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Italo, Giuffre. "Sars-Cov-2 Virus and Eye." Open Access Journal of Ophthalmology 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajo-16000238.
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It is a minireview about the impact of SARS COVID-19 pandemia on Ophthalmology. Since 1990’s this virus was studied and some researchers showed its retinotropism. Nowadays, according to the World Health Organization guidelines, we explain how Italian ophthalmologist and nurses faced the effect of this pandemia on our daily work.
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Sequera, Guillermo. "SARS-Cov 2, a virus for rheumatologists." Revista Paraguaya de Reumatología 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/rpr/2020.06.02.48.
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Kaptan, Figen. "SARS-CoV-2 ve İnfluenza Virüs Birlikteliği." Flora the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology 25, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/flora.70015.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 was initially identified in the Chinese city Wuhan on 29 December 2019. The infection has rapidly spread all over the world, and the World Health Organization declared the infection a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The disease, named coronavirus disease 19, has similar modes of transmission and clinical features with influenza, and coinfections have also been reported during the course of coronavirus disease 19. Studies have shown that the ratio of coinfections ranged widely among studies, and the clinical presentation in coinfections has varied from mild to severe disease leading to death. Detection of coinfection is important in order to plan the optimal treatment and improve clinical outcome. Studies reveal that nonpharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing and changes in population behavior implemented for coronavirus disease 19 have also reduced influenza transmission.
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Vodolazhskiy, D. I. "POTENTIAL ONCOGENICITY OF SARS-COV-2 VIRUS." Современные проблемы науки и образования (Modern Problems of Science and Education), no. 4 2022 (2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/spno.31864.
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Maroto Vela, María del Carmen. "SARS-CoV-2: Problems and uncertainties." ANALES RANM 137, no. 137(02) (September 30, 2020): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32440/ar.2020.137.02.rev01.
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Heinz, Franz X., and Karin Stiasny. "Profile of SARS-CoV-2." Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 132, no. 21-22 (October 30, 2020): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01763-1.
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SummaryThe recent emergence of a new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2, SARS-CoV-2) that is transmitted efficiently among humans and can result in serious disease and/or death has become a global threat to public health and economy. In this article, we describe some of the most important characteristics of this new virus (including gaps in our understanding) and provide a perspective of ongoing activities for developing virus-specific countermeasures, such as vaccines and antiviral drugs.
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Polz-Dacewicz, Małgorzata. "Novel coronavirus – SARS CoV-2." Polish Journal of Public Health 129, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjph-2019-0026.
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AbstractCoronaviruses cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds. In late December, 2019, patients presenting with viral pneumonia due to an unidentified microbial agent were reported in Wuhan, China. A novel coronavirus was subsequently identified as the causative pathogen, provisionally named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). This virus appears to be a new human pathogen. In this article the biology of virus has been described, replication cycle and epidemiology of COVID 19. The next part discusses current methods of laboratory diagnostics. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has focused attention on the need to develop effective therapies against the causative agent, SARS-CoV-2. Researchers are therefore focusing on steps in the CoV replication cycle that may be target to inhibition by broad-spectrum or specific antiviral agents. Many laboratories focus on vaccine development. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will be essential to reduce morbidity and mortality if the virus establishes itself in the human population.
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Sánchez-Cárdenas, Mayté, Bárbara Toledo-Pimentel, Yanira Zaita-Ferrer, and Rigoberto Fimia-Duarte. "VIRUS SARS-CoV-2 Y PERIODONTITIS." Paideia XXI 11, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31381/paideia.v11i1.3720.
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Diversos artículos científicos han propuesto hipótesis para asociar la enfermedad producida por el virus del SARS-CoV-2 con la periodontitis. Adentrarse en los posibles factores e indicadores de riesgo constituyen elementos esenciales para comprender el papel del virus en la patogenia de la periodontitis, indican la necesidad de un trabajo mancomunado de médicos y periodontólogos en el protocolo de prevención y control de la COVID-19. Se considera que la relación entre estas enfermedades es bidireccional, el efecto del virus en el sistema inmunológico puede agravar la periodontitis y por otro lado los efectos de los mediadores químicos de la periodontitis pueden hacer más vulnerable al paciente una vez contagiado por el SARS-CoV-2 para desarrollar una coinfección.
Palabras clave: COVID-19 - periodontitis - SARS-CoV-2 - virus
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Gorkhali, Ritesh, Prashanna Koirala, Sadikshya Rijal, Ashmita Mainali, Adesh Baral, and Hitesh Kumar Bhattarai. "Structure and Function of Major SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Proteins." Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 15 (January 2021): 117793222110258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11779322211025876.
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SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic, has a genomic organization consisting of 16 nonstructural proteins (nsps), 4 structural proteins, and 9 accessory proteins. Relative of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, has genomic organization, which is very similar. In this article, the function and structure of the proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are described in great detail. The nsps are expressed as a single or two polyproteins, which are then cleaved into individual proteins using two proteases of the virus, a chymotrypsin-like protease and a papain-like protease. The released proteins serve as centers of virus replication and transcription. Some of these nsps modulate the host’s translation and immune systems, while others help the virus evade the host immune system. Some of the nsps help form replication-transcription complex at double-membrane vesicles. Others, including one RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and one exonuclease, help in the polymerization of newly synthesized RNA of the virus and help minimize the mutation rate by proofreading. After synthesis of the viral RNA, it gets capped. The capping consists of adding GMP and a methylation mark, called cap 0 and additionally adding a methyl group to the terminal ribose called cap1. Capping is accomplished with the help of a helicase, which also helps remove a phosphate, two methyltransferases, and a scaffolding factor. Among the structural proteins, S protein forms the receptor of the virus, which latches on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor of the host and N protein binds and protects the genomic RNA of the virus. The accessory proteins found in these viruses are small proteins with immune modulatory roles. Besides functions of these proteins, solved X-ray and cryogenic electron microscopy structures related to the function of the proteins along with comparisons to other coronavirus homologs have been described in the article. Finally, the rate of mutation of SARS-CoV-2 residues of the proteome during the 2020 pandemic has been described. Some proteins are mutated more often than other proteins, but the significance of these mutation rates is not fully understood.
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Halpert, Gilad, and Yehuda Shoenfeld. "SARS-CoV-2, the autoimmune virus." Autoimmunity Reviews 19, no. 12 (December 2020): 102695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102695.
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Burić, Nina, and Simona Stojanović. "Occupational hazard for Dental staff exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus during Dental procedures." Acta stomatologica Naissi 36, no. 81 (2020): 1995–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/asn2081995b.
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Introduction: The dental profession is a high-risk profession, considering the aspect of a possible 100% infection from patients who are carriers of bacterial, viral and fungal diseases during dental interventions. Aim: To perform the analysis of all data that explain the possibility of a SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in dental practice. Material and Methods: The literature data on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus, and its characteristics and behavior in the external environment and in living tissues was analyzed. Databases from the Medline, Cochrane Library, Science-Direct, EMBASE, and Google scholar libraries were used, as well as other sources of literature information about this virus. Results: SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus, which has a submicron size and the ability to survive in various environments. The retention of SARS-CoV-2 virus in air / aerosol lasts an average of 3 hours, while the half-life of this virus is 5 to 6 hours on stainless steel and 6 to 8 hours on plastic. Infected patients with SARS-CoV-2 virus develop COVID-19 disease, which manifests itself through presymptomatic, symptomatic and post-symptomatic periods of the disease. Conclusion: The SARS-CoV-2 virus can be found in aerosols generated by dental equipment, which uses compressed air for its work. Protection of dentists and staff from infection with the virus is possible by wearing an N95 respiratory mask with protection levels 2 and 3, which has a filtration efficiency, i.e. retention of submicron particles with an efficiency of ≥ 98%. Waterproof goggles with a protective visor or a special industrially designed facial visor in the form of a full face mask, which has its own motor for the supply of filtered air to the mask, and which prevents the contamination of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth from liquid or solid aerosol in the air, need to be used. Other disposable protective equipment also must be waterproof. Korona virus izaziva prehladu kod ljudi, koja ima uobičajne simptome prehlade gornjih respiratornih puteva; zahvata nosnu šupljinu,a ponekad se širi i na ždrelo, larinks i sinuse 5,6,7 . Sa druge strane, SARS-CoV-2 virus, koji je izazivač masovne/globalne virusne infekcije, ima sličnosti sa druga dva korona virusa -beta korona virusom (SARS-CoV-1) i virusom srednjeistočnog respiratonog sindroma (MERS-CoV).
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Bakhat, Shaista, and Yasmeen Taj. "Characteristic Features of SARS CoV-2." Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College 11, no. 03 (July 1, 2021): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51985/fnwg4302.
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Corona-virus arose from China, spread globally and has become a great challenge for health care workers and Governments of several countries. This virus is transmitted predominately through respiratory droplets by symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers. The disease manifests itself with fever, dry cough and shortness of breath, these symptoms may be mild or have fatal outcomes. This virus attaches to the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) receptor, in the lung. This assessment, recapitulates the existing awareness of host features and the paths that are activated with HCOV (Human Corona virus) infection highlighting the infection derived stress response, autophagy, apoptosis and natural defense mechanism. The interaction of virulence tactics utilized by HCOV is also reviewed. This virus can be detected in the laboratory with help of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), with up to 50%-69% false negative results. Treatment agenda is supportive therapy including supplemental oxygen, antipyretic, dexamethasone and ventilators.
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Rahimlou, Bahman, Niki Ghanbari Mohammadi, Rasoul Rashidi, and Sara Ghaffarpour. "Immune System Vs. SARS-CoV-2." Immunoregulation 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/immunoregulation.5.1.7.
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In 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus caused one of the biggest virus pandemics called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). This virus has been responsible for the death of millions of people around the world. The biological function of SARS-CoV-2 and its pathophysiology mechanisms, as well as the host immunity against this virus, has attracted the attention of the scientific community all over the world. The current study reviewed innate and acquired immune responses following COVID-19 infection. These immune responses are probably involved in the severity of the disease and death. Also, the cause and consequence of potential clinical strategies to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection have been proposed.
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Firudin qızı Əmirova, Mahirə, Firəngiz Eyvaz qızı Quliyeva, and Gülnarə İbrahim qızı Əzizova. "Modern mechanisms of SARS-COV-2 Spread and its correction." NATURE AND SCIENCE 16, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/16/5-13.
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Koronavirus infeksiyası son onilliklərdə yayılmış pandemiyaların yüksək ölüm göstəricisi ilə fərqlənən və ən geniş yayılmış formalarından biridir. Koronavirusun hazırkı forması əsasən ağır kəskin respirator sindrom (SARS-CoV) ilə nəticələnir, beləliklə SARS-CoV-nin profilaktikası və müalicəsi tibbin ən aktual problemlərindən birinə çevrilmişdir. Ancaq orqanların zədələnməsi və xəstəliyin yayılması ilə nəticələnən virusun toxumalara daxil olmasının incə mexanizmlərini bilmədən bu mümkün deyil. SARS-CoV-2 virusun hədəf hüceyrələrə spayk zülalınının aktiv angiotenzin II əmələ gətirən angiotenzin-çevirici ferment-2 (ACE2) vasitəsilə birləşməsi aşkar edilmişdir; SARS virusu həmçinin CD147 hüceyrə reseptoruna da bağlana bilər. Bu reseptorlar əsasən tənəffüs və mədə-bağırsaq traktının epitel hüceyrələrinin səthində yerləşir və infeksiyanın giriş qapılarıdır. Virus hüceyrəyə birləşdikdən sonra spayk zülalı 2-ci tip transmembran serin proteaza vasitəsilə proteolizə uğradıqdan sonar S1 və S2 subvahidlərə parçalanır; bundan sonra virus endositozu aktivləşdirir. SARS-CoV-2 I və II tip alveositləri, həmçinin endotel hüceyrələrini zədələyə bilir. Bu proses, bu yazıda ətraflı təsvir olunmuş iltihab əleyhinə sitokinlərin ekspressiyası və sekresiyası ilə nəticələnir. SARS virulentliyinin inkişaf mexanizmlərinin qarşısının alınması üçün nəzərdə tutulmuş preparatlar bu günkü rəsmi protokolların əsasını təşkil edir. Açar sözlər: antioksidant terapiya, SARS-CoV, sitokin tufanı, oksigenin aktiv formaları
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Silva O., Francisco, and Marcela Cifuentes D. "Retrato microbiológico SARS-CoV-2." Revista Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile 31, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/2735-7996.2020.69902.
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SARS-CoV-2 es un βeta-coronavirus perteneciente a la familia Coronaviridae. Es un virus envuelto, cuyo material genético corresponde a ARN polaridad positiva, no segmentado y cuya envoltura le confiere gran susceptibilidad a los detergentes.
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Pattnaik, Bramhadev, Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh, Rajangam Sridevi, Mahendra P. Yadav, Chandan Shivamallu, Shiva Prasad Kollur, Chandan Dharmashekar, and Sharanagouda S. Patil. "QUASISPECIES FEATURE IN SARS-CoV-2." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(5).591.597.
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Since the identification of the SARS-CoV-2, genus Beta- Coronavirus, in January 2020, the virus quickly spread in less than 3 months to all continents with a susceptible human population of about a 7.9billion, and still in active circulation. In the process, it has accumulated mutations leading to genetic diversity. Regular emergence of variants of concern/significance in different ecology shows genetic heterogeneity in the base population of SARS-CoV-2 that is continuously expanding with the passage of the virus in the vast susceptible human population. Natural selection of mutant occurs frequently in a positive sense (+) single-stranded (ss) RNA virus upon replication in the host. The Pressure of sub-optimal levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies and also innate immunity influence the process of genetic/ antigenic selection. The fittest of the mutants, that could be more than one, propagate and emerge as variants. The existence of different lineages, clades, and strains, as well as genetic heterogeneity of plaque purified virus population, justifies SARS-CoV-2 as ‘Quasispecies’ that refers to swarms of mutant sequences generated during replication of the viral genome, and all mutant sequences may not lead to virion. Viruses having a quasispecies nature may end up with progressive antigenic changes leading to antigenic plurality that is driven by ecology, and this phenomenon challenges vaccination-based control programs.
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Bojkova, Denisa, Marco Bechtel, Katie-May McLaughlin, Jake E. McGreig, Kevin Klann, Carla Bellinghausen, Gernot Rohde, et al. "Aprotinin Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication." Cells 9, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 2377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9112377.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the current coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Protease inhibitors are under consideration as virus entry inhibitors that prevent the cleavage of the coronavirus spike (S) protein by cellular proteases. Herein, we showed that the protease inhibitor aprotinin (but not the protease inhibitor SERPINA1/alpha-1 antitrypsin) inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in therapeutically achievable concentrations. An analysis of proteomics and translatome data indicated that SARS-CoV-2 replication is associated with a downregulation of host cell protease inhibitors. Hence, aprotinin may compensate for downregulated host cell proteases during later virus replication cycles. Aprotinin displayed anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in different cell types (Caco2, Calu-3, and primary bronchial epithelial cell air–liquid interface cultures) and against four virus isolates. In conclusion, therapeutic aprotinin concentrations exert anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. An approved aprotinin aerosol may have potential for the early local control of SARS-CoV-2 replication and the prevention of COVID-19 progression to a severe, systemic disease.
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Lino, Alexandra, Marita A. Cardoso, Helena M. R. Gonçalves, and Paula Martins-Lopes. "SARS-CoV-2 Detection Methods." Chemosensors 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10060221.
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A fast and highly specific detection of COVID-19 infections is essential in managing the virus dissemination networks. The most relevant technologies developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection, along with their advantages and limitations, will be presented and fully explored. Additionally, some of the newest and emerging COVID-19 diagnosis tools, such as biosensing platforms, will also be introduced. Considering the extreme relevance that all these technologies assume in pandemic control, it is of the utmost relevance to have an intrinsic knowledge of the parameters that need to be taken into consideration before choosing the most adequate test for a particular situation. Moreover, the new variants of the virus and their potential impact on the detection method’s effectiveness will be discussed. In order to better manage the pandemic, it is essential to maintain continuous research into the SARS-CoV-2 genome and updated genomic surveillance at the global level. This will allow for timely detection of new mutations and viral variants, which may affect the performance of COVID-19 detection tests.
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Todorović, Gordana, Aleksandar Joldžić, Slađana Anđelić, and Darko Nedeljković. "SARS-COV-2 transmission among family members." Halo 194 26, no. 3 (2020): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/halo26-28178.
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Introduction/Objective Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) is a new respiratory disease -COVID-19. A virus from the Coronaviridae family, highly contagious and virulent took over the world in a very short time causing the 2019/2020 pandemic. We are presenting the case of COVID-19 transmission among family members, patients of various ages, sex, clinical presentation and findings, who have been infected in different ways. Case reports Three patients are described, all with different coronavirus-specific symptomatology. Symptoms ranged from fatigue and loss of appetite with no other, more prominent symptoms in the youngest patient, to fever, high temperature, diarrhoea, muscle ache and chest pain during inspiration in the oldest patient. The third patient's dominant symptoms were dry, non-productive cough, lack of oxygen, shortness of breath and perspiration on exertion, headache and normal temperature, with radiographically confirmed bilateral pneumonia. Laboratory findings (leukopenia, lymphocytopenia with elevated C-reactive protein levels, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and lactate dehydrogenase levels) were consistent with a viral infection, highly suspicious of SARS-COV-2, which was confirmed with a real-time RT-PCR test in all three patients. After being hospitalized in the Clinical Hospital Center "Zemun" Department of Pulmonology and treated with symptomatic, antiviral and antibiotic therapy, the disease regressed and the RT-PCR tests became negative. Conclusion SARS-COV-2 is a very aggressive and potent cause of the coronavirus disease. The presented cases confirm the possibility of quick transmission within a family through direct and indirect contact, as well as the diversity of symptoms, laboratory and clinical findings. Our clinical examples are similar in symptomatology and available results to cases from other parts of the world hit with the pandemic.
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Hocher, Berthold, Anne Schönbrunn, Xin Chen, Bernhard K. Krämer, and Volker von Baehr. "Outliers Matter—Correlation between S1 IgG SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies." Microorganisms 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102067.
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Vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus or infection with SARS-CoV-2 will lead to the development of IgG antibodies against the S1 protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, even despite having high levels of IgG antibodies against the S1 protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, (re-)infection may occur. We thus examined 2994 consecutive blood samples of outpatients from the Berlin-Brandenburg area in Germany in which IgG antibodies against the S1 protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies were determined from the same sample. When analyzing the entire study population (2994 outpatients), we saw that S1 IgG antibodies (women: 223.98 ± 3.81; men: 207.80 ± 4.59; p = 0.014) and neutralizing antibodies (women: 66.65 ± 0.82; men: 62.88 ± 1.01; p = 0.021) are slightly higher in women than in men. Curve fitting revealed a good non-linear relationship between S1 IgG and neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. However, 51 out of the 2994 blood samples from individual subjects were positive with regard to the neutralizing antibodies and at the same time negative for S1 IgG antibodies, and 112 out of the 2994 blood samples from individual subjects were negative with regard to the neutralizing antibodies and at the same time positive for S1 IgG antibodies. In conclusion, our study shows that there is a relevant number of patients who, despite developing significant titers of S1 antibodies, do not have relevant amounts of neutralizing antibody titers and are probably at high risk of (re-)infection.
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Bojkova, Denisa, Jake E. McGreig, Katie-May McLaughlin, Stuart G. Masterson, Magdalena Antczak, Marek Widera, Verena Krähling, et al. "Differentially conserved amino acid positions may reflect differences in SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV behaviour." Bioinformatics 37, no. 16 (February 9, 2021): 2282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btab094.
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Abstract Motivation SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus currently causing a pandemic. Here, we performed a combined in-silico and cell culture comparison of SARS-CoV-2 and the closely related SARS-CoV. Results Many amino acid positions are differentially conserved between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, which reflects the discrepancies in virus behaviour, i.e. more effective human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and higher mortality associated with SARS-CoV. Variations in the S protein (mediates virus entry) were associated with differences in its interaction with ACE2 (cellular S receptor) and sensitivity to TMPRSS2 (enables virus entry via S cleavage) inhibition. Anti-ACE2 antibodies more strongly inhibited SARS-CoV than SARS-CoV-2 infection, probably due to a stronger SARS-CoV-2 S-ACE2 affinity relative to SARS-CoV S. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV displayed differences in cell tropism. Cellular ACE2 and TMPRSS2 levels did not indicate susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, we identified genomic variation between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV that may reflect the differences in their clinical and biological behaviour. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Havranek, Katherine Elizabeth, Ariana R. Jimenez, Marissa Danielle Acciani, Maria Fernanda Lay Mendoza, Judith Mary Reyes Ballista, Darren Austin Diaz, and Melinda Ann Brindley. "SARS-CoV-2 Spike Alterations Enhance Pseudoparticle Titers and Replication-Competent VSV-SARS-CoV-2 Virus." Viruses 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121465.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the most recent global pandemic that has caused more than a million deaths around the world. The spike glycoprotein (S) drives the entry and fusion of this virus and is the main determinant of cell tropism. To explore S requirements for entry under BSL2 conditions, S has been pseudotyped onto vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) or retroviral particles with varied success. Several alterations to S were demonstrated to improve pseudoparticle titers, but they have not been systematically compared. In this study, we produced pseudotyped VSV particles with multiple modifications to S, including truncation, mutation, and tagging strategies. The main objective of this study was to determine which modifications of the S protein optimize cell surface expression, incorporation into pseudotyped particles, and pseudoparticle entry. Removal of the last 19 residues of the cytoplasmic tail produced a hyper-fusogenic S, while removal of 21 residues increased S surface production and VSV incorporation. Additionally, we engineered a replication-competent VSV (rVSV) virus to produce the S-D614G variant with a truncated cytoplasmic tail. While the particles can be used to assess S entry requirements, the rVSV∆G/SMet1D614G∆21 virus has a poor specific infectivity (particle to infectious titer ratio).
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Vučanović, Tijana. "The impact of SARS - CoV-2 virus on consumer preferences." Poslovna ekonomija 15, no. 1 (2021): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poseko19-32869.
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The SARS-CoV-2 virus appeared in the Chinese city of Wuhan, drastically changing consumer preferences ever since. Globalization and facilitated means of sharing information have had a considerable impact on consumer preferences. These preferences are ranked differently as a result of the unknown future of unfolding crisis. Specific changes in the business environment have caused intensive employment of crisis management and other comparable approaches in the problem-solving process in companies, which ensued as a result of the pandemic. The main purpose of this paper is to explain how consumers change their opinion about the importance of different goods and how companies may utilize these changes towards their own business objectives. The paper also shows how goods are classified according to different types of preferences. The final aim of this analysis is to contribute to a general understanding of how companies could change their business practices to create innovative products and establish better communication channels with their customers and other businesses.
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Cássio Santana Meira, Vinícius Pinto Costa Rocha, Iasmim Diniz Orge, Danielle Devequi Gomes Nunes, Emanuelle de Souza Santos, Gabriela Louise de Almeida Sampaio, Patrícia Kauanna Fonseca Damasceno, et al. "Immunologic Responses against SARS-CoV-2." JOURNAL OF BIOENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO HEALTH 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34178/jbth.v3i2.123.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and quickly spread worldwide becoming a global health problem unprecedented. The infection is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is characterized as a RNA virus with an envelope derived from host cell with glycoprotein spikes, appearing like a crown-like external structure under electron microscope. Due to the aggressive spread profile of SARS-CoV-2, the scientific community is under pressure to generate knowledge about the morphology of the virus and the immune response against SARS-CoV-2, in order to generate useful information for the development of vaccines and methods of immunological diagnosis. Previous knowledge about other coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, were the pillars for understanding the immune response of SARS-CoV-2. Until now, we know that the anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response in the host involves mechanisms related to innate immunity, activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and production of antibodies (IgA, IgG and IgM) against the virus. In spite of being a new pathogen, the literature on SARS-CoV-2 has increased dramatically in the past few months, especially in the immunology field. Here, we review the literature on SARS-CoV-2 immunology, focusing on the innate and adaptative immune responses.
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Гальцова, О. А., and А. Г. Захаренко. "Myocarditis Associated with SARS-CoV-2." Рецепт, no. 5 (November 18, 2021): 646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2021.24.5.004.
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Новая коронавирусная инфекция в настоящей действительности является тем заболеванием, которое уносит миллионы жизней. Вопросы патогенеза и терапии коронавирусной инфекции являются приоритетным направлением. При COVID-19 может наблюдаться фульминантное повреждение миокарда с развитием миокардита. Вирус SARS-CoV-2 следует рассматривать как источник и предиктор повреждения миокарда. В представленной статье собраны данные по обзору информации, касающейся диагностики и терапии фульминантного миокардита, опосредованного SARS-CoV-2. New coronavirus infection is really a disease that takes millions of lives. The issues of pathogenesis and therapy of coronаvirus infection are a priority. Fulminant myocardial damage with the development of myocarditis is relevant in COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 virus should be considered as the source and predictor of myocardial damage. In this article, there are collected the data from a review of information related to diagnostics and therapy of fulminant myocarditis mediated by SARS-CoV-2.
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Fikriani, Choirun Nita, I. Kade Karisma Gita Ardana, and Dwi Listyorini. "The Comparison of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV Genome and Spike Protein Variations." Jurnal Riset Biologi dan Aplikasinya 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jrba.v3n1.p38-44.
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SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that has caused COVID-19 pandemic. This virus is a new variant of the SARS-CoV virus and also closely related to MERS-CoV, which caused similar acute respiratory infections. All these viruses recognize target cells by binding to the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) on Spike protein with receptors. This study aimed to determine the SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV genome structure, Spike protein sequence differences, and variations of RBD’s Receptor Binding Motif (RBM). This research was using data mining approach. Genome sequences were downloaded from NCBI, except for Indonesian samples were downloaded from GISAID. Genomic structures, Spike sequence, and RBD structure were analyzed using Bioedit, followed by protein modelling using SwissModel and PyMol applications. The result showed that the SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV genome shared the same genes yet in different numbers and length. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein sequence was quite similar to SARS-CoV Spike protein, but very different to the Spike protein of MERS-CoV. There were variations of RBD’s RBM structure due to the mutations occurred among these viruses. It is suggested that these differences may increase the affinity between SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to its hACE2 receptor which caused SARS-CoV-2 becomes more infective and spread wider than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, in turn. This result expected to be basic information for the development of SARS-CoV-2 introduction inhibition agent and spreading prevention.
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Valsamatzi-Panagiotou, A., M. Traykovska, G. Y. Miloshev, and R. Penchovsky. "Various therapies against SARS-CoV-2." Acta Microbiologica Bulgarica 39, no. 1 (March 2023): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.59393/amb23390101.
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An outbreak of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection in December 2019 in Wuhan, a province of Chi¬na, has caused a worldwide pandemic that led to devastating effects on healthcare systems and the econ¬omy worldwide. The contagiousness of the infection and the consequences of the disease in everyday life highlighted the great need for a suitable treatment against coronavirus as soon as possible. Therefore, lots of scientists all around the world focused on the discovery of a proper therapy against the virus. The pres¬ent article explains the structure of the virus, the pathophysiology of the infection with SARS-CoV-2, and various therapies against SARS-CoV-2. The first data that concern the effectiveness of vaccines from the countries that have already started mass vaccinations are positive. However, it is very early to conclude about the efficacy of vaccines in the population. The appearance of novel virus mutations raises concerns and forces some countries to impose further restrictions. The latest and the most contagious variant, known as Omicron, seems to decrease the global pandemic significantly. New SARS-CoV-2 therapies are suggest¬ed based on antisense technology.
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Khalid, Mohammad, Anas Alshishani, and Yousef Al-ebini. "Genome Similarities between Human-Derived and Mink-Derived SARS-CoV-2 Make Mink a Potential Reservoir of the Virus." Vaccines 10, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081352.
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SARS-CoV-2 has RNA as the genome, which makes the virus more prone to mutations. Occasionally, mutations help a virus to cross the species barrier. SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans and minks (Neovison vison) are examples of zoonotic spillover. Many studies on the mutational analysis of human-derived SARS-CoV-2 have been published, but insight into the mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 genome of mutations is still required. Here, we performed a mutation analysis of the mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences. We analyzed all available full-length mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences on GISAID (214 genome sequences from the Netherlands and 133 genome sequences from Denmark). We found a striking resemblance between human-derived and mink-derived SARS-CoV-2. Our study showed that mutation patterns in the SARS-CoV-2 genome samples from the Netherlands and Denmark were different. Out of the 201 mutations we found, only 13 mutations were shared by the Netherlands’ and Denmark’s mink-derived samples. We found that six mutations were prevalent in the mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 genomes, and these six mutations are also known to be prevalent in human-derived SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our study reveals that the G27948T mutation in SARS-CoV-2 leads to truncation of ORF8, which was also reported in human-derived SARS-CoV-2, thus indicating that the virus can replicate without the full-length ORF8. These resemblances between mink-derived and human-derived SARS-CoV-2 enable the virus to cross the species barrier and suggest mink a potential reservoir for the virus.
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Arbel, Yuval, Chaim Fialkoff, Amichai Kerner, and Miryam Kerner. "Can Obesity Prevalence Explain COVID-19 Indicators (Cases, Mortality, and Recovery)? A Comparative Study in OECD Countries." Journal of Obesity 2022 (June 20, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4320120.
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SARS-CoV-2 virus disease (COVID-19) is declared a global pandemic with multiple risk factors. Obesity is considered by several researchers as one of the serious risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 virus complications based on recent empirical studies. Yet, other scholars argue in favor of the existence of an obesity survival paradox and criticize the former group of studies on the grounds that they lack controls for race, socioeconomic status, or quality of care. The objective of the current study is to analyze the potential relationships between different SARS-CoV-2 virus indicators and obesity on a country-wide level based on an OECD report. In an attempt to test the counterintuitive possibility of an obesity survival paradox, the proposed empirical model relaxes the assumption of monotonic change by applying the quadratic design and testing which one of the two competing models (i.e., quadratic or linear) better fits the data. Findings suggest more complex relationships between SARS-CoV-2 virus indices and obesity rates than previously thought. Consequently, ethical guidelines referring to priority in intubation and intensive care treatments—published by the Israeli Ministry of Health in April 2020—should account for these complex relationships between obesity and SARS-CoV-2 virus. Indeed, there is a linear increase in mortality rate from SARS-CoV-2 virus with an elevated prevalence of obesity. Yet, other indicators, such as the number of infected per 10,00,000 persons, rates of severe SARS-CoV-2 virus cases, rates of recovered SARS-CoV-2 virus patients, and SARS-CoV-2 virus, as the cause of death exhibit quadratic, rather than linear, patterns. The reasons for these nonlinear patterns might be explained by several conditions such as increased metabolic reserves, more aggressive treatment, other non-SARS-CoV-2 virus complications for obese persons, and unidentified factors that should be examined in future research.
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Huang, Qingrui, and Jinghua Yan. "SARS-CoV-2 virus: Vaccines in development." Fundamental Research 1, no. 2 (March 2021): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2021.01.009.
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Sandor, Adam M., Michael S. Sturdivant, and Jenny P. Y. Ting. "Influenza Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines." Journal of Immunology 206, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 2509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2001287.
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Lejay, Noémie, and Gilles Allali. "Complications neurologiques du virus SARS-CoV-2." Revue Médicale Suisse 18, no. 779 (2022): 855–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2022.18.779.855.
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Dwarakesh B, Ananda Deepak V, Asifa Nikhat M, Bhaskar Reddy K, and Brito Raj S. "Novel corona virus-2019 (SARS CoV-2)." International Journal of Research in Phytochemistry and Pharmacology 10, no. 1 (June 17, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrpp.v10i1.1147.
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Among disparate infectious diseases viral infection in particular challenges survival of mankind across the globe. By superseding those events, 2019 novel (CoVID-19) or SARS-CoV-2 has become a new human health crisis threatening the world. Corona viruses (CoV) are large family of viruses that affects birds and mammals. In humans, Corona virus can cause respiratory tract infection ranging from the common cold to more serious infection such as SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome), MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) and CoVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) which can also become lethal. The Novel corona virus (CoVID-19) originated in 2019, is a novel virus which has not been identified in humans since past. At present, the source of CoVID-19 is not known. Although the infection is presumed to be in origin, person to person transmission is evident. Many supportive and symptomatic therapies where being carried out by the Medical practitioners as per the instructions of World Health Organization (WHO) with a hypothesis and there is no evidence that it works against CoVID-19. best to lower the current crises of infection is prevention and many measures that boosts the immunity are following by the people as directed by the Ministry of AYUSH.
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Delgado, Mariangel, Mariajose Rodríguez, Zoila Moros, Olga Carolina Aristimuño, Christopher Franco, Esmeralda Vizzi, Ferdinando Liprandi, et al. "Estrés celular y SARS-CoV-2." Salus 25, no. 3 (February 16, 2022): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54139/salus.v25i3.129.
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Introducción: El agente etiológico responsable de COVID-19, SARSCoV-2, es un virus ARN perteneciente a la familia Coronaviridae. Durante la replicación, los componentes virales interactúan con la maquinaria celular induciendo alteraciones en la fisiología celular, lo que contribuye a la patogénesis del virus. Método: Revisión bibliográfica en NCBI/Pubmed sobre estrés celular y SARS-CoV-2 Hallazgos de interpretación: Como respuesta a la infección, en la célula hospedadora se activan vías de señalización, cuyo principal objetivo es recuperar la homeostasis y de no lograrlo, inducir a la activación de la muerte celular. Entre las vías de señalización mejor caracterizadas, destacan las rutas de estrés celular como el estrés oxidativo, la UPR (Respuesta a proteínas no plegadas), y la autofagia, las cuales son evolutivamente bien conservadas y además están interconectadas entre sí. Hay fuerte evidencia teórica y experimental de diversas interacciones de algunos componentes de estas rutas con distintas proteínas virales de los coronavirus, y ya se han adelantado algunos estudios con SARS-CoV-2. En esta revisión, resaltamos algunas de las rutas celulares-virus que se han caracterizado hasta el momento.
Reflexiones finales: Aún queda mucho por entender de estas rutas y su relación con las infecciones virales; esto pudiera constituir un importante blanco para la investigación y desarrollo de terapias antivirales.
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Cемак, Г. Р., И. Ю. Жерко, and С. К. Клецкий. "SARS-CoV-2 and Ocular Surface." Офтальмология. Восточная Европа, no. 2 (July 17, 2020): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.10.2.022.
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Эпидемия SARS-CoV-2 представляет глобальную угрозу для общественного здоровья. Известно, что SARS-CoV-2 способен вызывать у зараженных угрожающую жизни дыхательную недостаточность. Существуют данные о способности коронавирусов поражать орган зрения и проникать в организм через конъюнктиву.Мы провели систематический обзор всех доступных публикаций, найденных по запросу (SARS-CoV-2 OR COVID19) AND Ophthalmology в базе данных PubMed. Были проанализированы 42 публикации, включавшие клинические исследования, описания клинических случаев, обзоры и статьи, описывающие организацию офтальмологической помощи в условиях эпидемии.Опубликованные данные говорят о возможности развития конъюнктивита, ассоциированного с SARS-CoV-2. Несмотря на то, что данное проявление COVID-19 наблюдается относительно редко, конъюнктивит сам по себе – явление частое. Поэтому офтальмологи могут быть первыми врачами, контактирующими с пациентами с COVID-19. При этом необходимо помнить, что вирус может содержаться в слезе и конъюнктивальном отделяемом, заставляя принимать меры предосторожности.Риск трансконъюнктивальной передачи SARS-CoV-2 увеличивается при длительном контакте с зараженными. В соответствии с рекомендациями американского общества офтальмологов, медицинским работникам в период эпидемии SARS-CoV-2 необходимо, кроме всего прочего, носить защитные очки. Офтальмологам рекомендуется применять защитные экраны для щелевой лампы.Здоровая глазная поверхность – защита от SARS-CoV-2, поэтому профилактические меры должны включать инстилляции слезозамещающих растворов и при необходимости проведение инъекционных курсов низкомолекулярного натрия гиалуроната. The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic poses a global threat to public health. SARS-CoV-2 is known to cause life- threatening respiratory failure in infected individuals. There is evidence of the ability of coronaviruses to infect the organ of vision and enter the body through the conjunctiva. However, researchers have not yet agreed on whether SARS-CoV-2 uses this strategy.We conducted a systematic review of all available publications found by query (SARS-CoV-2 OR COVID19) AND Ophthalmology in the PubMed database. 42 publications were an alyzed, including clinical trials, clinical case descriptions, reviews, and articles describing the organization of ophthalmic care in an epidemic time.Published data suggest the possibility of conjunctivitis associated with SARS-CoV-2. Although this manifestation of COVID-19 is relatively rare, conjunctivitis itself is a common occurrence. Therefore, ophthalmologists may be the first physicians in contact with patients with COVID-19. It should be remembered that the virus can be contained in the tear and conjunctival discharge and take precautions.The risk of transconjunctival transmission of SARS-CoV-2 increases with prolonged exposure to virus. In accordance with the recommendations of the American Society of Ophthalmologists, medical personnel during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic need to, among other things, wear safety glasses. Ophthalmologists are advised to use protective screens for a slit lamp.
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O, Cobar. "SARS-CoV-2 Orf1ab Genome Mutations, the Driving Force for Virus Pathogenicity." Virology & Immunology Journal 7, no. 4 (November 8, 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000336.
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Introduction: The proteins codified in the Open Reading Frame 1ab -Orf1ab- region of the SARS-CoV-2 genome triggers the virus transcription, replication, and translation processes inside the human cell. Targets: The purpose of the Mini Review is to present a systematic review as of October 31, 2023, on the Orf1ab region mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, with the aim to predict, through the mutations profile on that region, the severity of an infection for a new SARS-CoV-2 variant that could emerge in the near future. Method: Original scientific articles published in Medline, Pubmed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO and BioMed Central databases, official health organizations (WHO, CDC, ECDEC, NIH) electronic publications, and specialized media in the subject, were electronically searched to accomplish the aim of the study. Results: The search on scientific literature on Orf1ab SARS-CoV-2 genome region together with the analyses of the specific mutations, can be an invaluable tool for predict virus variants pathogenicity. Conclusions: The analyses of Orf1ab genome mutations, allows us to predict, through the mutations profile on that region, the severity of an infection for a new SARS-CoV-2 variant that could emerge in the near future. Outlook: As clearly illustrated, the pathogenicity of actual and future SARS-CoV-2 variants can be predicted.
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Urushidani, Masahiro, Akira Kawayoshi, Tomohiro Kotaki, Keiichi Saeki, Yasuko Mori, and Masanori Kameoka. "Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus by dry fogging hypochlorous acid solution and hydrogen peroxide solution." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): e0261802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261802.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is transmitted mainly by droplet or aerosol infection; however, it may also be transmitted by contact infection. SARS-CoV-2 that adheres to environmental surfaces remains infectious for several days. We herein attempted to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus adhering to an environmental surface by dry fogging hypochlorous acid solution and hydrogen peroxide solution. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus were air-dried on plastic plates and placed into a test chamber for inactivation by the dry fogging of these disinfectants. The results obtained showed that the dry fogging of hypochlorous acid solution and hydrogen peroxide solution inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in CT value (the product of the disinfectant concentration and contact time)-dependent manners. SARS-CoV-2 was more resistant to the virucidal effects of aerosolized hypochlorous acid solution and hydrogen peroxide solution than influenza A virus; therefore, higher concentrations of disinfectants or longer contact times were required to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 than influenza A virus. The present results provide important information for the development of a strategy that inactivates SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus on environmental surfaces by spatial fogging.
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Bílek, R., V. Danzig, and T. Grimmichová. "Antiviral activity of amiodarone in SARS-CoV-2 disease." Physiological Research 71, no. 6 (November 25, 2022): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.934974.
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Amiodarone seems to exhibit some antiviral activity in the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Here we have examined the SARS-CoV-2 disease course in the entire population of the Czech Republic and compared it with the course of the disease in patients treated with amiodarone in two major Prague’s hospitals. In the whole population of the Czech Republic SARS-CoV-2 infected 1665070 persons (15.6 %) out of 10694000 (100 %) between 1 April 2020 and 30 June 2021. In the same time period only 35 patients (3.4 %) treated with amiodarone were infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus out of 1032 patients (100 %) who received amiodarone. It appears that amiodarone can prevent SARS-CoV-2 virus infection by multiple mechanisms. In in-vitro experiments it exhibits SARS-CoV-2 virus replication inhibitions. Due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, it may have beneficial effect on the complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 as well. Additionally, inorganic iodine released from amiodarone can be converted to hypoiodite (IO-), which has antiviral and antibacterial activity, and thus can affect the life cycle of the virus.
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Gabdoulkhakova, A. G., R. N. Mingaleeva, A. M. Romozanova, A. R. Sagdeeva, Yu V. Filina, A. A. Rizvanov, and R. R. Miftakhova. "Immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection." Биохимия 89, no. 1 (July 31, 2024): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/10.31857/s0320972524010042.
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According to WHO data, about 800 million of the world population had contracted a coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 by mid-2023. The properties of this virus allowed it to circulate in the human population for a long time, evolving defense mechanisms against the host immune system. The severity of the disease depends largely on the degree of activation of the systemic immune response, including overstimulation of macrophages and monocytes, cytokine production, and triggering of adaptive T- and B-cell responses while SARS-CoV-2 evading from the immune system action. In the review we discussed the immune responses triggered in response to SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into the cell and the malfunctions of the immune system leading to the development of severe disease.
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Novilla, Arina, Iis Herawati, Lilis P. Friliansari, Fini A. Q. Wasdili, N. Ratnaningrum, Diki Hilmi, and Novie E. Mauliku. "Sosialisasi Pencegahan Virus SARS-COV-2 Bagi Mahasiswa Prodi Teknologi Laboratorium Medis (D3) Stikes Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi." SEMINAR NASIONAL PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT 2021 1, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/snpm.v1i1.889.
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Latar Belakang. Pemerintah selalu mengingatkan masyarakat untuk disiplin menerapkan protokol kesehatan, dikarenakan salah satu usaha untuk memutus mata rantai penyebaran virus SARS-COV-2 ini adalah menerapkan 3 M yaitu memakai masker, menjaga jarak dan mencuci tangan. Kegiatan sosialisasi pencegahan virus covid-19 melalui mahasiswa merupakan satu upaya untuk mencegah penyebaran virus tersebut. Metode. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan 11 September 2020 secara daring. Mahasiswa diberikan kuisioner melalui Google Form untuk tracing penyebaran virus SARS-COV-2. Sebelum dilakukan sosialisasi, diberikan pretes. Kegiatan dilanjutkan dengan sosialisasi pencegahan virus SARS-COV-2 oleh 2 narasumber yang diikuti 75 mahasiswa. Materi pertama membahas tentang Pemeriksaan Virus SARS-COV-2, sedangkan materi kedua tentang pengenalan virus SARS-COV-2 dan pencegahannya Kegiatan diakhiri dengan postes. Hasil dan pembahasan. Mahasiswa diberikan kuisioner yang berkaitan dengan tracing pencegahan virus SARS-COV-2. Dari responden 75 mahasiswa, 1 orang (1,3%) pernah demam di atas suhu 37oC, namun mahasiswa tersebut demam bukan karena virus SARS-COV-2. Sebanyak 13% mempunyai riwayat perjalanan keluar kota, dikarenakan beberapa mahasiswa berasal dari luar kota Cimahi. Transportasi yang digunakan adalah motor pribadi (86%), dengan demikian penyebaran virus dapat diminimalisir. Sebanyak 8% ketika sakit mengunjungi tempat pelayanan kesehatan (Puskesmas/RS/klinik). Sebanyak 10% mahasiswa dalam sehari selalu berada di tempat ramai. Ketika di keramaian mahasiswa memakai masker yaitu masker bedah (31%) dan masker kain (69%). Lamanya pemakaian masker 4-6 jam dalam sehari (90%), frekuensi pencucian masker kain setiap hari (79%). Selama beraktivitas menggunakan faceshield (8%). Sedangkan, hasil pretes didapatkan nilai rata-rata 45,6 dan hasil postes didapatkan nilai rata-rata naik menjadi 74,2. Kesimpulan. Adanya sosialisasi tersebut dapat meningkatkan wawasan keilmuan bagi mahasiswa tentang bahaya virus SARS-COV-2, bagaimana cara pencegahannya agar terhindar dari infeksi virus tersebut serta bagaimana cara meningkatkan imunitas tubuh supaya tidak terkena infeksi SARS-COV-2.
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Micochova, Petra, Ambika Chadha, Timi Hesseloj, Franca Fraternali, Jeremy J. Ramsden, and Ravindra K. Gupta. "Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by titanium dioxide surface coating." Wellcome Open Research 6 (March 11, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16577.1.
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Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission occurs via airborne droplets and surface contamination. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating of surfaces is a promising infection control measure, though to date has not been tested against SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Virus stability was evaluated on TiO2- and TiO2–Ag (Ti:Ag atomic ratio 1:0.04)-coated 45 x 45 mm ceramic tiles. After coating the tiles were stored for 2–4 months before use. We tested the stability of both SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped virions based on a lentiviral system, as well as fully infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus. For the former, tile surfaces were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped HIV-1 luciferase virus. At intervals virus was recovered from surfaces and target cells infected. For live virus, after illuminating tiles for 0–300 min virus was recovered from surfaces followed by infection of Vero E6 cells. % of infected cells was determined by flow cytometry detecting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein 24 h post-infection. Results: After 1 h illumination the pseudotyped viral titre was decreased by four orders of magnitude. There was no significant difference between the TiO2 and TiO2–Ag coatings. Light alone had no significant effect on viral viability. For live SARS-CoV-2, virus was already significantly inactivated on the TiO2 surfaces after 20 min illumination. After 5 h no detectable active virus remained. Significantly, SARS-CoV-2 on the untreated surface was still fully infectious at 5 h post-addition of virus. Overall, tiles coated with TiO2 120 days previously were able to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 under ambient indoor lighting with 87% reduction in titres at 1h and complete loss by 5h exposure. Conclusions: In the context of emerging viral variants with increased transmissibility, TiO2 coatings could be an important tool in containing SARS-CoV-2, particularly in health care facilities where nosocomial infection rates are high.
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Micochova, Petra, Ambika Chadha, Timi Hesseloj, Franca Fraternali, Jeremy J. Ramsden, and Ravindra K. Gupta. "Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by titanium dioxide surface coating." Wellcome Open Research 6 (September 9, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16577.2.
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Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission occurs via airborne droplets and surface contamination. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating of surfaces is a promising infection control measure, though to date has not been tested against SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Virus stability was evaluated on TiO2- and TiO2–Ag (Ti:Ag atomic ratio 1:0.04)-coated 45 x 45 mm ceramic tiles. After coating the tiles were stored for 2–4 months before use. We tested the stability of both SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped virions based on a lentiviral system, as well as fully infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus. For the former, tile surfaces were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped HIV-1 luciferase virus. At intervals virus was recovered from surfaces and target cells infected. For live virus, after illuminating tiles for 0–300 min virus was recovered from surfaces followed by infection of Vero E6 cells. % of infected cells was determined by flow cytometry detecting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein 24 h post-infection. Results: After 1 h illumination the pseudotyped viral titre was decreased by four orders of magnitude. There was no significant difference between the TiO2 and TiO2–Ag coatings. Light alone had no significant effect on viral viability. For live SARS-CoV-2, virus was already significantly inactivated on the TiO2 surfaces after 20 min illumination. After 5 h no detectable active virus remained. Significantly, SARS-CoV-2 on the untreated surface was still fully infectious at 5 h post-addition of virus. Overall, tiles coated with TiO2 120 days previously were able to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 under ambient indoor lighting with 87% reduction in titres at 1h and complete loss by 5h exposure. Conclusions: In the context of emerging viral variants with increased transmissibility, TiO2 coatings could be an important tool in containing SARS-CoV-2, particularly in health care facilities where nosocomial infection rates are high.
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Khutade, Kalpesh, Harshada Shah, Samiksha Patil, and Hiren Patel. "The Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Co-infection for the Detection of SARSCOV- 2 and Influenza A Virus by rRT-PCR." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 15, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.2024150102.
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The potential for co-infection with COVID-19 and other respiratory infections raises the possibility that a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mimics the influenza A virus regarding methods and modes of transmission, clinical features, related immune responses, and seasonal coincidence. This study aimed to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus coinfections inadmitted patients of a tertiary care hospital. In this study, the total included 589 admitted patients in our tertiary care hospital. The detectionof co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) in a patientduring the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. There were 207 (35.1%) patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and 43 (7.3%) patientsinfected with the influenza A virus. Only 6 (1.0%) patients were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A viruses. The females were morelikely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 than non-infected SARS-CoV-2 case-patients (60.9% (n = 126) vs. 31.4% (n = 120), and also with theinfluenza A virus compared with influenza-negative patients (40.9% (n = 223) vs. 55.9% (n = 24). In conclusion, our results strongly suggestthat influenza A co-infects with SARS-CoV-2. The patients with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A co-infection had similar clinical characteristics asthose with SARS-CoV-2 infection alone. Comorbidities, like hypertension and diabetes, and increasing age make patients more susceptible toSARS-CoV-2 and influenza A coinfections.
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Alidjinou, Enagnon, Julien Poissy, Mahdi Ouafi, Morgan Caplan, Ilyes Benhalima, Julien Goutay, Claire Tinez, et al. "Spatial and Temporal Virus Load Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2: A Single-Center Cohort Study." Diagnostics 11, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030427.
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an ongoing pandemic. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the gold standard for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and has been applied to different specimen types. Understanding the virus load and virus detection frequency in different specimen types is important to improve diagnosis and estimate the duration of potential infectivity. We conducted a retrospective single-center cohort study on hospitalized and outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed the frequency of virus detection, virus load, and duration of the virus excretion in upper and lower respiratory specimens as well as stool and plasma. We found that the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 detection, the virus load, and duration of virus excretion was higher in lower respiratory tract (LRT) than in upper respiratory tract (URT) specimens. The duration of virus excretion was longer in patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. In conclusion, LRT specimens are the most appropriate specimen type for the detection and follow-up of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Duration of virus excretion is longer in severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Purwandari, Vivi, Yosy Cinthya Eriwaty Silalahi, Artha Yuliana Sianipar, and Ledy Lenta Dirga Indah Mendrofa. "AKTIVITAS PENGHAMBATAN ENZIM PROTEASE 6LU7 VIRUS SARS-COV-2 OLEH SENYAWA DERIVAT KURKUMINOID SECARAIN SILICO." JURNAL FARMANESIA 8, no. 1 (June 26, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51544/jf.v8i1.2779.
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Penggunaan curcumin sebagai penghambat enzim protease 6LU7 virus SARS-COV-2 sebagai bahan alam yang digunakan dalam terapi pendukung untuk menangani COVID-19 masih terdapat perdebatan dikarenakan curcumin dapat meningkatkan kadar protein ACE2 yang merupakan homolog ACE. Protease inhibitor disarankan menjadikan didatobat yang baik untuk menghentikan siklus hidup virus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas penghambatan enzim protease sars-cov-2 senyawa derivate kurkuminoid secara insilico, untuk mengetahui manfaat yang terdapat di dalam senyawa derivate kurkuminoid, dan untuk mengetahu ini lai-nilai senyawa derivate kurkuminoid didalam penghambatan enzim protease sars-cov-2. Metode pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian secara eksperimental dengan cara menguji aktivitas senyawa Derivat Kurkumin terhadap penghambatan enzim protease 6LU7 Virus SARS CoV. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa poses penambatan enzim protease 6LU7 virus SARS-CoV-2 dinyatakan valid, sehingga dapat digunakan untuk penambatan molekulsenyawa uji Derivat Kurkuminoid secara in silico. Senyawa uji Derivat Kurkuminoid mampu menghambat enzim protease 6LU7 Virus SARS-CoV-2. Docking score senyawa uji Derivat Kurkuminoid pada enzim protease 6LU7 virus SARS-CoV-2 lebih rendah dari pembanding. Hasil visualisasi docking terdapat beberapa residu asam amino yang saling berinteraksi diantaranya terdapat ikatan hydrogen.
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Sheibak, V. M., and M. V. Haretskaya. "DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES FOR SARS-COV-2." Journal of the Grodno State Medical University 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2221-8785-2022-20-1-5-12.
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Background. Currently, an active search for effective vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus continues. Purpose. To analyze the literature and assess the status of active vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. Material and methods. We analyzed Russian and English language literature sources on the problem of finding an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Results. Structural proteins of the coronavirus have been analyzed as basic compounds for the development of vaccines. It was found that protein S is an ideal structure for creating vaccines that effectively induce the synthesis of neutralizing antibodies and provide the formation of immunity. Information about current trends in vaccine development has been obtained. Conclusions. The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to mutate, which leads to the emergence of new highly contagious strains such as Delta, Omicron. In this regard, more research and clinical trials are needed to confirm the effectiveness of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, or to continue developing the new ones.
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Auda, Ibtesam Ghadban, Jamela Auda, and Rajaa Hendi Salih. "SARS-CoV-2 and other Coronaviruses: A matter of variations." AL-Kindy College Medical Journal 19, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47723/kcmj.v19i1.927.
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Since the appearance of COVID-19 disease as an epidemic and pandemic disease, many studies are performed to uncover the genetic nature of the newly discovered coronavirus with unique clinical features. The last three human coronavirus outbreaks, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are caused by Beta-Coronaviruses. Horizontal genetic materials transfer was proven from one coronavirus to the other coronavirus of non-human origin like infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) of avian. Horizontal genetic materials transfer was also from non-corona viruses like astroviruses and equine rhinovirus (ERV-2) or from coronavirus-unrelated viruses, like influenza virus type C. However, SARS-CoV-2 is identical to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Interestingly, Wuhan city-SARS-CoV-2 is very similar to two types of bats Coronavirus in RdRp nucleotide sequence to RdRp of SARS-CoV-2 suggesting possible transmission from bats. Moreover, many genomic mutations are found in SARS-CoV-2 genomes suggesting the mutations are developed and the virus is constantly changed. The newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 has a new open reading frame (ORF) that encodes for thirty-eight amino acid peptide chains and has no similar sequence in all reported NCBI data regarding respiratory viruses. The short peptide can serve as an identification target for SARS-CoV-2 detection.
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Andrasili, Johann, and Anak Agung Bagus Ngurah Nuartha. "SINDROM GUILLAIN-BARRE PADA PASIEN DENGAN INFEKSI SARS-COV-2 SELAMA MASA PANDEMI." Callosum Neurology 3, no. 3 (November 25, 2020): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29342/cnj.v3i3.124.
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Latar Belakang: Corona Virus Disease 19 adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus korona yang sekarang dinamakan Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – Corona Virus -2 (SARS-CoV-2). Selain sistem pernapasan, penyakit ini utamanya dapat memengaruhi sistem saraf dalam bentuk penyakit autoimun salah satunya sindrom Guillain-Barre (SGB). Ditemukan sebanyak 12 laporan kasus dari berbagai negara yang menunjukkan pasien terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2 dengan SGB. Tujuan: Untuk menjelaskan patogenesis terjadinya SGB pada infeksi SARS-CoV-2 dan meningkatkan kewaspadaan klinisi terhadap kejadian ini. Diskusi: Keterlibatan SARS-CoV-2 terhadap sistem saraf kemungkinan dapat melalui dua cara, yaitu melalui dugaan kemampuan neurothropic yang terlihat dari virus memasuki bulbus olfaktorius sehingga menyebabkan peradangan dan demielinisasi (neuroinvasif) serta melalui penyakit autoimun. Simpulan: Dengan ditemukannya SGB pada pasien infeksi SARS-CoV-2, maka diperlukan kewaspadaan yang tinggi dari klinisi terhadap hal tersebut. Kata Kunci: Sindrom Guillain-Barre, SARS-CoV-2, Autoimun, Mimikri Molekuler
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Afewerky, Henok Kessete. "Pathology and pathogenicity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)." Experimental Biology and Medicine 245, no. 15 (July 7, 2020): 1299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370220942126.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a beta coronavirus that causes infectious respiratory disease, named as coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). While extensive studies have provided basic information on clinical characteristics of COVID-19, the disease pathology is not fully known. The SARS-CoV-2 virus structural studies and biochemical experiments have also indicated that the virus receptor-binding domain (RBD) binds with a high affinity to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor from humans; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Hereunder, a summary of relevant findings in the SARS-CoV-2 virus pathology and major pathogenicity mechanisms are discussed. This review of studies provides additional enlightenments on the way forward to prevent further spread or even cure for the SARS-CoV-2 virus-caused COVID-19 disease, either-or should a similar viral plague occur in the future. Impact statement The current survey of studies outlines the direct and indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the specific body systems and summarizes the SARS-CoV-2 main pathogenicity mechanisms that require attention during patient hospitalization and for further research.
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Campos, Rafael K., Vidyleison N. Camargos, Sasha R. Azar, Clint A. Haines, Eduardo J. Eyzaguirre, and Shannan L. Rossi. "SARS-CoV-2 Infects Hamster Testes." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061318.
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The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect millions of people worldwide. Although SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus, there is growing concern that the disease could cause damage and pathology outside the lungs, including in the genital tract. Studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection can damage the testes and reduce testosterone levels, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown and evidence of virus replication in testicular cells is lacking. We infected golden Syrian hamsters intranasally, a model for mild human COVID-19, and detected viral RNA in testes samples without histopathological changes up to one month post-infection. Using an ex vivo infection model, we detected SARS-CoV-2 replication in hamster testicular cells. Taken together, our data raise the possibility that testes damage observed in severe cases of COVID-19 could be partly explained by direct SARS-CoV-2 infection of the testicular cells.