Academic literature on the topic 'Virus SARS-CoV-2'
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Journal articles on the topic "Virus SARS-CoV-2"
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Italo, Giuffre. "Sars-Cov-2 Virus and Eye." Open Access Journal of Ophthalmology 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajo-16000238.
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It is a minireview about the impact of SARS COVID-19 pandemia on Ophthalmology. Since 1990’s this virus was studied and some researchers showed its retinotropism. Nowadays, according to the World Health Organization guidelines, we explain how Italian ophthalmologist and nurses faced the effect of this pandemia on our daily work.
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Sequera, Guillermo. "SARS-Cov 2, a virus for rheumatologists." Revista Paraguaya de Reumatología 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/rpr/2020.06.02.48.
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Kaptan, Figen. "SARS-CoV-2 ve İnfluenza Virüs Birlikteliği." Flora the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology 25, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/flora.70015.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 was initially identified in the Chinese city Wuhan on 29 December 2019. The infection has rapidly spread all over the world, and the World Health Organization declared the infection a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The disease, named coronavirus disease 19, has similar modes of transmission and clinical features with influenza, and coinfections have also been reported during the course of coronavirus disease 19. Studies have shown that the ratio of coinfections ranged widely among studies, and the clinical presentation in coinfections has varied from mild to severe disease leading to death. Detection of coinfection is important in order to plan the optimal treatment and improve clinical outcome. Studies reveal that nonpharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing and changes in population behavior implemented for coronavirus disease 19 have also reduced influenza transmission.
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Vodolazhskiy, D. I. "POTENTIAL ONCOGENICITY OF SARS-COV-2 VIRUS." Современные проблемы науки и образования (Modern Problems of Science and Education), no. 4 2022 (2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/spno.31864.
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Maroto Vela, María del Carmen. "SARS-CoV-2: Problems and uncertainties." ANALES RANM 137, no. 137(02) (September 30, 2020): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32440/ar.2020.137.02.rev01.
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Heinz, Franz X., and Karin Stiasny. "Profile of SARS-CoV-2." Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 132, no. 21-22 (October 30, 2020): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01763-1.
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SummaryThe recent emergence of a new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2, SARS-CoV-2) that is transmitted efficiently among humans and can result in serious disease and/or death has become a global threat to public health and economy. In this article, we describe some of the most important characteristics of this new virus (including gaps in our understanding) and provide a perspective of ongoing activities for developing virus-specific countermeasures, such as vaccines and antiviral drugs.
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Polz-Dacewicz, Małgorzata. "Novel coronavirus – SARS CoV-2." Polish Journal of Public Health 129, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjph-2019-0026.
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AbstractCoronaviruses cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds. In late December, 2019, patients presenting with viral pneumonia due to an unidentified microbial agent were reported in Wuhan, China. A novel coronavirus was subsequently identified as the causative pathogen, provisionally named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). This virus appears to be a new human pathogen. In this article the biology of virus has been described, replication cycle and epidemiology of COVID 19. The next part discusses current methods of laboratory diagnostics. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has focused attention on the need to develop effective therapies against the causative agent, SARS-CoV-2. Researchers are therefore focusing on steps in the CoV replication cycle that may be target to inhibition by broad-spectrum or specific antiviral agents. Many laboratories focus on vaccine development. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will be essential to reduce morbidity and mortality if the virus establishes itself in the human population.
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Sánchez-Cárdenas, Mayté, Bárbara Toledo-Pimentel, Yanira Zaita-Ferrer, and Rigoberto Fimia-Duarte. "VIRUS SARS-CoV-2 Y PERIODONTITIS." Paideia XXI 11, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31381/paideia.v11i1.3720.
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Diversos artículos científicos han propuesto hipótesis para asociar la enfermedad producida por el virus del SARS-CoV-2 con la periodontitis. Adentrarse en los posibles factores e indicadores de riesgo constituyen elementos esenciales para comprender el papel del virus en la patogenia de la periodontitis, indican la necesidad de un trabajo mancomunado de médicos y periodontólogos en el protocolo de prevención y control de la COVID-19. Se considera que la relación entre estas enfermedades es bidireccional, el efecto del virus en el sistema inmunológico puede agravar la periodontitis y por otro lado los efectos de los mediadores químicos de la periodontitis pueden hacer más vulnerable al paciente una vez contagiado por el SARS-CoV-2 para desarrollar una coinfección.
Palabras clave: COVID-19 - periodontitis - SARS-CoV-2 - virus
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Gorkhali, Ritesh, Prashanna Koirala, Sadikshya Rijal, Ashmita Mainali, Adesh Baral, and Hitesh Kumar Bhattarai. "Structure and Function of Major SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Proteins." Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 15 (January 2021): 117793222110258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11779322211025876.
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SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic, has a genomic organization consisting of 16 nonstructural proteins (nsps), 4 structural proteins, and 9 accessory proteins. Relative of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, has genomic organization, which is very similar. In this article, the function and structure of the proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are described in great detail. The nsps are expressed as a single or two polyproteins, which are then cleaved into individual proteins using two proteases of the virus, a chymotrypsin-like protease and a papain-like protease. The released proteins serve as centers of virus replication and transcription. Some of these nsps modulate the host’s translation and immune systems, while others help the virus evade the host immune system. Some of the nsps help form replication-transcription complex at double-membrane vesicles. Others, including one RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and one exonuclease, help in the polymerization of newly synthesized RNA of the virus and help minimize the mutation rate by proofreading. After synthesis of the viral RNA, it gets capped. The capping consists of adding GMP and a methylation mark, called cap 0 and additionally adding a methyl group to the terminal ribose called cap1. Capping is accomplished with the help of a helicase, which also helps remove a phosphate, two methyltransferases, and a scaffolding factor. Among the structural proteins, S protein forms the receptor of the virus, which latches on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor of the host and N protein binds and protects the genomic RNA of the virus. The accessory proteins found in these viruses are small proteins with immune modulatory roles. Besides functions of these proteins, solved X-ray and cryogenic electron microscopy structures related to the function of the proteins along with comparisons to other coronavirus homologs have been described in the article. Finally, the rate of mutation of SARS-CoV-2 residues of the proteome during the 2020 pandemic has been described. Some proteins are mutated more often than other proteins, but the significance of these mutation rates is not fully understood.
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Halpert, Gilad, and Yehuda Shoenfeld. "SARS-CoV-2, the autoimmune virus." Autoimmunity Reviews 19, no. 12 (December 2020): 102695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102695.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Virus SARS-CoV-2"
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Condé, Lionel. "Contrôle traductionnel du SARS-CoV-2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENSL0010.
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Endant l’infection virale, la régulation de l’expression des gènes est au cœur des interactions complexes entre l'hôte et le pathogène. Les virus exploitent la machinerie cellulaire de l'hôte pour assurer la synthèse de leurs protéines nécessaires pour la réplication et la propagation de l'infection. C'est notamment le cas lors de l'infection par le SARS-CoV-2, qui induit rapidement une inhibition globale de la traduction cellulaire grâce à l'action de facteurs viraux tels que la protéine Nsp1. Pour produire efficacement ses protéines, le virus doit alors mettre en place des stratégies pour contourner cette inhibition. Le génome du SARS-CoV-2 s'exprime à partir de 10 ARN, l'ARN génomique (ARNg) et 9 ARN sous-génomiques qui possèdent une région leader commune mais des régions 5'UTR uniques pour chacun des transcrits. Mon travail s'est concentré sur les éléments structuraux qui régulent la traduction des différents ARN du SARS-CoV-2.À travers un ensemble d’expériences in vitro (lysat de réticulocytes) et en cellules, nous avons découvert que l’efficacité de traduction variait significativement entre les différents ARN viraux. En particulier, l'ARN génomique, malgré sa structure complexe, se distingue par une efficacité de traduction particulièrement élevée. Nous avons aussi déterminé que la structure tige-boucle SL1, présente dans l’ensemble des transcrits viraux, était un déterminant majeur pour l'expression des ARN et qu'elle jouait également un rôle crucial pour contrer l'inhibition induite par la protéine virale Nsp1. Nous avons établi que l'initiation de la traduction se déroulait par un mécanisme dépendant de la coiffe et nécessitait le complexe eIF4F. Enfin notre étude a également permis de caractériser le rôle de deux courtes phases de lecture ouvertes (uORF) retrouvées dans certaines régions 5'UTR des ARN du SARS-CoV-2; ces uORFs ont des impacts variables selon leur positionDuring viral infection, the regulation of gene expression is central to the complex interactions between the host and the pathogen. Viruses exploit the host's cellular machinery to ensure the synthesis of their proteins, which are necessary for replication and the spread of the infection. This is particularly the case with SARS-CoV-2 infection, which rapidly induces a global inhibition of cellular translation through the action of viral factors such as the Nsp1 protein. To efficiently produce its proteins, the virus must implement strategies to bypass this inhibition. The SARS-CoV-2 genome is expressed from 10 RNAs, the genomic RNA (gRNA) and 9 subgenomic RNAs that possess a common leader region but unique 5'UTR regions for each of the transcripts. My work focused on the structural elements that regulate the translation of the different SARS-CoV-2 RNAs.Through a series of in vitro (reticulocyte lysate) and in-cell experiments, we discovered that the translation efficiency varied significantly among the different viral RNAs. In particular, the genomic RNA, despite its complex structure, distinguishes itself by its remarkably high translation efficiency. We also determined that the SL1 stem-loop structure, present in all viral transcripts, was a major determinant for RNA expression and also played a crucial role in countering the inhibition induced by the Nsp1 viral protein. We established that translation initiation occurred through a cap-dependent mechanism and required the eIF4F complex. Finally, our study also characterized the role of two short upstream open reading frames (uORFs) found in certain 5'UTR regions of SARS-CoV-2 RNAs; these uORFs have variable impacts depending on their position
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Pisil, Yalcin. "The Study on Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and SARS CoV-2 - Neutralization Resistance of SHIV and Neutralization Assay for SARS CoV-2 -." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/264673.
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京都大学新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第23392号
人博第1005号
新制||人||237(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)准教授 三浦 智行, 教授 川本 卓男, 准教授 西川 完途
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies
Kyoto University
DFAM
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Courjon, Johan. "Activation de l’inflammasome NLRP3 au cours des bactériémies à E. coli ou S. aureus et durant l’infection à SARS-CoV-2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ6009.
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A la phase précoce d’une infection bactérienne ou virale l’immunité innée est capable de détecter certains motifs microbiens conservés (PAMP) reconnus par des récepteurs dédiés à ces motifs (PRR) permettant ainsi d’amorcer la réaction pro-inflammatoire via différentes voies de signalisation. Les inflammasomes représentent une catégorie de PRR capable de transformer la pro-IL-1β et la pro-IL-18 en cytokines pro-inflammatoires actives ainsi que d’induire une mort cellulaire pro-inflammatoire nommée pyroptose. NLRP3 est l’inflammasome le plus étudié. De nombreuses bactéries et de nombreux virus ont été décrits comme pouvant soit activer soit inhiber l’inflammasome NLRP3 mais l’implication clinique de cette activation ou inhibition, reste pour le moment indéterminée. L’objectif de ma thèse était d’étudier l’implication de l’inflammasome NLRP3 au cours de la bactériémie chez l’homme. L’apparition de l’épidémie de COVID-19 nous a permis d’élargir cette étude à l’infection par le SARS-CoV-2. Le protocole NLRP3-BACT nous a permis de mettre en œuvre un test cellulaire à partir du sang total afin d’évaluer le niveau d’activation de la Caspase-1 dans les monocytes et polynucléaires neutrophiles (PNN) ainsi que le potentiel d’activation de l’inflammasome NLRP3 dans ces cellules chez des patients présentant une bactériémie à S. aureus ou E. coli via une analyse par cytométrie en flux (signal FAM-FLICA).Le protocole CoVinnate avait pour objectif l’utilisation du test cellulaire précédemment mentionné afin de décrire l’activation d’une partie du système immunitaire inné dans les différentes cellules myéloïdes circulantes des patients COVID-19 ainsi que l’évaluation de ce test en tant qu’outil pronostique.Pour NLRP3-BACT 22 patients ont été inclus depuis le début de de l’étude, 16 ont bénéficié d’une analyse cytométrique. Dans cette première série de patients inclus nous avons mis en évidence que les monocytes présentent un potentiel d’activation de la Caspase-1 par Nigéricine+LPS plus important que les donneurs sains. Par ailleurs, l’activation basale de cette caspase dans les monocytes est plus importante chez les patients de réanimation et ceux infectés par E. coli. Enfin la multiplication de la MFI du signal FAM-FLICA induite par Nigéricine+LPS est plus important pour les patients de médecine comparativement aux patients de réanimation.Pour CoVinnate, 66 patients COVID-19 et 24 donneurs sains ont été inclus durant la période de l’étude. Dans les cellules CD66b+ CD16dim nous avons observé une diminution significative du signal de la sonde FAM-FLICA chez les patients les plus sévères comparativement aux témoins. Au sein des granulocytes, l’activation de la Caspase-1 induite par la Nigéricine était altérée dans les granulocytes CD66b+ CD16dim selon le degré de sévérité des patients. Nous avons enregistré une augmentation de l’activation de NLRP3 induite par la Nigéricine dans les monocytes non-classiques isolés chez les patients les plus graves, cet effet était inversement corrélé au nombre total de monocytes non-classiques. Chez les patients les plus sévères on notait une augmentation du nombre de cellules CD66b+CD16dimCD15+CD10- correspondant à des neutrophiles immatures. Nous avons utilisé la diminution des monocytes non-classiques et le défaut d’activation de NLRP3 par la Nigéricine des granulocytes CD66b+ CD16dim pour construire un score pronostique. Nous avons mis en évidence une corrélation entre ce score et le rapport SpO2 / FiO2 le jour de l’inclusion ainsi que 48 heures plus tard. Nous avons également constaté une association significative de ces deux marqueurs avec l’évolution finale des patients. Mon travail a permis de mieux comprendre l’implication de l’inflammasome NLRP3 chez l’homme au cours de la bactériémie et durant l’infection à SARS-CoV-2. Nous envisageons d’utiliser ces travaux pour caractériser la réponse des patients aux traitements immunomodulateurs utilisés dans la COVID-19 notamment les corticoïdesAt the early phase of bacterial or viral infections, innate immunity is able to detect some conserved microbial motifs (PAMP) recognized by receptors dedicated to these motifs (PRR), thus making it possible to initiate the pro-inflammatory reaction via different signaling pathways. Inflammasomes represent a family of PRR able to transform pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into active pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as inducing a pro-inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis. NLRP3 is the most studied inflammasome. Many bacteria and viruses have been described as being able to either activate or inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, but the clinical implication of this activation or inhibition, under the control of a particular microorganism, remains undetermined at this time.The objective of my thesis was to study the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome during bacteremia in humans. The onset of the COVID-19 epidemic allowed us to expand this study to SARS-CoV-2 infection.The NLRP3-BACT protocol allowed us to implement a cellular test performed on whole blood to assess the level of Caspase-1 activation in monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) as well as the activation potential of the NLRP3 inflammasome in these cells in patients with S. aureus or E. coli bacteremia via flow cytometry (fluorescent inhibitor probe, FAM-FLICA).The objective of the CoVinnate protocol was to use the aforementioned cellular test to describe the activation of a part of the innate immune system in the various circulating myeloid cells of COVID-19 patients as well as the evaluation of this test as a prognostic tool.For NLRP3-BACT 22 patients have been included since the start of the study, 16 have undergone cytometric analysis. In this first series of patients included, we demonstrated that monocytes have a greater potential for Caspase-1 activation by Nigericin+LPS than healthy donors. In addition, basal activation of this caspase in monocytes is greater in intensive care patients and in those infected with E. coli compared to the ID ward and S. aureus respectively. Finally, the multiplication of the MFI of the FAM-FLICA signal induced by Nigericin + LPS is more important for medical patients compared to intensive care patients.For CoVinnate, 66 COVID-19 patients and 24 healthy donors were included during the study period. In CD66b+ CD16dim cells, we observed a significant decrease of the FAM-FLICA probe signal in the most severe patients compared to the controls. Within granulocytes, the activation of Caspase-1 induced by Nigericin was decreased in CD66b+ CD16dim cells according to the severity of the patients. We recorded an increase in Nigericin-induced activation of NLRP3 in non-classical monocytes isolated from the most severe patients, this effect was inversely correlated with the total number of non-classical monocytes. In the most severe patients there was an increase in the number of CD66b+CD16dimCD15+CD10- cells corresponding to immature neutrophils.We used the decreased number in non-classical monocytes and the failure of NLRP3 activation upon nigericin activation in CD66b + CD16dim granulocytes to build a prognostic score. We found a correlation between this score and the SpO2 / FiO2 ratio on the day of inclusion as well as 48 hours later. We also found a significant association of these two markers with the final outcome of the patients.My work has led to a better understanding of the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in humans during bacteremia and during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We plan to use this work to characterize the response of patients to immunomodulatory treatments used in COVID-19, including corticosteroids
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Venkatesan, Lavanya. "Identifying and Tracking the Evolution of Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Virus." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103939.
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SARS-CoV-2 is caused by a pathogenic and highly transmissible beta coronavirus leading to severe infections in immuno-compromised individuals. This study first evaluates the primers used in the Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to detect SARS-CoV-2 by understanding how mutations might affect the primer efficiency with the SARS-CoV-2 sequences. Mutations on the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 are the most important as the spike protein mediates the viral entry into host cells. This study tracks the course of mutations on the spike protein by focusing on the haplogroups of the sequences across the world. A comprehensive database linking three important, currently available databases is curated as part of this study to fill the gaps caused by sequencing errors. Further, this study exploits the data generated by the Illumina and Oxford Nanopore next generation sequencing methods to study the evolution of mutations in a single Septuagenarian patient over an infection period of 102 days using the gene analysis software Geneious Prime.Master of Science
A novel corona virus named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has taken down the entire world by causing Covid-19 pandemic. Initially detected in Wuhan, China, the virus has now made its way to more than 200 countries with a heavy death toll. Understanding the virus through mutation tracking and improving diagnostics and vaccine design have now become the top priority of researchers. Most of these researchers depend on quality viral sequence datasets to identify and track mutations. One aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive dataset linking the GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data), NCBI (National Center for Biological Information) and the SRA (Sequence Read Archive) sequences. The dataset can be used for genome analysis and mutation tracking which can provide important insights for vaccine design and in improving diagnostic assays. In addition, this study provides an analysis of viral mutations in in the genomic regions targeted by commonly used primers in the RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 that may affect the efficiency of detection. This study also uses the haplogroup information of people across the world to track the D614G mutation on the S gene of SARS-CoV-2 as it may be associated with increased transmissibility. To track the course of mutations in SARS-CoV-2, it is important to analyze the sequencing data provided by the Illumina and Oxford Nanopore next generation sequencing methods. We present a case study to investigate the course of SARS-CoV-2 mutations in a single septuagenarian patient over a period of 102days using the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) data generated by two Next Generation Sequencing methods and compare the advantages that one has over the other.
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Gouin, Carla. "Tropisme cellulaire initial du SARS-CoV-2 dans le poumon humain : du poumon entier aux sous-populations de macrophages." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASL147.
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Les mécanismes pathogéniques impliqués dans les phases initiales de l'infection par le SARS-CoV-2 restent mal compris au niveau pulmonaire, en dépit d'une abondante activité de recherche depuis l'émergence de la pandémie COVID-19. Des travaux conduits sur des modèles de culture de cellules humaines isolées, d'explants, d'organoïdes ou de lung-on-a-chip ont donné des résultats discordants quant aux cibles initiales pulmonaires principales du virus et à la réponse innée induite. Dans ce travail de thèse, j'ai évalué un modèle original d'étude des premières étapes de l'infection virale qui consiste à infecter un poumon humain entier maintenu vivant ex vivo selon une technique utilisée couramment en transplantation pulmonaire, permettant ainsi d'étudier l'infection dans des conditions respectant les interactions spatiales. Cette technique (perfusion pulmonaire ex vivo, PPEV) consiste à ventiler et perfuser des poumons pendant quelques heures et conduit à évaluer et réhabiliter des poumons dits marginaux. Par la technique de RNA-seq sur cellule unique, nous avons découvert que le poumon entier maintenu sous PPEV sans virus présente un programme d'activation génique particulier que nous avons exploré dans un premier volet de la thèse. Ainsi nous avons mis en évidence, que la PPEV en elle-même induit une réponse inflammatoire qui varie en fonction du temps et des types cellulaires. Cette réponse s'accompagne d'une signature génique indiquant une réduction de la signalisation du cytosquelette dans les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires de type 2 et les cellules endothéliales, ainsi qu'une réduction de la migration et de l'activation des lymphocytes et cellules dendritiques. Ce travail révèle pour la première fois la réponse biologique à la PPEV en fonction des types cellulaires, potentiellement associée à des effets sur les suites cliniques. Dans un second temps, nous avons infecté sous PPEV des poumons avec différents isolats viraux et réalisé des analyses de RNA-seq sur cellule unique qui ont révélé que les macrophages alvéolaires (AMs) et ceux dérivés des monocytes (MoMacs) sont les cibles principales du virus. Par contre, les cellules épithéliales et les sous-populations de monocytes pulmonaires ne sont pas significativement associées au virus. Nous avons étudié la réponse de différents types de monocytes/macrophages in vitro après dissociation de tissus pulmonaire humain, tri en cytométrie puis culture avec le virus. Nous avons révélé des réponses spécifiques inflammatoires en fonction des populations cellulaires, des souches virales et des doses, les cellules MoMacs étant les plus inflammatoires en réponse au virus. Ces résultats originaux mettent en évidence le rôle des macrophages à l'étape initiale de l'infection et suggèrent que leur réponse pourrait conditionner l'apparition des lésions ultérieures associées à la gravité en fonction de la composition initiale alvéolaire en sous populations de monocytes/macrophages, de la souche virale et de la dose. Dans un projet parallèle, j'ai étudié une méthode visant à réduire cette inflammation, sur poumon de porc, en procédant à une dialyse du perfusat pour éliminer les déchets métaboliques accumulés. Nous avons montré que la dialyse ne réduit pas l'inflammation, mais l'augmente plutôt, après 6 ou 12 heures.Au total, ce projet de thèse a montré les atouts et les limites d'un modèle d'infection virale de poumon entier maintenu ex vivo. Il a mis en lumière l'implication des sous-populations de monocytes/macrophages dans les premières étapes de l'infection par le SARS-CoV-2. Il a également conduit à mieux comprendre les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans la technique de maintien ex vivo du poumon, ce qui sera utile pour améliorer la conduite de la transplantationThe pathogenic mechanisms of the initial phase of the SARS-CoV-2 infection remain poorly understood at the pulmonary level, despite strong research efforts since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemics. Studies conducted with various models, including isolated human cell cultures, explants, organoids or lung-on-a-chip systems have generated conflicting results concerning the primary pulmonary targets of the virus and the induced innate immune responses.In my thesis, I evaluated an original model for studying the early stages of viral infection. This model involves the infection of a whole lung that is maintained ex vivo with a technique used in lung transplantation, allowing the study of infection under conditions that preserve spatial interactions. This technique (ex-vivo lung perfusion, EVLP) involves ventilating and perfusing lungs for several hours and has the potential to evaluate and rehabilitate marginal lungs. We conducted single-cell RNA-seq analyses and we discovered that the whole lung maintained under EVLP without the virus displayed a specific gene activation program, which we analyzed in the first part of my thesis. We found that EVLP in itself induced an inflammatory response that varied over time and across cell types. This response was accompanied by gene signatures indicating reduced signaling of cytoskeleton in alveolar type 2 epithelial cells and endothelial cells, as well as reduced cell migration and activation of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. This work reveals, for the first time, the biological responses to EVLP based on cell types that may be related to the clinical outcomes. In the second part of my thesis, we infected lungs under EVLP with different viral isolates and conducted single-cell RNA-seq analyses. These analyses revealed that alveolar macrophages (AMs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMacs) are the primary targets of the virus. Epithelial cells and pulmonary monocyte subpopulations were not significantly associated with the virus. We studied the response of the monocyte/macrophage populations in vitro after dissociation of human lung tissue, flow cytometry sorting and culture with the virus. We observed specific inflammatory responses depending on cell subsets, viral strain and doses, with MoMacs being the most inflammatory. Our original work reveals the role of monocyte/macrophage subsets in the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggests that the initial response of alveolar monocyte/macrophages will drive the subsequent development of lung injuries, depending on the composition in AMs and MoMacs, the viral strain and doses. In a parallel project, we investigated the effects of a method aimed at reducing the inflammation during EVLP, on porcine lung, by performing a dialysis of the perfusate to remove accumulated metabolic wastes. However, our findings showed that dialysis did not reduce inflammation; rather, it increased inflammation after 6 or 12 hours.Overall, this thesis project has demonstrated the strengths and limitations of a whole lung viral infection model maintained ex-vivo. It has highlighted the involvement of monocyte/macrophage subpopulations in the initial step of SARS-CoV-2 infection and has also contributed to a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the ex vivo lung maintenance technique, which will be useful for improving lung transplantation procedures
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Mazzini, Livia. "VIRUS PANDEMICI EMERGENTI: VALUTAZIONE IMMUNOLOGICA DEL VIRUS INFLUENZALE A/VIETNAM/1194/2004 (H5N1) E DEL NUOVO SARS-COV-2." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1126879.
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The historical moment we are experiencing has raised global awareness about the importance of identifying the main characteristics of emerging pandemic viruses in order to limit the damage caused by infection-associated diseases and safeguard global health. This work included two main studies focused on pandemic A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) and the novel SARS-CoV-2, respectively.
H5N1 is a type of influenza virus that causes a highly infectious, severe respiratory disease in birds called avian influenza (or "bird flu"). Influenza A viruses circulating among poultry have the potential to recombine with human influenza A viruses and become transmissible among humans. The aim of the first study was to determine the efficacy of pandemic influenza vaccine against influenza strain A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1).
Immunogenicity for the homologous strain A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) was investigated using Haemagglutination Inhibition assay (HAI), Micro-Neutralization (MN) and Single Radial Hemolysis (SRH). In order to evaluate cross-protective immunity, serum samples have been assessed to determine the antibody response versus heterologous flu strains (A/Turkey/Turkey/1/2005 (H5N1) and A/Anhui/1/2005 (H5N1)), applying the same tests (HAI, MN, SRH) plus Enzyme Linked Lectin Assay (ELLA) for the antibody response against the Neuraminidase (NA) protein. A first analysis has been carried out considering the seroconversions for two distinguished cohorts: vaccine dose 15µg and 30µg, and age dependent groups 18-40 and 41-60 years old. In the second analysis, all the study methods previously shown were assessed, by evaluating the seroprotection. The results obtained showed the dominance of homologous response anti-A/Vietnam/1194/2004 compared to the heterologous A/H5 strains. In the dose-related evaluation, the same MN seroconversion rate is provided for A/Vietnam/1194/2004, but the 30µg dosage seemed to provide advantage for heterologous strain. ELLA assay revealed that, the administration of A/H5N1/Vietnam vaccine evoke a high response also for the N1 A/California. Regarding the age-effect, the group of younger people achieved a greater effect from each of the two doses received, compared to the group of older subjects.
The newly identified coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019 and quickly spread throughout the world and was declared a pandemic on March 11th 2020. The diagnosis of Coronavirus associated disease (COVID-19) is currently based on the detection of viral RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs by means of molecular-based assays, such as real-time RT-PCR. Serological assays aimed at detecting different classes of antibodies could be the best surveillance strategy and can be useful in evaluating of immunogenicity of novel future vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19 disease.
The aim of this second study was to determine SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human serum samples by means of different commercial and in-house ELISA kits, in order to evaluate and compare their results first with one another and then with those yielded by functional assays using wild-type virus. Before starting, a set-up and validation of in-house ELISA was developed; several purified recombinant S-proteins (S1 and RBD domain) were tested for their ability to detect specific human antibodies and ELISA test was standardized to be as sensitive and specific as possible.
For this second study 181 human serum samples were tested by means of in-house ELISA S1 and RBD-specific IgG, IgM and IgA and by means of the Euroimmun S1 Commercial ELISA kit, along with the functional MN assay. Our results showed, the highest agreement between the in-house ELISA IgG and IgA RBD and MN and confirm that the antibodies targeting the RBD domain have the highest probability of being neutralizing. We also noticed that the IgA response was closely linked with a positive MN response and in those subjects in whom we registered a high neutralization titer, we always observed a positive IgA signal. We also evaluated the ELISA IgG subtyping response and our results, showed a strong reactivity for IgG1 and IgG3 against RBD in almost all samples. This second study had two major goals: to standardize ELISAs able to detect different classes of immunoglobulins, and to broaden the data-set of information on comparisons between the results of different serological tests, which could be precious for future evaluations of serological diagnoses and vaccine assessments. The present study constitutes preliminary research into the development of an ELISA that can semi-quantify anti-SARS-CoV-2 human antibodies in a specific and repeatable way.
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Gruvnäs, Amanda. "Avloppsvattenbaserad epidemiologi med fokus på SARS-CoV-2 : Analys inom Västerås kommun." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451696.
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Globalt har hela världens befolkning påverkats både ekonomiskt och psykiskt av coronaviruset SARS-CoV-2, som har drabbat så många människor med covid-19 att det klassas som en pandemi. Strax efter pandemins utbrott upptäcktes det att viruset utsöndras från avföring och ut i spillvattennätet som leder till reningsverken. Då virusmängden ökar i avloppsvattnet ökar även covid-19 fallen i samhället. Ökning av virusmängd i avloppsvatten kan nämligen signalera om att det förekommer smittspridning i samhället. Avloppsvattenbaserad övervakning kan dock användas som komplement till andra teststrategier vilket EU-kommissionen har nämnt i en rekommendation. Trender kan analyseras för att i ett tidigt skede informera sjukvård och regioner om ökad smittspridning. På Kungsängens reningsverk i Västerås kommun har Mälarenergi analyserat avloppsvattnet för att ta reda på om ökning av virus i avloppsvatten kan indikera på ökad smittspridning i Västerås kommun. De har samlat in proverna och skickat det till SGS Analytics AB Sweden som har analyserat proverna med RT-qPCR. CT-värdena har normaliserats med vattenflöden. Korrelationstest har gjorts mellan virusmängd i avloppsvattnet och covid-19 fall, dödsfall samt IVA-fall. Det fanns ett signifikant svagt negativt samband mellan virusmängd i avloppsvatten och covid-19 fall per vecka. Mellan virusmängd och IVA-fall eller dödsfall fanns inget samband. Det finns en del felkällor som kan ha påverkat virusmängden. Vid höga vattenflöden kan PCR inhibitorer från tillskottsvatten och lakvatten ha påverkat CT-värdena. Värdena är höga på sommaren trots att covid-19 fall, dödsfall och IVA-fall var som lägst. Inhibitorer skapar direkt eller indirekt högre CT-värden vilket tolkas som lägre virusmängder.
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Marot, Stéphane. "Étude de la réponse humorale lors de l'infection par le SARS-CoV-2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS722.
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Au début de la pandémie de COVID-19, nous ne disposions que de peu de données portant sur la réponse humorale spécifique anti-SARS-CoV-2 et elles étaient principalement issues des connaissances des coronavirus humains proches. L’objectif de ce travail était de décrire la cinétique de la réponse humorale et son activité neutralisante à la suite d’une infection par le SARS-CoV-2 ou au décours d’une vaccination contre le COVID-19. Dans notre première étude, nous avons pu décrire, chez des professionnels de santé ayant présenté un COVID-19 modéré, la cinétique d’apparition de différents isotypes d’anticorps dirigés contre différents antigènes viraux. Nous avons montré une disparition précoce de l’activité neutralisante sérique après l’infection, principalement liée à la disparition des IgA sériques et malgré une augmentation de la capacité de neutralisation des IgG au cours du temps. Dans notre seconde étude, nous avons décrit un échappement des variants du SARS-CoV-2 à cette réponse neutralisante, avec des profils d’échappement variables en fonction du variant et du type d’anticorps générés (post-infectieux ou post-vaccinaux). Dans notre dernière étude, nous avons évalué des tests de substitutions pour la détermination des anticorps neutralisants (NAbs) en fonction de différents variants du SARS-CoV-2 et de différents profils d’histoire immunologique. Nous avons montré une bonne performance de ces tests en adaptant les seuils en fonction du variant du SARS-CoV-2 considéré, un échappement important du variant Omicron aux NAbs et que le titre de NAbs était le plus élevé chez les personnes avec un antécédent de COVID-19 ayant reçu une dose de vaccin. Plusieurs études ont confirmé que les NAbs étaient fortement prédictifs de la protection immunitaire contre l'infection par le SARS-CoV-2. Toutefois, le déclin rapide de ces anticorps dans l’histoire naturelle de l’infection ou de la vaccination contre le SARS-CoV-2, associé à la circulation de variants échappant à la réponse neutralisante ainsi qu’à la variabilité individuelle de la réponse immunitaire et les différents profils d’histoire immunologique que l’on peut présenter, démontrent l’importance de l’étude des NAbs afin de pouvoir réévaluer en permanence les corrélats de protection en contexte d’évolution de la situation épidémiologiqueAt the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, we had limited data on the specific humoral response against SARS-CoV-2, only derived from knowledge of closely related human coronaviruses. The aim of this work was to describe the kinetics of the humoral response and its neutralizing activity following SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination. In our first study, we described the kinetics of different isotypes of antibodies directed against different viral antigens in healthcare workers who had experienced mild COVID-19. We observed an early decline in serum neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) after infection, primarily associated with the decrease in serum IgA levels, despite an increase in the neutralization capacity of IgG over time. In our second study, we described the escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants from NAbs, with escape profiles depending on the variant and the type of antibodies elicited (post-infection or post-vaccination). In our latest study, we evaluated surrogate tests for the assessment of NAbs, against different variants of SARS-CoV-2 and various immunological history patterns. We showed a good test performance by adjusting the thresholds based on the specific SARS-CoV-2 variant considered. We also found a significant escape of the Omicron variant from NAbs and showed that NAb titers were highest in individuals with a history of COVID-19 who had received a vaccine dose. Several studies have confirmed that NAbs are good correlates of immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the rapid decline of these antibodies in the natural course of infection or vaccination, coupled with the circulation of variants, as well as individual variability in the immune response, highlight the importance of studying NAbs to continuously reassess correlates of protection in the context of evolving epidemiological situations
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Decarreaux, Dorine. "Séroprévalence des IgG dirigées contre le SARS-CoV-2 dans une population universitaire et parmi des professionnels de santé en soins primaires et leurs contacts au sein des ménages." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Corte, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CORT0007.
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Cette thèse émerge dans le contexte de la pandémie de la COVID-19, mettant en lumière les défis rencontrés en raison de la nouveauté et de la complexité du virus, et révélant des lacunes majeures dans nos connaissances. Elle s’est concentrée sur la communauté universitaire en Corse et les professionnels de la santé exerçant en soins primaires en France métropolitaine, considérés comme potentiellement à risque. L’hypothèse est que ces différentes populations, en raison de leur environnement ou de leur profession, présentent un risque important d’exposition au virus SARS-CoV-2 par rapport à la population générale. Ainsi, cette thèse visait à documenter la propagation du virus et les réponses immunitaires de ces populations.Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse étaient, d’une part, de recueillir des données spécifiques à la région Corse, en se concentrant sur l’estimation de la séroprévalence des anticorps IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 et l’analyse de la persistance des réponses immunitaires chez les étudiants et le personnel de l’Université de Corse, tout en identifiant les facteurs associés à la détection de ces anticorps. D’autre part, elle visait à évaluer la séroprévalence des anticorps IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 et la prévalence de l’infection parmi les professionnels de la santé exerçant en soins primaires en France métropolitaine, ainsi qu’à déterminer les facteurs associés à la détection d’anticorps neutralisants et à l’antécédent d’infection. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, quatre études principales ont été menées portant sur (i) la séroprévalence et les facteurs d’exposition au SARS-CoV-2 au cours de la deuxième vague parmi la population universitaire corse, (ii) un suivi sérologique sur huit mois des anticorps IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 parmi la population universitaire, (iii) la séroprévalence et les facteurs associés aux anticorps neutralisants parmi les professionnels de la santé exerçant en soins primaires en France métropolitaine après la troisième vague et (iv) la prévalence de l’infection par le SARS-CoV-2 et les facteurs associés à l’antécédent d’infection parmi ces professionnels de la santé.Pour la population universitaire corse, les études menées ont révélé une séroprévalence de 11,7%, significativement supérieure à celle de la population générale corse. Plus de 30% des participants testés positifs au test ELISA-S étaient asymptomatiques, soulignant le risque de transmission silencieuse. Les facteurs de risque identifiés ont inclus le lieu de résidence, l’utilisation des transports en commun ou le covoiturage et le contact avec des cas confirmés de la COVID-19. Nos résultats ont également mis en évidence l’importance de la vaccination pour renforcer l’immunité individuelle et collective, notamment en observant une perte des anticorps au fil du temps chez certains participants non vacciné. Pour les professionnels de la santé exerçant en soins primaires en France métropolitaine, les études menées ont démontré des séroprévalences élevées d’anticorps IgG anti-S (94,7%) et d’anticorps neutralisants (81,3%), principalement attribuable à la vaccination. Bien qu’ils n’étaient pas plus à risque d’infection que la population générale, environ un quart d’entre eux étaient infectés au moment de l’étude, comme en témoigne la séroprévalence de 28,3% des anticorps IgG anti-N, soulignant leur vulnérabilité. Des variations importantes ont été observées en fonction du schéma de vaccination et de l’antécédent d’infection, démontrant l’importance de la vaccination pour stimuler la réponse immunitaire et réduire le risque d’infection. Les facteurs associés à l’infection incluaient la région géographique du lieu de travail, une catégorie professionnelle et les contacts non protégés avec des cas confirmés de la COVID-19This thesis emerged in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, shedding light on the challenges faced due to the novelty and complexity of the virus, and revealing major gaps in our knowledge. It focused on the academic community in Corsica and primary healthcare professionals in mainland France, considered potentially at risk. The underlying hypothesis is that these populations, due to their social interactions or high-risk professional environments, are likely to be more exposed to the virus compared to the general population. Thus, this thesis aimed to document the virus spread and immune responses within these populations.The main objectives of this thesis were, on one hand, to gather specific data for the Corsican region, focusing on estimating the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and analyzing the persistence of immune responses among students and staff at the University of Corsica, while identifying factors associated with the detection of these antibodies. On the other hand, it aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and infection prevalence among primary healthcare professionals in mainland France, as well as to determine factors associated with the detection of neutralizing antibodies and prior infection. To achieve these objectives, four main studies were conducted focusing on (i) seroprevalence and exposure factors to SARS-CoV-2 during the second wave among the Corsican university population, (ii) an eight-month serological follow-up of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies among the university population, (iii) seroprevalence and factors associated with neutralizing antibodies among primary healthcare professionals in mainland France after the third wave, and (iv) SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and factors associated with prior infection among these healthcare professionals.For the Corsican university population, the studies revealed a seroprevalence of 11.7%, significantly higher than that of the general Corsican population. Over 30% of participants who tested positive for the ELISA-S test were asymptomatic, highlighting the risk of silent transmission. Identified risk factors included place of residence, use of public transportation or carpooling, and contact with confirmed cases of COVID-19. Our results also underscored the importance of vaccination to bolster individual and collective immunity, notably observing antibody waning over time among some unvaccinated participants. For primary healthcare professionals in mainland France, the studies showed high seroprevalence of anti-S IgG antibodies (94.7%) and neutralizing antibodies (81.3%), mainly attributable to vaccination. Although they were not at higher risk of infection than the general population, about a quarter of them were infected at the time of the study, as evidenced by the 28.3% seroprevalence of anti-N IgG antibodies, highlighting their vulnerability. Significant variations were observed based on vaccination status and prior infection, demonstrating the importance of vaccination in boosting immune response and reducing infection risk. Factors associated with infection included geographical region of workplace, professional category, and unprotected contact with confirmed COVID-19 cases
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Checa, Ruano Luis. "Structure-based design of antiviral drugs against respiratory viruses using in silico approaches." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS0743.pdf.
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Les interactions protéine-protéine (IPP) jouent un rôle crucial dans de nombreuses voies biologiques et sont de plus en plus explorées en tant que cibles thérapeutiques potentielles, notamment pour le traitement des maladies infectieuses. Cependant, la conception de petites molécules modulatrices pour les IPP reste un défi, car les interfaces des IPP n'ont pas évolué pour lier des petites molécules comme les cibles thérapeutiques conventionnelles telles que les enzymes ou les récepteurs membranaires. Par conséquent, la preuve de leur drugabilité doit être apportée au cas par cas. Dans ce contexte, les approches computationnelles peuvent être utiles pour aider à la conception de modulateurs IPP. Ce travail vise à développer de nouveaux protocoles de conception de médicaments in silico spécifiquement adaptés aux cibles IPP, dans le but de concevoir de nouveaux médicaments antiviraux contre deux cibles IPP : le virus respiratoire syncytial (VRS) et le SARS-CoV-2Protein-Protein interactions (PPI) play crucial roles in many biological pathways and are being increasingly explored as potential therapeutic targets, including for treating infectious diseases. However, designing small molecule modulators for PPI remains challenging as PPI interfaces have not evolved to bind small molecules like conventional drug targets such as enzymes or membrane receptors. Therefore, proof of their druggability must be made on a case-by-case basis. In this context, computational approaches can be useful in assisting the design of PPI modulators.This work aims to develop new in silico drug design protocols specifically tailored to PPI targets, with the goal of designing new antiviral drugs against two PPI targets: the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the SARS-CoV-2
Books on the topic "Virus SARS-CoV-2"
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Prado, Esteban Ortiz. La enfermedad del coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) y el virus del SARS-CoV-2: Una visión multidisciplinaria de la pandemia, su origen, sus implicanciones médicas, sociales y sanitarias. Quito, Ecuador: UDLA Ediciones, 2021.
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Maestre, Ma Dolores Estrada. TÉCNICAS DIAGNÓSTICAS para la DETECCIÓN DEL VIRUS SARS-CoV-2. Lulu Press, Inc., 2020.
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Kumar, Ashok, Ajeet Kumar Kaushik, Raju Khan, and Arpana Parihar. Advanced Biosensors for Virus Detection: Smart Diagnostics to Combat SARS-CoV-2. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2022.
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Kumar, Ashok, Ajeet Kumar Kaushik, Raju Khan, and Arpana Parihar. Advanced Biosensors for Virus Detection: Smart Diagnostics to Combat SARS-CoV-2. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2022.
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Umar. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant: A Complete Guide for New Virus Omicron Variant. Independently Published, 2022.
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Singh, Pankaj Kumar, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri, Shashi Bala Singh, and Anitha Sriram, eds. An Update on SARS-CoV-2: Damage-response Framework, Potential Therapeutic Avenues and the Impact of Nanotechnology on COVID-19 Therapy Volume 1. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150398631220101.
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This update on SARS-CoV-2 focuses on basic knowledge about the virus and COVID-19 treatment. Chapters present basic information about the disease and its treatment. The virology, epidemiology, etiology, and damage response framework of SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed in detail. The book also covers recent topics of interest to pharmacology scholars such as the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV2, nanotechnology, repurposed drug treatments, COVID-19 vaccines, and phytomedicine for COVID-19 therapeutics. Readers in pharmacology, virology and medicine will find the book a simple, yet informative update on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 treatment.
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Meneses, Gustavo A. Santillana. Virus SARS-CoV-2. Enfermedad COVID-19. La emergencia de salud pública ante la legislación mexicana. Editorial Tirant lo Blanch, 2020.
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Focosi, Daniele. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Convergent Evolution: Impact of Virus Variants on Efficacy of COVID-19 Therapeutics and Vaccines. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.
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Vinod, Nikhra. COVID-19 and Long Covid: Organs Damage and Dysfunctions, and Implications for Clinical Course. Heighten Science Publications Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/ebook1005.
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Like any other infectious disease, the prognosis of COVID-19 is influenced by infecting agent, the SARS-CoV-2 virus load and the extent of organs affliction and damage. COVID-19 having a propensity for multiorgan involvement carries an adverse prognosis during the clinical course as well as later during the post-recovery period persisting as Long Covid. The direct cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV-2 virus and the erratic and hyper-inflammatory response lead to tissue injury in various organs coupled with physiological dysfunctions and complications. In fact, the multi-system manifestations of COVID-19 are caused by a combination of specific host defence responses with associated inflammatory activity and vascular involvement with coagulopathy and a distinct propensity to develop thromboembolic complications. Simultaneously, comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases influence the disease severity and mortality.
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Pérez, Isaac, Altagracia Galán, Gudiel Roblero, Raúl Vasconcelos, Alfa R. Suero, Santa Maria Valencio, Sagrario Díaz, et al. Enseñando y aprendiendo en un mundo de pandemia. SEDUNAC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35997/eamp.
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La pandemia generada por el virus SARS-COV-2, hizo que la educación a distancia cobrara relevancia en los últimos meses. El gobierno mexicano interrumpió las clases presenciales a fin de disminuir la propagación del virus, lo que llevó a un confinamiento en los hogares, situación que obligó a las instituciones educativas a implementar la modalidad a distancia para cumplir las metas educacionales.
Book chapters on the topic "Virus SARS-CoV-2"
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Myers, Michael T. "The SARS-CoV-2 Virus." In COVID-ology, 7–28. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003310525-3.
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Kushwaha, Vikas, and Neena Capalash. "A Virus SARS-CoV-2." In Learning from the COVID-19 Pandemic, 135–51. New York: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003358909-12.
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Günther, Seitz, and Thiel. "Deckung für SARS-CoV-2-Virus." In Betriebsschlieβungs- und Ausfallversicherung in der COVID-19-Pandemie, 1–21. Karlsruhe: VVW, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-96329-366-5_1.
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Yadav, Anita, Shivji Malviya, and Sandeep K. Malhotra. "The Mystery Virus, SARS-CoV-2." In Learning from the COVID-19 Pandemic, 57–66. New York: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003358909-5.
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Boro, Arthi, Biju Reji Souparnika, Srinivasan Atchaya, Shanmugam Ramya, Natchiappan Senthilkumar, Shanmugam Velayuthaprabhu, Rengasamy Lakshminarayanan Rengarajan, and Arumugam Vijaya Anand. "Antiviral Activities of Flavonoids Against COVID-19 and Other Virus-Causing Ailments." In Bioactive Compounds Against SARS-CoV-2, 68–81. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003323884-6.
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Treibert, Sarah Marie. "The SARS-CoV-2- tted SEIR Model." In Mathematical Modelling and Nonstandard Schemes for the Corona Virus Pandemic, 79–120. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35932-4_4.
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Häußling, Roger. "Zum Wechselverhältnis von Technik und SARS-CoV-2." In Corona-Netzwerke – Gesellschaft im Zeichen des Virus, 107–16. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31394-4_11.
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Magnus, Clara Luzia, and Barbara Schmidt. "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Against Virus: Mission Accomplished!?" In Frontiers of COVID-19, 561–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08045-6_27.
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Manasa, K. P., Kamilya Altynbekova, and Alexander Kel. "Master Regulators of Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 as Promising Targets for Drug Repurposing." In Virus Bioinformatics, 197–243. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003097679-11.
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Wicherts, Jelte. "Fast Forward Science: Risks and Benefits in the Rapid Science of COVID-19." In The New Common, 217–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65355-2_31.
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AbstractSince the onset of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic in late 2019, the scientific literature on the SARS-COV-2 virus and the disease COVID-19 has a growth rate that resembles the growth in confirmed COVID-19 cases that continue to make media headlines all across the globe. Biomedical coronavirus research started slowly but increased to hundreds of articles per week—not unlike the spread of the virus itself. At the time of writing in mid-2020, around 2500 publications per week appear in PubMed on COVID-19 or SARS-COV-2. This new biomedical literature has emerged at an unprecedented but will the scientific community be able to end the suffering caused by the pandemic? Can we trust the insights from the rapidly emerging scientific literature on the coronavirus to implement wide-ranging social, economic, and health policies and vaccination programs? To answer these questions, I here relate the rapid science on the coronavirus pandemic to regular biomedical science and the meta-scientific insights on it. I focus my attention on peer reviews, open access, retractions, open data, and registration of studies.
Conference papers on the topic "Virus SARS-CoV-2"
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Ay, Emrah, and Nizami Duran. "Resistance of SARS CoV-2 to Seawater." In The 9th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2022.iii.2.
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SARS CoV-2, which is the cause of Covid-19 disease, has become the only and most important agenda of the world due to its mortality and morbidity that globally affects the whole world. The virus has profoundly affected life all over the world. The lifestyles of people have changed due to the virus. This study is planned to understand how important sea water is in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The study aimed to determine whether there is a risk of sea water in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The effectiveness of seawater on SARS CoV-2 viability has been investigated in different dilutions of seawater in different time periods. Experiments were carried out in three different titrations of SARS CoV-2 in Vero cell lines. Viral replication has been investigated by detecting morphological changes occurring in cells, cell viability, and the RT-PCR method. Seawater has been found to be highly potent inhibitory on SARS CoV-2 about time and dose. Especially within 300 seconds, seawater has been found to inhibit viral replication up to 1/32 dilution. These results show that viral transmission through seawater is quite difficult for people swimming in the sea during the pandemic. Seawater-mediated spread of SARS-CoV-2 is out of the question. However, these results should not be interpreted as the prophylactic activity of saline against viruses, which are obligate intracellular parasites.
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Sarychev, Andrey K., Andrey V. Ivanov, Igor V. Bykov, Nikita V. Bakholdin, Konstantin E. Mochalov, Milena S. Shestopalova, Vladimir A. Oleinikov, Vladimir A. Gushchin, Igor R. Nabiev, and Alyona V. Sukhanova. "Planar SERS sensors for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection." In 2023 Days on Diffraction (DD). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dd58728.2023.10325828.
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Taveira, Elisa Borges, Marco Fidel Guevara-Vega, Igor Andrade Santos, Douglas Carvalho Caixeta, Victoria Riquena Grosche, Thulio Marquez Cunha, Murillo Guimarães Carneiro, Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim, and Robinson Sabino-Silva. "SARS-CoV-2 structures detection in artificial saliva using ATR-FTIR associated with Linear Discriminant Analysis." In Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laop.2022.tu1c.8.
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Here, we used ATR-FTIR platform supported by artificial intelligence algorithms to identify unique infrared vibrational modes of a pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) coupled to Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 (HIV/NanoLuc-SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype virus).
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Dubrovskaya, E. V., D. I. Ivkina, and A. R. Imatdinov. "RECOMBINANT INFLUENZA A VIRUS REASSORTANT VACCINE STRAIN EXPRESSING MODIFIED RBD FRAGMENT OF SARS-COV-2 CORONAVIRUS SPIKE GLYCOPROTEIN." In OpenBio-2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-244.
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Influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus have a high pandemic potential. Vaccination is an effective method of prevention, but existing vaccines cannot be quickly updated to match circulating virus variants. This paper describes a recombinant reassortant strain of influenza A virus expressing SARS-CoV-2 trimerized RBD, which can be used as a component of candidate multivalent vaccines.
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"Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern Omicron: Biological Features and Genomic Concern." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/itrx2370.
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Abstract Corona virus infection is a worldwide health threat that has infected a substantial portion of the world's population and is caused by SARS-CoV-2. It is the natural tendency of a virus to change the genetic makeup through the point mutation, and such viruses are called the variant of the original virus. SARS-CoV-2 virus also undergoes such mutation (may be one or more and distinct from other) over time, and many genetically diverse variant has risen. Such variants might be of variants of concern (VOC) and variant of interest (VOI) based on the differences in virulence, transmissibility, pathogenicity, and vaccination efficacy. Omicron, a new VOC of SARS-CoV-2, has recently emerged as a global distress to more than 115 countries. The article provides a summary of the evolutionary, biological, and genomic aspects of different SARS-CoV-2 VOC with respect to Omicron and found that amino acid mutation in spike proteins such as A67V, Δ69-70, Q954H, N969K, L981F etc and other structural protein mutations such as D3G, Q19E, A63T in membrane protein, T9I in envelope protein and P13L, Δ31-33, R203K, G204R in nucleocapsid protein results major differences between different VOC/VOI of SARS-CoV-2. Further, effectiveness of the widely used SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has been reviewed specific to Omicron. The existing available COVID-19 vaccines developed and manufactured by Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, and Novavax show reduced efficacy against the latest VOC of SARS- CoV-2 Omicron. Based on the available literature of preliminary findings, people who get a booster shot or a third vaccine dosage may have better protected against Omicron. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, Variants of Concern, Variants of Interest, Mutation, Vaccine.
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Hartmann, Evelyn, Beate Kümmerer, Anja Wieland, Janos Ludwig, Thomas Zillinger, and Gunther Hartmann. "RIG-I-mediated protection from SARS-CoV-2 virus replication." In 100 JAHRE DGHNO-KHC: WO KOMMEN WIR HER? WO STEHEN WIR? WO GEHEN WIR HIN? Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1727763.
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Cuanalo-Fernández, J. P., N. Korneev, I. Cosme-Bolaños, M. B. De-la-Mora-Mojica, T. Spezzia-Mazzoco, S. F. Guerra-Hernández, C. I. Díaz-Failach, A. Ramirez-Cordero, R. Ramos-García, and S. Mansurova. "Phase-based plasmonic biosensor for SARS-COV-2 virus detection." In Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laop.2022.tu4a.27.
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The detection scheme based on phase detection of SPR response was developed. We show that the proposed biosensing scheme can detect SARS-CoV-2 genetic material with high specificity, low detection limit and short detection time.
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Solodkov, P. P., T. N. Belovezhets, A. N. Chikaev, K. O. Baranov, S. V. Kulemzin, A. A. Gorchakov, S. V. Guselnikov, et al. "SINGLE DOMAIN LLAMA ANTIBODIES BROADLY NEUTRALIZING SARS-COV-2 VARIANTS." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-127.
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The late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic is marked by the appearance of mutant variants of SARS-CoV-2 that can escape the immunity against the Wuhan virus. In this work, we report on the development of a panel of antiviral agents — single-domain antibodies that recognize independent epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Four antibodies from this panel neutralize a wide range of virus variants, including the most common ones at present: XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16.
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Legostaev, S. S., E. V. Protopopova, R. Yu Lutkovsky, and V. A. Svyatchenko. "STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF SARS-COV-2 CO-INFECTION WITH A NON-PATHOGENIC VARIANT OF THE COXSACKIE A7 VIRUS (LEV-8 STRAIN) AND ENTEROVIRUS 71." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-256.
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The paper presents the results of the study of the effects of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with non-pathogenic for humans strain LEV-8 (live enterovirus vaccine) of Coxsackie virus A7 and enterovirus 71 (EV71) on the model of cell cultures and laboratory animals. In vitro experiments showed that during infection enteroviruses and SARS-CoV-2 have a competitive inhibitory effect on each other, with a more pronounced degree of suppression of SARS-CoV-2. Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 co-infection with enteroviruses in laboratory animals showed that preliminary infection with enteroviruses leads to a pronounced inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication in the lungs of co-infected animals and a faster release of the lower respiratory tract from infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as to a decrease in the severity of clinical manifestations of coronavirus infection. The results obtained indicate that the studied enteroviruses have a pronounced interfering activity during co-infection, which manifests itself in a sharp inhibition of the infectious activity of SARS-CoV-2.
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Reis, Luana Brandão de Sales, Beatriz do Nascimento Garcia Moreno, Ricardo Moreno do Carmo Junior, João Guilherme Santos Garrido, and João Gustavo dos Anjos Morais Oliveira. "Elucidating the relationship between meningitis and SARSCoV-2 infection: a literature review." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.622.
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Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has become a major challenge for public health, once this disease can even affect the nervous system, causing severe conditions, such as meningitis. The association between meningitis and Covid- 19 is not yet well established, but it is believed that it can be caused both by a bacterial co-infection or by the involvement of meninges due to the action of the virus itself. Objective: The aim of the present study is to elucidate the relationship between meningitis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: In order to carry out a literature review, case reports were searched in the PUBMED database, in which only articles in English were considered, without year restriction, resulting in the following research formula: “((COVID-19) OR (SARS-CoV-2)) AND (meningitis)”. Results: 33 case reports were found, of which only 12 met the eligibility criteria. The reported cases provide evidence of meningeal and brain involvement by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, some with confirmation by CSF RT-PCR. Isolation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the CSF is challenging and has not been possible in other patients; however, the exclusion of bacterial involvement by culture and other viral agents in the CSF analysis points to infection by SARS-CoV-2 in a patient with positive RT-PCR by nasopharyngeal swab or bronchoalveolar lavage. Conclusions: The possibility of SARS-CoV-2 meningitis reinforces the need to investigate this condition in patients with COVID-19 who have neurological symptoms.
Reports on the topic "Virus SARS-CoV-2"
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Negrete, Oscar, Steven Bradfute, Steven Larson, Anupama Sinha, Kenneth Coombes, Ronald Goeke, Lisa Keenan, et al. Photocatalytic Material Surfaces for SARS-CoV-2 Virus Inactivation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1669200.
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Moza, Andreea, Florentina Duica, Panagiotis Antoniadis, Elena Silvia Bernad, Diana Lungeanu, Marius Craina, Brenda Cristiana Bernad, et al. Outcome of newborns in case of SARS-CoV-2 vertical infection. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0093.
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Review question / Objective: To identify the types and examine the range of available evidence of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to newborn. To clarify the key concepts and criteria for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 vertical infection in neonates. To summarize the existing evidence and advance the awareness on SARS-CoV-2 vertical infection in pregnancy. Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has been isolated from various tissues and body fluids, including the placenta, amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord of newborns. In the last few years, much scientific effort has been directed towards studying SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the different features of the virus, such as its structure and mechanisms of action. Moreover, much focus has been on developing accurate diagnostic tools and various drugs or vaccines to treat COVID-19.
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Dawson, Greer, Gai Moore, Anton du Toit, Rebecca Gordon, Susie Thompson, Haitham Taha, and Shallu Sharma. Update: What is known about aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2? The Sax Institute, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/onai3530.
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This Evidence Snapshot is an updated rapid review of current knowledge about aerosol transmission of COVID-19. The original review was completed in August 2020 and this updated review in October 2020. The updated review found that the weight of evidence was that aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 does occur. Five reviews found that the virus may spread as an aerosol. Experimental studies demonstrated aerosolisation of the virus with persistence from 90 minutes to 16 hours, and evidence for horizontal transmission was found for ranges from two to eight metres. Environmental sampling studies typically found viral RNA both in the air and on air vents. Eight out of ten investigations of outbreaks reviewed found that transmission occurred without close direct contact. Risk of transmission was thought to be associated with shared indoor space, closed air recirculation and singing. Eighteen articles were reviewed in the updated report in addition to the nineteen articles in the original report, for a total of thirty-seven articles.
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Bryant, C. A., S. A. Wilks, and C. W. Keevil. Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on the surfaces of food and food packaging materials. Food Standards Agency, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.kww583.
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COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first reported in China in December 2019. The virus has spread rapidly around the world and is currently responsible for 500 million reported cases and over 6.4 million deaths. A risk assessment published by the Foods Standards Agency (FSA) in 2020 (Opens in a new window) concluded that it was very unlikely that you could catch coronavirus via food. This assessment included the worst-case assumption that, if food became contaminated during production, no significant inactivation of virus would occur before consumption. However, the rate of inactivation of virus on products sold at various temperatures was identified as a key uncertainty, because if inactivation does occur more rapidly in some situations, then a lower risk may be more appropriate. This project was commissioned to measure the rate of inactivation of virus on the surface of various types of food and food packaging, reducing that uncertainty. The results will be used to consider whether the assumption currently made in the risk assessment remains appropriate for food kept at a range of temperatures, or whether a lower risk is more appropriate for some. We conducted a laboratory-based study, artificially contaminating infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus onto the surfaces of foods and food packaging. We measured how the amount of infectious virus present on those surfaces declined over time, at a range of temperatures and relative humidity levels, reflecting typical storage conditions. We tested broccoli, peppers, apple, raspberry, cheddar cheese, sliced ham, olives, brine from the olives, white and brown bread crusts, croissants and pain au chocolat. The foods tested were selected as they are commonly sold loose on supermarket shelves or uncovered at deli counters or market stalls, they may be difficult to wash, and they are often consumed without any further processing i.e. cooking. The food packaging materials tested were polyethylene terephthalate (PET1) trays and bottles; aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons. These were selected as they are the most commonly used food packaging materials or consumption of the product may involve direct mouth contact with the packaging. Results showed that virus survival varied depending on the foods and food packaging examined. In several cases, infectious virus was detected for several hours and in some cases for several days, under some conditions tested. For a highly infectious agent such as SARS-CoV-2, which is thought to be transmissible by touching contaminated surfaces and then the face, this confirmation is significant. For most foods tested there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours. However, for cheddar cheese and sliced ham, stored in refrigerated conditions and a range of relative humidity, the virus levels remained high up to a week later, when the testing period was stopped. Both cheddar cheese and sliced ham have high moisture, protein and saturated fat content, possibly offering protection to the virus. When apples and olives were tested, the virus was inactivated to the limit of detection very quickly, within an hour, when the first time point was measured. We suggest that chemicals, such as flavonoids, present in the skin of apples and olives inactivate the virus. The rate of viral decrease was rapid, within a few hours, for croissants and pain au chocolat. These pastries are both coated with a liquid egg wash, which may have an inhibitory effect on the virus. Food packaging materials tested had variable virus survival. For all food packaging, there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours, in all relative humidity conditions and at both 6°C and 21°C; these included PET1 bottles and trays, aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons.
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Paul, Satashree. Importance of Mini-Antibodies in COVID-19. Spring Library, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47496/sl.blog.21.
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Comunicación de las Ciencias, Centro. Lanzamiento del libro «Virus: un mundo microscópico». Universidad Autónoma de Chile, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/2050012728/9592202030.
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En el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, también conocido como coronavirus, el Centro de Comunicación de las Ciencias pone a disposición de la comunidad un libro digital, descargable de forma gratuita, donde se describe qué son estos microorganismos, contribuyendo así con evidencia científica que permitirá a la población entender a qué nos enfrentamos.
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Betancur Ortiz, Idabely, Cristian Arbey Velarde, and Celeny Ortiz Restrepo. Situación epidemiológica de las variantes del virus SARS-CoV-2 detectadas en Antioquia, de diciembre 2020 a enero 2022. Instituto Nacional de Salud, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33610/01229907.2022v4n1a4.
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Introducción: la secuenciación genómica es una herramienta que permite identificar variantes del SARSCoV-2. La red de vigilancia genómica de Antioquia, viene trabajando en la caracterización de las variantes circulantes en el territorio, con el propósito de aportar evidencia científica a los tomadores de decisiones en el marco de la pandemia. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir la situación epidemiológica de las variantes de SARSCoV-2 detectadas en Antioquia desde diciembre de 2020 a enero de 2022. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Las muestras secuenciadas hicieron parte de los muestreos probabilísticos y rutinarios del Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS). Para la secuenciación se usó la plataforma de Oxford nanopor, además se emplearon las bases de datos del Sivigila y de reporte de casos COVID-19 del INS para los datos sociodemográficos y clínicos. La identificación de los linajes y score de calidad de las secuencias se llevó a cabo en Nextclade y Pangolin. Resultados: en Antioquia se identificaron variantes circulantes de SARS-CoV-2 en 2 675 muestras. Dentro de las variantes y/o linajes identificados los Delta, Mu y Gamma comprendieron la mayor proporción, aportando el 39 %, 27 % y 14 % respectivamente, sin embargo, la variante Ómicron desde su identificación (10 diciembre de 2021) presentó una amplia distribución en el departamento. Discusión: la determinación de los linajes ha permitido evidenciar la diversidad genética viral que circula en la región mostrando una prevalencia diferencial espacio-temporal con respecto al contexto nacional. La vigilancia genómica se fortalecerá con el objetivo de monitorear el comportamiento en virtud a variables sociodemográficas.
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Coronel-Monje, Katiusca, Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma, Juan Jeferson Vilca-Alosilla, Luis Daniel Goyzueta-Mamani, Herbert Mishaelf Aguilar Bravo, Jorge Augusto Sánchez Zegarra, Haruna Luz Barazorda-Ccahuana, Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho, and Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli. A Systematic Review of Peruvian Contributions to Scientific Publications on Experimental Research Against COVID-19. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.4.0080.
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Review question / Objective: The objective of this research work is to evaluate the generation capacity of experimental research carried out in Peru, which will help in making future decisions, both to establish future studies, to elucidate the lack of studies in certain areas, as well as to determine the country's roadmap in a current and future state of emergency. Condition being studied: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has spread worldwide becoming a pandemic with catastrophic effects. SARS-CoV-2 severely affects humans because it is highly transmissible and rapidly mutating, and is reported to have a mortality rate between 0.8-19.6% with regional variation. Various health strategies have been applied around the world, such as non-pharmacological interventions (use of masks, social distancing, monitoring of infected persons, etc.) and vaccination to reduce the spread of the virus and contagion. However, since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, there have been approximately 755 million cases of COVID-19 and 6.8 million deaths by February 2023.
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Şeker, Muzaffer, Ali Özer, Zekeriya Tosun, Cem Korkut, and Mürsel Doğrul, eds. The Assessment Report on COVID-19 Global Outbreak. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.2020.119.
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"In late December 2019, a large number of patients with unknown causes of pneumonia were reported by press from a seafood market in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. This coronavirus was originally named the 2019 new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 12, 2020. The Coronavirus Working Group (CSG) of the WHO and International Committee proposed to call the new virus SARS-CoV-2 on February 11, 2020. As a result of the samples taken from the patient, the whole genome sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 was isolated on January 7, 2020, by Chinese scientists in a short time. WHO announced on February 11, 2020; that “COVID-19” will become the official name of the disease. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director of the WHO, said the epidemic meant “ko”, “corona”, “vi” for “virus” and “d” for “disease” as first described on December 31, 2019. Such a name has been preferred to avoid stigmatizing a particular region, animal species or human. The infection, which started to spread first in China and then in nearby countries, spread to most countries later on. The epidemic soon reached an international dimension, affecting the whole world. As a result, the WHO considered COVID-19 as an international public health problem and declared it as a pandemic on January 30, 2020. In humans, coronaviruses cause some cases of colds and respiratory infections that can be fatal, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In recent years, new viral infections have been detected periodically in various countries. The first epidemic; was observed in 2002-2003 as a result of the crossing of a new coronavirus from bat origin to humans through palm civet cats in Guangdong Province, China. This virus, called SARS, affected a total of 8422 people in China and caused 916 deaths (11% mortality, however different rates are given in different literatures). The second epidemic event occurred approximately 10 years later. In 2012, the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged from bat origin through a dromedary camel in Saudi Arabia. It affected a total of 2494 people and caused 858 deaths (mortality rate of 34%). WHO has declared it as a pandemic after the outbreak and scientists are doing great efforts to identify the characterization of the new coronavirus and to develop antiviral therapies and vaccines. Clinical studies and vaccination studies are still ongoing fastly. Also, the pathogenesis of the virus is still not fully known, and new studies are needed in this regard. Currently, effective infection control intervention is the only way to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The most appropriate prophylactic regimen for patients under observation due to COVID-19 related disease is unknown. For this reason, treatment protocols should be planned by following the current guidelines. This study consists of evaluating the opinions about the history of pandemics associated with COVID-19, related definitions and the projects being carried out with the compilation of available resources, the development stages of the pandemic and the projection of postpandemic interaction so far."
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Şeker, Muzaffer, Ali Özer, Zekeriya Tosun, Cem Korkut, and Mürsel Doğrul, eds. COVID-19 Küresel Salgın Değerlendirme Raporu. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.2020.118.
Full textAbstract:
"In late December 2019, a large number of patients with unknown causes of pneumonia were reported by press from a seafood market in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. This coronavirus was originally named the 2019 new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 12, 2020. The Coronavirus Working Group (CSG) of the WHO and Internati- onal Committee proposed to call the new virus SARS-CoV-2 on February 11, 2020. As a result of the samples taken from the patient, the whole genome sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 was isolated on January 7, 2020, by Chinese scientists in a short time. WHO announced on Febru- ary 11, 2020; that “COVID-19” will become the official name of the disease. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director of the WHO, said the epidemic meant “ko”, “corona”, “vi” for “virus” and “d” for “disease” as first described on December 31, 2019. Such a name has been preferred to avoid stigmatizing a particular region, animal species or human. The infection, which started to spread first in China and then in nearby countries, spread to most countries later on. The epidemic soon reached an international dimension, affecting the whole world. As a result, the WHO considered COVID-19 as an international public health problem and declared it as a pandemic on January 30, 2020. In humans, coronaviruses cause some cases of colds and respiratory infections that can be fatal, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In recent years, new viral infections have been detected periodically in various countries. The first epidemic; was observed in 2002-2003 as a result of the crossing of a new coronavirus from bat origin to humans through palm civet cats in Guangdong Province, China. This virus, called SARS, affected a total of 8422 people in China and caused 916 deaths (11% mortality, however different rates are given in different literatures). The second epidemic event occurred approximately 10 years later. In 2012, the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged from bat origin through a dromedary camel in Saudi Arabia. It affected a total of 2494 people and caused 858 deaths (mortality rate of 34%). WHO has declared it as a pandemic after the outbreak and scientists are doing great efforts to identify the characterization of the new coronavirus and to develop antiviral therapies and vaccines. Clinical studies and vaccination studies are still ongo- ing fastly. Also, the pathogenesis of the virus is still not fully known, and new studies are needed in this regard. Currently, effective infection control intervention is the only way to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The most appropriate prophylactic regimen for patients under observa- tion due to COVID-19 related disease is unknown. For this reason, treatment protocols should be planned by following the current guidelines. This study consists of evaluating the opinions about the history of pandemics associated with COVID-19, related definitions and the projects being carried out with the compilation of avai- lable resources, the development stages of the pandemic and the projection of postpandemic interaction."