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Journal articles on the topic 'Virus-free'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Engel, Dr G. "VIRUS-FREE AND VIRUS-TESTED M.9 SELECTIONS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 160 (February 1986): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.160.8.

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2

ONODA, I., F. KROUPA, and B. MAREŠ. "Virus free Žatec (Saaz) hops." Kvasny Prumysl 47, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18832/kp2001007.

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3

Trobridge, Grant D., and David W. Russell. "Helper-Free Foamy Virus Vectors." Human Gene Therapy 9, no. 17 (November 20, 1998): 2517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hum.1998.9.17-2517.

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4

Trobridge, Grant D., and David W. Russell. "Helper-Free Foamy Virus Vectors." Human Gene Therapy 9, no. 17 (November 20, 1998): 2517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/10430349850019355.

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5

Meyer, Helen. "Keep your network virus-free." Computers & Security 15, no. 3 (January 1996): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4048(96)90306-5.

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6

Pagnotta, M. A., N. A. Rey Munoz, M. Barba, and F. Saccardo. "VIRUS-FREE ARTICHOKE GERMPLASM: DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN VIRUS-FREE AND CONTROL PLANTS DETECTED BY MOLECULAR MARKERS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 730 (January 2007): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.730.50.

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7

Hou, Xiaohong, Emily Sims, Wenjing Pan, Brittany Brown, Miranda Steele, Stephanie Song, and Jian Han. "Development of a cell free virus free beads-based SARS-Cov-2 virus neutralization assay." Journal of Immunology 208, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2022): 116.19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.116.19.

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Abstract Development of a simple, fast, and safe method to detect neutralizing antibody levels to a pathogen is urgent to help understand the immune status of convalescent patients and the immune responses after vaccine. Here we report the development of a cell-free and virus-free beads-based virus neutralization assay. We focused on the detection of neutralization antibody (nAb) in blood circulation to SARS-Cov-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). This assay uses histidine tagged recombinant RBD protein to replace living virus and uses streptavidin coated polystyrene beads as a carrier of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). This bead serves as a surrogate for target cells. Neutralization was detected by the decrease or absence of fluorescence signal associated with RBD. The assay was compared to a cell-based neutralization assay and ELISA, and these results are reported. The bead-based assay is simple, fast, safe and importantly, can truly reflect the immune status of individuals. The result of the assay can help assess the response of vaccine recipients and assist in selecting serum from convalescent patients for therapeutic purposes.
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8

Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Leif Roensholt, and Viggo Bitsch. "Bovine Virus Diarrhea Virus in Free-Living Deer from Denmark." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36, no. 3 (July 2000): 584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.3.584.

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9

Lee, A. E., L. A. Rogers, S. Topps, and K. Wallace. "Reinfection of virus free mice with mouse mammary tumour virus." Laboratory Animals 23, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367789780863646.

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BR6/Icrf mice carrying a milk-transmitted mammary tumour virus (MMTV) develop tumours after several pregnancies. If the mice are freed from MMTV, no tumours develop. In the experiments described in this paper, MMTV was reintroduced into MMTV-free mice by foster nursing, which was least effective if the pups were exposed to the virus only during the first week of life. Exposure for even a short time after that age led to a tumour incidence similar to that found in normally infected mice. Reinfection was also achieved by injection of MMTV-containing milk into weanling or pregnant mice, and was then transmitted naturally to the next generation.
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10

Babes, G., V. Lumia, G. Pasquini, G. Di Lernia, and M. Barba. "PRODUCTION OF VIRUS FREE ARTICHOKE GERMPLASM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 660 (October 2004): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.660.70.

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11

Hayden, Erika Check, and Monya Baker. "Virus-free pluripotency for human cells." Nature 458, no. 7234 (March 2009): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/458019a.

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12

Tarasov, V. V. "Construction of virus-free switching circuits." Problems of Information Transmission 42, no. 4 (December 2006): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0032946006040065.

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13

Pawlotsky, Jean-Michel. "Interferon-Free Hepatitis C Virus Therapy." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 10, no. 11 (January 21, 2020): a036855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a036855.

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14

Drezen, J. M., B. Provost, E. Espagne, L. Cattolico, C. Dupuy, M. Poirié, G. Periquet, and E. Huguet. "Polydnavirus genome: integrated vs. free virus." Journal of Insect Physiology 49, no. 5 (May 2003): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1910(03)00058-1.

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15

Bradbury, Danny. "The shortfall of free anti-virus." Infosecurity 6, no. 6 (September 2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1742-6847(09)70011-4.

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16

Ferber, D. "GENE THERAPY: Safer and Virus-Free?" Science 294, no. 5547 (November 23, 2001): 1638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.294.5547.1638.

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17

Svitkin, Yuri V., and Nahum Sonenberg. "Cell-Free Synthesis of Encephalomyocarditis Virus." Journal of Virology 77, no. 11 (June 1, 2003): 6551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.11.6551-6555.2003.

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ABSTRACT We developed a system for complete replication of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in a test tube by using an in vitro translation extract from Krebs-2 cells. Efficient virus synthesis occurred in a narrow range of Mg2+ and EMCV RNA concentrations. Excess input RNA impaired RNA replication and virus production but not translation. This suggests the existence of a negative-feedback mechanism for regulation of RNA replication by the viral plus-strand RNA or proteins.
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18

Sedlák, Jiří, František Paprštein, and Jana Suchá. "Influence of chemotherapy on development and production of virus free in vitro strawberry plants." Horticultural Science 46, No. 2 (June 28, 2019): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/249/2017-hortsci.

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The objective of the study was to determine effects of ribavirin on development and health status of in vitro grown strawberry cultivars ‘Honeoye’ and ‘Elkat’ infected with viruses Strawberry mild yellow-edge virus (SMYEV), Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV). Antiviral compound ribavirin was added in concentrations 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/l to the same MS medium as for multiplication. Growth reduction was noted on medium with 160 mg/l ribavirin and to a lesser degree in the 40 and 80 mg/l treatments. At the end of chemotherapy, in vitro clones free of viruses detected previously in the initial plants were obtained for both selected cultivars across all ribavirin concentrations. The highest number of plants (94) with negative results of ELISA testing was noted on medium with the highest ribavirin concentration 160 mg/l and the lowest (73) on medium with the lowest concentration 20 mg/l of ribavirin. The treated plants look symptomless and appear morphologically equal to the untreated control plants. Results indicate that ribavirin treatment of in vitro plants is a suitable method for eliminating SMYEV, ToRSV and ArMV from strawberry.
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19

Richardson, J. H., J. F. Kaye, L. A. Child, and A. M. L. Lever. "Helper virus-free transfer of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vectors." Journal of General Virology 76, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-76-3-691.

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20

Walkey, D. G. A., and D. N. Antill. "Agronomic evaluation of virus-free and virus-infected garlic (Allium sativumL.)." Journal of Horticultural Science 64, no. 1 (January 1989): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1989.11515927.

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21

Gilardi, Kirsten, and Prosper Uwingeli. "Keep mountain gorillas free from pandemic virus." Nature 602, no. 7896 (February 8, 2022): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00331-z.

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22

Lawson, R. H. "PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF VIRUS-FREE BULBS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 266 (March 1990): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.266.2.

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23

Ram, R., N. Verma, A. K. Singh, L. Singh, V. Hallan, and A. A. Zaidi. "Indexing and production of virus-free chrysanthemums." Biologia plantarum 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10535-005-0152-0.

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24

Ram, R., N. Verma, A. K. Singh, and A. A. Zaidi. "Virus-free chrysanthemums: Production and quality management." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 42, no. 10 (October 2009): 940–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400701541396.

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25

Wertheim, S. J., and H. J. van Oosten. "COMPARISON OF VIRUS-FREE AND VIRUS-INFECTED CLONES OF TWO PEAR CULTIVARS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 180 (May 1986): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.180.6.

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26

Pacumbaba, R. P. "Virus-Free Shoots from Cassava Stem Cuttings Infected with Cassava Latent Virus." Plant Disease 69, no. 3 (1985): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-69-231.

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27

Collaco, Roy F., Xuhong Cao, and James P. Trempe. "A helper virus-free packaging system for recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors." Gene 238, no. 2 (October 1999): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00347-9.

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28

Ammayappan, Arun, Scott E. LaPatra, and Vikram N. Vakharia. "A vaccinia-virus-free reverse genetics system for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus." Journal of Virological Methods 167, no. 2 (August 2010): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.03.023.

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29

Drittanti, Lila, Christine Jenny, Karine Poulard, Anne Samba, Peggy Manceau, Nestor Soria, Nathalie Vincent, Olivier Danos, and Manuel Vega. "Optimised helper virus-free production of high-quality adeno-associated virus vectors." Journal of Gene Medicine 3, no. 1 (January 2001): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-2254(2000)9999:9999<::aid-jgm152>3.0.co;2-u.

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30

Soria, S., C. Taboada, R. Rojas, T. Evans, V. D. Damsteegt, and S. Kitto. "Performance of Virus-free and Virus-infected Plants of Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum, Ruiz & Pavon)." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 631d—631. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.631d.

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Mashua, closely related to the garden nasturtium, has been cultivated by people of the Andean highlands since Incan time; however, it is disappearing from Ecuadorean markets due to decreasing yields. The main objectives of this research were to compare 1) in vitro proliferation and rooting, and reestablishment, and 2) field plant qualities such as vigor and yield between virus-infected and virus-free plant material. Virus-free material was obtained from shoot apices about 0.2 mm in size isolated from virus-infected, in vitro maintained, microcuttings of a number of mashua lines. Mashua line had an effect on proliferation, reestablishment and tuber yield. Virus infection appeared to have a detrimental effect on the general in vitro performance of all lines. There were no differences in reestablishment between the virus-infected and virus-free plants. Although there were no overall yield differences between the virus-infected and virus-free lines, virus-infected lines produced significantly more large tubers.
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31

Cao, Wen Jun, Yu Cun Liu, and Yi Qing Zhang. "Research on Computer Virus Prevention Strategies." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 3057–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.3057.

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In this paper, an model with impulsive effect is considered. The existence of the periodic virus-free solution is given and the basic reproductive number is defined. Using the Floquet theory and impulsive differential inequality, we obtain the local and global stability of the periodic virus-free solution if , and the virus in the computers will be eliminated. Finally numerical simulation validates the results and shows that the periodic virus-free solution is unstable and the virus will persist when .
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32

Dědič, P., J. Ptáček, V. Horáčková, V. Matoušek, N. Čeřovská, and M. Filigarová. "Potato virus S (PVS): puzzling virus for potato breeders and seed producers." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10581-pps.

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In the framework of PVS eradication from breeding materials of Czech potato cultivars, the systematic research was devoted to: susceptibility of cultivars, occurrence of PVS in imported and domestic materials, and to maintenance of virus-free basic grades potatoes on breeding stations. In the field-exposure trials was proved high level of susceptibility of most cultivars to PVS and by contraries, gradualy increased proportion of maintained virus-free cultivars of foreign, as well as domestic origin. Nevertheless severe infestation still persist in some of them. The contemporary situation with maintenance of virus-free basic material in CR was demonstrated.
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33

Marodin, Josué C., Francisco V. Resende, Juliano TV de Resende, André Gabriel, André R. Zeist, Leonel V. Constantino, and Alisson WS Sanzovo. "Virus-free garlic: yield and commercial classification as a function of plant spacing and seed size." Horticultura Brasileira 38, no. 3 (September 2020): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620200309.

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ABSTRACT Studies on the interaction between garlic plant density and virus-free seed size are scarce in Brazil. Thus, this study was installed to evaluate the effect of plant spacing and seed size on garlic traits and yield for infected and virus-free bulbs. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and 2x5x3 factorial combination [infected and virus-free bulbs, five plant spacings (210, 260, 300, 360, and 390 cm2 per plant), and three bulbous seed sizes (sieve one, two, and three)]. The highest bulb yield was observed for virus-free seeds at a plant spacing of 390 cm2 plant-1, while the highest commercial yield was verified for 210 cm2 plant-1 spacing. The combination of virus-free seeds, larger bulbs, and 332 cm2 plant-1 spacing promoted the highest leaf area index. For virus-free garlic, lower plant densities resulted in higher yields and garlic bulb quality. The best option for higher yields and improved commercial quality bulbs was the use of medium-sized virus-free bulbils at a plant density of about 300 thousand plants ha-1.
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34

Torres, Antonio Carlos, Thor Vinícius Fajardo, André Nepomuceno Dusi, Renato de Oliveira Resende, and José Amauri Buso. "Shoot tip culture and thermotherapy for recovering virus-free plants of garlic." Horticultura Brasileira 18, no. 3 (November 2000): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362000000300010.

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Garlic shoot tip culture associated with dry heat thermotherapy (cloves exposed to 37°C for 35 days) were essential for recovering virus free plants of the cv Amarante. In this condition 70% of the explants developed in vitro and produced plants. A total of 77% of those plants was virus free when indexed by ISEM, which resulted in a final index of 54% of virus free plants from treated cloves. The percentage of regeneration decreased to 20% as the temperature increased up to 40°C. However 90% of those plants were virus free, leading to a final index of 18% virus free plants out of treated cloves.
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35

Gabova, R. N. "VIRUS FREE POME FRUITS THROUGH MERISTEM TIP CULTURE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 235 (April 1989): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.235.8.

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36

Dierauf, Leslie A., William B. Karesh, Hon S. Ip, Kirsten V. Gilardi, and John R. Fischer. "Avian influenza virus and free-ranging wild birds." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 228, no. 12 (June 15, 2006): 1877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.12.1877.

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37

Kim, I. V., E. V. Shishchenko, P. V. Fisenko, A. S. Chibizova, and A. G. Klykov. "Biotechnology methods in virus-free potato seed production." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 5 (September 25, 2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2022-5-29-34.

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Relevance. Plants of potato varieties are carriers of viral pathogens in a latent form. These viruses can be transmitted to clonal progeny of the carriers. The system of virus-free seed production facilitates the elimination of the viruses in seed potatoes and preserves the high productivity of potato varieties. The research goal was to develop a scheme for virus elimination in potato using biotechnological methods and to introduce this scheme in the production of virus-free tubers under the conditions of Primorsky krai.Material and methods. New promising variety Moryak (breeding number Pri-08-11-1), which was created in FSBSI “FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki”, was used as the research object. The mean yield of the new genotype is 34.1 t/ha, the potential yield is 40.1 t/ha. The dry matter content is 18.13-23.85%, the starch content is 12.10-17.24%, and the content of vitamin C is 17.46-23.12 mg/100 g. This variety has a high keeping quality of tubers (92.2-94.4%) and resistance to excessive soil moisture. Tissue culture and chemotherapy in combination with ribavirin (a concentration of 0.02-0.03%) and chitosan (0.01-0.1%) were used for virus elimination. Sprouts from the original tubers and plantlets were tested by EIA and qPCR for latent infection (PVX, PVY, PVA, PVS, PVM, PLRV).Results. A sequential increase in the concentration of ribavirin (from 0.02 to 0.03%) and chitosan (from 0.01 to 0.1%) and their alternation in different passages proved to be an effective method for virus elimination in plantlets. As the result of the research, the new scheme for the elimination of the most economically important potato viruses was developed and introduced, and virus-free seed material was obtained.
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38

Romadanova, Natalya Vladimirovna, and Svetlana Veniaminovna Kushnarenko. "Biotechnology for obtaining virus-free apple planting stocks." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 103, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021bmg3/102-118.

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The review describes the successive stages of work on the production of virus-free apple planting stocks using biotechnology methods. Compositions of nutrient media, duration and temperature regime of plant material treatment, and other details for all stages of cryopreservation (cryotherapy), chemotherapy, detection of viruses are presented, methods of in vitro initiation, micropropagation, in vitro rooting and adaptation of plant material to the soil substrate are discussed. Virus-free collection of Malus domestica Borkh. and M. sieversii Ledeb. M. Roem. is preserved by in vitro culture and cold storage (+4 °C). Cryopreservation of shoot tips of apple historic cultivars and wild forms in liquid nitrogen at -196° will preserve this valuable material for a long time and, if necessary, can be used in breeding. Virus-free apple rootstocks and cultivars will be available to provide planting material of a super-elite class for local nurseries and in general will promote the development of the domestic nursery.
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39

Aburkhes, M., N. Fahmi, A. Benhmeda, M. Naffati, and A. Ziglam. "VIRUS FREE POTATOES BY TISSUE CULTURE IN LIBYA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 289 (April 1991): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1991.289.6.

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40

Zilka, S., E. Faingersh, A. Rotbaum, Y. Tam, S. Spiegel, and N. Malca. "IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF VIRUS-FREE PEAR PLANTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 596 (December 2002): 477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.596.79.

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41

Meents, A., and M. O. Wiedorn. "Virus Structures by X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers." Annual Review of Virology 6, no. 1 (September 29, 2019): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015724.

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Until recently X-ray crystallography has been the standard technique for virus structure determinations. Available X-ray sources have continuously improved over the decades, leading to the realization of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). They provide high-intensity femtosecond X-ray pulses, which allow for new kinds of experiments by making use of the diffraction-before-destruction principle. By overcoming classical dose constraints, they at least in principle allow researchers to perform X-ray virus structure determination for single particles at room temperature. Simultaneously, the availability of XFELs led to the development of the method of serial femtosecond crystallography, where a crystal structure is determined from the measurement of hundreds to thousands of microcrystals. In the case of virus crystallography this method does not require freezing of the crystals and allows researchers to perform experiments under non-equilibrium conditions (e.g., by laser-induced temperature jumps or rapid chemical mixing), which is currently not possible with electron microscopy.
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42

Thomson, David A. C., Krassen Dimitrov, and Matthew A. Cooper. "Amplification free detection of Herpes Simplex Virus DNA." Analyst 136, no. 8 (2011): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0an01021a.

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43

Li, H., G. Snowder, and T. B. Crawford. "Production of malignant catarrhal fever virus-free sheep." Veterinary Microbiology 65, no. 2 (March 1999): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00287-9.

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44

Harper, D. R., N. Mathieu, and J. Mullarkey. "High-titre, cryostable cell-free varicella zoster virus." Archives of Virology 143, no. 6 (June 1998): 1163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050364.

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45

Shields, S. A., and T. M. A. Wilson. "Cell-free Translation of Turnip Mosaic Virus RNA." Journal of General Virology 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-68-1-169.

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46

Jensen, Kristen, Francisco Alvarado-Ramy, Janis González-Martínez, Edmundo Kraiselburd, and Johnny Rullán. "B-Virus and Free-Ranging Macaques, Puerto Rico." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 3 (March 2004): 494–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1003.030257.

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47

Kastrikina, L. N., V. I. Minaev, N. I. Lonskaya, and G. I. Bizhanov. "Free haemagglutinin in inactivated whole virus influenza vaccines." Biologicals 18, no. 1 (January 1990): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1045-1056(90)90068-b.

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48

Shen, Xiao, David L. Hacker, Lucia Baldi, and Florian M. Wurm. "Virus-free transient protein production in Sf9 cells." Journal of Biotechnology 171 (February 2014): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.018.

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49

Sasaki, Atsuko, Satoko Kanematsu, Mari Onoue, Yuri Oikawa, Hitoshi Nakamura, and Kouji Yoshida. "Artificial Infection of Rosellinia necatrix with Purified Viral Particles of a Member of the Genus Mycoreovirus Reveals Its Uneven Distribution in Single Colonies." Phytopathology® 97, no. 3 (March 2007): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-3-0278.

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Rosellinia necatrix mycoreovirus 3 (W370) (RnMYRV-3/W370, described as RnMYRV-3 in this paper), a member of the newly established genus Mycoreovirus within the family Reoviridae, is the hypovirulence factor of the white root rot fungus, Rosellinia necatrix. Two virus-free fungal isolates (W37 and W97) that were somatically incompatible with the virus-harboring field isolate (W370) were transfected with purified RnMYRV-3 particles. Virus infection was confirmed by electrophoresis and northern hybridization of viral double-stranded RNA. RnMYRV-3 was transmissible from transfected strains to their respective, virus-free counterparts via hyphal anastomosis. Virus-transfected strains produced smaller lesions on apple fruits than did their virus-free counterparts. Virus-cured strains were indistinguishable from wild-type strains in culture morphology and displayed approximately the same virulence level on apples. Virus-transfected strains had “mosaic” colony portions consisting of thin, fast-growing and dense, slow-growing mycelia, and grew more slowly as a whole than their virus-free, parental strains. The level of virus accumulation varied among virus-transfected subcultures and within its single colonies. Virus-transfected strains were occasionally cured, as was W370. Such a phenomenon may be ascribed to uneven viral distribution in single colonies and the difficulty in viral transmission to virus-free hyphae.
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Sass, Gabriele, Ioly Kotta-Loizou, Marife Martinez, David J. Larwood, and David A. Stevens. "Polymycovirus Infection Sensitizes Aspergillus fumigatus for Antifungal Effects of Nikkomycin Z." Viruses 15, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010197.

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Abstract:
Infection with Aspergillus fumigatus polymycovirus 1 (AfuPmV-1) weakens resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus common reference strain Af293 biofilms in intermicrobial competition with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We compared the sensitivity of two infected and one virus-free Af293 strains to antifungal drugs. All three were comparably sensitive to drugs affecting fungal membranes (voriconazole, amphotericin) or cell wall glucan synthesis (micafungin, caspofungin). In contrast, forming biofilms of virus-free Af293 were much more resistant than AfuPmV-1-infected Af293 to nikkomycin Z (NikZ), a drug inhibiting chitin synthase. The IC50 for NikZ on biofilms was between 3.8 and 7.5 µg/mL for virus-free Af293 and 0.94–1.88 µg/mL for infected strains. The IC50 for the virus-free A. fumigatus strain 10AF was ~2 µg/mL in most experiments. NikZ also modestly affected the planktonic growth of infected Af293 more than the virus-free strain (MIC 50%, 2 and 4 µg/mL, respectively). Virus-free Af293 biofilm showed increased metabolism, and fungus growing as biofilm or planktonically showed increased growth compared to infected; these differences do not explain the resistance of the virus-free fungus to NikZ. In summary, AfuPmV-1 infection sensitized A. fumigatus to NikZ, but did not affect response to drugs commonly used against A. fumigatus infection. Virus infection had a greater effect on NikZ inhibition of biofilm than planktonic growth.
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