Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Viruses transmission'
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Chaudhuri, Roy R. "Evolution and cross-species transmission of AIDS viruses." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395600.
Full textDavis, Adam James. "Transcriptional analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection following cell-to-cell transmission /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd2609.pdf.
Full textPowell, Glen. "Stylet activities and potyvirus transmission by aphids." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283709.
Full textAli, Ahmed A. "INTERSPECIES TRANSMISSION AND HOST RESTRICTION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUSES." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354125078.
Full textLongdon, Ben John. "Evolution and ecology of Drosophila sigma viruses." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5768.
Full textHamdollah-Zadeh, Akram. "Transgenic resistance to pollen transmission of tobacco ringspot virus." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364912.
Full textBlumenkrantz, Deena. "The cellular and molecular basis of transmission of influenza viruses." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/24590.
Full textYassine, Hadi M. "Studies on Interspecies and Intraspecies Transmission of Influenza A Viruses." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243451078.
Full textBoone, Stephanie. "The Transmission, Detection and Occurrence of Viruses on Indoor Environmental Fomites." Tucson, Ariz. : University of Arizona, 2006. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1347%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
Full textWebb, Gillian. "Studies on the mechanical transmission of animal viruses by biting flies." Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278027.
Full textBoone, Stephanie. "The Transmission, Detection and Occurrence of Viruses on Indoor Environmental Fomites." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194991.
Full textMassumi, Hossain. "Investigation into the mechanism of virus transmission in a non-persistent manner without helper factors." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299070.
Full textBanks, Jill. "Genetic variation of avian influenza viruses relationship to their virulence and epidemiology." Thesis, Open University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343751.
Full textKinyanjui, Timothy Muiruri. "Modelling the transmission dynamics of RSV and the impact of routine vaccination." Thesis, Open University, 2013. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54676/.
Full textPankajavally, Somanathan Pillai Smitha. "VIRAL AND HOST FACTORS AFFECTING INFECTION, PATHOGENICITY AND TRANSMISSION OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250624574.
Full textEnose, Yoshimi. "Virological analysis in mucosal transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses in macaque monkeys -Animal model for heterosexual transmission of HIV-." Kyoto University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181863.
Full text0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第7910号
人博第53号
10||135(吉田南総合図書館)
新制||人||14(附属図書館)
UT51-99-G504
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科人間・環境学専攻
(主査)教授 速水 正憲, 教授 中村 榮太郎, 教授 丸山 圭蔵
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Wang, Daowen. "A study of the genetic and structural basis of pea seed-borne mosaic virus seed transmission in pea." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357245.
Full textPerrott, Phillipa Evelyn. "Detection of bacteriophage and respiratory viruses in droplets." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46706/1/Phillipa_Perrott_Thesis.pdf.
Full textSorrell, Erin Maureen. "Molecular markers of interspecies transmission of H2N2 and H9N2 avian influenza A viruses." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8850.
Full textThesis research directed by: Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine. Maryland Campus. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
Mead, Daniel G. "Maintenance and transmission of vesicular stomatitis viruses: New data for an old puzzle." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284067.
Full textCostero, Adriana. "Experimental transmission of powassan virus (Flaviviridae) by Ixodes dammini Spielman, et al, 1979 ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28563.
Full textThese results indicate that I. dammini is a competent vector of POW virus under experimental conditions. Field studies are necessary to determine if the same holds true under natural conditions.
Binger, Tabea [Verfasser]. "Virus diversity and cross-species transmission of viruses from the straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum / Tabea Binger." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1077288980/34.
Full textSzablewski, Christine Marie. "Evolution of Influenza A Viruses in Exhibition Swine and Transmission to Humans, 2013-2015." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu151388886442666.
Full textWong, Tse Hua Nicholas. "Investigation of in-hospital norovirus transmission using whole genome sequencing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0c059680-337e-4a70-aab7-5b7d7e483962.
Full textChingandu, Nomatter, and Nomatter Chingandu. "Genomic Characterization of the Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus Complex and other Theobroma Cacao-Infecting Badnaviruses." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621859.
Full textAyim-Akonor, Matilda [Verfasser]. "Transmission of influenza A viruses at the human-animal interface in Ghana / Matilda Ayim-Akonor." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1230555099/34.
Full textLyons, Sinead Mary Kathleen. "Evolutionary history, cross-species transmission and host adaptation of human viruses and their primate homologues." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10043.
Full textBradford, Emma Louise. "Transmission of deformed wing virus (DWV) between Varroa destructor and the European honeybee (Apis mellifera) : in vitro and in vivo studies." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2019. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=240204.
Full textBaxter, Amy Elizabeth. "HIV-1 transmission between T cells and macrophages : consequences for viral pathogenesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1df105a3-1f0d-4159-8e01-3fdb231a0c42.
Full textFabre, Elisabeth. "Exploration de la diversité virale dans les échantillons environnementaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0014/document.
Full textThe discovery of giant viruses about a decade ago has truly shaken our perception of the viral world. This discovery has initiated a debate on the origin and evolutionary history of these viruses, and it revived the debate on their nature: are viruses alive?I characterized a new Marseilleviridae, isolated from a sample collected in New-Caledonia, named Noumeavirus. The Marseilleviridae are large DNA viruses that have icosahedral particles of about 200 nm in diameter, and double-stranded DNA genomes of more than 300 kb. Various approaches, such as genomics, proteomics and the study of the infectious cycle, allowed us to reveal that the infectious cycle of these viruses was not independent from the cell nucleus as we thought, but was transiently recruiting nuclear functions to the viral factory.I also characterized a new Pandoravirus, isolated from a sample collected in New-Caledonia, named Pandoravirus neocaledonia. Pandoraviruses have a unique morphology and a gigantic double-stranded DNA genome of about 2.5 Mb. Comparative studies with other Pandoraviruses were performed using several approaches to better understand the characteristics of these original viruses. The astonishing morphology of these viruses led us to investigate the nature of their envelope, which is made of a mesh of fibers forming lamellar structures. Is it possible that Pandoraviruses, unlike other viruses, hijack the cellular machinery to build their particles? In this case, what would be their place in the evolutionary history of viruses?
Mombo, Illich Manfred. "Recherche et caractérisation des virus entérotropes excrétés par les primates d'Afrique Centrale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS123.
Full textThe enteric viruses are ubiquitous virus infecting a broad range of vertebrates, including humans and non-human primates (NHPs). They are spread by direct or indirect fecal-oral route following which they reach the enterocytes and multiply. Even though infections caused by these viruses are asymptomatic, enteric viruses could be responsible for frequent gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age. These viruses may be responsible for severe pathologies such as respiratory, encephalitic, cardiac and neurological diseases. In the 1950s, many viruses have been isolated from NHPs species commonly used in cell culture and biomedical research. Since, many studies have been conducted to characterize, then enteric viruses have been mainly identified in captive NHPs or those living in close contact with humans. Little is known concerning the circulation, epidemiology and diversity of enteric viruses in the wild, except for enteroviruses and adenoviruses. The objective of this thesis is to investigate and characterize the enteric virus in NHPs of Central Africa. Thus from 600 samples of feces of NHPs collected in natural forests and reserves in Gabon, we highlighted the circulation of different species enteroviruses (EVs) in mandrills and chimps. We also identified EVs close to those infecting humans as well as two new serotypes in a chimpanzee and in a mandrill. We have highlighted an astrovirus (AstV) completely divergent from those referenced in a gorilla. Apart from their outstanding natural environment, enteric viruses are also present in NHPs in frequent contact with humans. Therefore fecal samples from a group of 12 chimpanzees from the Tchimpounga Sanctuary, we characterized the EV-C99 responsible for cases of paralysis in humans and probably responsible for that observed in a chimpanzee. In addition, two sapovirus (SaVs) very close to a SaV identified in humans have also been characterized. Central Africa is therefore characterized by a diversity of enteric virus circulating in NHPs. The identification in the wild of enteric virus in NHPs close to those infecting humans raises probability of cross-species transmissions between NHPs and humans whose sense remains to be determined. However in NHPs in the sanctuary, susceptibility to these human viruses can be responsible for severe diseases such as paralysis observed in chimpanzee
Manthriratna, Gothami Anoma 1963. "Efficacy of handwashing as an aid in the control of rotavirus and Giardia transmission." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277209.
Full textLeibler, Jessica H. "Characterizing the contribution of industrial food animal production to the transmission and emergence of influenza A viruses." Thesis, The Johns Hopkins University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3579515.
Full textThe goal of my dissertation is to characterize the contribution of industrial food animal production to between-farm transmission of zoonotic influenza A viruses and transmission of these viruses from industrial food animals to humans. The intention of this research is to improve the capacity of public health policies in the United States to prevent the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses.
Preventing and controlling outbreaks within animal populations and avoiding human infection with zoonotic influenza A viruses can reduce the risk of emergence of pandemic influenza viruses in human populations. Industrial food animal production, which dominates the market in the United States and much of the developed world – and increasingly, the developing world as well – has long been considered biosecure. However, emerging research indicates that these industrial systems are vulnerable to disease incursions and suggests that they may play a central role in driving the emergence of zoonotic diseases. The implications of these industrial systems for human influenza risk, particularly the emergence of novel zoonotic influenza A viruses, remains largely unaddressed in the current literature and in health policy strategies in the United States.
Chapter 1 of this dissertation outlines my research goals and provides background on my central research themes and topics. Chapter 2 documents the limits of biosecurity within industrial systems, highlighting risks to food animal workers. Chapter 3 details a cross-sectional serology study of a cohort of industrial poultry workers and community members (n=99) in the Delmarva Peninsula, a tri-state area of intense poultry production in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. No evidence of infection with avian influenza viruses is observed in this population.
Chapter 4 contains a quantitative modeling study to estimates risk of between-farm transmission of avian influenza viruses among industrial poultry farms. This study concluded that company affiliation was a significant source of exposure risk from vehicular transmission. Chapter 5 is a policy analysis of the limitations of current pandemic preparedness policy in the United States to adequately incorporate primary prevention. The central results of this dissertation, their significance to public health and opportunities for further research are highlighted in Chapter 6.
Delicio, Adriane Maira 1979. "Transmissão vertical do virus da imunodeficiencia humana em uma coorte de gestantes em Campinas entre 2000 e 2009." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/309588.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Objetivo: avaliar a transmissão vertical (TV) do HIV e fatores associados em gestantes soropositivas acompanhadas em um serviço universitário brasileiro (CAISM/UNICAMP) entre 2000 e 2009. Sujeitos e Métodos: coorte histórica de 452 gestações e seus recém-nascidos. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários e registrados em fichas específicas. Crianças sem seguimento foram convocadas para definição diagnóstica. Análise dos dados: análise descritiva através de distribuição percentual e de médias; teste de X², exato de Fisher, t de Student, Mann-Whitney e ANOVA, razão de risco e intervalo de confiança. Resultados: A TV foi de 3,6%. A idade média das gestantes foi 27 anos; principal categoria de exposição foi a sexual (86,5%); 55% já apresentava o diagnóstico prévio à gravidez. Sessenta e dois por cento não estavam em uso de TARV ao engravidar. CD4 médio inicial foi de 474 células/ml e 70.3% apresentaram carga viral indetectável no terceiro trimestre. Como TARV, 55% usaram esquemas com IP e 35% com nevirapina. Monoterapia com AZT foi utilizada em 5,5%. Idade gestacional média no parto foi de 37,2 semanas e em 92% a via foi cesárea; 97,2% receberam AZT endovenoso. Os fatores associados à TV foram: baixa contagem de CD4, elevada carga viral, tempo reduzido de TARV, presença de alterações gestacionais (anemia, RCF, oligoâmnio), coinfecções durante o pré-natal (CMV e toxoplasmose) e presença de trabalho de parto. Uso de TARV potente, parto por cesárea e uso do AZT pelo RN foram fatores protetores. Má adesão ao tratamento esteve presente em 13 dos 15 casos infectados; em sete houve presença de coinfecção neonatal (CMV e toxoplasmose). Conclusão: Fatores de risco para TV foram comprometimento do estado imunológico da gestante, menor tempo de terapia, coinfecções (CMV e toxoplasmose) e presença de trabalho de parto. O uso de TARV potente e a realização de cesárea foram fatores protetores para a TV do HIV.
Abstract: Objectives: to evaluate mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rates and related factors in HIV-infected pregnant women from CAISM/UNICAMP between 2000 and 2009. Subjects and methods: cohort of 452 HIV-infected pregnant women and their newborns. Data was collected from recorded files and undiagnosed children were enrolled for investigation. Statistical analysis: qui-square test, Fisher exact test, Student t test, Mann-Whitney test, ANOVA, risk ratio and confidence intervals. Results: MTCT occurred in 3.6%. The study population displayed a mean age of 27 years; 86.5% were found to have acquired HIV through sexual contact; 55% were aware of the diagnosis prior to the pregnancy; 62% were not using HAART. Mean CD4 cell-count was 474 cells/ml and 70.3% had undetectable viral loads in the third trimester. HAART included nevirapine in 35% of cases and protease inhibitors in 55%; Zidovudine monotherapy was used in 5.5%. Mean gestational age at delivery was 37.2 weeks and in 92% by caesarian section; 97.2% received intravenous zidovudine. Implicated factors related to MTCT were: low CD4 cell counts, elevated viral loads, maternal aids, shorter periods receiving HAART, maternal concurring illnesses (anemia, IUGR, oligodydramnium), coinfections (CMV and toxoplasmosis) and the occurrence of labor. Use of HAART for longer periods, caesarian delivery and oral zidovudine for the newborns were associated with a decreased risk. Poor adhesion to treatment was present in 13 of the 15 cases of transmission; in 7, co-infections were diagnosed (CMV and toxoplasmosis). Conclusion: Use of HAART and caesarian delivery are protective factors in mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Maternal coinfecctions and maternal concurring illnesses were risk factors for MTCT.
Universidade Estadual de Campi
Ciencias Biomedicas
Mestre em Tocoginecologia
Mulot, Michaël. "Analyse fonctionnelle du récepteur de l'éphrine de Myzus persicae et mise en évidence de son rôle dans la transmissino du virus de la jaunisse du navet." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ004/document.
Full textPoleroviruses infect a wide range of economically important plants. They are transmitted in a circulative and non-propagative mode by an insect vector, the aphid. The virus particles are acquired by aphids when ingesting the sap from an infected plant and cross successively the epithelia of the midgut and the salivary gland cells by a transcytosis mechanism that relies on the presence of unknown receptors.The ephrin receptor (Eph) is a membrane protein which contains a domain able to bind in yeast to the structural proteins of poleroviruses. By developing methods based on RNA interference, we have shown that oral acquisition of double-stranded RNA targeting Eph in the aphid Myzus persicae can reproducibly reduce polerovirus internalization into the aphid's body. Such treated aphids transmit the virus to plants with a lower efficiency. Eph could therefore function as a receptor for poleroviruses in M. persicae
Chepkorir, Edith. "Assessing the risk of Transmission of Yellow Fever and Dengue viruses by Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquito populations in Northern Kenya." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75861.
Full textThesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria,2020
National Institute of Health Sciences L'oreal- UNESCO for women in science
Medical Virology
PhD in Medical Virology
Restricted
Cossaboom, Caitlin Marie. "Discovery of Novel Strains of Animal Hepatitis E Viruses in the United States: Antigenic and Genetic Characterization, Cross-Species Infection, and Public Health Implications." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77998.
Full textPh. D.
NiaziEsfyani, Sadegh. "The role of relative humidity and aerosol composition in airborne respiratory virus survival." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/214025/1/Sadegh_NiaziEsfyani_Thesis.pdf.
Full textPujols, i. Romeu Joan. "Biosafety of spray dried porcine plasma for different viruses of interest for the swine industry." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/371133.
Full textEl plasma desecado por aerosol (SDP) tiene un alto contenido proteico, que lo convierte en un componente útil para muchas aplicaciones, y de alto valor para la nutrición animal. El plasma se obtiene a partir de sangre de cerdos sanos, aptos para el consumo humano. Durante su obtención, se añaden anticoagulantes y la sangre se almacena en tanques refrigerados. Una vez en la planta de procesado, la sangre se centrifuga, para separar el plasma de la fracción celular. El plasma se deshidrata mediante un proceso de secado por pulverización en aerosol para producir un producto final en polvo. El dispositivo crea un espray de microgotas por aspersión del plasma a alta presión, el agua se evapora por la entrada de aire a 170‐250°C y una temperatura de salida de 80°C. El secado por pulverización produce distintos efectos simultáneos, incluyendo: deshidratación, cambios bruscos de temperatura y otros efectos tales como cambios osmóticos, estrés oxidativo y desnaturalitzación proteica que podrían contribuir a explicar un proceso aún poco entendido de inactivación microbiana. El objetivo de esta tesis fue el de evaluar si el plasma porcino desecado por aerosol (SDPP) en forma de producto comercial y obtenido a partir de lotes de miles de cerdos podría transmitir o no algunos de los virus más resistentes a altas temperaturas y que frecuentemente afectan a la producción porcina. Dado que la mayoría de ellos pueden producir infecciones inaparentes, incluso a la edad de final de engorde, el riesgo que puedan encontrarse en la sangre recogida en matadero no es despreciable. En el primer estudio se realizó un seguimiento de transmisión del Parvovirus porcino (PPV) durante el aporte de SDPP comercial en la dieta, como un modelo de detección de virus de alta resistencia térmica, en cerdos susceptibles. Treinta y seis cerdos Landrace x Duroc recién destetados (28 de edad) se alimentaron con dietas que contenían 0 o 8% SDPP. El lote de SDPP utilizado contenía anticuerpos (ABs) para PPV (título 1: 400). Se tomaron muestras de sangre de cerdos en el día 0 y 63 para determinar si la inclusión de SDPP en el alimento había causado el desarrollo de ABs frente PPV, el Virus del síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio porcino (PRRSV) o el Virus de la enfermedad de Aujeszky (ADV). La inclusión de SDPP en la dieta mejoró el crecimiento de los cerdos sin seroconversión frente a los virus estudiados. El objetivo del segundo estudio consistió en evaluar si el SDPP comercial que contenía genoma de Circovirus porcino tipo 2 (PCV2) podía ser un vehículo de transmisión de este virus. Se utilizaron lechones Landrace recién destetados de cerdas no virémicas y seleccionados por presentar bajos títulos de ABs. En este estudio, la ausencia de ABs frente PCV2 en cerdos experimentales no era una condición excluyente, ya que los anticuerpos maternos son un factor común en los cerdos de granjas comerciales. El SDPP se incluyó en las dietas de ensayo a 0 o 8%. El lote de SDPP utilizado en el estudio contenía 2,47 x 105 copias de ADN de PCV2 / ml medidos por PCR cuantitativa de tiempo real PCR (qrtPCR). Los cerdos fueron muestreados a 0, 10, 35 y 45 días. No se observó viremia o seroconversión frente PCV2 en los cerdos alimentados con SDPP y tampoco se observó seroconversión frente a ninguno de los otros virus analizados (PPV, el virus de la enfermedad vesicular porcina, y ADV). En el tercer estudio, el SDPP que contenía ADN de PCV2 se utilizó para probar la potencial transmisión del PCV2 en cerdos inoculados con el PRRSV. El PRRSV es un virus con efectos inmunomoduladores que normalmente facilita las infecciones concurrentes. Veintitrés cerdos Landrace de 3,5 semanas de edad fueron distribuidos en un diseño factorial 2 x 2 y asignados a corralinas BSL3 para evitar la contaminación cruzada por PRRSV (un virus ampliamente extendido en condiciones de producción comercial). Las dietas contenían 0 o 8% SDPP. El lote comercial específico de SDPP utilizado en este estudio contenía 7,56 x 105 copias del genoma de PCV2 por gramo. Los cerdos se muestrearon a 0, 14 i 28 d después de la exposición al PRRSV. Los grupos desafiados con PRRSV y alimentados con SDPP no dieron lugar a transmisión del PCV2. El cuarto estudio se dirigió a evaluar si el SDPP comercial estaba involucrado en la transmisión del Virus de la Hepatitis E (VHE), una infección viral frecuente entre la población de cerdos que ha sido reconocido como un virus con potencial zoonótico. Se encontraron ABs frente a HEV en el 100% de las 84 muestras analizadas de distintos lotes comerciales de SDPP de origen español, mientras que solo el 22,4% de las mismas muestras fueron positivas por ARN del VHE. En consecuencia, era un motivo de preocupación conocer si el SDPP puede contribuir a la transmisión del el VHE. Se analizaron muestras de estudios previos en los que se habían alimentado los cerdos con dietas comerciales con SDPP al 0 o 8% para detectar HEV. La edad de los cerdos varió entre 3 a 15 semanas de edad y la duración de la alimentación fue entre 4 a 9 semanas, dependiendo del experimento. Una de las muestras de SDPP se confirmó que contenía ARN del VHE. No se detectó la seroconversión en ninguno de los animales pertenecientes a los distintos estudios, lo que condujo a la conclusión que el SDPP no representa un riesgo para la transmisión del VHE. Se concluyó que los resultados de los estudios mencionados contribuyeron a aclarar que el SDPP no parece ser un vector de los agentes patógenos estudiados y, por lo tanto, según los estudios realizados se trata de un ingrediente natural seguro de alta calidad con un alto contenido de proteínas para su uso en nutrición animal.
Spray dried plasma (SDP) products have high protein contents and, therefore, are useful components for many applications, mainly as valuable products for animal nutrition. Plasma is obtained from blood of healthy pigs fit for slaughter for human consumption. Blood is pooled from many animals, collected in tanks with anticoagulant and chilled. In the processing plant, blood is centrifuged to separate the plasma from cellular fraction and dehydrated by a spray‐drying process to produce a powered ingredient. The spray dryer device creates micro‐drops and evaporates water by inlet air at 170‐250°C and outlet temperature at 80°C. Spray‐drying produces concurrent effects of dehydration, changes of temperature and others effects such as osmotic changes, oxidative damage, and protein denaturizing stress that could contribute to explain a poorly understood process of microbial inactivation. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate if commercial spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP) obtained from batches of thousands of pigs could transmit or not some of most common high heat resistant viruses that affect swine production. Since most of them may produce unapparent infections at slaughter age, the risk to be found in collected blood at slaughterhouse is not negligible. In the first study, Porcine parvovirus (PPV) transmission throughout commercial SDPP, as model of high thermally resistant virus, was explored in susceptible naïve pigs. Thirty‐six Landrace × Duroc weanling pigs (28 d of age) were fed with diets containing either 0 or 8% SDPP. The SDPP lot used contained antibodies (ABs) to PPV (titer 1:400). Blood samples were collected from pigs on d0 and 63 to determine whether feeding SDPP caused development of ABs against PPV, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or Aujezsky disease virus (ADV). Inclusion of SDPP in the diet improved growth of pigs without seroconversion against studied viruses. The objective of the second study was to assess if commercial SDPP containing Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genome may be a vehicle of transmission for this virus. Weaned Landrace piglets from non viremic sows and selected for low ABs titres were used. In this study, absence of ABs against PCV2 in experimental pigs was not required because maternal antibodies are widespread in commercial farms. SDPP were included in the test diets at 0 or 8%. The SDPP lot used in the study contained 2.47 x 105 PCV2 DNA copies/ml measured by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). Pigs were sampled at 0, 10, 35 and 45 d. No viremia or seroconversion against PCV2 was observed in pigs fed with SDPP and also no seroconversion to other virus analyzed (PPV, ADV and Swine vesicular disease virus, SVDV) was observed. In the third study, SDPP containing PCV2 DNA was used to test the potential transmission of PCV2 to pigs challenged with PRRSV. PRRSV is a virus with immunomodulatory effects that usually facilitates concurrent infections. Twenty‐three Landrace pigs of 3.5 weeks (w) of age were distributed in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement and allocated in BSL3 boxes to avoid PRRSV cross‐contamination (since it is a widely spread virus under commercial production conditions). The diets contained 0 or 8% SDPP. The specific commercial lot of SDPP used in this study contained 7.56 x 105 PCV2 genome copies per gram. Pigs were sampled at 0, 14 and 28 d post PRRSV challenge. PRRSV challenged groups and SDPP groups, did not result in PCV2 transmission. The fourth study was addressed to assess if commercial SDPP was involved in the transmission of Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a prevalent viral infection within the pig population that has been recognized with zoonotic potential. HEV ABs were found in 100% of 84 samples of different commercial SDPP lots from Spanish origin, while only 22.4% of the same samples were positive for HEV RNA. Accordingly, it was of concern to know if SDPP may contribute to HEV transmission by SDPP. Serum samples from previous studies in which naïve pigs were fed with commercial SDPP diets at 0 or 8% were analysed to detect HEV. Age of pigs ranged from 3 to 15w of age and the feeding duration was between 4 to 9w, depending on the experiment. One of the lots of SDPP was confirmed to contain HEV RNA. HEV seroconversion was not detected in any of the animals belonging to the different studies, leading to the conclusion that SDPP does not represent a risk for HEV transmission. It can be concluded that the results of the above mentioned studies contributed to clarify that SDPP seems not to be a vector for pathogens and, therefore, it is a natural, safe, high‐quality ingredient with high protein contents for use in animal nutrition.
Ramoshaba, Refilwe. "Barriers influencing the use of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus follow-up services at Mankweng Clinics." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2009.
Full textKavaka, Evniki. "Medical students acting as health educators :the influence on adolescents' knowledge about HIV/Hepatitis B transmission, as well as attitudes, beliefs and intentions towards condom use." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1268_1194348373.
Full textThe aim of this quasi-experimental study was to examine the impact of a health education intervention on knowledge about HIV/Hepatitis B transmission, attitudes, beliefs and intentions towards condom use. Research has shown tht small group discussion, single sex groups, age proximity of health educators, and HIV prevention integrated in the broader sexual health context, increased the effectiveness of health education with regard to safer sexual practices.
Manigart, Olivier. "Etude de déterminants de la transmission du VIH de la mère à l'enfant au Burkina Faso." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211175.
Full textOn the other hand, we studied the variability of HIV and its association with MTCT. First, we analyzed HIV-1 diversity in African women in France and Burkina Faso. In a second step, we demonstrated that HMA was an adapted tool for co and super-infections studies for adults. By this way, we identified two superinfections among 147 women within our commercial sex workers cohort. Additionally, we used this tool to analyze children of the DITRAME cohort who were infected in utero and who could be superinfected during the delivery or later by breastfeeding. We identified seven children, among 18 who were infected in utero, displaying HMA profiles suspicions for co-infections, and who had a more important mortality rate than normally. Their proviral env sequences are currently analyzed.
Moreover, we confirmed the fact that the rate of vitamin A has no influence on MTCT.
De 1994 à 1998, s’est déroulé l’essai clinique DITRAME ANRS 049a qui a démontré, pour la première fois, l’acceptabilité, la tolérance et l’efficacité d’un traitement court de zidovudine (ZDV) sur la diminution de la TME. Notre travail s’est inscrit dans le cadre de cet essai et a eu pour but d’en analyser certains des aspects virologiques et leur rapport avec la transmission de la mère à l’enfant du VIH (TME). D’une part, nous avons analysé les niveaux de réplication virale dans différents compartiments physiologiques :le sang, les sécrétions cervico-vaginales (SCV) et le lait maternel (LM) et leur rapport avec la transmission, par des études cas-témoins nichées dans la cohorte DITRAME. Nous avons démontré le rapport entre la charge virale libre (CV) dans le plasma à 34 semaines d’aménorrhée et à J8 postpartum et la TME dans le contexte africain où la probabilité d’avoir un allaitement exclusif à un an est de 46,6%, et analysé leur rapport avec le traitement ZDV. Nous avons également démontré que la TME est essentiellement due à une charge provirale plus élevée dans les SCV dans notre contexte. De plus, grâce à la mise au point d’une technique, nous avons démontré que la ZDV avait un effet global marqué sur la diminution de la CV libre dans le LM. Il s’agit de la première étude mettant en relation la CV dans le lait avec la transmission postnatale. De même, nous avons observé une différence très hautement significative entre les charges virales libres des femmes ayant transmis le VIH et les non transmettrices. De plus, nos analyses univariée et multivariée démontrent que la CVlm mesurée en log10 de la lactation précoce (J8) est un facteur indépendant très significativement associé à la TME. Chez les femmes ayant transmis le virus durant le post-partum et non traitées à la ZDV, la CVlm médiane a décru de 1608 copies/mL (c/ml) à J8 à 346 c/ml à J45. Par contre, chez les femmes ayant transmis le virus mais ayant reçu un traitement ZDV, la CVlm médiane évolue de 56 c/ml à J8 à 470,5 c/ml à J45. Cette tendance marquée à un effet rebond de la CVlm à J45 laisse penser que la TME qui a lieu chez les femmes traitées à la ZDV pourrait être une conséquence de l’arrêt de ce traitement, comme observé chez les adultes après arrêt du traitement HAART.
D’autre part, nous avons étudié la variabilité du VIH en fonction de la TME. Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé la diversité du VIH-1 chez des mères africaines vivant en France, et par après au Burkina Faso. Ensuite, grâce à l’élaboration d’une nouvelle technique, nous avons démontré que le HMA pouvait être un outil adapté à l’étude des co- et sur-infection chez l’adulte. Nous avons identifié de cette manière deux surinfections parmi 147 femmes analysées au sein d’une cohorte de femmes à haut risque de surinfection. Nous avons ensuite utilisé ce moyen pour étudier des enfants de la cohorte DITRAME infectés in utero qui auraient pu se surinfecter durant le peripartum ou ensuite par l’allaitement. Sept enfants parmi 18 analysés, présentant des profils HMA à suspicion de coinfection et qui présentaient un taux de mortalité plus élevé que la normale, ont été identifiés. Leurs séquences provirales env sont en cours d’analyse actuellement.
Par ailleurs, nous avons confirmé le fait que le taux de vitamine A n’a pas d’influence sur la TME.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Peltier, Cécile. "Prévention de la transmission du VIH-1 par le lait maternel au Rwanda et dépistage précoce des enfants infectés." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209572.
Full textLa première partie décrit l’étude AMATA conçue en 2005 au Rwanda, étude prospective basée sur le suivi d’une cohorte répartie en deux groupes d’intervention postnatale. Cette étude avait pour objectif de tester l’hypothèse que l’allaitement maternel (AM) sous trithérapie antirétrovirale maternelle (HAART) pouvait être une prévention aussi efficace que le lait artificiel (LA) afin de réduire drastiquement la transmission du virus VIH de la mère à l’enfant avec une moindre mortalité infantile. Cette intervention permettait de préserver les avantages de l’AM, connue pour offrir une prévention naturelle minimisant les infections graves, en particulier les gastro-entérites et diminuant le taux de malnutrition protéino-énergétique (MPE). Dans la cohorte « AMATA », un groupe d’enfants était allaité exclusivement durant six mois, les mères étant sous trithérapie antirétrovirale systématique et un autre groupe d’enfants était nourri au LA durant les six premiers mois de vie. L’intervention débutait durant la grossesse à partir de la 28ème semaine d’âge gestationnel, une trithérapie antirétrovirale étaient donnée à toutes ces femmes enceintes infectées par le VIH participant à l’étude, quel que soit leur stade immunitaire ou clinique. Cette trithérapie était poursuivie à vie pour les femmes nécessitant cette combinaison de traitements antirétroviraux pour des raisons cliniques et/ou immunitaires et non poursuivie pour les autres femmes, avec un schéma d’interruption minimisant les résistances aux ARVs.
Les critères d’évaluation de comparaison des deux interventions postnatales étaient la survie à 9 mois des enfants non infectés, le taux d’infection par le VIH et la mortalité des enfants dans chaque groupe. La présence de facteurs confondants a été recherchée en effectuant une analyse de variance car la randomisation était impossible pour des raisons éthiques.
Dans l’étude AMATA, parmi les 532 enfants inclus, 227 (43%) étaient allaités et 305 (57%) recevaient du LA, 7 enfants furent infectés par le VIH (1,3%) dont 6 in utero (3 enfants par groupe). Un enfant fut infecté par l’AM correspondant à un risque cumulatif postnatal de 0,5% [IC95% 0,1–3,4%; P 0,24]. Ce taux de transmission reste parmi les plus bas dans un pays à ressources limitées même en comparant avec d’autres études où la trithérapie fut aussi utilisée durant l’AM. Ces études furent publiées après le début de l’enrôlement des patientes dans l’étude rwandaise AMATA en 2005.
La différence de mortalité à 9 mois n’était pas statistiquement différente dans les 2 groupes avec 3,3% (95% IC 1,6–6,9%) pour les enfants allaités et 5,7% (95% IC 3,6–9,2%) pour les enfants recevant du LA (P= 0,20).
Cette étude renforce la notion que l’AM sous trithérapie antirétrovirale (HAART) reste une approche à recommander dans les contextes où la mortalité infantile est élevée. Cette prévention postnatale permet non seulement de réduire très efficacement la transmission du VIH de la mère à l’enfant en préservant les avantages de l’AM et en évitant les risques du LA distribué dans des contextes d’hygiène précaire où un accès à l’eau potable est difficile.
Dans cette étude, l’efficacité de ces 2 interventions postnatales était comparable avec des taux de transmission et de mortalité semblables statistiquement.
La deuxième partie de ce travail, basée sur les résultats d’une cohorte d’enfants âgés de moins de 18 mois nés de mères infectées par le VIH permettait d’évaluer les signes cliniques présomptifs proposés par l’OMS en 2005. Ces signes
étaient créés afin de pouvoir effectuer le diagnostic clinique d’infection par le VIH chez les enfants exposés au virus VIH
dans les pays où les techniques moléculaires de PCR n’étaient pas accessibles. Les enfants nés de mères infectées par le
VIH gardent parfois des anticorps anti-VIH maternels jusqu’à l’âge de 18 mois sans être pourtant contaminés par le VIH/SIDA. Avant cet âge, la confirmation de l’infection par le VIH repose sur la démonstration de la présence d’ADN proviral ou ARN par la technique PCR. La mortalité précoce des nourrissons infectés par le VIH est élevée, il est important de pouvoir bénéficier d’ARVs dès le diagnostic précoce de l’infection.
Les signes cliniques de présomption d’infection par le VIH chez l’enfant exposé (sérologie VIH +) de moins de 18 mois ont été proposés en 2005 par l’OMS et modifiés en 2006 mais ne furent jamais évalués.
Cette étude transversale comprenant 236 enfants de moins de 18 mois ayant une sérologie VIH positive consistait à évaluer la sensibilité (76,6%) et la spécificité (52,7%) de ces signes cliniques en confirmant leur statut infectieux réel par le test PCR pour le VIH, test de référence.
Cette spécificité basse inquiétante était liée aux enfants présentant des signes cliniques similaires bien que non infectés par le VIH mais souvent carencés par manque d’apport calorique et/ou souffrant d’une forme avancée de tuberculose extra pulmonaire ou d’autres affections chroniques. Ces enfants cachectiques pouvaient présenter les mêmes signes cliniques que les enfants infectés par le VIH car ils avaient une baisse de leur immunité cellulaire due à la MPE.
Dans la première partie de ce travail, l’étude AMATA a montré 2 façons efficaces de diminuer la transmission du VIH de la mère à l’enfant.
Dans la deuxième partie, on a évalué une méthode de diagnostic clinique précoce proposé par l’OMS afin de détecter les enfants infectés par le VIH en l’absence de test virologique PCR mais la basse spécificité indique la nécessité d’améliorer cette méthode diagnostique.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ithete, Ndapewa Laudika. "Investigation of small mammal-borne viruses with zoonotic potential in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85771.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: The emergence and re-emergence of viral human pathogens from wildlife sources in the recent past has led to increased studies and surveillance of wildlife for potentially zoonotic agents in order to gain a better understanding of the pathogens, their sources as well as events that may lead to viral emergence. Of the >1407 known human pathogens, 13% are classified as emerging or re-emerging, and 58% as zoonotic; 37% of the (re-)emerging and 19% of the zoonotic pathogens are RNA viruses, accounting for the majority of recently emerged infectious diseases with a zoonotic origin, such as HIV, Ebola, Hendra, Nipah, Influenza and SARS. This study focusses on potentially zoonotic viruses hosted by rodents (Muridae family), shrews (order previously known as Insectivora/Soricomorpha, now reclassified as Eulipotyphla) and bats (order Chiroptera). Rodents and bats represent the largest (~40%) and second largest (~25%) mammalian orders and both occur on every continent except Antarctica. Together, the three mammalian orders investigated represent the most relevant potential sources of new zoonoses. In this study I investigated the occurrence of astroviruses, arenaviruses, coronaviruses and hantaviruses in South African small mammal species belonging to the orders mentioned above. These viruses have either been implicated in recent emerging zoonotic events or are considered to have the potential to cause cross-species transmissions resulting in a zoonotic event. In the first part of the study specimens collected from various bat, rodent and shrew species were screened for viral sequences by broadly reactive PCRs; positive samples were characterised by sequencing and sequence analysis. A separate part of the study focussed on hantavirus disease in humans: a seroprevalance survey was conducted to determine the presence of hantavirus antibodies in the local population. Additionally, acutely ill patients with potential hantavirus disease were tested in an attempt to identify possible acute infections and define clinical hantavirus disease in South Africa. Screening of rodent and shrew specimens resulted in the identification of eight novel arenavirus sequences. Seven of the sequences are related to Merino Walk virus, a recently identified South African arenavirus, and the eighth sequence represents a novel lineage of Old World arenaviruses. Screening of bat specimens resulted in the identification of highly diverse novel astrovirus and coronavirus sequences in various South African bat species, including the identification of a viral sequence closely related to the recently emerged Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. While the study did not identify hantavirus infections in any of the acutely ill patients, it found seroprevalences similar to those observed in Europe and West Africa. The results obtained highlight the importance of small mammals in the emergence of potential zoonoses and further reinforce the importance of viral surveillance of relevant wildlife species. Further in-depth studies of naturally infected reservoir host populations are required in order to gain a better understanding of virus-host dynamics and the events that lead to virus emergence.
German Research Foundation (DFG) (project number: KR1293/9-1/13-1)
The Polio Research Foundation and the NHLS Research
Harry Crossley Foundation, the Polio Research Foundation and Stellenbosch University for granting scholarships and bursaries for PhD.
Leonard, Lynne. "Testing women as mothers : the policy and practice of prenatal HIV testing." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84280.
Full textWorking with pregnant women in Ontario, the province with the highest level of HIV infection among Canadian women, this thesis articulates and interprets their experiences of prenatal HIV counselling and testing and details their perspectives on best practices. The pregnant women's evidence-based recommendations for the re-design of prenatal HIV testing programmes are provided. These unique data have important utility for federal and provincial policy makers as HIV counselling and testing policies and programmes that encompass and are grounded in pregnant womens' experiences and perspectives are likely to be maximally acceptable and thereby increase the number of pregnant women who can be apprised of prophylactic treatment to take care of their own health needs as well as those of their unborn children.
In order for pregnant women to increase control over their own health and that of their unborn children, there is clear value in all pregnant women being afforded the opportunity to know their HIV status. However, the voices of the women in this study suggest that the autonomy rights of pregnant women may well be at risk in a programme in which the current emphasis is on potential HIV infection of the foetus rather than on potential or actual infection of the pregnant woman.
Bagalb, Hussein S. "Cellular and Molecular Biological Studies of a Retroviral Induced Lymphoma, Transmitted via Breast Milk in a Mouse Model." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1225294363.
Full textBellini, Nara Regina. "Significações psicossociais do diagnostico de HIV e do impedimento da amamentação para as gestantes : um estudo clinico-qualitativo." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308999.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T18:39:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bellini_NaraRegina_M.pdf: 345612 bytes, checksum: 06749de2ce8b9c10bce4ef15fa39ed1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: O objetivo geral deste estudo foi interpretar as significações psicossociais relatadas pelas mulheres no momento da descoberta da infecção pelo HIV na gestação, durante consulta de pré-natal especializado no Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Caism/UNICAMP). Os objetivos específicos foram conhecer as angústias e conflitos gerados após a informação sobre a presença da infecção pelo HIV, e discutir os significados da maternidade e a impossibilidade do aleitamento materno no contexto da infecção pelo HIV. Sujeitos e Métodos: Estudo exploratório, na particular abordagem Clínico-Qualitativa. A amostra de sujeitos foi construída pela técnica de saturação de dados, através de entrevista semidirigida de questões abertas. O grupo de sujeitos foi composto por gestantes com 22 a 31 anos de idade, entre 15 e 38 semanas de gestação, e que receberam o diagnóstico de HIV no início da gestação, sendo a maioria multípara, com situação conjugal estável e ocupação do lar. Resultados e Discussão: Nas falas destas mulheres ficou evidente que o momento da revelação do diagnóstico de HIV durante a gestação é carregado de intensas emoções, seguidas de fantasias e sentimentos conflitantes, com resistência da aceitação dos mesmos e medo intenso da transmissão vertical, mesmo sabendo que, utilizando a terapia anti-retroviral, a chance de infectar o bebê seria mínima. Emergiram também sentimentos de angústia e estigma relacionados ao impedimento da amamentação. Considerações Finais: Acreditamos que estar grávida na presença da infecção pelo HIV exige um duplo trabalho de redefinição subjetiva, na medida em que a mulher precisa se reconhecer como mãe e como portadora do HIV. Os resultados apontam que essas mulheres se deparam com circunstâncias adversas que envolvem o desejo de amamentar e, ao mesmo tempo, preservar a saúde de seus filhos
Abstract: Objectives - The general purpose of this study was to interpret psycho-social conceptions reported by women as they discover an HIV-infection during prenatal care at a specialized facility in a Woman's Health Center (Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher) of the University of Campinas (Caism/UNICAMP). Specific objectives were to recognize conflicts and afflictions generated after receiving an HIV diagnosis and discuss meanings of motherhood and proscription of breastfeeding in the setting of HIV infection. Methods: Exploratory study conducted in a clinical-qualitative way; the sample size was defined by the saturation of collected information. The sample was composed of recently diagnosed HIVinfected pregnant women (ages from 22 to 31 years, gestational ages from 15 to 38 weeks, mostly multiparous, housewives, and reporting stable relationships. Results and Discussion: From the analyzed data, it became clear that the experience of a newly found HIV infection diagnosis during pregnancy gives rise to intense emotions, fantasies and conflicted feelings, along with resistance in accepting emotions and great fear of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, even in face of minimal risks achievable by antiretroviral prophylaxis. Also emerged feelings of affliction and stigmatization related to suppression of breastfeeding. Final Considerations: We believe that pregnancy in the setting of HIV infection demands double amounts of effort in redefining one's self, in the sense that the woman must acknowledge herself as both a mother and a carrier of HIV. Results show that these women are faced with adverse circumstances involving the desire to breastfeed and, concomitantly, to preserve the health of their children
Mestrado
Ciencias Medicas
Mestre em Tocoginecologia
Cupido, Rudy Angus. "HIV/AIDS : knowledge, attitudes and occupational risk perceptions of physiotherapists in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5236.
Full textHuman Immune-deficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a major public health problem. Globally, the number of new HIV infections is decreasing but the total number of people living with the disease is increasing. An estimated 5.7 million South Africans are currently living with the disease. The life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in South Africa has slowly increased due to the availability of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART). The progressive "chronicity" of HIV may be associated with a variety of impairments and disabilities for people living with HIV. This emphasising the increasingly important role that physiotherapists play to minimize the disabling impact of the disease and improve quality of life for PLHIV. The aim of study was to determine the HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and the occupational risk perception of physiotherapists practicing in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. This study utilized a cross sectional descriptive quantitative survey to collect data. The data was collected via a structured self-administered postal questionnaire. The questionnaires were captured in Microsoft Excel and analysed statistically using CDC Epi-Info version 3.5.1. Data was analysed descriptively and the chi-square test, T-tests and ANOVA was used to identify any statistically significant relationship between variables. The results of the study identified that the physiotherapists in the study have "high" general HIV related knowledge, although major gaps regarding HIV prevention and transmission still exists. The physiotherapists expressed a positive attitude towards PLHIV, while they perceive themselves to be at low risk of HIV transmission risk when managing PLHIV. The physiotherapists with more than 10 years' experience had significantly better HIV related knowledge compared to those with less than 10 years' experience while the attitudes of married physiotherapists towards PLHIV were significantly less favourable than those who were not married. There is a need for intervention strategies to address the HIV knowledge gaps of physiotherapists. Intervention strategies need to address physiotherapists HIV prevention and transmission knowledge.
Le, Maguet Jean. "Epidémiologie de l'enroulement viral de la vigne dans les vignobles français septentrionaux et transmission par cochenilles vectrices." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768382.
Full textMontague, Carl Thomas. "Developing a strategy for a centre of competence for HIV research and development in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/892.
Full textThe government has identified the need to transform the South African economy from one that is primarily resource based to one that is knowledge-based and has formulated a 10 year plan in order to accomplish this objective. The plan involves the creation and funding of five theme-specific consortium-based centres of competence that focus on the five top national health priorities, linked to the growth of the local pharmaceutical industry. This research study proposed that if collaboration and communication between academic researchers and the biotechnology industry in South Africa was improved it would lead to an increase in the development of innovative products for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. The objective of the study was the development of a strategy for a centre of competence for HIV research and development that brings together academic researchers and industry in a public private partnership and that will enable the proposal to be tested. Centre of competence programmes in both developed and developing countries, including Sweden, Austria and Estonia, were reviewed. The success factors for the various programmes were discussed. The strategic planning analysis began by considering the mandate of the CoC for HIV R&D. The requirements and expectations of the DST in establishment of the centres of competence were examined. An analysis of the external environment relevant to the South African biotechnology industry was then performed. This involved a detailed macro-environmental analysis in which political, economic, social, technological and environmental factors were considered. It was followed by an analysis of the current biotechnology industry in South Africa. The industry’s dominant economic features were identified as were its future driving forces. In a competitive environment analysis the South African biotechnology industry was found to be extremely competitive. Two industry issues, price controls and access to capital, were identified and discussed. The industry key success factors identified included access to large and sustained capital, attracting and retaining talented employees, an efficient and high quality regulatory authority, continued government support, productive and appropriate partnerships and skilled intellectual property management. An internal environment analysis was performed which identified competencies and resource strengths of the CoC for HIV R&D, including the high level of academic research in the HIV/AIDS field and expertise in clinical trials of HIV/AIDS products. Competitive deficiencies and resource weaknesses identified included shortages of skills and talent and the lack of co-ordination for funding of HIV/AIDS research. The analysis of the internal environment continued with the examination of the internal value chain of the CoC for HIV R&D. This consisted of discovery, pre-clinical development and clinical development stages. Gaps in the value chain were identified, including the lack of facilities for high-throughput screening of compounds for anti-HIV activity, lack of pre-clinical testing facilities and lack of manufacturing plants capable of producing products for use in clinical trials. The results of the external and internal environment analysis were used in a SWOC analysis and a number of strategies were identified to capitalise on opportunities and to address challenges. A subsequent competitive strength assessment identified a competitive advantage in the formation of the CoC for HIV R&D. In addition a number of strategic issues facing the centre were identified and ways to address or manage the issues were proposed. The strategic planning process was completed by the selection of a strategic approach for the CoC for HIV R&D. The study concluded that a PPP of public and private organisations operating under a corporate strategy of related diversification developed and implemented by the CoC for HIV R&D, would be suitable for testing the Proposal. The study’s conclusion also highlighted the need to ensure that the CoC for HIV R&D receives a long term commitment of funding from public sources, and that is managed by an experienced team with strong leadership skills. Important strategies emerging from the study and specifically from the SWOC analysis were development of a national HIV research plan and funding of the highest priority projects; focusing research funding on research with greatest potential for generation of HIV/AIDS products; and establishment of new technology platforms to fill gaps in the value chain. Finally, a number of recommendations were made for implementation of the results of this study or as the basis for further study.