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Kim, Tae-Dong, and Hajime Unno. "The roles of microbes in the removal and inactivation of viruses in a biological wastewater treatment system." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0681.
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The objective of this research is to clarify the mechanism for virus removal in an activated sludge process. The roles of microbes, i.e. bacteria, protozoa and metazoa, which form activated sludge were investigated using poliovirus as a model virus. In a bacteria cultures, the virus concentration decreased in the first one hour after which no further decrease was observed. This phenomenon is explained by the interaction of bacterial floc and virus where virus was removed by reversible adsorption. On the other hand, in the mixed culture of bacteria and protozoa, or of bacteria and metazoa, the virus removal process was observed to proceed in two first-order processes. In the first stage, virus was removed from the liquid phase by adsorption onto the floc, whereas in the second stage, virus is removed by predation of the other microbes, i.e. protozoa or metazoa. Moreover, the floc-forming ability and the feeding manner of the microbes strongly affected the virus removal. Especially, a filter feeder microbe was more effective in virus removal than a detritus feeder microbe. Among the microbes used in the experiments, P. erythrophthalma which had a large mouth and a strong filter-feeding ability as well as a high floc-forming ability showed the most efficient virus removal.
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Bransfield, Robert C., Charlotte Mao, and Rosalie Greenberg. "Microbes and Mental Illness: Past, Present, and Future." Healthcare 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010083.
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A review of the association between microbes and mental illness is performed, including the history, relevant definitions, infectious agents associated with mental illnesses, complex interactive infections, total load theory, pathophysiology, psychoimmunology, psychoneuroimmunology, clinical presentations, early-life infections, clinical assessment, and treatment. Perspectives on the etiology of mental illness have evolved from demonic possession toward multisystem biologically based models that include gene expression, environmental triggers, immune mediators, and infectious diseases. Microbes are associated with a number of mental disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders, as well as suicidality and aggressive or violent behaviors. Specific microbes that have been associated or potentially associated with at least one of these conditions include Aspergillus, Babesia, Bartonella, Borna disease virus, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Candida, Chlamydia, coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2), Cryptococcus neoformans, cytomegalovirus, enteroviruses, Epstein–Barr virus, hepatitis C, herpes simplex virus, human endogenous retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, influenza viruses, measles virus, Mycoplasma, Plasmodium, rubella virus, Group A Streptococcus (PANDAS), Taenia solium, Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Trypanosoma, and West Nile virus. Recognition of the microbe and mental illness association with the development of greater interdisciplinary research, education, and treatment options may prevent and reduce mental illness morbidity, disability, and mortality.
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Engevik, Kristen A., and Melinda A. Engevik. "Partners in Infectious Disease: When Microbes Facilitate Enteric Viral Infections." Gastroenterology Insights 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gastroent12010005.
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The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract harbors a diverse community of microbes, fungi, archaea, and viruses. In addition to occupying the same enteric niche, recent evidence suggests that microbes and viruses can act synergistically and, in some cases, promote disease. In this review, we focus on the disease-promoting interactions of the gut microbiota and rotavirus, norovirus, poliovirus, reovirus, and astrovirus. Microbes and microbial compounds can directly interact with viruses, promote viral fitness, alter the glycan structure of viral adhesion sites, and influence the immune system, among other mechanisms. These interactions can directly and indirectly affect viral infection. By focusing on microbe–virus interplay, we hope to identify potential strategies for targeting offending microbes and minimizing viral infection.
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Kosowatz, John. "Filtering Out Microbes." Mechanical Engineering 143, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2021-jan3.
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Abstract A new HVAC filter, developed through a collaboration of Houston-based medical real estate developer Medistar and researchers at the University of Houston and Texas A&M University, uses a heated filter made of nickel foam that traps and kills 99.8 percent of the virus.
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González, Rubén, and Marie-Anne Félix. "Naturally-associated bacteria modulate Orsay virus infection of Caenorhabditis elegans." PLOS Pathogens 20, no. 1 (January 17, 2024): e1011947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011947.
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Microbes associated with an organism can significantly modulate its susceptibility to viral infections, but our understanding of the influence of individual microbes remains limited. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a model organism that in nature inhabits environments rich in bacteria. Here, we examine the impact of 71 naturally associated bacteria on C. elegans susceptibility to its only known natural virus, the Orsay virus. Our findings reveal that viral infection of C. elegans is significantly influenced by monobacterial environments. Compared to an Escherichia coli environmental reference, the majority of tested bacteria reduced C. elegans susceptibility to viral infection. This reduction is not caused by virion degradation or poor animal nutrition by the bacteria. The repression of viral infection by the bacterial strains Chryseobacterium JUb44 and Sphingobacterium BIGb0172 does not require the RIG-I homolog DRH-1, which is known to activate antiviral responses such as RNA interference and transcriptional regulation. Our research highlights the necessity of considering natural biotic environments in viral infection studies and opens the way future research on host-microbe-virus interactions.
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Bonachela, Juan A., Melinda Choua, and Michael R. Heath. "Unconstrained coevolution of bacterial size and the latent period of plastic phage." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 26, 2022): e0268596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268596.
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Viruses play critical roles in the dynamics of microbial communities. Lytic viruses, for example, kill significant fractions of autotrophic and heterotrophic microbes daily. The dynamic interplay between viruses and microbes results from an overlap of physiological, ecological, and evolutionary responses: environmental changes trigger host physiological changes, affecting the ecological interactions of host and virus and, ultimately, the evolutionary pressures influencing the two populations. Recent theoretical work studied how the dependence of viral traits on host physiology (viral plasticity) affects the evolutionarily stable host cell size and viral infection time emerging from coevolution. Here, we broaden the scope of the framework to consider any coevolutionary outcome, including potential evolutionary collapses of the system. We used the case study of Escherichia coli and T-like viruses under chemostat conditions, but the framework can be adapted to any microbe-virus system. Oligotrophic conditions led to smaller, lower-quality but more abundant hosts, and infections that were longer but produced a reduced viral offspring. Conversely, eutrophic conditions resulted in fewer but larger higher-quality hosts, and shorter but more productive infections. The virus influenced host evolution decreasing host size more noticeably for low than for high dilution rates, and for high than for low nutrient input concentration. For low dilution rates, the emergent infection time minimized host need/use, but higher dilution led to an opportunistic strategy that shortened the duration of infections. System collapses driven by evolution resulted from host failure to adapt quickly enough to the evolving virus. Our results contribute to understanding the eco-evolutionary dynamics of microbes and virus, and to improving the predictability of current models for host-virus interactions. The large quantitative and qualitative differences observed with respect to a classic description (in which viral traits are assumed to be constant) highlights the importance of including viral plasticity in theories describing short- and long-term host-virus dynamics.
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Ørskov, J. "ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF PERIPNEUMONIA-VIRUS, AGALACTIA-VIRUS AND SEIFFERTS MICROBES." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 19, no. 4 (August 10, 2009): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1942.tb03365.x.
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Carrillo Farga, Ana María. "Idées: Ces microbes et virus qui font l’histoire." Le Courrier de l'UNESCO 2020, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9549dcb9-fr.
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Poitevin, Bernard. "Microbes. Pourquoi bactéries et virus nous sont indispensables." La Revue d'Homéopathie 2, no. 1 (March 2011): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1878-9730(11)70071-8.
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Khurshid, Huma, Saira Rafaqat, and Sana Rafaqat. "Overview of microbes in hypertension." World Journal of Hypertension 11, no. 2 (October 16, 2023): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5494/wjh.v11.i2.12.
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High blood pressure (BP), known as hypertension, is a major contributing factor to the development of cardiovascular disease. The development and pathogenesis of hypertension involve a wide array of factors including genetics, environment, hormones, hemodynamics, and inflammation. There is a significantly positive association between higher levels of colonization by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Tannerella forsythia , and Treponema denticola (etiologic bacterial burden) below the gum line, and the presence of hypertension. The use of antibiotics during pregnancy, which is likely indicative of bacterial infections severe enough to require antibiotic treatment, is associated with a slight increase in average arterial BP. Cytomegalovirus infection is a risk factor for heightened arterial BP and acts as a co-factor in the development of aortic atherosclerosis. The relationship between hypertension and coronavirus disease 2019 involves endothelial dysfunction and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system. The effects of gut microbiota on BP, whether beneficial or harmful, are influenced by multiple factors including genetics, epigenetics, lifestyle choices, and antibiotic usage. These variables collectively contribute to overall BP levels and the control of hypertension. Several reports have examined the BP levels of patients infected with the Zika virus. In regions with a high incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hypertension has been linked to a higher risk of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Also, a potential causal link has been found between malaria and elevated BP. Also, the elevated prevalence of hypertension among dengue patients during their initial visit suggests that relying solely on BP measurements to predict severe infection may not be clinically reliable.
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Kinderlehrer, DA. "Does Lyme Disease Cause PANS?" Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 3 (March 6, 2021): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1201.
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In 1994, Susan Swedo and colleagues described children who developed mental health issues following infection with Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections, and in a subsequent report coined the term Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) [1,2]. In short order it was discovered that multiple microbes have the potential of triggering mental health issues in children and adolescents, and the nomenclature was updated to Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) [3]. The microbes that thus far have been associated with PANS include herpes simplex virus, influenza A virus, varicella virus, HIV, recurrent sinusitis, Epstein-Barr virus, the common cold, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Bartonella henselae [4-6].
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Dominguez-Huerta, Guillermo, Ahmed A. Zayed, James M. Wainaina, Jiarong Guo, Funing Tian, Akbar Adjie Pratama, Benjamin Bolduc, et al. "Diversity and ecological footprint of Global Ocean RNA viruses." Science 376, no. 6598 (June 10, 2022): 1202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn6358.
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DNA viruses are increasingly recognized as influencing marine microbes and microbe-mediated biogeochemical cycling. However, little is known about global marine RNA virus diversity, ecology, and ecosystem roles. In this study, we uncover patterns and predictors of marine RNA virus community- and “species”-level diversity and contextualize their ecological impacts from pole to pole. Our analyses revealed four ecological zones, latitudinal and depth diversity patterns, and environmental correlates for RNA viruses. Our findings only partially parallel those of cosampled plankton and show unexpectedly high polar ecological interactions. The influence of RNA viruses on ecosystems appears to be large, as predicted hosts are ecologically important. Moreover, the occurrence of auxiliary metabolic genes indicates that RNA viruses cause reprogramming of diverse host metabolisms, including photosynthesis and carbon cycling, and that RNA virus abundances predict ocean carbon export.
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Wainwright, Milton. "The Overlooked Link between Non-Virus Microbes and Cancer." Science Progress 93, no. 4 (November 2010): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685010x12871628232041.
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Winter, George. "‘It's probably a virus.’ Knowing the difference between microbes." Practice Nursing 17, no. 8 (August 2006): 384–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2006.17.8.21654.
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Pappas, G., S. Seitaridis, N. Akritidis, and E. Tsianos. "Infectious Diseases in Cinema: Virus Hunters and Killer Microbes." Clinical Infectious Diseases 37, no. 7 (October 1, 2003): 939–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/377740.
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Oyatokun, O. S., F. O. Oyelakin, W. B. Akanbi, M. A. Adigun, and S. T. Ajiwe. "Influence of Rhizobium and Virus Inocula on Growth and Yields of Cowpea: A Mini-review." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 16, no. 2 (May 10, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arja/2023/v16i2382.
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Cowpea is a nutritional grain consumed especially in developing countries of the tropical and subtropical regions. It is prone to attack in its entire stages of growth by pathogens and pests such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and insects. Organisms, whether microbes, plants or animals interact both in isolated and complex systems. These interactions could be plant-plant, plant-microbe, microbe-microbe or microbe-microbe-plant interaction to complete the process of the food web. While some interactions are healthy and beneficial to the parties involved in the relationship, some others are unhealthy and harmful. This review has as its focus microbe-microbe interaction and effects on nodulation and yields of cowpea, with a view to examining the impacts on the sustainability of the food production system. A good knowledge of such interactions could help improve productivity and may allow the development of new strategies for plant protection and the control of parasites as well as for increasing crop yields. Hence this article assesses the influence of rhizobium and virus on cowpea nodulation and yields with a view to evaluating their contributory effects and assessing their individual potency in the interaction.
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Sullivan, Matthew B. "Viromes, Not Gene Markers, for Studying Double-Stranded DNA Virus Communities." Journal of Virology 89, no. 5 (December 24, 2014): 2459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.03289-14.
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Microbes have recently been recognized as dominant forces in nature, with studies benefiting from gene markers that can be quickly, informatively, and universally surveyed. Viruses, where explored, have proven to be powerful modulators of locally and globally important microbes through mortality, horizontal gene transfer, and metabolic reprogramming. However, community-wide virus studies have been challenged by the lack of a universal marker. Here, I propose that viral metagenomics has advanced to largely take over study of double-stranded DNA viruses.
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Stojković, Dejan, Marina Kostić, Marija Smiljković, Milena Aleksić, Perica Vasiljević, Miloš Nikolić, and Marina Soković. "Linking Antimicrobial Potential of Natural Products Derived from Aquatic Organisms and Microbes Involved in Alzheimer’s Disease - A Review." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 26 (July 23, 2020): 4372–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180309103645.
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The following review is oriented towards microbes linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and antimicrobial effect of compounds and extracts derived from aquatic organisms against specific bacteria, fungi and viruses which were found previously in patients suffering from AD. Major group of microbes linked to AD include bacteria: Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Actinomyces naeslundii, spirochete group; fungi: Candida sp., Cryptococcus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Malassezia sp., Botrytis sp., and viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis C virus (HCV). In the light of that fact, this review is the first to link antimicrobial potential of aquatic organisms against these sorts of microbes. This literature review might serve as a starting platform to develop novel supportive therapy for patients suffering from AD and to possibly prevent escalation of the disease in patients already having high-risk factors for AD occurrence.
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Deschildre, A., S. Lejeune, I. Engelmann, M. Pichavant, and P. Gosset. "Asthme allergènes et microbes : mélange détonnant ou étonnant ? Les virus." Revue Française d'Allergologie 59, no. 3 (April 2019): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reval.2019.01.010.
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Pascelli, Cecília, Patrick W. Laffy, Marija Kupresanin, Timothy Ravasi, and Nicole S. Webster. "Morphological characterization of virus-like particles in coral reef sponges." PeerJ 6 (October 17, 2018): e5625. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5625.
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Marine sponges host complex microbial consortia that vary in their abundance, diversity and stability amongst host species. While our understanding of sponge-microbe interactions has dramatically increased over the past decade, little is known about how sponges and their microbial symbionts interact with viruses, the most abundant entities in the ocean. In this study, we employed three transmission electron microscopy (TEM) preparation methods to provide the first comprehensive morphological assessment of sponge-associated viruses. The combined approaches revealed 50 different morphologies of viral-like particles (VLPs) represented across the different sponge species. VLPs were visualized within sponge cells, within the sponge extracellular mesohyl matrix, on the sponge ectoderm and within sponge-associated microbes. Non-enveloped, non-tailed icosahedral VLPs were the most commonly observed morphotypes, although tailed bacteriophage, brick-shaped, geminate and filamentous VLPs were also detected. Visualization of sponge-associated viruses using TEM has confirmed that sponges harbor not only diverse communities of microorganisms but also diverse communities of viruses.
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Tauber, James P., Cansu Ö. Tozkar, Ryan S. Schwarz, Dawn Lopez, Rebecca E. Irwin, Lynn S. Adler, and Jay D. Evans. "Colony-Level Effects of Amygdalin on Honeybees and Their Microbes." Insects 11, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110783.
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Amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside, is found in the nectar and pollen of almond trees, as well as in a variety of other crops, such as cherries, nectarines, apples and others. It is inevitable that western honeybees (Apis mellifera) consistently consume amygdalin during almond pollination season because almond crops are almost exclusively pollinated by honeybees. This study tests the effects of a field-relevant concentration of amygdalin on honeybee microbes and the activities of key honeybee genes. We executed a two-month field trial providing sucrose solutions with or without amygdalin ad libitum to free-flying honeybee colonies. We collected adult worker bees at four time points and used RNA sequencing technology and our HoloBee database to assess global changes in microbes and honeybee transcripts. Our hypothesis was that amygdalin will negatively affect bee microbes and possibly immune gene regulation. Using a log2 fold-change cutoff at two and intraday comparisons, we show no large change of bacterial counts, fungal counts or key bee immune gene transcripts, due to amygdalin treatment in relation to the control. However, relatively large titer decreases in the amygdalin treatment relative to the control were found for several viruses. Chronic bee paralysis virus levels had a sharp decrease (−14.4) with titers then remaining less than the control, Black queen cell virus titers were lower at three time points (<−2) and Deformed wing virus titers were lower at two time points (<−6) in amygdalin-fed compared to sucrose-fed colonies. Titers of Lotmaria passim were lower in the treatment group at three of the four dates (<−4). In contrast, Sacbrood virus had two dates with relative increases in its titers (>2). Overall, viral titers appeared to fluctuate more so than bacteria, as observed by highly inconstant patterns between treatment and control and throughout the season. Our results suggest that amygdalin consumption may reduce several honeybee viruses without affecting other microbes or colony-level expression of immune genes.
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Miller-Podraza, H., T. Larsson, J. Nilsson, S. Teneberg, M. Matrosovich, and L. Johansson. "Epitope dissection of receptor-active gangliosides with affinity for Helicobacter pylori and influenza virus." Acta Biochimica Polonica 45, no. 2 (June 30, 1998): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1998_4238.
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Receptor-active gangliosides with affinity for Helicobacter pylori and influenza virus were chemically modified and analyzed by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS) or electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI MS) after permethylation. Derivatizations included mild periodate oxidation of the sialic acid glycerol tail or conversion of the carboxyl group to primary alcohol or amides. The modified gangliosides were then tested for binding affinity using thin-layer plates overlaid with labeled microbes or microbe-derived proteins. Mild periodate oxidation, which shortens sialic acid tail without destruction of sugar cores, abolished or drastically reduced binding of H. pylori and avian influenza virus to sialyl-3-paragloboside (S-3-PG). The same effect was observed in the case of binding of the human influenza virus to receptor-active gangliosides of human leukocytes. Conversion of S-3-PG or leukocyte gangliosides to primary alcohols or amides also abolished the binding. However, mild periodate oxidation had no effect on binding of NAP (neutrophil-activating protein of H. pylori) to the active ganglioside.
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Karivedu, Vidhya, Rebecca Hoyd, Caroline Wheeler, Sachin Jhawar, Priyanka Bhateja, Marcelo Bonomi, and Daniel Spakowicz. "837 Preliminary insights into the impact of tumor microbiome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, Suppl 2 (November 2021): A878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.837.
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BackgroundHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous set of distinct malignancies. Recognized prognostic factors rely on clinical and biological features, consisting mainly of stage, site of disease, performance status, comorbidities, smoking history and human papilloma virus (HPV) status. However, patients clustered by these parameters still differ in their clinical behavior and therapy response. The impact of the tumor microbiome on human disease has been explored and discussed extensively. Evaluating the tumor microbiome is a promising new approach that could be used as a prognostic and predictive tool in HNSCC, with the potential for improved treatment options and better clinical outcomes.MethodsWe utilized The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to obtain RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data to identify microbes in HNSCC samples. We utilized ExoTIC, ”Exogenous sequences in Tumors and Immune cells,” a tool recently developed by Spakowicz et al. ExoTIC takes raw RNAseq reads and carefully aligns them to both human and non-human reference genomes to identify low-abundance microbes. We performed Cox proportional hazards regression to identify the microbes associated with overall survival (OS), controlling for age, stage, and smoking status.ResultsWe evaluated 498 RNAseq samples from TCGA (table 1). ExoTIC identified 5838 microbes including bacteria, viruses and fungi, of which 330 were statistically associated with OS. Interestingly, 20% (n=100) of samples had HPV virus which was significantly associated with improved OS (HR 0.59, CI 0.4–0.9, p<0.01). There were also several other viruses and bacteria associated with significantly improved OS.Abstract 837 Table 1Patient characteristics of TCGA datasetConclusionsWe found the presence of certain microbes in tumor biopsies statistically correlated with OS in HNSCC patients. This supports further study into the presence and correlation of specific microbes with tumor subsite and outcomes. Assessing individual characteristics of a HNSCC subtype with its particular microenvironment (e.g., microbes) can lead to personalized treatment insights and improved outcomes. Our future research will validate and correlate the microbial profile of HNSCC subtypes with clinical outcomes retrospectively and prospectively.
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Smith, Daniel F. Q., and Arturo Casadevall. "On the relationship between Pathogenic Potential and Infective Inoculum." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): e1010484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010484.
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Pathogenic Potential (PP) is a mathematical description of an individual microbe, virus, or parasite’s ability to cause disease in a host, given the variables of inoculum, signs of disease, mortality, and in some instances, median survival time of the host. We investigated the relationship between pathogenic potential (PP) and infective inoculum (I) using two pathogenic fungi in the wax moth Galleria mellonella with mortality as the relevant outcome. Our analysis for C. neoformans infection revealed negative exponential relationship between PP and I. Plotting the log(I) versus the Fraction of animals with signs or symptoms (Fs) over median host survival time (T) revealed a linear relationship, with a slope that varied between the different fungi studied and a y-intercept corresponding to the inoculum that produced no signs of disease. The I vs Fs/T slope provided a measure of the pathogenicity of each microbial species, which we call the pathogenicity constant or kPath. The kPath provides a new parameter to quantitatively compare the relative virulence and pathogenicity of microbial species for a given host. In addition, we investigated the PP and Fs/T from values found in preexisting literature. Overall, the relationship between Fs/T and PP versus inoculum varied among microbial species and extrapolation to zero signs of disease allowed the calculation of the lowest pathogenic inoculum (LPI) of a microbe. Microbes tended to fall into two groups: those with positive linear relationships between PP and Fs/T vs I, and those that had a negative exponential PP vs I relationship with a positive logarithmic Fs/T vs I relationship. The microbes with linear relationships tended to be bacteria, whereas the exponential-based relationships tended to be fungi or higher order eukaryotes. Differences in the type and sign of the PP vs I and Fs/T vs I relationships for pathogenic microbes suggest fundamental differences in host-microbe interactions leading to disease.
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Hevroni, Gur, José Flores-Uribe, Oded Béjà, and Alon Philosof. "Seasonal and diel patterns of abundance and activity of viruses in the Red Sea." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 47 (November 10, 2020): 29738–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010783117.
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Virus–microbe interactions have been studied in great molecular details for many years in cultured model systems, yielding a plethora of knowledge on how viruses use and manipulate host machinery. Since the advent of molecular techniques and high-throughput sequencing, methods such as cooccurrence, nucleotide composition, and other statistical frameworks have been widely used to infer virus–microbe interactions, overcoming the limitations of culturing methods. However, their accuracy and relevance is still debatable as cooccurrence does not necessarily mean interaction. Here we introduce an ecological perspective of marine viral communities and potential interaction with their hosts, using analyses that make no prior assumptions on specific virus–host pairs. By size fractionating water samples into free viruses and microbes (i.e., also viruses inside or attached to their hosts) and looking at how viral group abundance changes over time along both fractions, we show that the viral community is undergoing a change in rank abundance across seasons, suggesting a seasonal succession of viruses in the Red Sea. We use abundance patterns in the different size fractions to classify viral clusters, indicating potential diverse interactions with their hosts and potential differences in life history traits between major viral groups. Finally, we show hourly resolved variations of intracellular abundance of similar viral groups, which might indicate differences in their infection cycles or metabolic capacities.
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Bastien, G. Eric, Rachel N. Cable, Cecelia Batterbee, A. J. Wing, Luis Zaman, and Melissa B. Duhaime. "Virus-host interactions predictor (VHIP): Machine learning approach to resolve microbial virus-host interaction networks." PLOS Computational Biology 20, no. 9 (September 18, 2024): e1011649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011649.
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Viruses of microbes are ubiquitous biological entities that reprogram their hosts’ metabolisms during infection in order to produce viral progeny, impacting the ecology and evolution of microbiomes with broad implications for human and environmental health. Advances in genome sequencing have led to the discovery of millions of novel viruses and an appreciation for the great diversity of viruses on Earth. Yet, with knowledge of only “who is there?” we fall short in our ability to infer the impacts of viruses on microbes at population, community, and ecosystem-scales. To do this, we need a more explicit understanding “who do they infect?” Here, we developed a novel machine learning model (ML), Virus-Host Interaction Predictor (VHIP), to predict virus-host interactions (infection/non-infection) from input virus and host genomes. This ML model was trained and tested on a high-value manually curated set of 8849 virus-host pairs and their corresponding sequence data. The resulting dataset, ‘Virus Host Range network’ (VHRnet), is core to VHIP functionality. Each data point that underlies the VHIP training and testing represents a lab-tested virus-host pair in VHRnet, from which meaningful signals of viral adaptation to host were computed from genomic sequences. VHIP departs from existing virus-host prediction models in its ability to predict multiple interactions rather than predicting a single most likely host or host clade. As a result, VHIP is able to infer the complexity of virus-host networks in natural systems. VHIP has an 87.8% accuracy rate at predicting interactions between virus-host pairs at the species level and can be applied to novel viral and host population genomes reconstructed from metagenomic datasets.
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Rastogi, Amit, Elena Baryshnikova, and Anna Zak. "Biostructure of Corona Virus Infection Cycle Protein & Genome Bioanalysis & Generalised Route of Bio-Vaccine & DNA Vaccine: A Review with Bioactive Compounds to Tackle Covid-19." Middle East Research Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology 3, no. 01 (August 25, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/merjmb.2023.v03i01.001.
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Possibly Corona virus is a Space Virus. Another Possibility behind spreading of Corona virus maybe it was present in Earth Biosphere in inactive form from many years before Covid -19 pandemic. Spreading of Corona Virus was made possible by 5G & 6G Technology. Extensive Space Research by which Radio signals have to be sent to Superclusters of Stars Galaxies such as IC Galaxy & NGC Galaxy of Corona Austalis & Corona Bolaris to search Alien Life & New Stars cum Galaxy Cluster is another reason for corona virus to come on/at Earth Biosphere. As such super clusters are high energy clusters. ISM related important gaseous component which are called coronal are analogy with the solar corona. Sun Planet is thought to be surrounded by a local bubble with a radius of 100 pc containing coronal Atmosphere that produces in huge amount which contains High Temperature Sensitive Microbes which are called Galactic Corona. Worldly Known that space agencies and space centres in India, worldwide & Globally are working on SETI & Planetary Science as some Scientists or group of Scientist are working on Sun Planet as All those Laboratories in India Worldwide Globally send Radio Signal to Sun Planet & others planets & of/to their galaxies as said above such as Messier Galaxy IC Galaxy NGC galaxy & targeted space microbes from those planets & galaxies from space to make Space Microbes Library by which Became Discharge cum Spout by Reasons to worldwide Globally. However, they forgot it will harm to themselves too. In the Present Review we are Providing GENEREALISED BIO-NANO-ECO-BIO VACCINE ROUTE FOR COVID 19 In vitro. Also in this review we are Providing Generalised Chart of Corona DNA Vaccine to Develop it in Future.
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Frediansyah, Andri, Fajar Sofyantoro, Saad Alhumaid, Abbas Al Mutair, Hawra Albayat, Hayyan I. Altaweil, Hani M. Al-Afghani, et al. "Microbial Natural Products with Antiviral Activities, Including Anti-SARS-CoV-2: A Review." Molecules 27, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 4305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134305.
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The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused the COVID-19 infection, was discovered two and a half years ago. It caused a global pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths and substantial damage to the worldwide economy. Currently, only a few vaccines and antiviral drugs are available to combat SARS-CoV-2. However, there has been an increase in virus-related research, including exploring new drugs and their repurposing. Since discovering penicillin, natural products, particularly those derived from microbes, have been viewed as an abundant source of lead compounds for drug discovery. These compounds treat bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral infections. This review incorporates evidence from the available research publications on isolated and identified natural products derived from microbes with anti-hepatitis, anti-herpes simplex, anti-HIV, anti-influenza, anti-respiratory syncytial virus, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties. About 131 compounds with in vitro antiviral activity and 1 compound with both in vitro and in vivo activity have been isolated from microorganisms, and the mechanism of action for some of these compounds has been described. Recent reports have shown that natural products produced by the microbes, such as aurasperone A, neochinulin A and B, and aspulvinone D, M, and R, have potent in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, targeting the main protease (Mpro). In the near and distant future, these molecules could be used to develop antiviral drugs for treating infections and preventing the spread of disease.
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Ghosh, Rajrupa, and Rituparna Acharya. "Microbial Prevalence in Soil Water in the River Deltas of the World." South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology 18, no. 5 (April 10, 2024): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i5358.
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There is a wide range of diverse soil and aquatic microbes reside in different deltas of the world that mainly exhibit in various forms such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, archaeans, actinomycetes, virus etc. They contribute to the environment in various ways to maintain the balance of natural elements, bio geological components and also help in protecting the ecological components. Microbes that are living in the soil provide plants along with environmental and natural protection from diseases and pests. They are very much essential for transforming nitrogen and nutrients into the forms that is consumable for plants. Decomposition, production of Oxygen, evolution, as well as symbiosis are the vital roles that are played by different soil and aquatic microbes. Some river deltas show maximum populations of saline soil dependent bacterial and fungal community, where as some river deltas are enriched with some specific microbes that are responsible for soil remediation. In some cases some species of hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms contribute to differences in C, N, P ratios. As the microbes are also responsible for producing different antigens as well as allergens that are mainly causative agents for varying infectious diseases, in need of its curative drugs and antibiotic medicines some microbes are involved in research studies for production of medicinal drugs and anti-allergens.
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Kandi, Venkataramana, Tarun Kumar Suvvari, Sabitha Vadakedath, and Vikram Godishala. "Microbes, Clinical trials, Drug Discovery, and Vaccine Development: The Current Perspectives." Borneo Journal of Pharmacy 4, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v4i4.2571.
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Because of the frequent emergence of novel microbial species and the re-emergence of genetic variants of hitherto known microbes, the global healthcare system, and human health has been thrown into jeopardy. Also, certain microbes that possess the ability to develop multi-drug resistance (MDR) have limited the treatment options in cases of serious infections, and increased hospital and treatment costs, and associated morbidity and mortality. The recent discovery of the novel Coronavirus (n-CoV), the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is causing the CoV Disease-19 (COVID-19) has resulted in severe morbidity and mortality throughout the world affecting normal human lives. The major concern with the current pandemic is the non-availability of specific drugs and an incomplete understanding of the pathobiology of the virus. It is therefore important for pharmaceutical establishments to envisage the discovery of therapeutic interventions and potential vaccines against the novel and MDR microbes. Therefore, this review is attempted to update and explore the current perspectives in microbes, clinical research, drug discovery, and vaccine development to effectively combat the emerging novel and re-emerging genetic variants of microbes.
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Rice, Marlen C., Andrew J. Janik, Nels C. Elde, James A. Gagnon, and Keir M. Balla. "Microbe transmission from pet shop to lab-reared zebrafish reveals a pathogenic birnavirus." PLOS Biology 22, no. 5 (May 30, 2024): e3002606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002606.
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Zebrafish are popular research organisms selected for laboratory use due in part to widespread availability from the pet trade. Many contemporary colonies of laboratory zebrafish are maintained in aquaculture facilities that monitor and aim to curb infections that can negatively affect colony health and confound experiments. The impact of laboratory control on the microbial constituents associated with zebrafish in research environments compared to the pet trade are unclear. Diseases of unknown causes are common in both environments. We conducted a metatranscriptomic survey to broadly compare the zebrafish-associated microbes in pet trade and laboratory environments. We detected many microbes in animals from the pet trade that were not found in laboratory animals. Cohousing experiments revealed several transmissible microbes including a newly described non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA virus in the Birnaviridae family we name Rocky Mountain birnavirus (RMBV). Infections were detected in asymptomatic animals from the pet trade, but when transmitted to laboratory animals RMBV was associated with pronounced antiviral responses and hemorrhagic disease. These experiments highlight the pet trade as a distinct source of diverse microbes that associate with zebrafish and establish a paradigm for the discovery of newly described pathogenic viruses and other infectious microbes that can be developed for study in the laboratory.
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Desai, Meera J., and Daniel W. Armstrong. "Separation, Identification, and Characterization of Microorganisms by Capillary Electrophoresis." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 67, no. 1 (March 2003): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.67.1.38-51.2003.
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SUMMARY The use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis, identification, and characterization of microorganisms has been gaining in popularity. The advantages of CE, such as small sample requirements, minimal sample preparation, rapid and simultaneous analysis, ease of quantitation and identification, and viability assessment, make it an attractive technique for the analysis of microbial analytes. As this instrumental method has evolved, higher peak efficiencies have been achieved by optimizing CE conditions, such as pH, ionic strength, and polymer additive concentration. Experimental improvements have allowed better quantitation and more accurate results. Many practical applications of this technique have been investigated. Viability and identification of microbes can be accomplished in a single analysis. This is useful for evaluation of microbial analytes in consumer products. Diagnosis of microbe-based diseases is now possible, in some cases, without the need for culture methods. Microbe-molecule, virus-antibody, or bacteria-antibiotic interactions can be monitored using CE, allowing for the screening of possible drug candidates. Fermentation can be monitored using this system. This instrumental approach can be adapted to many different applications, including assessing the viability of sperm cells. Progress has been made in the development of microelectrophoresis instrumentation. These advances will eventually allow the development of small, dedicated devices for the rapid, repetitive analyses of specific microbial samples. Although these methods may never fully replace traditional approaches, they are proving to be a valuable addition to the collection of techniques used to analyze, quantitate, and characterize microbes. This review outlines the recent developments in this rapidly growing field.
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Gul, Sabiha, Tania Naveel, Zabab Khan, Sabira Nazim Shah, and Hafizullah. "THE ROLE OF COVID-19 ON ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE: A REVIEW-BASED STUDY." Hamdard Journal of Pharmacy 3, no. 1 (March 14, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.61744/hjp.v3i1.44.
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In this study, research is conducted with an aim to recognize the role played by the pandemic of Covid-19 in the resistance of antibacterial or antibiotics. Antibiotics resistance tends to happen when the bacteria or some certain microbes evolve from the instruments or mechanismsthat provide protection to them against the influences of the antibiotics. As study provides understandings that infection of Covid-19 is caused by a virus SARS-CoV-2. The objective ofthe study explores the influences of antibiotics on infection caused by this virus and how this virus causes resistance in the use of antibiotics.
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Mahmood Fahad, Hayfaa, Mohammed Hussein Mushrif, and Sahar Taha Hatif. "Body Immunity and Resistance to (COVID-19) Corona Virus." Clinical Medicine And Health Research Journal 1, no. 3 (November 30, 2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/cmhrj.v1i3.24.
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The invulnerable framework secures against infections and sicknesses and produces antibodies to kill microbes. Extremely severe respiratory illness 2 Covid (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative specialist of the continuous coronavir infection sickness 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This survey gives an outline of the resistant framework, how it works, and its instrument to battle infection. Different kinds of possible difficulties for the immunes framework are likewise examined. Food to devour and stay away from are recommended, and actual exercise is empowered.
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Sarin, L. Peter. "Learning from the Invaders: What Viruses Teach Us about RNA-Based Regulation in Microbes." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112106.
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Viruses feature an evolutionary shaped minimal genome that is obligately dependent on the cellular transcription and translation machinery for propagation. To suppress host cell immune responses and ensure efficient replication, viruses employ numerous tactics to favor viral gene expression and protein synthesis. This necessitates a carefully balanced network of virus- and host-encoded components, of which the RNA-based regulatory mechanisms have emerged as particularly interesting albeit insufficiently studied, especially in unicellular organisms such as archaea, bacteria, and yeasts. Here, recent advances that further our understanding of RNA-based translation regulation, mainly through post-transcriptional chemical modification of ribonucleosides, codon usage, and (virus-encoded) transfer RNAs, will be discussed in the context of viral infection.
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Pamekas, Tunjung, Dwi Wahyuni Ganefianti, and Nelly Destinawati. "Characterization and Disease Severity of Pathogenic Microbes on 20 Red Chili Genotypes." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 28, no. 3 (April 11, 2023): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.28.3.361.
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Pathogenic microbes are the limiting factor in increasing red chili productivity. These pathogens cause decreasing yield of red chili up to 50-100%. This research aimed to characterize and evaluate disease severity on 20 red chili genotypes caused by pathogenic microbes. The research was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The samples were 20 chili genotypes, namely UNIB K01, UNIB CGTS1, G35, G48, G56, G60, G67, G77, and G43 (developed by the University of Bengkulu researchers) and IPB C19, COPAY, IPB C495, IPB C14, DORSET NAGA, IPB C4, IPB PANJANG, LOKAL BENGKULU, SELOKA, SSP, and ANIES (developed by others). The results showed that four groups of pathogens attacked red chili, namely Fusarium oxysporum, which causes fusarium wilt disease; Cercospora sp., the cause of leaf spot disease; Colletotrichum sp. causes anthracnose; and virus groups. All tested red chili genotypes could be infected by these four pathogens in which the incubation period, disease incidence, and disease severity were insignificant. Of the nine genotypes developed by the University of Bengkulu researchers, the G35 genotype had the best potency to be developed as a disease-resistant genotype.
Keywords: Cercospora sp, Colletotrichum sp, Fusarium s, virus
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Tyznik, Aaron, Shilpi Verma, Keli Holzapfel, Kristin Hogquist, Chris Benedict, and Mitchell Kronenberg. "Antigen-dependent and independent NKT cell responses to microbes. (P4379)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 183.25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.183.25.
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Abstract We have studied the antigen-dependent and independent roles of natural killer T cells (NKT cells) in the protective response to microbes. For mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), a β herpes virus infection, we establish that NKT cells are important for host protection. Using Nur77-GFP mice, a sensitive reporter for TCR stimulation, and other methods, we observe that rapid induction of IFNγ secretion by NKT cells induced by viral infection is independent of TCR triggering, in vitro or in vivo. Furthermore, compared to natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells have a different requirement for APC-derived cytokines for optimal induction of IFNγ, being more dependent on IL-12. The different requirements for APC-derived cytokines suggest that there are nonredundant roles for NK and NKT cells in the innate response to viral infections. In contrast, during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, a microbe that expresses known NKT cell lipid Ags, NKT cells rapidly expressed GFP as well as IFNγ following infection in Nur77-GFP reporter mice, suggesting a TCR-foreign lipid mediated activation. In conclusion, our data show that NKT cells mediate host protection against diverse infections by antigen-dependent and independent means.
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Pulido, Hannier, Kerry E. Mauck, Consuelo M. De Moraes, and Mark C. Mescher. "Combined effects of mutualistic rhizobacteria counteract virus-induced suppression of indirect plant defences in soya bean." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1903 (May 22, 2019): 20190211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0211.
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It is increasingly clear that microbial plant symbionts can influence interactions between their plant hosts and other organisms. However, such effects remain poorly understood, particularly under ecologically realistic conditions where plants simultaneously interact with diverse mutualists and antagonists. Here, we examine how the effects of a plant virus on indirect plant defences against its insect vector are influenced by co-occurrence of other microbial plant symbionts. Using a multi-factorial design, we manipulated colonization of soya bean using three different microbes: a pathogenic plant virus (bean pod mottle virus (BPMV)), a nodule-forming beneficial rhizobacterium ( Bradyrhizobium japonicum ) and a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium ( Delftia acidovorans ). We then assessed recruitment of parasitoids ( Pediobious foveolatus (Eulophidae)) and parasitism rates following feeding by the BPMV vector Epilachna varivestis (Coccinellidae). BPMV infection suppressed parasitoid recruitment, prolonged parasitoid foraging time and reduced parasitism rates in semi-natural foraging assays. However, simultaneous colonization of BPMV-infected hosts by both rhizobacteria restored parasitoid recruitment and rates of parasitism to levels similar to uninfected controls. Co-colonization by the two rhizobacteria also enhanced parasitoid recruitment in the absence of BPMV infection. These results illustrate the potential of plant-associated microbes to influence indirect plant defences, with implications for disease transmission and herbivory, but also highlight the potential complexity of such interactions.
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Wu, Chuanfa, Fangyan Wang, Haoqing Zhang, Guixian Chen, Yangwu Deng, Jianping Chen, Jian Yang, and Tida Ge. "Enrichment of beneficial rhizosphere microbes in Chinese wheat yellow mosaic virus-resistant cultivars." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 24 (November 12, 2021): 9371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11666-4.
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Horvath, Philippe, and Rodolphe Barrangou. "CRISPR/Cas, the Immune System of Bacteria and Archaea." Science 327, no. 5962 (January 7, 2010): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1179555.
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Microbes rely on diverse defense mechanisms that allow them to withstand viral predation and exposure to invading nucleic acid. In many Bacteria and most Archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) form peculiar genetic loci, which provide acquired immunity against viruses and plasmids by targeting nucleic acid in a sequence-specific manner. These hypervariable loci take up genetic material from invasive elements and build up inheritable DNA-encoded immunity over time. Conversely, viruses have devised mutational escape strategies that allow them to circumvent the CRISPR/Cas system, albeit at a cost. CRISPR features may be exploited for typing purposes, epidemiological studies, host-virus ecological surveys, building specific immunity against undesirable genetic elements, and enhancing viral resistance in domesticated microbes.
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Weiss, Robin A. "The Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2001. Animal origins of human infectious disease." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1410 (June 29, 2001): 957–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0838.
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Since time immemorial animals have been a major source of human infectious disease. Certain infections like rabies are recognized as zoonoses caused in each case by direct animal–to–human transmission. Others like measles became independently sustained with the human population so that the causative virus has diverged from its animal progenitor. Recent examples of direct zoonoses are variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease arising from bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and the H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in Hong Kong. Epidemics of recent animal origin are the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Some retroviruses jump into and out of the chromosomal DNA of the host germline, so that they oscillate between being inherited Mendelian traits or infectious agents in different species. Will new procedures like animal–to–human transplants unleash further infections? Do microbes become more virulent upon cross–species transfer? Are animal microbes a threat as biological weapons? Will the vast reservoir of immunodeficient hosts due to the HIV pandemic provide conditions permissive for sporadic zoonoses to take off as human–tohuman transmissible diseases? Do human infections now pose a threat to endangered primates? These questions are addressed in this lecture.
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McQuaig, Shannon M., Troy M. Scott, Jerzy O. Lukasik, John H. Paul, and Valerie J. Harwood. "Quantification of Human Polyomaviruses JC Virus and BK Virus by TaqMan Quantitative PCR and Comparison to Other Water Quality Indicators in Water and Fecal Samples." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 11 (April 3, 2009): 3379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02302-08.
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ABSTRACT In the United States, total maximum daily load standards for bodies of water that do not meet bacterial water quality standards are set by each state. The presence of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) can be used as an indicator of human-associated sewage pollution in these waters. We have developed and optimized a TaqMan quantitative PCR (QPCR) assay based on the conserved T antigen to both quantify and simultaneously detect two HPyVs; JC virus and BK virus. The QPCR assay was able to consistently quantify ≥10 gene copies per reaction and is linear over 5 orders of magnitude. HPyVs were consistently detected in human waste samples (57 of 64) and environmental waters with known human fecal contamination (5 of 5) and were not amplified in DNA extracted from 127 animal waste samples from 14 species. HPyV concentrations in sewage decreased 81.2 and 84.2% over 28 days incubation at 25 and 35°C, respectively. HPyVs results were compared to Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, and enterococci concentrations and the presence of three other human-associated microbes: Bacteroidetes, Methanobrevibacter smithii, and adenovirus. HPyVs were the most frequently detected of these in human and contaminated environmental samples and were more human specific than the Bacteroidetes (HF183) or M. smithii. HPyVs and M. smithii more closely mimicked the persistence of adenovirus in sewage than the other microbes. The use of this rapid and quantitative assay in water quality research could help regulatory agencies to identify sources of water pollution for improved remediation of contaminated waters and ultimately protect humans from exposure to pathogens.
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Hudson, Krystalyn E., Eugene Lin, Jeanne E. Hendrickson, Aron E. Lukacher, and James C. Zimring. "Regulation of primary alloantibody response through antecedent exposure to a microbial T-cell epitope." Blood 115, no. 19 (May 13, 2010): 3989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-08-238568.
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Abstract Humoral alloimmunization to red blood cell (RBC) antigens is a clinically significant problem that can lead to transfusion reactions and difficulty in locating future compatible blood for transfusion. However, factors regulating responder/nonresponder status are only partially understood. Herein, we identify a series of microbes with 100% identity in 8– to 9–amino acid peptides containing the variant amino acids in Kell, Kidd, and Duffy antigens. To test the hypothesis that infection with such a microbe could predispose to RBC alloimmunization, a mouse model was developed using murine polyoma virus expressing a defined CD4+ T-cell epitope ovalbumin323-339 ((OVA)323-339) and subsequent transfusion with RBCs expressing a B-cell epitope (hen egg lysozyme [HEL]) fused to (OVA)323-339. Whereas infection alone induced no detectable anti-HEL, subsequent RBC transfusion induced 100- to 1000-fold more anti-HEL in mice that had been previously infected compared with control mice. This effect did not occur with wild-type polyoma virus or RBCs expressing HEL alone. Together, these data indicate that prior exposure to a pathogen with small peptide homology to RBC antigens can lead to an enhanced primary alloantibody response. As such priming is not detectable by current clinical tests, it is unknown to what extent this occurs in human alloimmunization.
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Wait, D. A., and M. D. Sobsey. "Comparative survival of enteric viruses and bacteria in Atlantic Ocean seawater." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 12 (June 1, 2001): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0725.
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The survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, poliovirus type 1 and a parvovirus (Minute Virus of Mice) was determined in seawater. Seeded seawater was incubated in the laboratory at 6, 12, 20 and 28°C for up to 40 d. In-situ survival studies were done seasonally (winter, spring, summer and fall) using seeded microbial dialysis equipment placed in the Atlantic Ocean off coastal North Carolina at water depths of 3–10 m. In laboratory studies all test microbes survived longer at lower temperatures with typical times for 90% inactivation (T90) of 1–3 d at the highest temperature and >10 d at the lowest temperature. Of the microbes tested, E. coli survived least well while S. typhi and Sh. sonnei survived similar to or greater than enteric viruses. Parvovirus survival was similar to that of poliovirus. Under in-situ conditions, E. coli also survived least well of all microbes tested with T90 values of 0.9–3.9 d depending upon season. All other test microbes had generally similar survivals. Overall, microbial survival in seawater was greater under laboratory conditions than under in-situ conditions. There was no clear association between microbial survival and water temperature. The lower survival of E. coli compared to the bacterial and viral pathogens under laboratory conditions raises concerns because it is a key microbial indicator of faecal contamination.
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McGeoch, Luke J., Hannah V. Thornton, Peter S. Blair, Hannah Christensen, Nicholas L. Turner, Peter Muir, Barry Vipond, Niamh M. Redmond, Sophie Turnbull, and Alastair D. Hay. "Prognostic value of upper respiratory tract microbes in children presenting to primary care with respiratory infections: A prospective cohort study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): e0268131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268131.
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Background The association between upper respiratory tract microbial positivity and illness prognosis in children is unclear. This impedes clinical decision-making and means the utility of upper respiratory tract microbial point-of-care tests remains unknown. We investigated for relationships between pharyngeal microbes and symptom severity in children with suspected respiratory tract infection (RTI). Methods Baseline characteristics and pharyngeal swabs were collected from 2,296 children presenting to 58 general practices in Bristol, UK with acute cough and suspected RTI between 2011–2013. Post-consultation, parents recorded the severity of six RTI symptoms on a 0–6 scale daily for ≤28 days. We used multivariable hurdle regression, adjusting for clinical characteristics, antibiotics and other microbes, to investigate associations between respiratory microbes and mean symptom severity on days 2–4 post-presentation. Results Overall, 1,317 (57%) children with complete baseline, microbiological and symptom data were included. Baseline characteristics were similar in included participants and those lacking microbiological data. At least one virus was detected in 869 (66%) children, and at least one bacterium in 783 (60%). Compared to children with no virus detected (mean symptom severity score 1.52), adjusted mean symptom severity was 0.26 points higher in those testing positive for at least one virus (95% CI 0.15 to 0.38, p<0.001); and was also higher in those with detected Influenza B (0.44, 0.15 to 0.72, p = 0.003); RSV (0.41, 0.20 to 0.60, p<0.001); and Influenza A (0.25, -0.01 to 0.51, p = 0.059). Children positive for Enterovirus had a lower adjusted mean symptom severity (-0.24, -0.43 to -0.05, p = 0.013). Children with detected Bordetella pertussis (0.40, 0.00 to 0.79, p = 0.049) and those with detected Moraxella catarrhalis (-0.76, -1.06 to -0.45, p<0.001) respectively had higher and lower mean symptom severity compared to children without these bacteria. Conclusions There is a potential role for upper respiratory tract microbiological point-of-care tests in determining the prognosis of childhood RTIs.
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Latka, Agnieszka, Abram Aertsen, Dimitri Boeckaerts, Bob Blasdel, Pieter-Jan Ceyssens, Abel Garcia-Pino, Annika Gillis, et al. "Foundation of the Belgian Society for Viruses of Microbes and Meeting Report of Its Inaugural Symposium." Viruses 15, no. 5 (May 22, 2023): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15051213.
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The Belgian Society for Viruses of Microbes (BSVoM) was founded on 9 June 2022 to capture and enhance the collaborative spirit among the expanding community of microbial virus researchers in Belgium. The sixteen founders are affiliated to fourteen different research entities across academia, industry and government. Its inaugural symposium was held on 23 September 2022 in the Thermotechnical Institute at KU Leuven. The meeting program covered three thematic sessions launched by international keynote speakers: (1) virus–host interactions, (2) viral ecology, evolution and diversity and (3) present and future applications. During the one-day symposium, four invited keynote lectures, ten selected talks and eight student pitches were given along with 41 presented posters. The meeting hosted 155 participants from twelve countries.
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Keerthan, R. "Bluetooth Operated Virus Destroyer Cum Room Heater." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 2496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44403.
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Abstract: The idea introduced here is expected to kill any infection drifting in the air by which air will be decontaminated persistently by killing the miniature creatures like microbes, infection, organism, and so on. In such manner, wall mounted sort of rectangular box prepared UV (Ultra Violet) light and hot air blower configuration is very successful at annihilating microbes in two phases. The Bluetooth gadget interacted with principal handling unit will have a remote correspondence interface with our PDA to such an extent that, hot air blower and UV light both can be controlled freely. Delivering hot air is to keep up with additional security to such an extent that the air goes through UV light and hot compressed air firearm, in this manner any kind of infection can be killed actually. The framework is exceptionally helpful for winter season to keep up with the room temperature. With the assistance of a little instrumentation fan organized at the entry of UV chamber, air will be sucked in to the compartment which will be gone through the UV light. To kill the infection successfully, here 1 feet length UV light is utilized and it is stimulated through electronic balance built with PWM IC. At the point when air is pulled in to the gadget, it will go through the little rectangular inward chamber by uncovering UV light. Toward the finish of chamber, hot air will be produced through hot air blower. Hot air blower can be invigorated when required, generally sanitized air will be conveyed through a little vent openings made toward the finish of UV light at base side of the compartment. At the point when the hot air blower is stimulated, it is vital for measure the coursing air temperature and in like manner we should control the hot air blower. To do as such, here hot air blower isn't stimulated consistently, it will be invigorated and de-empowered with a particular timings. Inputted air temperature can be estimated and shown through 7-portion show by which hot air blower can be turned off through cell phone when not needed.
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Lin, Chun-Kuang, Yu-Ting Wang, Er-Mao Hung, Yu-Liang Yang, Jin-Ching Lee, Jyh-horng Sheu, and Chih-Chuang Liaw. "Butyrolactones and Diketopiperazines from Marine Microbes: Inhibition Effects on Dengue Virus Type 2 Replication." Planta Medica 83, no. 01/02 (August 19, 2016): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-112998.
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Lou, Shaoke, Mingjun Yang, Tianxiao Li, Weihao Zhao, Hannah Cevasco, Yucheng T. Yang, and Mark Gerstein. "Constructing a full, multiple-layer interactome for SARS-CoV-2 in the context of lung disease: Linking the virus with human genes and microbes." PLOS Computational Biology 19, no. 7 (July 6, 2023): e1011222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011222.
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The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. The disease presents with various manifestations that can vary in severity and long-term outcomes. Previous efforts have contributed to the development of effective strategies for treatment and prevention by uncovering the mechanism of viral infection. We now know all the direct protein–protein interactions that occur during the lifecycle of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but it is critical to move beyond these known interactions to a comprehensive understanding of the “full interactome” of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which incorporates human microRNAs (miRNAs), additional human protein-coding genes, and exogenous microbes. Potentially, this will help in developing new drugs to treat COVID-19, differentiating the nuances of long COVID, and identifying histopathological signatures in SARS-CoV-2-infected organs. To construct the full interactome, we developed a statistical modeling approach called MLCrosstalk (multiple-layer crosstalk) based on latent Dirichlet allocation. MLCrosstalk integrates data from multiple sources, including microbes, human protein-coding genes, miRNAs, and human protein–protein interactions. It constructs "topics" that group SARS-CoV-2 with genes and microbes based on similar patterns of co-occurrence across patient samples. We use these topics to infer linkages between SARS-CoV-2 and protein-coding genes, miRNAs, and microbes. We then refine these initial linkages using network propagation to contextualize them within a larger framework of network and pathway structures. Using MLCrosstalk, we identified genes in the IL1-processing and VEGFA–VEGFR2 pathways that are linked to SARS-CoV-2. We also found that Rothia mucilaginosa and Prevotella melaninogenica are positively and negatively correlated with SARS-CoV-2 abundance, a finding corroborated by analysis of single-cell sequencing data.
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Thakur, Shubham, Risha Shetty, Sanskruti Sawant, Mrunali Rajigare, and Santosh Sonavane. "Design and Fabrication of UVC based Sanitizing System." Regular issue 10, no. 8 (June 30, 2021): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.h9114.0610821.
Full textAbstract:
Washing our hands regularly is extremely important to keep up with sanitation and to prevent ourselves from sickness, and we follow this standard consistently in this period because of the current pandemic crisis. Accordingly, People all around the world have normalized the significance of sanitation and disinfecting surfaces and objects in the area. Sanitation does not usually erase microbes, but instead lessens their presence by removing them. The number of microbes lessened from a surface is quite dependent on type of material and product used to sanitize the area. Hence, we have come up with an object that is not only capable of wiping out the microbes completely but also it is cost effective. The corona virus is transmitted by people coming in contact with each other. This virus lives on variety of surfaces, but we can cleanse it by using various disinfecting and sterilizing products. It is therefore very important that people realize the necessity of sanitizing almost all the surfaces and objects in the environment around us. For example, people working in various sectors including dispensaries, hotels, shopping complexes, salons etc. to maintain hygienic environment. Keeping in mind, several devices have been designed for sanitizing hands and objects and increasing the need creating more such systems in affordable manner. Taking these areas into consideration, we planned to construct a sensor-based product which will play an essential role. Hence, we thought of a unique concept and worked on this latest technology using UV lamps for disinfecting the germs, viruses etc. This solution will not only be innovative but also conveyable so that it is ready to carry.