative resulted in increased vancomycin resistance at a level between those of the vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus and VISA clinical isolates, confirming a role for graRS in VISA. Our study suggests that MRSA is able to develop clinically significant vancomycin resistance via a single point mutation, and the two-component regulatory system graRS is a key mediator of this resistance. However, additional mutations are likely required to express the full VISA phenotype.
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42

Datsyshen, Vladimir G. "ON THE PROBLEM OF THE PASSPORT AND VISA SYSTEM FOR CHINESE MIGRANTS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (18) (2021): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2021-4-159-172.

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History of Chinese migration poses well-deserved interest in modern historical research. In Russia it is represented by several reviews and special research works. At the same time, both the issues related to legal support for crossing the border by migrants and the documents themselves received by the Chinese for the right to stay in Russia remain insufficiently studied. Chinese subjects received the right to visit Russian territory for various purposes after the signing of the Russian-Chinese treaty in Beijing in 1860. In 1864, the rules for the stay of foreigners on the territory of the empire were legislatively formalized in Russia. As evidenced by the data of the Russian archives, based on which this study was carried out, foreigners could enter Russia with national passports, but after a certain time they were required to register with the local administrative authorities and receive a “ticket” for residence for a period of one year. The dissemination of legislation in relation to Chinese migrants in the east of the country stretched out for some time: there were contradictions between the Russian and Chinese authorities on the issue of the necessary documents. The author concludes that one of the most complex and controversial problems associated with Chinese migration in the Russian Empire was the passport and visa system, which began to take shape for Chinese migrants in the second half of the 19th century, when Chinese migrants received special documents for the right to be on the territory of Russia. However, Russian legislation did not provide a stable, stable and uniform form and procedure, and the Russian authorities did not have the opportunity to monitor the observance of passport and visa formalities by Chinese migrants.
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43

王, 晓. "Design and Implementation of RemoteAutomated Testing System for Measurement and Control Equipment Based on NI-VISA." Computer Science and Application 08, no. 12 (2018): 1906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/csa.2018.812212.

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44

Sin, Keummi, and Young-jun Kang. "Verifying Effectiveness of the Visa Waiver System in Jeju for Attracting Foreign Tourists and Policy Implications." Journal of China Area Studies 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34243/casak.6.1.8.

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45

Sin, Keummi, and Young-jun Kang. "Verifying Effectiveness of the Visa Waiver System in Jeju for Attracting Foreign Tourists and Policy Implications." Journal of China Area Studies 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34243/jcas.6.1.8.

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46

Kerwin, Donald, and Robert Warren. "Fixing What’s Most Broken in the US Immigration System: A Profile of the Family Members of US Citizens and Lawful Permanent Residents Mired in Multiyear Backlogs." Journal on Migration and Human Security 7, no. 2 (May 20, 2019): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502419852925.

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Executive Summary The US Department of State (DOS) reports that as of November 2018, nearly 3.7 million persons had been found by US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to have a close family relationship to a US citizen or lawful permanent resident (LPR) that qualified them for a visa, but were on “the waiting list in the various numerically-limited immigrant categories” ( DOS 2018 ). These backlogs in family-based “preference” (numerically capped) categories represent one of the most egregious examples of the dysfunction of the US immigration system. They consign family members of US citizens and LPRs that potentially qualify for a visa and that avail themselves of US legal procedures to years of insecurity, frustration, and (often) separation from their families. Often criticized in the public sphere for jumping the visa queue, it would be more accurate to say that this population, in large part, comprises the queue. While they wait for their visa priority date to become current, those without immigration status are subject to removal. In addition, most cannot adjust to LPR status in the United States, but must leave the country for consular processing and, when they do, face three- or 10-year bars on readmission, depending on the duration of their unlawful presence in the United States. This population will also be negatively affected by the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) proposed rule to expand the public charge ground of inadmissibility ( Kerwin, Warren, and Nicholson 2018 ). In addition, persons languishing in backlogs enjoy few prospects in the short term for executive or legislative relief, given political gridlock over immigration reform and the Trump administration’s support for reduced family-based immigration.
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Kagan, Michael. "Immigrant Victims, Immigrant Accusers." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 48.4 (2015): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.48.4.immigrant.

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The U visa program provides immigration status to noncitizen victims of crime, ensuring unauthorized immigrants do not become easy prey because they are too afraid to seek help from the police. But under the federal government’s structuring of the U visa program, a victim must also become an accuser to receive immigration benefits. Thus, the U visa implicates the rights of third parties: accused defendants. These defendants are often immigrants themselves who may be deported when U visa recipients level their accusations. Recent state court decisions have created complications in the program by permitting defendants to cross-examine accusers about their desire to obtain immigration benefits in exchange for testimony. Defendants in these cases, often male immigrants, have good reason to aggressively crossexamine their accusers in order to combat a system that perceives men of color as violent perpetrators and immigrant women as victims in need of protection. Because of these developments, immigrant victims face new obstacles when seeking law enforcement protection and justice through criminal prosecution. The solution to these emerging problems is to separate the role of victim from the role of accuser as much as possible. This Article suggests several models that might accomplish this goal.
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Kline, Victor. "The road back from Kafka’s castle: Towards a better system of visa application and review in Australia." Alternative Law Journal 43, no. 3 (August 16, 2018): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x18783564.

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The processes for administrative, judicial and appellate challenges to a visa refusal are difficult, time consuming and costly. It is not uncommon for an applicant to be involved in processes in excess of five or 10 years. The cost to the public purse can be exorbitant. This article suggests a system whereby the process would be confined to a two-stage judicial process. As such it would be much more discernible to the litigant, many of whom are unrepresented. It would also result in significant savings to the litigant and to the taxpayer.
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Li, Jing, Hong Pan, Shu Juan Zhang, and Ling Fang Sun. "Development of the On-Line Monitoring System for Fuel Cell Voltage." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.383.

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According to the single battery's series structure in the fuel cell stack, we develop an on-line fuel cell voltage monitoring system, and realize VISA library functions’ call and operation data acquisition and storage successfully in the Delphi development environment. It’s introduced mainly that the monitoring principle, hardware structure, software design and the main feature. The actual application proves that this system has realized high-precision and real-time monitoring of the output voltage of the fuel cell for multi-channel, and has multi-condition operation by setting original parameters easily, thereby, the system has more applicability and well reliability.
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Sigurðsson, Haraldur B., and Karin Grävare Silbernagel. "Is the VISA-A Still Seaworthy, or Is It in Need of Maintenance?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 232596712211089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221108950.

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Background: The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Achilles (VISA-A) questionnaire is validated and widely used in Achilles tendinopathy. How well it can evaluate treatment outcomes is not well understood. Purpose: To evaluate the responsiveness of the VISA-A in midportion Achilles tendinopathy and compare it with other patient-reported outcome measures. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Enrolled were 97 participants with clinically diagnosed Achilles tendinopathy (median age, 50 years [interquartile range, 18 years]; symptom duration, 10 months [interquartile range, 28.7 months). The participants underwent a baseline evaluation and completed between 1 and 6 follow-up evaluations at 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and/or 48 weeks. Participants completed the VISA-A, the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System short form Version 2.0 (PROMIS) Physical Function and Pain Interference subscales, and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). Three thresholds were evaluated with a receiver operating characteristic analysis (minimal clinically important difference [MCID], substantial benefit [SB], and complete recovery [CR]) using an 11-point global rating of change scale as an anchor. Thresholds were evaluated on raw scores as well as changes from baseline. Results: The VISA-A was able to detect all 3 thresholds for changes over time, with raw scores >70.5, >77.5, and >89.5 representing the MCID, SB, and CR, respectively; thresholds for changes from baseline on the VISA-A were increases of 23.5, 19.5, and 37.5 points from baseline, respectively. The PROMIS subscale raw scores had identical thresholds for SB and CR (52.45 for Physical Function and 45.6 for Pain Interference). A score <34.5 on the TSK was the threshold for SB. Conclusion: The VISA-A was the most responsive outcome measure evaluated. Raw scores had increasingly higher thresholds for the MCID, SB, and CR, which were therefore logically consistent.
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