Academic literature on the topic 'Virus viability in droplets'
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Journal articles on the topic "Virus viability in droplets"
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Lin, Kaisen, Chase R. Schulte, and Linsey C. Marr. "Survival of MS2 and Φ6 viruses in droplets as a function of relative humidity, pH, and salt, protein, and surfactant concentrations." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): e0243505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243505.
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The survival of viruses in droplets is known to depend on droplets’ chemical composition, which may vary in respiratory fluid between individuals and over the course of disease. This relationship is also important for understanding the persistence of viruses in droplets generated from wastewater, freshwater, and seawater. We investigated the effects of salt (0, 1, and 35 g/L), protein (0, 100, and 1000 μg/mL), surfactant (0, 1, and 10 μg/mL), and droplet pH (4.0, 7.0, and 10.0) on the viability of viruses in 1-μL droplets pipetted onto polystyrene surfaces and exposed to 20%, 50%, and 80% relative humidity (RH) using a culture-based approach. Results showed that viability of MS2, a non-enveloped virus, was generally higher than that of Φ6, an enveloped virus, in droplets after 1 hour. The chemical composition of droplets greatly influenced virus viability. Specifically, the survival of MS2 was similar in droplets at different pH values, but the viability of Φ6 was significantly reduced in acidic and basic droplets compared to neutral ones. The presence of bovine serum albumin protected both MS2 and Φ6 from inactivation in droplets. The effects of sodium chloride and the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate varied by virus type and RH. Meanwhile, RH affected the viability of viruses as shown previously: viability was lowest at intermediate to high RH. The results demonstrate that the viability of viruses is determined by the chemical composition of carrier droplets, especially pH and protein content, and environmental factors. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the chemical composition of carrier droplets in order to predict the persistence of viruses contained in them.
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Vejerano, Eric P., and Linsey C. Marr. "Physico-chemical characteristics of evaporating respiratory fluid droplets." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 139 (February 2018): 20170939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0939.
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The detailed physico-chemical characteristics of respiratory droplets in ambient air, where they are subject to evaporation, are poorly understood. Changes in the concentration and phase of major components in a droplet—salt (NaCl), protein (mucin) and surfactant (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine)—may affect the viability of any pathogens contained within it and thus may affect the efficiency of transmission of infectious disease by droplets and aerosols. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of relative humidity (RH) on the physico-chemical characteristics of evaporating droplets of model respiratory fluids. We labelled these components in model respiratory fluids and observed evaporating droplets suspended on a superhydrophobic surface using optical and fluorescence microscopy. When exposed to continuously decreasing RH, droplets of different model respiratory fluids assumed different morphologies. Loss of water induced phase separation as well as indication of a decrease in pH. The presence of surfactant inhibited the rapid rehydration of the non-volatile components. An enveloped virus, ϕ 6, that has been proposed as a surrogate for influenza virus appeared to be homogeneously distributed throughout the dried droplet. We hypothesize that the increasing acidity and salinity in evaporating respiratory droplets may affect the structure of the virus, although at low enough RH, crystallization of the droplet components may eliminate their harmful effects.
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Yang, Yafeng, Yiping Wang, Linli Tian, Chuqi Su, Zhixin Chen, and Yuanyi Huang. "Effects of purifiers on the airborne transmission of droplets inside a bus." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 1 (January 2022): 017108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081230.
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During an airborne infectious disease outbreak, bus passengers can be easily infected by the dispersion of exhaled droplets from an infected passenger. Therefore, measures to control the transport of droplets are necessary, such as a mask or purifier. The current research examined aerosol transport in a bus with air-conditioning. To determine the dispersion path, deposition distribution, and droplet escape time, the computational fluid dynamics were used to predict the flow field and the dispersion of droplets considering the effects of droplet size, location of the infected person, and purifier type. In addition, based on the viability and the number of virus particles in a droplet, the total number of virus particles inhaled by passengers over a 4-h journey was obtained by the superposition method. The Wells–Riley equation was then used to assess the infection risk of the passengers in the bus cabin. The results showed that droplets with a size of 1–20 μm have essentially the same deposition characteristics, and the location of the infected passenger affects the distribution of droplets' transport and the effectiveness of a purifier in removing droplets. A purifier can effectively remove droplets from passengers' coughs and reduce the infection risk of passengers. The performance of the smaller purifiers is not as stable as that of the larger purifiers, and the performance is influenced by the airflow structure where the infected passenger is located.
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Ahlawat, Ajit, Sumit Kumar Mishra, Hartmut Herrmann, Pradhi Rajeev, Tarun Gupta, Vikas Goel, Yele Sun, and Alfred Wiedensohler. "Impact of Chemical Properties of Human Respiratory Droplets and Aerosol Particles on Airborne Viruses’ Viability and Indoor Transmission." Viruses 14, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14071497.
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The airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified as a potential pandemic challenge, especially in poorly ventilated indoor environments, such as certain hospitals, schools, public buildings, and transports. The impacts of meteorological parameters (temperature and humidity) and physical property (droplet size) on the airborne transmission of coronavirus in indoor settings have been previously investigated. However, the impacts of chemical properties of viral droplets and aerosol particles (i.e., chemical composition and acidity (pH)) on viability and indoor transmission of coronavirus remain largely unknown. Recent studies suggest high organic content (proteins) in viral droplets and aerosol particles supports prolonged survival of the virus by forming a glassy gel-type structure that restricts the virus inactivation process under low relative humidity (RH). In addition, the virus survival was found at neutral pH, and inactivation was observed to be best at low (<5) and high pH (>10) values (enveloped bacteriophage Phi6). Due to limited available information, this article illustrates an urgent need to research the impact of chemical properties of exhaled viral particles on virus viability. This will improve our fundamental understanding of indoor viral airborne transmission mechanisms.
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Chan, K. H., J. S. Malik Peiris, S. Y. Lam, L. L. M. Poon, K. Y. Yuen, and W. H. Seto. "The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus." Advances in Virology 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/734690.
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The main route of transmission of SARS CoV infection is presumed to be respiratory droplets. However the virus is also detectable in other body fluids and excreta. The stability of the virus at different temperatures and relative humidity on smooth surfaces were studied. The dried virus on smooth surfaces retained its viability for over 5 days at temperatures of 22–25°C and relative humidity of 40–50%, that is, typical air-conditioned environments. However, virus viability was rapidly lost (>3 log10) at higher temperatures and higher relative humidity (e.g., 38°C, and relative humidity of >95%). The better stability of SARS coronavirus at low temperature and low humidity environment may facilitate its transmission in community in subtropical area (such as Hong Kong) during the spring and in air-conditioned environments. It may also explain why some Asian countries in tropical area (such as Malaysia, Indonesia or Thailand) with high temperature and high relative humidity environment did not have major community outbreaks of SARS.
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Alexander, Robert W., Jianghan Tian, Allen E. Haddrell, Henry P. Oswin, Edward Neal, Daniel A. Hardy, Mara Otero-Fernandez, et al. "Mucin Transiently Sustains Coronavirus Infectivity through Heterogenous Changes in Phase Morphology of Evaporating Aerosol." Viruses 14, no. 9 (August 24, 2022): 1856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14091856.
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Respiratory pathogens can be spread though the transmission of aerosolised expiratory secretions in the form of droplets or particulates. Understanding the fundamental aerosol parameters that govern how such pathogens survive whilst airborne is essential to understanding and developing methods of restricting their dissemination. Pathogen viability measurements made using Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosol onto Substrate (CELEBS) in tandem with a comparative kinetics electrodynamic balance (CKEDB) measurements allow for a direct comparison between viral viability and evaporation kinetics of the aerosol with a time resolution of seconds. Here, we report the airborne survival of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and determine a comparable loss of infectivity in the aerosol phase to our previous observations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through the addition of clinically relevant concentrations of mucin to the bioaerosol, there is a transient mitigation of the loss of viral infectivity at 40% RH. Increased concentrations of mucin promoted heterogenous phase change during aerosol evaporation, characterised as the formation of inclusions within the host droplet. This research demonstrates the role of mucus in the aerosol phase and its influence on short-term airborne viral stability.
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Samaranayake, Lakshman. "COVID-19 and Dentistry: Aerosol and Droplet Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and Its Infectivity in Clinical Settings." Dental Update 47, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 600–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2020.47.7.600.
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In the last inaugural issue of the Commentary we discussed the origins of the SARS-CoV-2, the probable reasons for its emergence, and how the virus spreads due to the rapid, inter-continental, mass transportation, as well as the human behaviour leading to deforestation and massive urbanization and environmental changes. Here, we outline the issues surrounding infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2, plus its spread through aerosols, droplets and aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) in the dental clinic milieu, as well as its viability in the ambient environment.
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Joshi, Anushka. "Long Term Complications Associated with Covid-19 : A Review." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 9 - September 5, no. 9 (September 20, 2020): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20sep144.
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The covid-19 has spread rapidly throughout the china and globally. This highly transmissible disease till date has infected around 17 million people worldwide. The infection spreads through the sputum or the droplets generated by the infected person by sneezing, coughing or talking. The droplets can settle down on the surfaces and floors or can remain in air where the viability of the virus varies from few minutes to several days. People can also get infected on coming in close proximity of the infected person. The patients experience mild to high fever, sore throat, headache, myalgia, tastelessness and shortness of breath along with pneumonia like symptoms in serious cases. A large number of asymptomatic cases were also reported making the detection difficult in early stages. The recovery rate as of now has reached to 78%, and fatality rates are low, still people are prone to various other long term symptoms after recovery which is a matter of concern. The researchers and scientists have found prominent effect on nervous system and other vital functions of the body, this article gives a brief review of such complications.
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Chacín-Bonilla, Leonor, and Nathalie Chacón. "SARS-CoV-2: Potential feco-oral transmission and implications on the spread and severity of COVID-19 in Venezuela. Mini-review." Investigación Clínica 62 (July 30, 2021): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22209/ic.v62s2a05.
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The recognized human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces. However, the high transmissibility of the virus and the pattern of symptoms of COVID-19 suggest the likelihood of other forms of spread. Increasing evidence suggests that SARS‐CoV‐2 could be transmitted by the feco‐oral route. SARS-CoV-2 is known to infect gastrointestinal epithelial cells and a significant number of infected people have gastrointestinal symptoms. Viable viruses, viral RNA, and prolonged shedding of viral RNA have been detected in the feces of COVID-19 patients. The virus has been found in sewage and surface waters of several countries. The possible feco-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 could be significant in low-income countries. High poverty levels and the collapse of health and other public services might increase the risk of Venezuelans to suffer a more devastating impact from COVID-19 than other populations. In conclusion, the feco-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has not been demonstrated. However, it is conceivable and the impact of COVID-19 could be high in low-income countries, especially in Venezuela due to its humanitarian crisis. The lack of information on the viability and infectivity of the virus in wastewaters and surface waters and the risk of transmission of the infection are important gaps in knowledge that deserve further investigation.
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Micochova, Petra, Ambika Chadha, Timi Hesseloj, Franca Fraternali, Jeremy J. Ramsden, and Ravindra K. Gupta. "Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by titanium dioxide surface coating." Wellcome Open Research 6 (March 11, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16577.1.
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Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission occurs via airborne droplets and surface contamination. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating of surfaces is a promising infection control measure, though to date has not been tested against SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Virus stability was evaluated on TiO2- and TiO2–Ag (Ti:Ag atomic ratio 1:0.04)-coated 45 x 45 mm ceramic tiles. After coating the tiles were stored for 2–4 months before use. We tested the stability of both SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped virions based on a lentiviral system, as well as fully infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus. For the former, tile surfaces were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped HIV-1 luciferase virus. At intervals virus was recovered from surfaces and target cells infected. For live virus, after illuminating tiles for 0–300 min virus was recovered from surfaces followed by infection of Vero E6 cells. % of infected cells was determined by flow cytometry detecting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein 24 h post-infection. Results: After 1 h illumination the pseudotyped viral titre was decreased by four orders of magnitude. There was no significant difference between the TiO2 and TiO2–Ag coatings. Light alone had no significant effect on viral viability. For live SARS-CoV-2, virus was already significantly inactivated on the TiO2 surfaces after 20 min illumination. After 5 h no detectable active virus remained. Significantly, SARS-CoV-2 on the untreated surface was still fully infectious at 5 h post-addition of virus. Overall, tiles coated with TiO2 120 days previously were able to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 under ambient indoor lighting with 87% reduction in titres at 1h and complete loss by 5h exposure. Conclusions: In the context of emerging viral variants with increased transmissibility, TiO2 coatings could be an important tool in containing SARS-CoV-2, particularly in health care facilities where nosocomial infection rates are high.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Virus viability in droplets"
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Lin, Kaisen. "Viability of Viruses in Suspended Aerosols and Stationary Droplets as a Function of Relative Humidity and Media Composition." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/97955.
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The transmission of some infectious diseases requires that pathogens can survive (i.e., remain infectious) in the environment, outside the host. The viability of pathogens that are immersed in aerosols and droplets is affected by factors such as relative humidity (RH) and the chemical composition of the liquid media, but the effects of these stressors on the viability of viruses have not been extensively studied. The overall objective of this work was to investigate the effects of RH and media composition on the viability of viruses in suspended aerosols and stationary droplets. We used a custom rotating drum to study the viability of airborne 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus across a wide range of RHs. Viruses in culture medium supplemented with material from the apical surface of differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells remained equally infectious for 1 hour at all RH levels tested. We further investigated the viability of two model viruses, MS2 and Φ6, in suspended aerosols and stationary droplets consisting of culture media. Contrary to the results for influenza virus, we observed a U-shaped viability pattern against RH, where viruses retained their viability at low and extreme high RHs, but decayed significantly at intermediate to high RHs. By characterizing the droplet evaporation kinetics, we demonstrated that RH mediated the evaporation rate of droplets, induced changes in solute concentrations, and modulated the cumulative dose of solutes to which viruses were exposed as droplets evaporated. We proposed that the decay of viruses in droplets follows disinfection kinetics. Lastly, we manipulated the chemical composition of media to explore the stability of viruses as a function of pH and salt, protein, and surfactant concentrations. Results suggested that the effects of salt and surfactant were RH and strain-dependent. Acidic and basic media effectively inactivated enveloped virus. Protein had protective effect on both non-enveloped and enveloped viruses. Results from this work has advanced the understanding of virus viability in the environment and has significant implications for understanding infectious disease transmission.Doctor of Philosophy
Pathogenic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths, cause infections that are responsible for substantial morbidity and/or mortality. For example, it is estimated that influenza has caused 9 million to 45 million illnesses and 12,000 to 61,000 deaths annually since 2010 in the United States. The spread of certain diseases relies on people touching the pathogenic organism on surfaces or inhaling it from the air. Successful transmission requires that the pathogen survive, or maintain its infectivity, while it is in the environment. The survival of pathogens can be affected by temperature, humidity, composition of the respiratory fluid carrying them, and other factors. However, there is limited research investigating the effects of these factors on the survival of viruses in the environment. In this work, we studied the effect of relative humidity (RH) on the survival of viruses, including influenza virus and two other types of viruses, in inhalable aerosols and larger droplets. We found that influenza viruses survive well in aerosols across a wide range of RH levels for at least 1 h. Conversely, the two model viruses survived best at both low and very high RHs, such as found indoors in the wintertime or in tropical regions, respectively, but had a pronounced decay at intermediate RHs. By measuring how fast droplets evaporated, we found that RH affected their chemistry and determined the total amount of stress that viruses were exposed to. This explained why a "U-shaped" survival pattern was observed against RH. We also investigated the survival of viruses in droplets containing different components. Results indicated that the effects of salt, surfactant, protein, and droplet pH depended on RH and the type of virus. The outcomes of this work are meaningful in predicting the survival of viruses in aerosols and droplets of various compositions in the environment and could provide insight on developing strategies to minimize the spread of infectious diseases.
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Di, Novo Nicolò Giuseppe. "Water self-ejection, frosting, harvesting and viruses viability on surfaces: modelling and fabrication." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/355461.
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The wettability and phase change phenomena of water are ubiquitous on biological and artificial surfaces. Properties like water repellency, self-cleaning, coalescence induced condensation jumping, anti-frosting, and dew harvesting arise on surfaces with particular structures and chemistry and are of particular interest for energy and water saving.
This thesis collects different studies of wettability and phase change on natural and artificial surfaces: growth and self-ejection of condensation droplets on micro and nanostructured surfaces we fabricated, their applications, the Sliding on Frost of condensation droplets observed on the Cotinus Coggygria leaf, the dew harvesting property of the Old Man of the Andes Cactus enhanced by distance coalescence through microgrooves and finally, a theoretical study of viruses viability in sessile droplets.
The first chapter introduces the theoretical framework of wettability and phase changes on surfaces.
In the second chapter, we present the self-ejection of condensation droplets from hydrophobic nanostructured microstructures. We modelled analytically the droplets jumping and fabricated surfaces to verify the predictions. The fabricated geometry was inspired by the modelling and the available fabrication techniques. We tested the surfaces in condensation conditions. Using a high frame rate camera coupled with a long working distance microscopy objective, we investigated the growth and ejection transient. We then compared the experimental self-ejection velocity for various structures geometry with our analytical models.
In Chapter 3, we investigated the applications of the fabricated surfaces reported in Chapter 2.
In Chapter 4, we explore the condensation frosting on the leaf of Cotinus Coggygria, native of our woods and with interesting hydrophobic properties. Covered by wax nanotubules, it exhibits coalescence-induced condensation jumpings that may be a useful cleaning tool. Furthermore, the frost is delayed but not only for the jumping. Surprisingly, at temperatures some degrees below zero, we observed what we called ‘droplet Sliding on Frost bridges’, that further delays frosting. We described the feasibility of this sliding in terms of dynamic contact angles of the surface and contact angles of supercooled water on ice. By capturing high temporal and spatial resolution videos we investigated the sliding on frost and droplet recalescence (fast dendrite growth that partially solidify the liquid). The responsible for the failure of sliding for temperatures from about -8 ° C down appears to be the advancing angle of water on ice that increases with the subcooling rather than the recalescence that blocks the drop in place. These results add a piece to the fundamental research on the supercooled water-ice-vapour interfaces.
As it often happens, biological surfaces offer a starting point for the study of fundamental mechanisms and the development of artificial surfaces with optimized properties. In the Chapter 5, the multifunctional roles of hairs and spines in Old Man of the Andes Cactus (Oreocereus trolli) are studied. We study the morphology of the appendages, the hairs wettability, mechanical properties of both, and the dew formation on spines. The longitudinal microgrooves on the spines cause a particular phenomenon of distant coalescence (DC), in which smaller droplets flow totally or partially into larger ones through the microgrooves, with consequent accumulation of water in a few large drops. An earlier study has shown artificial micro-grooved surfaces that exhibit DC are more efficient than flat ones at collecting and sliding dew, and thus these cactus spines could act as soil dew conveyors. The agreement between our analytical model and experimental data verifies that the flow is driven by the Laplace pressure difference between the drops. This allowed us to obtain a general criterion for predicting the total or partial emptying of the smaller drops as a function of the dynamic contact angles of a surface. Based on this criterion, an hydrophilic material with small contact angle hysteresis would allow a greater number of complete drops emptying.
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised the problem of contagion from airborne and deposited droplets. In the last chapter, we report the state of the art of experiments on the viability of viruses in deposited droplets. Up to date, it has been experimentally highlighted that the relative viability of some viruses (RV) depends on the material chemistry, temperature, and interestingly, on relative humidity (RH) with a U-shaped trend. One of the current hypotheses is that the cumulative dose of salt concentration (CD) affects RV. We model the RV of viruses in sessile droplets by inserting a RV-CD relation in a model of droplet evaporation. By considering a saline water droplet (one salt) as the simplest approximation of real solutions, we analytically simulate the time evolution of salt concentration, vapor pressure, and droplet volume varying contact angles, droplet sizes, and RH in the range 0–100%. The results elucidate some previously not yet well-understood dynamics, demonstrating how three main regimes—directly implicated in nontrivial experimental trends of virus RV—can be recognized as the function of RH. The proposed approach could suggest a chart of a virus fate by predicting its survival time at a given temperature as a function of RH and contact angle. We found a good agreement with experimental data for various enveloped viruses and predicted in particular for the Phi6 virus, a surrogate of coronavirus, the characteristic U-shaped dependence of RV on RH. Given the generality of the model, once experimental data are available that link the vulnerability of a certain virus (such as SARS-CoV-2) to the concentrations of salts or other substances in terms of CD, it is envisioned that this approach could be employed for antivirus strategies and protocols for the prediction/reduction of human health risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses.
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Timpe, Jennifer M. "Effects of Adeno-associated Virus on Adenovirus Replication and Cell Viability." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1179408822.
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Lyn, Rodney. "Investigating Hepatitis C Virus Interactions with Host Lipid Pathways that are Critical for Viral Propagation Using Small Molecule Inhibitors and Chemical Biology Methods." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24385.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is remarkably capable of efficiently hijacking host cell pathways including lipid metabolism in the liver in order to create pro-viral environments for pathogenesis. It is becoming increasingly clear that identifying small molecule inhibitors that target host factors exploited by the virus will expand available HCV treatment options. As such, a thorough understanding of host-virus interactions is critical to the development of alternative therapeutic strategies.
Hepatic lipid droplets (LDs) are recruited by HCV to play essential roles in the viral lifecycle. The intracellular location of LDs is modified upon interacting with viral structural core protein. This enables formation of platforms that support viral particle assembly. Because these interactions are non-static, capturing its dynamic processes in order to better understand viral assembly can be achieved with label-free molecular imaging enhanced with live-cell capabilities. Chemical biology approaches that includes CARS microscopy employed in a multi-modal imaging system was used to probe interactions between HCV and host LDs. By successfully tracking LD trajectories, we identified core protein’s ability to alter LD speed and control for LD directionality. Using protein expression model systems that allowed for simultaneous tracking of core protein and LDs, our data revealed that mutations in the core protein region that vary in hydrophobicity and LD binding strengths, are factors that control for differential modulation of LD kinetics. Furthermore, we measured bidirectional LD travels runs and velocities, and observed critical properties by which core protein induces LD migration towards regions of viral particle assembly.
Given that many steps in the HCV lifecycle are directly linked to host lipid metabolism, it is not surprising that disrupting lipid biosynthetic pathways would negatively affect viral replication. From this outlook, we explored small molecule inhibitors that targeted several lipid metabolic pathways to study its antiviral properties. Using fluorescent probes covalently labeled to viral RNA, we captured the visualization of disrupted replication complexes upon antagonizing nuclear hormone receptors that are linked to regulating lipid homeostasis. Correspondingly, biochemistry and molecular imaging techniques were also employed to identify novel antiviral mechanisms of small molecule inhibitors that target additional HCV-dependent lipid metabolic pathways.
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Rösch, Kathrin [Verfasser], and Eva [Akademischer Betreuer] Herker. "Proteomic and Microscopic Analysis of Lipid Droplets and Associated Proteins in Hepatitis C Virus-infected Cells / Kathrin Rösch ; Betreuer: Eva Herker." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1121783414/34.
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Graffagna, Barry. "Virus Production and Cell Viability of HSV-1-infected Murine Keratinocytes (HEL-30) Co-cultured with Murine Macrophages (RAW 264.7)." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1542212790178886.
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Schmitz, Bradley William. "Reduction of Enteric Pathogens and Indicator Microorganisms in the Environment and Treatment Processes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612535.
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The reduction of pathogenic microorganisms is essential to minimize human health risks associated with the reuse, reclamation, and recycling of wastewater and the land application of biosolids (sewage sludge). The most advanced treatment technologies, as well as, the most representative methods and indicator organisms are necessary to ensure public safety. The goal of this dissertation is to assess advanced Bardenpho wastewater treatment technologies in regards to virus removal, suggest the most appropriate viral indicators of human fecal contamination and/or treatment process controls, and develop an updated method for enumerating Ascaris ova viability in land applied biosolids. Appendix A evaluates the incidence of 11 different virus types in sewage throughout a 12-month time period, and their subsequent reduction via advanced Bardenpho treatment processes. This study showed that wastewater treatment facilities utilizing advanced Bardenpho for secondary treatment are more effective at reducing viruses in wastewater than facilities utilizing conventional aeration basin and trickling filter processes. Appendix B develops a new method for determining the viability of Ascaris ova in land applied biosolids. In this method, early development stages prior to larval-development, are included in the estimation of potential viability. Comparisons between viability enumerations suggests that the conventional microscopy method, in which only ova containing motile larva are considered viable, underestimates the number of eggs that may progress to an infectious stage. Whereas, the method based on early-to-late stage development, considers the potential viability of all eggs, providing a more conservative approach.
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Depla, Marion. "Modélisation in vitro et étude bioclinique de la stéatose induite par le virus de l'hépatite C." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR3318/document.
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Les résultats fondamentaux et biocliniques que nous présentons au travers de cette thèse illustrent la difficulté d’évaluer la part liée au virus et celle liée à des facteurs de l’hôte dans l’induction d’une stéatose hépatique chez les patients chroniquement infectés par le HCV. Les données in vitro suggèrent que le virus joue un rôle direct dans l’induction d’une stéatose, notamment par les propriétés de sa protéine de capside, et que la variabilité du virus peut avoir un impact sur l’intensité de cette stéatose. Notre étude bioclinique suggère que la variabilité du virus semble avoir un rôle beaucoup plus modéré in vivo. Ainsi, chez les patients chroniquement infectés par le HCV, les facteurs de l’hôte joueraient un rôle majeur pour moduler le degré de la stéatose associée au virus et de prochaines études seront nécessaires pour établir la nature de ces facteursThe results presented in this thesis illustrate the difficulty of assessing the part related to the virus and that related to host factors in the induction of hepatic steatosis in patients chronically infected with HCV. In vitro data suggest that the virus plays a direct role in the induction of steatosis, due to the properties of its capsid protein, and that the variability of the virus can affect the intensity of the steatosis. Our bio-clinical study suggests that this variability seems to have a much more moderate impact in vivo. Thus, in patients chronically infected with HCV, host factors seem to play a major role to modulate the degree of steatosis associated with the virus. Further studies are needed to establish the nature of these factors
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Hafirassou, Mohamed Lamine. "Etude du rôle des protéines cellulaires RACK1 et TIP47 dans l'infection par le virus de l'hépatite C." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ131/document.
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Le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) dépend de facteurs cellulaires pour accomplir son cycle viral et persister dans l’hôte. L’une des stratégies de notre laboratoire consiste à étudier de manière approfondie le réseau d’interactions virus-hôte, afin d’identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques cellulaires et de développer des antiviraux plus efficaces pour vaincre la résistance virale. Durant ma thèse j’ai étudié deux facteurs cellulaires importants pour le VHC. Le premier est la protéine ribosomale RACK1. Nous avons montré que cette protéine est spécifiquement requise pour la traduction IRES-dépendante du VHC, et non pour la traduction coiffe-dépendante. Le deuxième facteur est une protéine de surface des gouttelettes lipidiques appelée TIP47. Nous avons montré que cette protéine est importante à la fois pour l’assemblage et pour l’export des particules virales. L’ensemble de ces travaux montre que de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pourraient être envisagées pour lutter contre le VHCThe hepatitis C virus (HCV) relies on cellular factors to complete its life cycle and persist in its host. One of the strategies employed by our laboratory is the in-depth study of the network of virus-host interactions to identify new therapeutic cellular targets and develop more effective antivirals to overcome viral resistance.During my PhD, I studied two cellular factors involved in the HCV life cycle. The first factor is the ribosomal protein RACK1. We have shown that this protein is specifically required for the HCV IRES-mediated translation but not for the cap-mediated translation. The second factor is the lipid droplets binding protein TIP47. We have shown that this protein is important for both assembly and export of viral particles. This work shows that new therapeutic targets could be considered in the fight against HCV
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Alruwaili, Muhannad Falah. "The Impact of Cytokines and HSV-1 on Rab5 Protein Expression, F-actin Cytoskeleton Rearrangement, and Cell Viability of Uninfected and Virus-Infected M0, M1, and M2 RAW264.7 Murine Macrophages." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1526015378786658.
Full textBooks on the topic "Virus viability in droplets"
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Sachs, Harrison. Viability of Using Herd Immunity to End a Virus Pandemic, How Shutting down the Economy Causes More Deaths During a Virus Pandemic, Why People Are Fearful of Viruses, and the Dire Economic Aftermath of a Virus Pandemic. Independently Published, 2020.
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Sachs, Harrison. Viability of Using a Universal Basic Income As a Stimulus Package to End a Virus Pandemic, How a Universal Basic Income As a Stimulus Package Can Immediately End a Virus Pandemic, and How to Fund a Universal Basic Income As a Stimulus Package. Independently Published, 2020.
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Vinod, Nikhra. Living with COVID-19: The Nemesis, the Hubris, and the Elpis. Heighten Science Publications Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/ebook1004.
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The immuno-thrombo-inflammatory disease: COVID-19 is an acute immuno-thrombogenic inflammatory viral disease manifested by dysfunctions related to multiple organs involved in its pathogenesis. Its incidence and prevalence of is related to environmental viability of the virus, various transmission factors associated with the agent and the host, possible modes of transmission, period of infectiousness, and composition and susceptibility of the population. Whereas respiratory route is dominant mode of transmission, transmission through direct contact or fomite transmission do occur.
Book chapters on the topic "Virus viability in droplets"
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Kishi, Shohei, Yuta Ida, Masashi Yamakawa, and Momoha Nishimura. "Simulation of Virus-Laden Droplets Transmitted from Lung to Lung." In Computational Science – ICCS 2022, 356–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08760-8_30.
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Perrott, Phillipa, and Megan Hargreaves. "Detection of Bacteriophage in Droplets." In Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/29223.
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Pesce, Giulia, Stefania Brocca, Rita Grandori, Sonia Longhi, and Vladimir N. Uversky. "Droplets of life: role of phase separation in virus replication and compartmentalization." In Droplets of Life, 567–615. Elsevier, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823967-4.00019-1.
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Bhagwat, Sanika, Vedant Joshi, and Francine Battaglia. "Assessing Ventilation Strategies to Reduce the Spread of Pathogens in Restaurants." In Sustainable Development. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109634.
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Since first recognizing COVID-19 as a rapidly spreading virus, research has been pursued to determine how to reduce or mitigate the transmission. Many restaurants reduced capacity and increased distance between tables to maintain social distancing. However, patrons remove masks while eating and this does not guarantee the prevention of viral transmission. The goal of this study was to understand how virus spreads in an air-conditioned restaurant using computational fluid dynamics. Three configurations for supply and return vents were modeled in a scenario where a carrier sneezes and releases virus-laden saliva droplets into the air. The distributions of droplets airborne, deposited on surfaces and exhausted through return vents, were compared to determine where vent configuration reduces the risk of infection for patrons. The effect of air changes per hour (ACH) was studied by comparing the percentages of airborne and exhausted droplets. Lastly, two vent configurations were compared in a scenario with multiple diners talking within the span of 2 minutes. A staggered supply vent configuration was found to be most effective in removing airborne particles. Increasing ACH decreased the percentage of airborne particles. Smaller respiratory particles released by activities like talking have a higher percentage being exhausted than larger sneeze droplets.
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Peiris, Malik. "Respiratory tract viruses." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon, 723–34. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0076.
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Viral respiratory infections, including rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza viruses, are a substantial cause of morbidity worldwide. Transmission occurs through direct contact, contaminated fomites, and large airborne droplets, with long-range transmission by small particle aerosols reported in at least some instances of influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clinical syndromes affect the upper and/or lower respiratory tract, including coryza, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Each syndrome can potentially be caused by several viruses, and each respiratory virus can be associated with different clinical syndromes. Measles is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and fatality in tropical countries.
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Fidyawati, Desy, Adrianus Wicaksono, Veronica Septnina Primasari, and Suci Amalia. "Management of Periodontal Emergency during COVID-19 Pandemic." In Dentistry. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106714.
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The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus presents with nonspecific symptoms such as fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, weakness, headache, and diarrhea. The primary mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through direct or indirect inoculation of the mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth) with infectious respiratory droplets or fomites. Periodontal tissue can serve as a barrier to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in infected individuals. There are similarities between COVID-19 and periodontal disease, based on pro-inflammatory cytokines released by the body. A periodontal emergency arises when an acute condition involving the periodontium causes pain, forcing the patient to seek urgent care; therefore, most periodontal treatment can be considered as dangerous work compared to other dental procedures regarding the aspect of bioaerosol generation procedure. Transmission can occur through direct doctor-patient contact, as well as contamination from instruments or surfaces in the dentist’s practice room, and it is recommended to use PPE, to avoid aerosol splashes that occur during the work procedure, where aerosol granules and droplets can last 30 minutes after the treatment procedure is performed. The use of teledentistry is very important in periodontal care, in communication with patients regarding chief compliant, risk factor control, and oral hygiene instruction.
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ter Meulen, Jan H. "Filoviruses." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon, 870–77. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0093.
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Filoviruses are large RNA viruses, of which Ebola virus and Marburg virus cause the most severe forms of viral haemorrhagic fever and have been best-studied because of fear of their misuse as bioterrorism agents. These are zoonotic viruses with reservoirs, most likely fruit-eating bats, in the rainforests of tropical Africa, where they cause sporadic infections and outbreaks among great apes and humans. The primary mode of transmission of Ebola virus to humans often involves contact of hunters with dead animals that serve as amplifying hosts, especially gorillas, chimpanzees, and forest antelopes, whose meat is consumed as ‘bush meat’. Contact with bats has been implicated for both Marburg and Ebola virus. However, the viruses are highly infectious and are transmitted from the index case and subsequently from person to person by all body fluids, including sweat, respiratory droplets, and semen. The viruses can persist in convalescent patients for many months.
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Peiris, Malik. "Respiratory tract viruses." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon, 723–34. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0076_update_001.
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Viral respiratory infections, including coronavirus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza viruses, are a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, most notably the COVID-19 pandemic. Transmission occurs through direct contact, contaminated fomites, and large airborne droplets, with long-range transmission by small particle aerosols reported in at least some instances of influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clinical syndromes affect the upper and/or lower respiratory tract, including coryza, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Each syndrome can potentially be caused by several viruses, and each respiratory virus can be associated with different clinical syndromes. Measles is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and fatality in tropical countries.
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Ahmed, A. A., and A. C. Wada. "Studies on Seed Viability of Some Cowpea Cultivars Inoculated with Single and Mixed Virus Isolates." In Research Highlights in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 6, 128–45. B P International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rhas/v6/3969a.
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Whittle, Hilton C., and Peter Aaby. "Measles." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon, 772–84. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0081.
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Measles is a single-stranded RNA virus that is spread by aerosolized droplets and is highly transmissible. It causes a spectrum of disease ranging from mild in the well-nourished to severe in the malnourished or immunosuppressed: mortality is 3–10% in Africa. At around 10–14 days after infection, the viral prodrome typically consists of runny nose and fever, sometimes also diarrhoea or convulsions; signs include mild conjunctivitis, red mucosae, and (on the buccal mucosa) Koplik’s spots. After 14–18 days a morbilliform rash first appears on the forehead and neck, then spreads to involve the trunk and finally the limbs. Other manifestations include severe conjunctivitis (especially in those who are vitamin A deficient), pneumonitis and enteritis (which may cause profuse diarrhoea).
Conference papers on the topic "Virus viability in droplets"
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Abdullah, Ahmed Rasheed, Adnan Younis, and Mansoor Ali Khan. "Wearable Piezoelectric BioMEMS-based Sensor for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus Droplets Detection." In 2021 IEEE 15th International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine & Engineering (NANOMED). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nanomed54179.2021.9766767.
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Oliveira, Matthew, Jorge L. Jimenez-Rios, Alex Fowler, and Sankha Bhowmick. "Spatial Mapping of Moisture Content and Cellular State During Desiccation Preservation in a Sessile Droplet." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80679.
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The use of sessile droplets in desiccation protocols has been brought into question due to potential inhomogeneity within the samples [1]. The moisture content and the corresponding viability that gets recorded, in most viability studies, represents that of the whole sample and does not account for any variation that may be present within the drop. One reason that trehalose is added to desiccation media as a biopreservative is to create a glassy state around the cell at certain moisture contents [2]. This makes it important to know the local residual moisture contents to better analyze viability results and whether or not the cells are actually capable of reaching a glassy state.
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Shrestha, Rajendra, Juanpablo Delgado, Douglas Fontes, Bernhard Stiehl, Jonathan Reyes, Steven Schroeder, Kareem Ahmed, and Michael Kinzel. "On to Quantifying the Effect of Droplet Size Distribution on the Airborne Transmission of the Virus." In ASME 2022 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2022-87718.
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Abstract This research will study a novel aspect of the physics of COVID-19 transmission associated with actively altering droplet size distribution. Viruses can be transmitted through droplets and aerosols released during speaking, sneezing, and coughing phenomena. We previously found that these distributions can be altered using food ingredients. The study will be carried out to study the hypothesis of relaxed guidance in social distancing and mask usage is possible with the proposed approach using CFD models of human sneezes. The adult human is positioned inside a ventilated room condition and the droplet/aerosols are to be released to explore the impacts of the various distributions that relate to how the food ingredients vary the function, hence, the size of the droplets will be the function of the use of food ingredients. Results study the concentration of droplet particles at various distances away from the mouth, also called exposure maps and indicate that Corn Starch and Xanthum usage increase the exposure intensity level, while Xanthum reducing the exposure area implies that social distancing can be reduced with its use. In contrast, the use of Lozenge and Zingiber reduces the exposure level, related to the increase in the viscosity and reduction of the mass flow rate of saliva.
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Ali Masoomi, Morteza, Mazyar Salmanzadeh, and Goodarz Ahmadi. "Dispersion of Particles Coming Out of the Mouth While Speaking in a Ventilated Indoor Environment." In ASME 2021 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2021-65837.
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Abstract Breathing air that contains virus-infected droplets is the leading cause of Covid-19 transmission. Sneezing, coughing, breathing, and talking of an infected person would generate aerosolized droplets that carry the coronavirus. Earlier research efforts have focused on sneezing and coughing as the primary transmission sources. New experiments and field studies have shown that breathing and talking are also effective mechanisms in spreading viruses. In this article, the dispersion of particles/droplets during speaking is studied. COVID-19 virus is about 120 nanometers and is suspended in saliva or mucus droplets emitted by an injected person. These droplets evaporate in a fraction of a second as they enter the environment and reduce in size. However, the droplets’ viral content remains the same as they move by the room’s airflow. The particles from sneezing and coughing are larger than those released by speaking. As the particles/droplets are small, the effect of gravity is small, and they remain suspended in the air for a long time. Also, being small makes them more easily penetrate the respiratory passages. Using the computational fluid dynamics method in conjunction with the ANSYS-Fluent software, the particle transport and dispersion were simulated. The Eulerian approach modeled the airflow (continuous phase), and the Lagrangian approach modeled the particle (discrete phase) movements. This study also investigated the ventilation system’s effects on the distribution of particles in the indoor environment. The displacement and mixing air distribution systems were considered. Simulation results showed that droplets remain suspended in the room for a relatively long time after evaporation. Large particles were deposited quickly, and a significant percentage of smaller particles were removed by the ventilation system. The concentration of particles in the upper half of the room was also quite low for the mixing ventilation system. This was due to the fact that the room air mixing system is relatively uniform; this uniformity of airflow caused the particles to get trapped quickly. Also, for the displacement system, the room airflow was not uniform; these particles were then dispersed in the room and spent more time in the indoor environment.
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Bruggeman, C. A., W. H. M. Debie, and M. C. E. van Dam-Mieras. "FACTOR VIII IN VIRUS INFECTED CELLS: A LIGHT MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643353.
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Viruses may be important in atherosclerosis as inciters of arterial injury or as modulators of the metabolism of the infected cells. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the members of the herpesvirus family ;that infect human beings. Virus was detected in arterial walls of patients with atherosclerosis (1). The effect of CMV on endothelial cells and on the metabolism of these cells was subject of this study.Human endothelial cells monolayers were established from cells obtained by collagenase treatment of human umbilical cord veins and arteries. The cells were grown in medium 199 containing growth factor and 20% fetal calf serum. All monolayers were near confluency at the time of viral infection. The cells were purified by FACS cell sorting using dilacLDL as marker (2). Infection of endothelial cells was performed using CMV laboratory strains ADI69 and Kerr and wild strains isolated from immunosuppressed patients (obtained by Dr. H.T. Wei land, Dept. Virology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands). Intracytoplasmic and intra-nuclear viral antigens were detected in 10-20% of the endothelial cells by fluorescence microscppy using TRITC-labeled monoclonal antibodies against CMV. Centrifugation of the cell monolayer during virus incubation resulted in an increase in the percentage of virus positive cells. The effect of virus infection on presence ot Tacxor VIII in the cells was studied using fluorescence microscopic examination of cell monolayers using a double staining technique. The presence of factor VIII in the cytoplasm of the cells was demonstrated using FITC-labeled antibodies and viral antigens were demonstrated by TRITC-labeled antibodies The results of these experiments showed that HCMV-infection of endothelial cells resulted in the disappearance of factor VIII from the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells at 48-72 hrs post infection without affecting the viability of the infected cells. The importance of this finding in relation to the function of the endothelial cells will be discussed.References:(1) Melnick, J.L. et al. The Lancet (1983): 644-647.(2) Voyta, J.C. et al. J. Cell Biol. 99 (1984): 2034-2040.
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Ay, Emrah, and Nizami Duran. "Resistance of SARS CoV-2 to Seawater." In The 9th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2022.iii.2.
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SARS CoV-2, which is the cause of Covid-19 disease, has become the only and most important agenda of the world due to its mortality and morbidity that globally affects the whole world. The virus has profoundly affected life all over the world. The lifestyles of people have changed due to the virus. This study is planned to understand how important sea water is in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The study aimed to determine whether there is a risk of sea water in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The effectiveness of seawater on SARS CoV-2 viability has been investigated in different dilutions of seawater in different time periods. Experiments were carried out in three different titrations of SARS CoV-2 in Vero cell lines. Viral replication has been investigated by detecting morphological changes occurring in cells, cell viability, and the RT-PCR method. Seawater has been found to be highly potent inhibitory on SARS CoV-2 about time and dose. Especially within 300 seconds, seawater has been found to inhibit viral replication up to 1/32 dilution. These results show that viral transmission through seawater is quite difficult for people swimming in the sea during the pandemic. Seawater-mediated spread of SARS-CoV-2 is out of the question. However, these results should not be interpreted as the prophylactic activity of saline against viruses, which are obligate intracellular parasites.
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Masoomi, Morteza Ali, Mazyar Salmanzadeh, and Goodarz Ahmadi. "Ventilation System Performance on the Removal of Respiratory Droplets Emitted During Speaking." In ASME 2022 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2022-87732.
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Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 infection pandemic has led to significant loss of lives and worldwide economic disruption. The leading cause of transmission of infectious respiratory diseases is through aerosolized mucous and salivary droplets containing the virus emitted into the environment through respiratory activities. Depending on their initial size, the droplets evaporate or fall to the ground due to gravitational sedimentation. When a droplet evaporates, the droplet nucleus containing all the viruses in the original droplet remains airborne in the environment for a long duration of time. The ventilation system significantly affects the dispersion and removal of particles from the environment. Therefore, poorly ventilated indoor environments increase the risk of disease transmission. The present study modeled a ventilated small office space with two mannequins sitting across a table. It was assumed that one of the mannequins was speaking and emitting small droplets. Then the effect of the ventilation system on the droplets’ transport and dispersion was simulated. In particular, the performance of the displacement and mixing ventilation systems on particle dispersion and deposition in the room were evaluated and compared. These simulations were performed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach with Ansys-Fluent software. The Eulerian approach was used to simulate the airflow field in the room, and the Lagrangian trajectory analysis approach was used for the droplets. Experimental data of the thermal plume above the mannequin’s head were used to validate the airflow simulation results. The results showed that the displacement ventilation system has better performance (almost three times more) in removing particles from the environment than the mixing ventilation system.
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Gaidelys, Vaidas, and Emilija Naudžiūnaitė. "EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SPECTRUM UV AND HINS RAYS ON COVID-19 AND IMPACT OF ECONOMIC PROCESS AND FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PRODUCTS." In 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.726.
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In late 2019, a new coronavirus, known as a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified as a cause of numerous pneumonia cases in Wuhan, a city in Hubei Province, China. This virus quickly spread and caused a global pandemic. 2020, the World Health Organisation (WTO) named the new coronavirus dis-ease COVID-19. Most coronaviruses are non-hazardous, but the new virus that causes COVID-19 is an exception to the rule. The purpose of this article was to evaluate the effects of different spectra of UV and HINS rays on COVID-19 and their market introduction in the context of global demand. There are three main tasks of the study. First, verifica-tion of the latest COVID-19 virus studies in terms of accuracy and test duration, depending on whether a sample is taken from surfaces or from an aerosol. Second, comparison of COVID-19 identification by employing viral polymer-ase chain reaction (PCR), antigen detection and other methods. Third, economic description and justification of the testing algorithm. The results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious coronavirus that causes COVID-19 and is transmitted through air droplets and aerosols as well as through close contacts. The high risk of SARS-CoV-2 spread in confined spaces and through aerosol-generating medical procedures has been confirmed. SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable in air in liquid droplets <1 µm in diameter for up to 3 hours. Aerosol (<5 μm) SARS-CoV-2 persists longer on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard. SARS-CoV-2 is sensitive to ultraviolet light. The use of UV and HINS rays in the production of COVID-19 products also has a significant impact on national economies.
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Darihaki, Farzin, Siamack A. Shirazi, and Qingshan Feng. "A Transient Approach for Estimating Concentration of Water Droplets in Oil and Corrosion Assessment in the Oil and Gas Industry." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5465.
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Abstract Water-in-oil dispersion modeling is critical to assess the internal corrosion in pipelines, specifically for the oil and gas industry applications. In many oil transportation facilities, a small amount of water could be entrained in production fluids. Turbulence can break out the water into the form of tiny droplets. Under certain conditions in horizontal or inclined pipelines, water droplets can settle and contact the wall which may lead to CO2 and/or O2 or other forms of corrosion and damage the transport system integrity. In the present study, a novel transient approach has been developed that provides water concentrations across the pipe section. A one-dimensional transient finite-difference computational model has been used to determine concentration distribution in a vertical direction across the pipe. Calculated water fractions using the transient model is compared to experimental data and more comprehensive 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach for various flow conditions and watercuts that shows the viability of the simplified one-dimensional approach. The proposed model is capable of predicting water dispersion at different locations and could be utilized for various pipe-flow systems. Furthermore, water in the form of droplets or liquid film can result in corrosion when it wets the pipeline surface. Consequently, the calculated water concentration at the bottom of the pipe assists in determining wettability of the pipe surface by water and evaluating the corrosion risk along the pipeline.
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Vekhter, E. V., N. S. Zhamantaev, V. V. Chertkova, and A. V. Shklyar. "Research of Materials and Constructions for Designing the Shell of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Apparatus for Patients with COVID-19." In 32nd International Conference on Computer Graphics and Vision. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/graphicon-2022-1077-1082.
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The main aim of this article is to determine ways of solving problems of designing the shell of the pulmonary rehabilitation system taking into account specifics of medical procedure, anthropometric characteristics and calculation of ergonomic factors. It is also important for choosing materials and designing to consider influence of such factors as viability of the virus on different materials and possibility of its effective disinfection and utilization. Scientific novelty of this work consists in studying virulence of coronavirus infection on different materials and constructions for designing the pulmonary rehabilitation apparatus. As a result, 3D models were made and calculated, based on the criteria put forward, three different versions of the medical equipment housing for rehabilitation.
Reports on the topic "Virus viability in droplets"
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Buckley, Patricia E., Kevin P. O'Connell, and Gary D. Ouellette. Review of Vaccinia Virus and Baculovirus Viability Versus Virucides. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada480422.
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Dyakova, Lora, Tanya Zhivkova, Rossen Spasov, Reni Kalfin, and Radostina Alexandrova. Disulfiram as a New Potential Anticancer Agent – Influence on Viability and Proliferation of Virus-transformed Tumour Cells. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.11.14.
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Whitham, Steven A., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Post-transcriptional Regulation of Host Genes Involved with Symptom Expression in Potyviral Infections. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593391.bard.
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Understanding how RNA viruses cause disease symptoms in their hosts is expected to provide information that can be exploited to enhance modern agriculture. The helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) protein of potyviruses has been implicated in symptom development. Previously, we demonstrated that symptom expression is associated with binding of duplex small-interfering-RNA (duplex-siRNA) to a highly conserved FRNK amino acid motif in the HC-Pro of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). This binding activity also alters host microRNA (miRNA) profiles. In Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), which infects the model plant Arabidopsis, mutation of the FRNK motif to FINK was lethal providing further indication of the importance of this motif to HC-Pro function. In this continuation project, our goal was to further investigate how ZYMV and TuMV cause the mis-expression of genes in cucurbits and Arabidopsis, respectively, and to correlate altered gene expression with disease symptoms. Objective 1 was to examine the roles of aromatic and positively charged residues F164RNH and K215RLF adjacent to FR180NK in small RNA binding. Objective 2 was to determine the target genes of the miRNAs which change during HC-Pro expression in infected tissues and transgenic cucumber. Objective 3 was to characterize RNA silencing mechanisms underlying differential expression of host genes. Objective 4 was to analyze the function of miRNA target genes and differentially expressed genes in potyvirus-infected tissues. We found that the charged K/R amino acid residues in the FKNH and KRLF motifs are essential for virus viability. Replacement of K to I in FKNH disrupted duplex-siRNA binding and virus infectivity, while in KRLF mutants duplex-siRNA binding was maintained and virus infectivity was limited: symptomless following a recovery phenomenon. These findings expanded the duplex-siRNA binding activity of HC-Pro to include the adjacent FRNK and FRNH sites. ZYMV causes many squash miRNAs to hyper-accumulate such as miR166, miR390, mir168, and many others. Screening of mir target genes showed that only INCURVATA-4 and PHAVOLUTA were significantly upregulated following ZYMVFRNK infection. Supporting this finding, we found similar developmental symptoms in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing P1-HC-Pro of a range of potyviruses to those observed in miR166 mutants. We characterized increased transcription of AGO1 in response to infection with both ZYMV strains. Differences in viral siRNA profiles and accumulation between mild and severe virus infections were characterized by Illumina sequencing, probably due to the differences in HC-Pro binding activity. We determined that the TuMV FINK mutant could accumulate and cause symptoms in dcl2 dcl4 or dcl2 dcl3 dcl4 mutants similar to TuMV FRNK in wild type Arabidopsis plants. These dcl mutant plants are defective in antiviral defenses, and the results show that factors other than HC-ProFRNK motif can induce symptoms in virus-infected plants. As a result of this work, we have a better understanding of the FRNK and FKNH amino acid motifs of HC-Pro and their contributions to the duplex-siRNA binding functions. We have identified plant genes that potentially contribute to infectivity and symptoms of virus infected plants when they are mis-expressed during potyviral infections. The results establish that there are multiple underlying molecular mechanisms that lead viral pathogenicity, some dependent on HC-Pro. The potential benefits include the development of novel strategies for controlling diseases caused by viruses, methods to ensure stable expression of transgenes in genetically improved crops, and improved potyvirus vectors for expression of proteins or peptides in plants.