Journal articles: 'Viruses transmission'

1

Shapiro, Craig N. "Transmission of Hepatitis Viruses." Annals of Internal Medicine 120, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-1-199401010-00014.

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Golino, D. A., S. T. Sim, M. Cunningham, and A. Rowhani. "TRANSMISSION OF ROSE MOSAIC VIRUSES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 751 (August 2007): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.751.26.

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Goodwin, Andrew E., James E. Peterson, Theodore R. Meyers, and David J. Money. "Transmission of Exotic Fish Viruses." Fisheries 29, no. 5 (May 2004): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(2004)29[19:toefv]2.0.co;2.

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W Smith, David. "Sexual transmission of hepatitis viruses." Microbiology Australia 28, no. 1 (2007): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07019.

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Hepatitis viruses are often not perceived as sexually transmitteddiseases, but sex is an extremely important mode of transmission worldwide for hepatitis B, and it plays a significant role for hepatitis C, hepatitis A and hepatitis D.

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Neumann, Gabriele, and Yoshihiro Kawaoka. "Transmission of influenza A viruses." Virology 479-480 (May 2015): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.009.

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Webster, Robert G., Gerald B. Sharp, and Eric C. J. Claas. "Interspecies Transmission of Influenza Viruses." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 152, no. 4_pt_2 (October 1995): S25—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/152.4_pt_2.s25.

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Campbell, R. N. "FUNGAL TRANSMISSION OF PLANT VIRUSES." Annual Review of Phytopathology 34, no. 1 (September 1996): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.87.

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8

Fulton, J. P., R. C. Gergerich, and H. A. Scott. "Beetle Transmission of Plant Viruses." Annual Review of Phytopathology 25, no. 1 (September 1987): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.000551.

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9

Mori, Isamu, Yukihiro Nishiyama, Takashi Yokochi, and Yoshinobu Kimura. "Olfactory transmission of neurotropic viruses." Journal of Neurovirology 11, no. 2 (January 2005): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13550280590922793.

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Franklin, S. P., J. L. Troyer, J. A. Terwee, L. M. Lyren, W. M. Boyce, S. P. D. Riley, M. E. Roelke, K. R. Crooks, and S. VandeWoude. "Frequent Transmission of Immunodeficiency Viruses among Bobcats and Pumas." Journal of Virology 81, no. 20 (August 1, 2007): 10961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00997-07.

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ABSTRACT With the exception of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which emerged in humans after cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses from nonhuman primates, immunodeficiency viruses of the family Lentiviridae represent species-specific viruses that rarely cross species barriers to infect new hosts. Among the Felidae, numerous immunodeficiency-like lentiviruses have been documented, but only a few cross-species transmissions have been recorded, and these have not been perpetuated in the recipient species. Lentivirus seroprevalence was determined for 79 bobcats (Lynx rufus) and 31 pumas (Puma concolor) from well-defined populations in Southern California. Partial genomic sequences were subsequently obtained from 18 and 12 seropositive bobcats and pumas, respectively. Genotypes were analyzed for phylogenic relatedness and genotypic composition among the study set and archived feline lentivirus sequences. This investigation of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in bobcats and pumas of Southern California provides evidence that cross-species infection has occurred frequently among these animals. The data suggest that transmission has occurred in multiple locations and are most consistent with the spread of the virus from bobcats to pumas. Although the ultimate causes remain unknown, these transmission events may occur as a result of puma predation on bobcats, a situation similar to that which fostered transmission of HIV to humans, and likely represent the emergence of a lentivirus with relaxed barriers to cross-species transmission. This unusual observation provides a valuable opportunity to evaluate the ecological, behavioral, and molecular conditions that favor repeated transmissions and persistence of lentivirus between species.

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Chen, Y. P., J. S. Pettis, A. Collins, and M. F. Feldlaufer. "Prevalence and Transmission of Honeybee Viruses." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 1 (January 2006): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.606-611.2006.

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ABSTRACT Transmission mechanisms of six honeybee viruses, including acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), and sacbrood bee virus (SBV), in honey bee colonies were investigated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) methods. The virus status of individual queens was evaluated by examining the presence of viruses in the queens' feces and tissues, including hemolymph, gut, ovaries, spermatheca, head, and eviscerated body. Except for head tissue, all five tissues as well as queen feces were found to be positive for virus infections. When queens in bee colonies were identified as positive for BQCV, DWV, CBPV, KBV, and SBV, the same viruses were detected in their offspring, including eggs, larvae, and adult workers. On the other hand, when queens were found positive for only two viruses, BQCV and DWV, only these two viruses were detected in their offspring. The presence of viruses in the tissue of ovaries and the detection of the same viruses in queens' eggs and young larvae suggest vertical transmission of viruses from queens to offspring. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of vertical transmission of viruses in honeybee colonies.

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12

Leung, Nancy H. L. "Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses." Nature Reviews Microbiology 19, no. 8 (March 22, 2021): 528–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00535-6.

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Agboli, Leggewie, Altinli, and Schnettler. "Mosquito-Specific Viruses—Transmission and Interaction." Viruses 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2019): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11090873.

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Mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) are a subset of insect-specific viruses that are found to infect mosquitoes or mosquito derived cells. There has been an increase in discoveries of novel MSVs in recent years. This has expanded our understanding of viral diversity and evolution but has also sparked questions concerning the transmission of these viruses and interactions with their hosts and its microbiome. In fact, there is already evidence that MSVs interact with the immune system of their host. This is especially interesting, since mosquitoes can be infected with both MSVs and arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses of public health concern. In this review, we give an update on the different MSVs discovered so far and describe current data on their transmission and interaction with the mosquito immune system as well as the effect MSVs could have on an arboviruses-co-infection. Lastly, we discuss potential uses of these viruses, including vector and transmission control.

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Quirós González, Víctor, Paz Rodríguez-Pérez, and José María Eiros Bouza. "Comparative nosocomial transmission of influenza viruses." Medicina Clínica (English Edition) 154, no. 7 (April 2020): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2019.03.038.

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Valverde, Rodrigo A., Jeonggu Sim, and Pongtharin Lotrakul. "Whitefly transmission of sweet potato viruses." Virus Research 100, no. 1 (March 2004): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2003.12.020.

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16

Zhong, Peng, Luis M. Agosto, James B. Munro, and Walther Mothes. "Cell-to-cell transmission of viruses." Current Opinion in Virology 3, no. 1 (February 2013): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2012.11.004.

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17

Gessain, Antoine, and Fernando García-Arenal. "Editorial overview: Emerging viruses: interspecies transmission." Current Opinion in Virology 10 (February 2015): v—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2015.02.001.

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Guan, Yi, and Christian Drosten. "Editorial overview: Emerging viruses: Interspecies transmission." Current Opinion in Virology 16 (February 2016): v—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2016.03.005.

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Herfst, Sander, and Martin Ludlow. "Editorial overview: Intraspecies transmission of viruses." Current Opinion in Virology 28 (February 2018): v—vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2018.01.002.

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García-Sastre, Adolfo, and Juergen A. Richt. "Editorial overview: Emerging viruses: interspecies transmission." Current Opinion in Virology 34 (February 2019): iii—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2019.02.003.

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21

ADAMS, M. J. "Transmission of plant viruses by fungi." Annals of Applied Biology 118, no. 2 (April 1991): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb05649.x.

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22

Johansen, E., M. C. Edwards, and R. O. Hampton. "Seed Transmission of Viruses: Current Perspectives." Annual Review of Phytopathology 32, no. 1 (September 1994): 363–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.32.090194.002051.

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23

Brown, D. J. F., W. M. Robertson, and D. L. Trudgill. "Transmission of Viruses by Plant Nematodes." Annual Review of Phytopathology 33, no. 1 (September 1995): 223–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.001255.

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24

Griffiths, PD. "Transmission of viruses with human allografts." Reviews in Medical Virology 17, no. 3 (2007): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rmv.540.

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25

Van REETH, K., A. De VLEESCHAUWER, and C. S. KYRIAKIS. "Influenza in birds, pigs and humans: how strong is the species barrier?" Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 58, no. 3 (November 24, 2017): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14986.

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The recent epizootics of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in poultry and the occasional infections of humans and other mammals, including pigs and felines, have alerted the international scientific community. New questions over the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses have been raised and the role of the pig as a "mixing vessel" of avian and human viruses has been criticized. The major aim of this review is to evaluate the zoonotic potential of avian and swine influenza. Interspecies transmissions of influenza viruses are rare virus-evolution events and very few viruses have succeeded to become established in new host species. Until the appearance of the H5N1 virus in 1996 only 3 cases of humans infected with avian viruses were recorded. The lack of human-to-human transmission of H5N1 demonstrates that extensive changes in the virus genome are required in order to overcome the species barrier. Although avian influenza viruses have been isolated from pigs, only in one occasion an avian H I N I virus transmitted from wild ducks to pigs was able to further spread in the swine population. The susceptibility of swine to highly and low pathogenic avian viruses has been confirmed in experimental studies, but pig-to-pig transmission has not been demonstrated. Experimental and natural transmission of highly pathogenic avian viruses to felines, mice, ferrets and maqacues are also discussed, showing the major differences in the virus pathogenesis among different mammalian species. The study of this pathogenesis may offer insights to the reasons of limited virus spread within a new host. We may conclude that, contrary to common believes, the species barrier remains a serious obstacle for the spread of novel influenza viruses in new host species, including humans. Our experience with H5N1 and H7N7 has tested old established theories, proving them insufficient. Further study of the factors which influence and limit the transmission of influenza viruses from one species to another is needed to better understand and evaluate the risk of the emergence of new pandemic influenza viruses.

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26

Zhang, Ying, Qianyi Zhang, Yuwei Gao, Xijun He, Huihui Kong, Yongping Jiang, Yuntao Guan, et al. "Key Molecular Factors in Hemagglutinin and PB2 Contribute to Efficient Transmission of the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus." Journal of Virology 86, no. 18 (June 27, 2012): 9666–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00958-12.

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Animal influenza viruses pose a clear threat to public health. Transmissibility among humans is a prerequisite for a novel influenza virus to cause a human pandemic. A novel reassortant swine influenza virus acquired sustained human-to-human transmissibility and caused the 2009 influenza pandemic. However, the molecular aspects of influenza virus transmission remain poorly understood. Here, we show that an amino acid in hemagglutinin (HA) is important for the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic virus (2009/H1N1) to bind to human virus receptors and confer respiratory droplet transmissibility in mammals. We found that the change from glutamine (Q) to arginine (R) at position 226 of HA, which causes a switch in receptor-binding preference from human α-2,6 to avian α-2,3 sialic acid, resulted in a virus incapable of respiratory droplet transmission in guinea pigs and reduced the virus's ability to replicate in the lungs of ferrets. The change from alanine (A) to threonine (T) at position 271 of PB2 also abolished the virus's respiratory droplet transmission in guinea pigs, and this mutation, together with the HA Q226R mutation, abolished the virus's respiratory droplet transmission in ferrets. Furthermore, we found that amino acid 271A of PB2 plays a key role in virus acquisition of the mutation at position 226 of HA that confers human receptor recognition. Our results highlight the importance of both the PB2 and HA genes on the adaptation and transmission of influenza viruses in humans and provide important insights for monitoring and evaluating the pandemic potential of field influenza viruses.

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Fouchier, Ron AM, and Lin-Fa Wang. "Editorial overview: Intraspecies transmission of viruses: Human-to-human transmission." Current Opinion in Virology 22 (February 2017): v—vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2017.02.001.

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28

Naseem, Zehra, Maaha Ayub, Sharaf Ali Shah, Syed Asad Ali, and Syed Hani Abidi. "Viral infections in Pakistan: prevalence, factors affecting spread, and recommendations for control." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 16, no. 06 (June 30, 2022): 913–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.15078.

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Pakistan is endemic to a number of viral infections, owing to its humid climate, topographical variation, soaring population, and lack of education and awareness. These viruses may have several different modes of transmission, including respiratory or airborne transmission, sexual transmission, blood-borne, fecal-oral transmission, vector-borne transmission, and transmission following an organ transplant. Although several different microorganisms are responsible for causing these infections, a few viruses are found more commonly in Pakistan and are primarily responsible for causing infections. In this study, we present a review of the most recent studies on different viruses, transmitted through various transmission routes, found commonly in Pakistan, along with the prevalence of each, and recommend control measures required against these viruses.

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Wang, Xiao-Wei, and Stéphane Blanc. "Insect Transmission of Plant Single-Stranded DNA Viruses." Annual Review of Entomology 66, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-060920-094531.

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Of the approximately 1,200 plant virus species that have been described to date, nearly one-third are single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses, and all are transmitted by insect vectors. However, most studies of vector transmission of plant viruses have focused on RNA viruses. All known plant ssDNA viruses belong to two economically important families, Geminiviridae and Nanoviridae, and in recent years, there have been increased efforts to understand whether they have evolved similar relationships with their respective insect vectors. This review describes the current understanding of ssDNA virus–vector interactions, including how these viruses cross insect vector cellular barriers, the responses of vectors to virus circulation, the possible existence of viral replication within insect vectors, and the three-way virus–vector–plant interactions. Despite recent breakthroughs in our understanding of these viruses, many aspects of plant ssDNA virus transmission remain elusive. More effort is needed to identify insect proteins that mediate the transmission of plant ssDNA viruses and to understand the complex virus–insect–plant three-way interactions in the field during natural infection.

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Klompas, Michael. "New Insights into the Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia/Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Viruses." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 43, no. 02 (January 18, 2022): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1740582.

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AbstractA fifth or more of hospital-acquired pneumonias may be attributable to respiratory viruses. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has clearly demonstrated the potential morbidity and mortality of respiratory viruses and the constant threat of nosocomial transmission and hospital-based clusters. Data from before the pandemic suggest the same can be true of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other respiratory viruses. The pandemic has also helped clarify the primary mechanisms and risk factors for viral transmission. Respiratory viruses are primarily transmitted by respiratory aerosols that are routinely emitted when people exhale, talk, and cough. Labored breathing and coughing increase aerosol generation to a much greater extent than intubation, extubation, positive pressure ventilation, and other so-called aerosol-generating procedures. Transmission risk is proportional to the amount of viral exposure. Most transmissions take place over short distances because respiratory emissions are densest immediately adjacent to the source but then rapidly dilute and diffuse with distance leading to less viral exposure. The primary risk factors for transmission then are high viral loads, proximity, sustained exposure, and poor ventilation as these all increase net viral exposure. Poor ventilation increases the risk of long-distance transmission by allowing aerosol-borne viruses to accumulate over time leading to higher levels of exposure throughout an enclosed space. Surgical and procedural masks reduce viral exposure but do not eradicate it and thus lower but do not eliminate transmission risk. Most hospital-based clusters have been attributed to delayed diagnoses, transmission between roommates, and staff-to-patient infections. Strategies to prevent nosocomial respiratory viral infections include testing all patients upon admission, preventing healthcare providers from working while sick, assuring adequate ventilation, universal masking, and vaccinating both patients and healthcare workers.

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31

Savić, Vladimir. "Zoonotic Potential of Currently Circulating Avian Influenza Viruses." Infektološki glasnik 39, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37797/ig.39.1.2.

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Over the past and the current centuries, human influenza pandemics have been attributable to viruses with an avian ancestry. Birds are the main source of influenza A viruses and harbour a variety of antigenic subtypes. Certain avian influenza viruses are capable for cross-species transmission including human infections. Although sustained intrehuman transmission of such viruses has not been documented so far, each human infection with avian influenza viruses provides chances for the virus adaptation towards efficient transmission within human population. Here are reviewed currently circulating avian influenza viruses that are of major significance for public health.

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32

Stapleford, Kenneth A. "Special Issue “Transmission Dynamics of Insect Viruses”." Viruses 12, no. 6 (June 14, 2020): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12060644.

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At the close of this Special Issue of Viruses on the Transmission Dynamics of Insect Viruses, we would like to thank all of the authors for their submissions and the great work expanding our knowledge of insect virus biology and transmission [...]

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33

Smith, Michael B. H. "Transmission and therapy of common respiratory viruses." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 8, no. 3 (June 1995): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199506000-00012.

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34

Hiruki, C. "Multiple transmission of plant viruses byOlpidium brassicae." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 16, no. 4 (December 1994): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060669409500729.

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35

NG, JAMES C. K., and KEITH L. PERRY. "Transmission of plant viruses by aphid vectors." Molecular Plant Pathology 5, no. 5 (September 2004): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00240.x.

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36

Keele, Brandon F., and Jacob D. Estes. "Barriers to mucosal transmission of immunodeficiency viruses." Blood 118, no. 4 (July 28, 2011): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-12-325860.

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AbstractLentiviruses such as HIV have a daunting challenge in gaining access to a new host predominantly through the penile, rectal, or vaginal/cervical mucosal tissue after sexual exposure. Multiple mechanisms have evolved to help prevent such infections, including anatomical barriers, innate inhibitors, and adaptive immune responses. For lentiviruses, it appears that in naive or even conventionally vaccinated hosts, typical adaptive immune responses are generally too little and too late to prevent infection. Nevertheless, a combination of anatomical barriers and innate immune responses may limit transmission, especially in patients without predisposing conditions such as mucosal lesions or preexisting sexually transmitted infections. Furthermore, when infection does occur, most often the primary viremia of the acute infection can be traced back genetically to a single founder virus. Unfortunately, even a single virion can establish an infection that will ultimately lead to the demise of the host. This review seeks to describe the biology of and barriers to establishment of systemic, disseminated productive infection with HIV after sexual exposure and to discuss the possible mechanisms leading to infection by a single viral variant. Understanding the initial events of infection, before systemic spread, could provide insights into strategies for reducing acquisition or ameliorating clinical outcome.

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37

Nault, L. R., and E. D. Ammar. "Leafhopper and Planthopper Transmission of Plant Viruses." Annual Review of Entomology 34, no. 1 (January 1989): 503–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002443.

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38

Whitfield, Anna E., Bryce W. Falk, and Dorith Rotenberg. "Insect vector-mediated transmission of plant viruses." Virology 479-480 (May 2015): 278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.026.

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39

Whitfield, Anna E., and Dorith Rotenberg. "Disruption of insect transmission of plant viruses." Current Opinion in Insect Science 8 (April 2015): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2015.01.009.

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40

Brackney, Doug E., and Philip M. Armstrong. "Transmission and evolution of tick-borne viruses." Current Opinion in Virology 21 (December 2016): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2016.08.005.

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Kutter, Jasmin S., Monique I. Spronken, Pieter L. Fraaij, Ron AM Fouchier, and Sander Herfst. "Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans." Current Opinion in Virology 28 (February 2018): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2018.01.001.

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Pirone, Thomas P., and Stéphane Blanc. "HELPER-DEPENDENT VECTOR TRANSMISSION OF PLANT VIRUSES." Annual Review of Phytopathology 34, no. 1 (September 1996): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.227.

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HAVLÍKOVÁ, S., M. LIČKOVÁ, and B. KLEMPA. "Non-viraemic transmission of tick-borne viruses." Acta virologica 57, no. 02 (2013): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/av_2013_02_123.

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Donatelli, I., L. Campitelli, S. Puzelli, C. Affinito, M. A. De Marco, M. Delogu, and G. Barigazzi. "Influenza Viruses: Structure and Interspecies Transmission Mechanisms." Veterinary Research Communications 27 (2003): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:verc.0000014127.94906.c2.

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Gustavsson, Mikael L., and Liselotte M. Steen. "TRANSMISSION OF CARBOHYDRATE-COMPATIBLE VIRUSES FROM XENOGRAFTS." Transplantation 66, no. 7 (October 1998): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199810150-00025.

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Malik, Yashpal S., Sudipta Bhat, Parvaiz S. Dar, Shubhankar Sircar, Kuldeep Dhama, and Raj K. Singh. "Evolving Rotaviruses, Interspecies Transmission and Zoonoses." Open Virology Journal 14, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874357902014010001.

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Evolutionary biology has become one of the imperative determinants explaining the origin of several viruses which were either identified decades back or are recognized lately using metagenomic approaches. Several notifiable emerging viruses like influenza, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Ebola, Hendra, Nipah and Zika viruses have become the leading causes of epidemics and losses thereto in both human and animals. The sufferings are higher due to gastroenteritis causing viruses including Astrovirus, Calicivirus, Enterovirus, Kobuvirus Picobirnavirus, Sapelovirus, Teschovirus, and many more. Notably, the majority of the emerging viruses enclose RNA genome and these are more prone for insertions/mutation in their genome, leading to evolving viral variants. Rapidity in viral evolution becomes a big hitch in the development process of successful vaccines or antiviral. The prominent gastroenteric virus is rotavirus, which is a double-stranded RNA virus with a segmented nature of genome enabling higher reassortment events and generates unusual strains with unique genomic constellations derivative of parental rotavirus strains. Although most rotaviruses appear to be host restricted, the interspecies transmission of rotaviruses has been well documented across the globe. The nocturnal bats have been accepted harbouring many pathogenic viruses and serving as natural reservoirs. Indications are that bats can also harbour rotaviruses, and help in virus spread. The zooanthroponotic and anthropozoonotic potential of rotaviruses has significant implications for rotavirus epidemiology. Hitherto reports confirm infection of humans through rotaviruses of animal origin, exclusively via direct transmission or through gene reassortments between animal and human strain of rotaviruses. There is a need to understand the ecology and evolutionary biology of emerging rotavirus strains to design effective control programs.

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Judson, Seth D., and Vincent J. Munster. "Nosocomial Transmission of Emerging Viruses via Aerosol-Generating Medical Procedures." Viruses 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100940.

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Recent nosocomial transmission events of emerging and re-emerging viruses, including Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Nipah virus, and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus, have highlighted the risk of nosocomial transmission of emerging viruses in health-care settings. In particular, concerns and precautions have increased regarding the use of aerosol-generating medical procedures when treating patients with such viral infections. In spite of increasing associations between aerosol-generating medical procedures and the nosocomial transmission of viruses, we still have a poor understanding of the risks of specific procedures and viruses. In order to identify which aerosol-generating medical procedures and emerging viruses pose a high risk to health-care workers, we explore the mechanisms of aerosol-generating medical procedures, as well as the transmission pathways and characteristics of highly pathogenic viruses associated with nosocomial transmission. We then propose how research, both in clinical and experimental settings, could advance current infection control guidelines.

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Schwartzbrod, L., and S. Boher. "Viruses and Shellfish." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0565.

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While studying the cycle of viral contamination of aqueous media, it appears that the human being is both the primary contaminator and the secondary receiver of the viruses transported in the aqueous medium. Human contamination takes place by drinking water of poor quality, by eating vegetables irrigated with waste water or shellfish. Shellfish consumption is clearly associated with the transmission of enteric infections and epidemics have been reported in many countries. The viruses responsible for the transmission of epidemics are mostly gastro-enteric viruses (Norwalk virus, Rotavirus and “small round viruses”) and the hepatitis A virus. The shellfish implicated are oysters, cockles, mussels and clams. Shellfish depuration techniques involve either closed loop circuits or semi-open circuits. They are very effective bacteriologically, but they do not totally eliminate the viral particles. Furthermore, sanitary controls are, usually, based on the sole research of fecal coliform although this bacterial type is a bad indicator of viral contamination. It is therefore necessary to include a virological criterion in the sanitary control of shellfish.

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Trask, Stanley A., Cynthia A. Derdeyn, Ulgen Fideli, Yalu Chen, Sreelatha Meleth, Francis Kasolo, Rosemary Musonda, et al. "Molecular Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission in a Heterosexual Cohort of Discordant Couples in Zambia." Journal of Virology 76, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.1.397-405.2002.

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ABSTRACT Most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmissions in sub-Saharan Africa are believed to occur between married adults who are discordant for their HIV-1 infection status; however, no studies to date have investigated the molecular epidemiology of such transmission events. Here we report the genetic characterization of HIV-1 strains from 149 transmission pairs that were identified prospectively in a cohort of discordant couples in Lusaka, Zambia. Subgenomic gag, gp120, gp41, and/or long terminal repeat regions were amplified by PCR analysis of uncultured blood samples from both partners and sequenced without interim cloning. Pairwise genetic distances were calculated for the regions analyzed and compared to those of subtype-specific reference sequences as well as local controls. Sequence relationships were also examined by phylogenetic tree analysis. By these approaches, epidemiological linkage was established for the majority of transmission pairs. Viruses from 129 of the 149 couples (87%) were very closely related and clustered together in phylogenetic trees in a statistically highly significant manner. In contrast, viruses from 20 of the 149 couples (13%) were only distantly related in two independent genomic regions, thus ruling out transmission between the two partners. The great majority (95%) of transmitted viruses were of subtype C origin, although representatives of subtypes A, D, G, and J were also identified. There was no evidence for extensive transmission networks within the cohort, although two phylogenetic subclusters of viruses infecting two couples each were identified. Taken together, these data indicate that molecular epidemiological analyses of presumed transmission pairs are both feasible and required to determine behavioral, virological, and immunological correlates of heterosexual transmission in sub-Saharan Africa with a high level of accuracy.

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Gray, Stewart M., and Nanditta Banerjee. "Mechanisms of Arthropod Transmission of Plant and Animal Viruses." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 63, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.63.1.128-148.1999.

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SUMMARY A majority of the plant-infecting viruses and many of the animal-infecting viruses are dependent upon arthropod vectors for transmission between hosts and/or as alternative hosts. The viruses have evolved specific associations with their vectors, and we are beginning to understand the underlying mechanisms that regulate the virus transmission process. A majority of plant viruses are carried on the cuticle lining of a vector’s mouthparts or foregut. This initially appeared to be simple mechanical contamination, but it is now known to be a biologically complex interaction between specific virus proteins and as yet unidentified vector cuticle-associated compounds. Numerous other plant viruses and the majority of animal viruses are carried within the body of the vector. These viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to enable them to be transported through multiple tissues and to evade vector defenses. In response, vector species have evolved so that not all individuals within a species are susceptible to virus infection or can serve as a competent vector. Not only are the virus components of the transmission process being identified, but also the genetic and physiological components of the vectors which determine their ability to be used successfully by the virus are being elucidated. The mechanisms of arthropod-virus associations are many and complex, but common themes are beginning to emerge which may allow the development of novel strategies to ultimately control epidemics caused by arthropod-borne viruses.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Viruses transmission'

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