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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Rochelle, Paul A. Challenge organisms for inactivation of viruses by ultraviolet treatment. Denver, Colo: Water Research Foundation, 2010.

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2

Anderson, Larry J., and Barney S. Graham, eds. Challenges and Opportunities for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38919-1.

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3

1955-, Smith Geoffrey L., and Society for General Microbiology, eds. New challenges to health: The threat of virus infection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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4

G, Koopmans M. P., Cliver Dean O, and Bosch Albert, eds. Food-borne viruses: Progress and challenges. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2008.

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5

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Forum on Microbial Threats, ed. The domestic and international impacts of the 2009-H1N1 influenza a pandemic: Global challenges, global solutions : workshop summary. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2010.

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6

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs. Current challenges in combating the West Nile virus: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, October 6, 2004. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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7

Williams, Spensha. 30 Days Fitness Challenge - the Deadliest Virus in America Is the Media AntiMedia. Independently Published, 2021.

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8

Drennan, John D. DNA vaccines encoding the glycoprotein genes of spring viremia of carp virus, snakehead rhabdovirus, or infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus induce protective immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against an infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus lethal challenge. 1998.

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9

Anderson, Larry J., and Barney S. Graham. Challenges and Opportunities for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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10

Anderson, Larry J., and Barney S. Graham. Challenges and Opportunities for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. Springer, 2013.

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11

Anderson, Larry J., and Barney S. Graham. Challenges and Opportunities for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2016.

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12

New Challenges to Health: The Threat of Virus Infection. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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13

Smith, G. L., D. J. Rowlands, W. L. Irving, and J. W. McCauley. New Challenges to Health: The Threat of Virus Infection. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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14

Smith, G. L., D. J. Rowlands, W. L. Irving, and J. W. McCauley. New Challenges to Health: The Threat of Virus Infection. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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15

Mccauley, J. W., G. L. Smith, D. J. Rowlands, and W. L. Irving. New Challenges to Health: The Threat of Virus Infection. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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16

Smith, Geoffrey L. New Challenges to Health: The Threat of Virus Infection. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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17

Lynas, Mark, and Sarah Davidson Evanega. The Dialectic of Pro-Poor Papaya. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.33.

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The development and rapid adoption of genetically engineered, virus-resistant papaya for Hawaii was an early, rare successful case of a small-scale horticultural crop improved for farmers of mostly modest means by the public sector. Demand was potentially great because the technology addressed a crop-destroying disease for which there were—and are—no alternative solutions. The developers of the technology promoted diffusion with a philanthropic spirit of public-sector universities and personal commitment. Success in Hawaii demonstrated that the technology could benefit papaya growers world-wide. To replicate that success, Thailand was among the first countries to work to adapt the technology. The greatest challenge facing those charged with introducing virus-resistant transgenic papaya into Thailand turned out not to be a technical but political one as Greenpeace targeted virus-resistant papaya as the likely first GE crop to be grown in the country and thus, a gateway for other GE crops. The subsequent anti-GE papaya campaigns foiled biotechnology in Thailand and throughout Southeast Asia, which is puzzling because many biotech crops being developed in that region have similar potential to benefit smallholder farmers, impact the environment positively, and address major nutritional challenges. Many are developed by the public sector. Had Thailand successfully promoted transgenic papaya despite opposition from Greenpeace, governments and scientific agencies across Southeast Asia might have been encouraged by the success story and continued to use the tools of biotechnology in their own agricultural sectors to confront rapidly mounting global agricultural challenges. That this best-case scenario for biotechnology—a pro-poor papaya developed in the public sector without multinational property claims—has not reached resource-poor farmers in the developing world almost twenty years after its release in Hawaii offers lessons larger than a minor crop. The case aids in understanding the reasons for the limited spread of biotechnology for small farmers globally and the dimensions of opposition and reasons for success of opposition to all transgenics technologies.
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18

Cliver, Dean O., Albert Bosch, Michael P. Doyle, and Marion P. G. Koopmans. Food-Borne Viruses: Progress and Challenges. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2014.

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19

Burris, Scott, Micah L. Berman, Matthew Penn, and, and Tara Ramanathan Holiday. Administrative Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681050.003.0014.

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This chapter introduces the basic elements of administrative law and some key related legal doctrines. It covers administrative procedures acts that govern how agencies make or promulgate regulations and the rights of the public to have input. It then addresses the law governing legal challenges to the validity of the rules that agencies succeed in issuing, such as the ultra vires doctrine, and how agencies defend their decisions through legal doctrines such as Chevron deference. Finally, the chapter discusses how people establish standing to challenge agency actions, both through administrative channels and via the writ of habeas corpus.
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20

Helmick, Consetta Maria. Evaluation of morphology and cellular response to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in challenged juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). 1994.

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21

Sole, Richard, and Santiago F. Elena. Viruses as Complex Adaptive Systems. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158846.001.0001.

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Viruses are everywhere, infecting all sorts of living organisms, from the tiniest bacteria to the largest mammals. Many are harmful parasites, but viruses also play a major role as drivers of our evolution as a species and are essential regulators of the composition and complexity of ecosystems on a global scale. This book draws on complex systems theory to provide a fresh look at viral origins, populations, and evolution, and the coevolutionary dynamics of viruses and their hosts. New viruses continue to emerge that threaten people, crops, and farm animals. Viruses constantly evade our immune systems, and antiviral therapies and vaccination campaigns can be powerless against them. These unique characteristics of virus biology are a consequence of their tremendous evolutionary potential, which enables viruses to quickly adapt to any environmental challenge. This book presents a unified framework for understanding viruses as complex adaptive systems. It shows how the application of complex systems theory to viral dynamics has provided new insights into the development of AIDS in patients infected with HIV-1, the emergence of new antigenic variants of the influenza A virus, and other cutting-edge advances. The book also extends the analogy of viruses to the evolution of other replicators such as computer viruses, cancer, and languages.
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22

Plant virus epidemiology: Challenges for the twenty-first century, 11-16 April, 1999. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2000.

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23

Foung, Steven K. H., and Thomas F. Baumert, eds. Current Progress and Challenges in the Development of a Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine. Frontiers Media SA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-714-4.

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24

Democracy in the Times of Corona: Experiences of Australia, the Republic of Korea and Sweden. International IDEA and Embassy of Sweden, Seoul, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.64.

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The COVID-19 outbreak has affected the world in all respects, including democracy and fundamental freedoms such as the freedoms of expression and movement, and the right to health. This presents a central challenge for democracies: how to balance mitigating the outbreak and at the same time respecting democratic principles such as accountability, transparency and respect for civil and political rights. Many countries have implemented stringent restrictions to contain the virus, which have implications for human rights and freedoms. The Embassy of Sweden to the Republic of Korea and International IDEA co-organized a webinar on 9 June 2020 to examine the pandemic’s potential consequences for democracy worldwide using the case studies of Australia, the Republic of Korea and Sweden.
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25

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Thermodynamics today – and tomorrow. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0026.

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This last chapter explores the frontiers of how thermodynamics is currently being applied to biology, moving from the scale of the molecule to the scale of the cell. The key theme is ‘self-assembly’ – the process by which macromolecules spontaneously assemble into larger structures such as cell membranes, cell organelles, cells, and ultimately organisms. The starting point is the simplest process of self-assembly, the formation of a liquid from the condensation of a gas, which draws on some results from Chapter 15, and develops the concept of nucleation, this leads to a discussion of protein aggregation, and how virus particles are formed. The chapter, and the book, ends with a key challenge for the future: how can we deliberately design self-assembling systems that can perform valuable functions?
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26

Temesgen, Zelalem, ed. Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199827626.001.0001.

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While infections have always played an important role in the history of mankind, advances in science and technology as well as rapid globalization have resulted in an unprecedented wave of new and old infections thrust into the limelight. The recent pandemic of H1N1 influenza virus infection demonstrates the recurrent theme of emerging and reemerging pathogens that continue to impact public health and patient care areas. Drug resistance among various organisms (not limited to bacteria) has unfortunately become the expectation and, not infrequently, we have been left with few or no efficacious treatment options, an experience not witnessed in more than 7 decades. Human immunodeficiency virus infection continues to challenge our abilities to provide the desired level of care in most areas of the world. Novel syndromes of infection continue to be defined as newer forms of immunosuppression and the development of unique medical devices become standard practice in all areas of medicine and surgery. For trainees and practitioners in the field of infectious diseases today, these factors mandate intense study to establish an expertise in the field that is required to provide best practices now and beyond. This board review will be pivotal in that education. This book is designed and intended primarily for infectious diseases trainees and practitioners preparing for the infectious disease subspecialty examination of the American Board of Internal Medicine. We believe that this book will also be useful to infectious diseases practitioners as well as general internists and other clinicians who desire a comprehensive but practical overview of contemporary infectious diseases topics.
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27

Chang, Ellen T., and Hans-Olov Adami. Nasopharyngeal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0008.

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The distinctive global incidence patterns and risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) make this a unique malignancy that represents an epidemiologic challenge. NPC is rare throughout most of the world but relatively common in southern China, Southeast Asia, the Arctic, North Africa, and the Middle East. This pattern is determined in part by the geographic and ethnic distribution of established risk factors for NPC, which include early/aberrant Epstein Barr virus infection, Chinese-style salted fish consumption, family history, certain human leukocyte antigen alleles, and tobacco smoking. Other possible NPC risk factors include certain dietary, occupational, and infectious exposures and genetic variants. Risk factors for NPC in low-incidence regions, where tumors are more often of squamous cell histology than in high-incidence regions, are poorly understood, as are etiologic interactions among genetic, environmental, and infectious risk factors for NPC.
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28

Bliwise, Robert J. The Pivot. Duke University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478023753.

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The COVID-19 pandemic presented higher education with an unprecedented challenge: How could institutions continue the basic work of teaching and research while maintaining safe environments for their faculty, staff, and students? In The Pivot, Robert J. Bliwise traces Duke University’s response to the pandemic to show how higher education broadly met that challenge head-on. Bliwise interviews people across the campus: from bus drivers and vaccine researchers to student activists, dining hall managers, and professors in areas from English to ecology. He explores the shift to teaching online and the reshaping of research programs; how surveillance testing and reconfiguring residence halls and dining sites helped limit the virus spread on campus; the efforts to promote student well-being and to sustain extracurricular programs; and what the surge in COVID-19 cases meant for the university health system. Bliwise also shows how broad cultural conversations surrounding the 2020 presidential election, climate change, free speech on campus, and systemic racism unfolded in this changed campus environment. Although the pandemic put remarkable pressures on the campus community, Bliwise demonstrates that it ultimately reaffirmed the importance of the campus experience in all its richness and complexity.
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29

Solomon, Tom, and Benedict Michael. Neurological infection. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0229.

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Neurological infections can be broadly subdivided into chronic/subacute and acute. Chronic/subacute infection usually presents with global cognitive decline, with the prototypical disease being progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy due to infection with the JC virus in immunocompromised patients. Acute neurological infections can be defined microbiologically, by the nature of the pathogen; clinically, by the presenting signs and symptoms and initial CSF findings; or anatomically. The anatomical definitions are those occurring intracranially (‘meningitis’, where infection involves the meninges overlying the brain; ‘encephalitis’, where the brain parenchyma is involved; or ‘cerebral abscesses’) and those affecting the spinal cord (‘myelitis’). However, there is often both clinical and histological overlap between these syndromes; consequently, the terms ‘meningoencephalitis’ and ‘encephalomyelitis’ are often used. Patients with acute intracranial CNS infections provide the greatest challenge to general physicians, because urgent investigation and appropriate treatment can save lives; they therefore form the focus of this chapter.
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30

Influenza Pandemic: Response and Vaccine Challenges. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2011.

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31

Mugavero, Michael J., and J. Michael Kilby. HIV/AIDS in the Fourth Decade. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the maturing HIV/AIDS epidemic, now in its fourth decade, with global scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and reductions in the number of new HIV cases in many regions in the world. Advances in biomedical prevention with promising clinical trial findings for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and microbicides provide a scientific foundation for the prevention of new infections in persons who are HIV uninfected and at risk. Landmark trials identifying the benefits of ART treatment as prevention (TasP) of new HIV infections and demonstrating the benefits of early ART initiation at higher CD4 counts have informed global guidelines. The pendulum has swung back to recommending early ART initiation for all persons living with HIV upon learning of a new diagnosis. However, late diagnosis persists as a formidable challenge, and gaps in engagement in medical care among diagnosed persons, as depicted by the treatment cascade, as well as suboptimal adherence to biomedical prevention and ART threaten the effectiveness of these scientific discoveries. The tools and resources are available to hasten the end of HIV/AIDS around the globe with integration of service delivery to address the medical, psychiatric, psychological, and societal impact the virus poses to individuals and communities living with and at risk for HIV/AIDS.
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32

Kirchner, Jeffrey T. The Origin, Evolution, and Epidemiology of HIV-1 and HIV-2. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0002.

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HIV-1 originated in the early 1920s in southern Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo. From Africa, HIV rapidly spread in the late 1960s to the Caribbean and then the United States, Europe, and other areas of the world, leading to the global AIDS pandemic. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 descended genetically from Simian immunodeficiency virus via cross-species transmission. HIV-1 group M was the first lineage discovered and represents the pandemic form of the virus. Group M consists of nine viral subtypes (A–K), has a widespread distribution, and accounts for approximately 95% of all HIV-1 infections. HIV-2 was not discovered until 1986 and makes up approximately 3% of cases worldwide. It is found mainly in West Africa. The genetic diversity of HIV does not appear to significantly affect viral response to antiretroviral therapy. However, viral diversity continues to present challenges for the development of an effective HIV vaccine.
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33

Kalergis, Alexis M., and Steven Varga, eds. Current Insights into Host Immune Responses to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Challenges Towards Efficient Treatments and Vaccines Against RSV. Frontiers Media SA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88963-918-2.

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34

US GOVERNMENT. Current Challenges in Combating the West Nile Virus: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Natural Resources and Regulatory Affairs of the. Government Printing Office, 2005.

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35

Prentice, Elizabeth. Laryngeal Papillomatosis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0018.

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The incidence of recurrent juvenile laryngeal papilloma caused by human papilloma virus has been rising (Dalmeida et al., 1996). A child with this potentially life-threatening condition requires surgical resection to avoid respiratory obstruction; this surgery may need to be repeated regularly for many years. Laser therapy to the airway provides specific challenges to the anesthesiologist. In particular, the risks of a shared compromised airway as well as the hazards of the laser itself must be appreciated by all medical personnel. The key to success is thorough preoperative assessment, good continuous communication with surgical and nursing staff, preparation for the management of critical incidents, and familiarity with the surgical and anesthetic equipment.
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36

Toksoz, Cheryl. Regional Economic Outlook, April 2021, Middle East and Central Asia. International Monetary Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513576152.086.

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A year into the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the race between vaccine and virus entered a new phase in the Middle East and Central Asia, and the path to recovery in 2021 is expected to be long and divergent. The outlook will vary significantly across countries, depending on the pandemic’s path, vaccine rollouts, underlying fragilities, exposure to tourism and contact-intensive sectors, and policy space and actions. 2021 will be the year of policies that continue saving lives and livelihoods and promote recovery, while balancing the need for debt sustainability and financial resilience. At the same time, policymakers must not lose sight of the transformational challenges to build forward better and accelerate the creation of more inclusive, resilient, sustainable, and green economies. Regional and international cooperation will be key complements to strong domestic policies.
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37

Webster, Jessica Lynn, and Marco Vignuzzi. Viral evolution and impact for public health strategies in low-income countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0007.

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Viruses, the simplest organisms, obligate parasites that encode structural proteins and replicative functions requiring the cellular machinery of the host to ensure their propagation. Viruses are masters of evolution. An analysis of infectious diseases emerging since the 1980s revealed that most were caused by viruses, especially those with RNA genomes. New viral emergences are generally the result of intrinsic changes in the genetics of the virus to increase transmission, virulence or host range, and environmental or ecological changes that favor contacts between viruses and humans or other hosts. We describe the molecular mechanisms of viruses that ensure their rapid adaptation and evolution. We describe instances where viral evolution appears partially responsible for recent outbreaks and discuss the challenges in identifying the cause or consequence of viral evolution in the context of resource-rich versus -limited countries.
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38

Staff, Institute of Medicine, Eileen R. Choffnes, David A. Relman, Board on Global Health Staff, and Alison Mack. Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza a Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions - Workshop Summary. National Academies Press, 2010.

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39

Torres, Antoni, and Adamantia Liapikou. Diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0116.

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Severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) remains the most common infectious reason for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), reaching a mortality rate of 30–40%. The microbial pattern of the SCAP has changed with S. pneumoniae still the leading pathogen, but a decrease of atypical pathogens, especially Legionella and an increase of viral and polymicrobial pneumonias. IDSA/ATS issued guidelines on the management of CAP including specific criteria to identify patients for ICU admission with good predictive value. The first selection of antimicrobial therapy should be started early covering all likely pathogens, depending on the presence of the risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Combination therapy may be useful in patients with non-refractory septic shock and severe sepsis pneumococcal bacteraemia as well. The challenges include the emergence of new pathogens as community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, new influenza virus subtypes and the high prevalence of multidrug resistance, mainly from institutionalizing patients.
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40

Dietz, Kristina, Stefan Peters, and Christina Schnepel, eds. Corona in Lateinamerika. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748930020.

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The coronavirus pandemic has hit Latin America particularly hard. In no other region of the world have so many people been infected with the virus as here. Influenced by the pandemic, poverty and inequality have increased, the economic crisis has worsened and, in some countries, authoritarian and repressive tendencies have grown, all of which poses enormous challenges for the region. This anthology is dedicated to the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic and pandemic policies in Latin America and the Caribbean. The articles it contains examine the consequences of the pandemic in terms of social inequalities, gender relations, violence against women, democracy, human rights, labour, the mobilisation of protest and environmental policy. They discuss what social and political lessons can be drawn from the pandemic experience in Latin America at the end of 2021, when the region is far from a post-pandemic era. With contributions by Carolina Alves Vestena, Hans-Jürgen Burchardt, Alba Carosio, Kristina Dietz, Patrick Eser, Caroline Kim, Moritz Krawinckel, Stefan Peters, Axel Rojas, Christiane Schulte, Jürgen Weller, Andréa Zhouri and Claudia Zilla.
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41

Roger, Mccormick, and Stears Chris. Part VI Early Perceptions of Legal Risk, 20 A Landmark Case and its Aftermath. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749271.003.0021.

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This chapter discusses the case of Hazell v Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council, which had a profound effect on how the City of London perceived the dangers posed by legal risk. It involved a House of Lords decision on an ultra vires point — specifically, the power of the council in question to enter into ‘swap’ transactions. The case arose because this power was challenged by the auditor appointed by the Audit Commission. The surrounding circumstances and the unprecedented manner in which the City of London responded to the case provide both the classic case study and a historical explanation of why legal risk is seen to be so important and how seriously it is taken by those concerned with orderly financial markets.
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42

Sharma, Dr Aarti, and Dr Sanjay Kaushal. Building the New Trends and Prospects in Business Management. KAAV PUBLICATIONS, DELHI, INDIA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/9789391842222.2021.ed.

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COVID-19, with its evolving concurrent variants, has been disrupting the working environments and every sphere of lives of individuals making the overall management in various field challenging. The first phase of the spread of virus in 2020, which led to complete lockdowns in many countries, had taught many lessons to all the sectors, organizations, and institutions. Though the initial impact of the pandemic largely had a negative impact on individuals and organizations, the following phases, especially with the discovery of multiple anti-COVID vaccines, saw greater and improved adaptability and efficient management among individuals, organizations, as well as international relations. It is evident that this disruption caused by the pandemic is fundamentally different from recessions; this situation requires break from the normal status quo and a new normal needs to be inculcated in various areas. To overcome the challenges posed by the pandemic, individuals and organizations need to be more vigorous and positive in their overall approach towards personal and professional management respectively. This book provides insights on trends and prospects in health, culture, business management, finance, design, architecture, education and technology that have occurred during the pandemic.
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43

Hukić, Mirsada, and Mirza Ponjavić. COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina: March – June 2020. Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/pi20.190.00.

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At the end of 2019 the world became aware of the existence of a new virus stemming from the Coronaviridae family and causing a specific disease – COVID-19. In less than three months, the virus and its consequences, developed from being a local public health problem in China to a daunting global problem we all had to face. On March 11, 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of COVID-19. On the international scale, even in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the response of the professionals and scientists has been rapid, although not always consistently efficient enough. Despite the selfless cooperation of scientists and practitioners worldwide, countries with developed economies, good public health and a strong scientific system have had the advantage in the fight against the disease over developing countries. Despite the fact that by these criteria BiH is not one of the most resilient countries, so far, its response to the pandemic has seemed to be satisfactory. The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH) was one of the first institutions of the science system to respond to the pandemic. On the initiative and under the leadership of academician Mirsada Hukić, on March 22, 2020 the development of the project "Epidemic Location Intelligence System (ELIS)" and its Geoportal began on a voluntary basis, with the task of permanently monitoring the spread of COVID-19. Theoretical and professional parts of the project in the areas of medicine, public health and informatics were completed by April 2, 2020. Thanks to the support to the project by the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Šefik Džaferović, the expert system received additional hardware support and was filled in time with data from across the country. This enabled the system to become operational as early as on April 8, 2020. The results of all these efforts are visible in this publication. Initially, the ELIS project was important for the epidemiological and public health area. The abundance of collected data and obtained virus samples enabled the extension of the project idea to the sequencing of viruses found in BiH and their typology. The transition of research to the clinical aspects of COVID-19 is the next phase in the development of the ELIS project. ANUBiH has already started the work on examining the economic and pedagogical consequences of COVID-19 in order to look at this medical phenomenon in the broadest possible context. All the results of ANUBiH in response to the epidemic challenges of COVID-19 are achieved due to the synergistic action of numerous individuals and institutions in different fields of science and public health in cooperation with government. Therefore, I believe that the ELIS project has shown the way to go in solving the burning problems of our society which we will encounter in the future.
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44

Essential facts about Covid-19: the disease, the responses, and an uncertain future. For South African learners, teachers, and the general public. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0072.

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The first cases of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were identified toward the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. Over the following months, this virus spread to everywhere in the world. By now no country has been spared the devastation from the loss of lives from the disease (Covid-19) and the economic and social impacts of responses to mitigate the impact of the virus. Our lives in South Africa have been turned upside down as we try to make the best of this bad situation. The 2020 school year was disrupted with closure and then reopening in a phased approach, as stipulated by the Department of Education. This booklet is a collective effort by academics who are Members of the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) and other invited scholars to help you appreciate some of the basic scientific facts that you need to know in order to understand the present crisis and the various options available to respond to it. We emphasise that the threat of infectious diseases is not an entirely new phenomenon that has sprung onto the stage out of nowhere. Infectious diseases and pandemics have been with us for centuries, in fact much longer. Scientists have warned us for years of the need to prepare for the next pandemic. Progress in medicine in the course of the 20th century has been formidable. Childhood mortality has greatly decreased almost everywhere in the world, thanks mainly, but not only, to the many vaccines that have been developed. Effective drugs now exist for many deadly diseases for which there were once no cures. For many of us, this progress has generated a false sense of security. It has caused us to believe that the likes of the 1918 ‘Spanish flu’ pandemic, which caused some 50 million deaths around the world within a span of a few months, could not be repeated in some form in today’s modern world. The Covid-19 pandemic reminds us that as new cures for old diseases are discovered, new diseases come along for which we are unprepared. And every hundred or so years one of these diseases wreaks havoc on the world and interferes severely with our usual ways of going about our lives. Today’s world has become increasingly interconnected and interdependent, through trade, migrations, and rapid air travel. This globalisation makes it easier for epidemics to spread, somewhat offsetting the power of modern medicine. In this booklet we have endeavoured to provide an historical perspective, and to enrich your knowledge with some of the basics of medicine, viruses, and epidemiology. Beyond the immediate Covid-19 crisis, South Africa faces a number of other major health challenges: highly unequal access to quality healthcare, widespread tuberculosis, HIV infection causing AIDS, a high prevalence of mental illness, and a low life expectancy, compared to what is possible with today’s medicine. It is essential that you, as young people, also learn about the nature of these new challenges, so that you may contribute to finding future solutions.
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MARROQUÍN-DE JESÚS, Ángel, Juan Manuel OLIVARES-RAMÍREZ, Marisela CRUZ-RAMÍREZ, and Luis Eduardo CRUZ-CARPIO. CIERMMI Women in Science Engineering and Technology TXV. ECORFAN, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35429/h.2021.6.1.180.

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In recent years, society has achieved a better quality of life; this has been possible thanks to scientific and technological advances. Among the advances that have allowed us to move forward is, without a doubt, the development of the vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The method used for the synthesis of this vaccine was developed by Ugur Sahin and Öezlem Türeci, founders of BioNTech. Yes, behind the scientific development of greatest impact and relevance in recent years are a man and a woman. This scientific development was possible thanks to both of them, and here it is important to highlight the quality of women in science related to seeing issues from another perspective. Therefore, the union of their strengths and their differences made it possible to have a vaccine that makes it possible to return to life without confinement, without fear of going out, and with the possibility of enjoying it. Thus, the role of women in science is not only valuable, but fundamental to solve the problems that afflict us today. In this context, I can only thank and congratulate the women who today, thanks to their training, discipline and commitment, are giving us this wonderful work of science. I am sure that more challenges will come, but always counting on them, we will come out ahead. My most sincere appreciation and admiration.
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Taking Stock of Regional Democratic Trends in Latin America and the Caribbean Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.63.

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This GSoD In Focus Special Brief provides an overview of the state of democracy of Latin America and the Caribbean at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy in the region in 2020. Key findings include: • Democratically, the region was ailing prior to the pandemic, with some countries suffering from democratic erosion or backsliding, others from democratic fragility and weakness. Overall, trust in democracy had been in steady decline in the decade preceding the pandemic. Citizen discontent has culminated in a protest wave hitting several countries in the region at the end of 2019. • The COVID-19 pandemic has hit a Latin American and Caribbean region plagued by unresolved structural problems of high crime and violence, political fragmentation and polarization, high poverty and inequality, corruption, and weak states. • Long-overdue political and socio-economic reforms have compounded the health and economic crises caused by the pandemic. This, coupled with heavy-handed approaches to curb the virus, risk further entrenching or exacerbating the concerning democratic trends observed in the region prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. • The challenges to democracy Latin America and the Caribbean during the pandemic include: the postponement of elections; excessive use of police force to enforce restrictions implemented to curb the pandemic; use of the military to carry out civil tasks; persistent crime and violence; new dangers for the right to privacy; increases in gender inequality and domestic violence; new risks posed to vulnerable groups; limited access to justice; restrictions on freedom of expression; executive overreach; reduced parliamentary oversight; political polarization and clashes between democratic institutions; new openings for corruption; and a discontented socially mobilized citizenry that rejects traditional forms of political representation. • Despite the challenges, the crisis ultimately provides a historic opportunity to redefine the terms of social contracts across the region, and for governments to think innovatively about how to open up spaces for dialogue and civic participation in order to build more inclusive, sustainable and interconnected societies, as well as more accountable, transparent and efficient democratic systems of government. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.
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Medeiros, Mauricio, Beatriz Fialho, Priscila Soares, and Daniel Lacerda, eds. A primeira vacina 100% brasileira contra a Covid-19: a conquista de Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Bio-Manguinhos, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/vacinacovid.2022_52830.

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The Covid-19 pandemic is a unique event in the modern history of humanity, which has generated great challenges and, at the same time, valuable opportunities for public health. A number of examples of them are found in the more than three hundred pages of this book. In each chapter it is possible to understand how a vaccine for Covid-19 was developed in record time - due to the urgency of an antidote that would allow us to deal with this terrible disease - through the acceleration, compliance and improvement of all labor criteria, production, evaluation, timely release, and security. This entire process of developing the first vaccine produced by Brazil was described in a very creative way, allowing the reader to dive into a technical-scientific content of the highest level. The book presents an overview that goes through the origin of the virus, the transmission mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, the vaccine development process and the regulatory and legal instruments to guarantee access to vaccination - starting with the most vulnerable populations. It also describes the trials and phases of clinical study development that ensured the vaccine's safety and efficacy. It also covers the logistics of distribution and pharmacovigilance for monitoring the product in the user population until the detailing of the technological prospection, as well as showing the necessary steps to carry out a process of technology transfer of the vaccine from the viral vector. Among the various innovations, it is worth highlighting: preparation of a technological order through ETEC; use of continuous submission to the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA); and emergency use authorization. This effort made it possible to meet the expressive demand for Covid-19 vaccines in Brazil in a timely manner and on an unprecedented scale. For the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), which turns 120 on December 2, 2022, it is an honor to have Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz as part of our history. Due to its outstanding performance on the international scene, this institute is a true heritage of humanity. And now, with the first Brazilian vaccine for Covid-19, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz consolidates Brazil's leadership in the production of immunobiologicals in Latin America and the Caribbean, ensuring greater self-sufficiency and sustainability of basic health supplies not only for the country, but for the entire region of the Americas.
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Taking Stock of Regional Democratic Trends in Asia and the Pacific Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.70.

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This GSoD In Focus Special Brief provides an overview of the state of democracy in Asia and the Pacific at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy in the region in 2020. Key fact and findings include: • Prior to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries across Asia and the Pacific faced a range of democratic challenges. Chief among these were continuing political fragility, violent conflict, recurrent military interference in the political sphere, enduring hybridity, deepening autocratization, creeping ethnonationalism, advancing populist leadership, democratic backsliding, shrinking civic space, the spread of disinformation, and weakened checks and balances. The crisis conditions engendered by the pandemic risk further entrenching and/or intensifying the negative democratic trends observable in the region prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. • Across the region, governments have been using the conditions created by the pandemic to expand executive power and restrict individual rights. Aspects of democratic practice that have been significantly impacted by anti-pandemic measures include the exercise of fundamental rights (notably freedom of assembly and free speech). Some countries have also seen deepened religious polarization and discrimination. Women, vulnerable groups, and ethnic and religious minorities have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic and discriminated against in the enforcement of lockdowns. There have been disruptions of electoral processes, increased state surveillance in some countries, and increased influence of the military. This is particularly concerning in new, fragile or backsliding democracies, which risk further eroding their already fragile democratic bases. • As in other regions, however, the pandemic has also led to a range of innovations and changes in the way democratic actors, such as parliaments, political parties, electoral commissions, civil society organizations and courts, conduct their work. In a number of countries, for example, government ministries, electoral commissions, legislators, health officials and civil society have developed innovative new online tools for keeping the public informed about national efforts to combat the pandemic. And some legislatures are figuring out new ways to hold government to account in the absence of real-time parliamentary meetings. • The consideration of political regime type in debates around ways of containing the pandemic also assumes particular relevance in Asia and the Pacific, a region that houses high-performing democracies, such as New Zealand and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), a mid-range performer (Taiwan), and also non-democratic regimes, such as China, Singapore and Viet Nam—all of which have, as of December 2020, among the lowest per capita deaths from COVID-19 in the world. While these countries have all so far managed to contain the virus with fewer fatalities than in the rest of the world, the authoritarian regimes have done so at a high human rights cost, whereas the democracies have done so while adhering to democratic principles, proving that the pandemic can effectively be fought through democratic means and does not necessarily require a trade off between public health and democracy. • The massive disruption induced by the pandemic can be an unparalleled opportunity for democratic learning, change and renovation in the region. Strengthening democratic institutions and processes across the region needs to go hand in hand with curbing the pandemic. Rebuilding societies and economic structures in its aftermath will likewise require strong, sustainable and healthy democracies, capable of tackling the gargantuan challenges ahead. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.
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