Journal articles on the topic 'Virtual test-rig'
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Feng, Shuai, An Bin Xu, and Dong Li. "The Design of Comprehensive CAT Test Rig for Electro-Hydraulic Servo Valve." Applied Mechanics and Materials 389 (August 2013): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.389.394.
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By comparing the limitation of traditional test rig for electro-hydraulic servo valve and the advantages of CAT test rig for electro-hydraulic servo valve, this paper demonstrates an overall CAT test rig design including hydraulic system design and test software design. This work applies virtual instrument technology based on LabVIEW and adopts OPC standard to realize real-time communication between computer and PLC. Eventually as a case study, a test example of a well-functional servo valve is presented to show the validity and accuracy of the test rig.
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Corsini, Alessandro, Giovanni Delibra, Giulio Di Meo, Mirko Martini, Franco Rispoli, and Andrea Santoriello. "A CFD-based Virtual Test-rig for Rotating Heat Exchangers." Energy Procedia 82 (December 2015): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.029.
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Dai, Fen Lei, Hai Rong Pang, and Wen Qiang Xie. "Development of Automatic Test System of Rig Comprehensive Performance." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 1082–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.1082.
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The rig is widely used in coal mining production, its research and development, manufacture and use are required to test the performance indicators. For this, the paper researches and developments the comprehensive performance automatic test system in coal mining rig by using virtual instrument technology, and detailedly discussed the hardware configuration and software design scheme of the test system. After a hundred sets of various types testing and inspection of rig, the operation results shows that the automatic test system can meet the various performance parameters’ testing requirements of the split and crawler rigs, and greatly simplify performance testing program of rig, improve the test efficiency.
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Zhang, Yan Jie, Zhi Heng Xu, Hai Bo Zhang, Xing Qiao Wang, and Xue Hua Shi. "A Test Rig for Smart Substation Training System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (January 2015): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.590.
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The concept of smart substations has been widely used in power systems. Since the variation in interfaces and communication manner, the operating& maintenance methods for smart stations have changed a lot compared with the traditional substations. In this paper , a training system based on virtual substation primary equipment combined with real secondary devices is developed for accident management and operating work in smart substations. The training system is also used to test the relay protection algorithms、Ethernet switch functions、fault recorder actions ,and so on.
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Weng, Ze Yu, Gan Xiang, Geng Yuan Gao, and Hong Gang Ding. "Dynamic Simulation of Electric Nail Gun Test Rig." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 1252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.1252.
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Performance test rig of the electric nail gun consists of five partsand the key one of which is the loading mechanism. By analyzing its working principle, virtual prototype model of the loading mechanism was established using simulation software ADAMS. Through simulation of the prototype model, the design requirements of the loading mechanism were given. Then, using the method of parametric analysis, dynamic characteristics of loading mechanism was obtained. Eventually, the relationship between the preload force of loading spring and the implanted force of the sample nail was presented.
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Rosca, Adrian Sorin, Nicolae Craciunoiu, Ionut Geonea, and Cristina Ploscaru. "Design of a Test Rig for Vehicle Stabilizer Bar Fatigue Study." Applied Mechanics and Materials 880 (March 2018): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.880.226.
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In this paper the design, experimental and numerical simulation of a test rig for stabilizer bars fatigue resistance study is presented. A virtual CAD of the test rig is developed, for design and simulation purposes. A dynamic simulation model is developed in ADAMS software, to study the stabilizer bar durability. Strain gauge transducers are used to measure the deformations of the stabilizer bar.
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Jin, Xiang Yang, He Teng Wang, Li Zhang, Li Li Zhao, and Xiang Yi Guan. "Optimal Design and Characteristic Analysis of a Special Type Gear Test Rig." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 590–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.590.
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In this article, the rationality to determine the mechanical design of the test rig for the beveloid gear with intersecting axes has been verified, and the overall performance of the test rig has been predicted. First, the three-dimensional solid models of all components have been established, and the virtual prototype simulation technology has been used for its kinematics simulation. Then, the static and dynamic performance of the key components has been analyzed. At last, the transfer matrix method has been used to analyze the torsional vibration mechanics of the closed gear test rig, so as to obtain the simulation curves of dynamic load factors of the test gear under different speeds. The results show that the whole test rig can be applied in the gear test with intersecting axes, without the auxiliary test gear pair, which has good gearing test accuracy. Besides, the test rig itself has low costs and good running economy.
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Yao, Di, Philipp Ulbricht, Stefan Tonutti, Kay Büttner, and Prokop Günther. "A novel approach for experimental identification of vehicle dynamic parameters." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 10-11 (April 21, 2020): 2634–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020908724.
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Pervasive applications of the vehicle simulation technology are a powerful motivation for the development of modern automobile industry. As basic parameters of road vehicle, vehicle dynamic parameters can significantly influence the ride comfort and dynamics of vehicle, and therefore have to be calculated accurately to obtain reliable vehicle simulation results. Aiming to develop a general solution, which is applicable to diverse test rigs with different mechanisms, a novel model-based parameter identification approach using optimized excitation trajectory is proposed in this paper to identify the vehicle dynamic parameters precisely and efficiently. The proposed approach is first verified against a virtual test rig using a universal mechanism. The simulation verification consists of four sections: (a) kinematic analysis, including the analysis of forward/inverse kinematic and singularity architecture; (b) dynamic modeling, in which three kinds of dynamic modeling method are used to derive the dynamic models for parameter identification; (c) trajectory optimization, which aims to search for the optimal trajectory to minimize the sensitivity of parameter identification to measurement noise; and (d) multibody simulation, by which vehicle dynamic parameters are identified based on the virtual test rig in the simulation environment. In addition to the simulation verification, the proposed parameter identification approach is applied to the real test rig (vehicle inertia measuring machine) in laboratory subsequently. Despite the mechanism difference between the virtual test rig and vehicle inertia measuring machine, this approach has shown an excellent portability. The experimental results indicate that the proposed parameter identification approach can effectively identify the vehicle dynamic parameters without a high requirement of movement accuracy.
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Dean, A., R. Rolfes, N. Grbic, S. Hübner, and B. Behrens. "A FEM‐based virtual test‐rig for hybrid metal‐composites clinching joints." Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 50, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 973–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201800198.
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Zhao, Shangchao, Xiangwei Li, Dongpo Wang, and Wenquan Li. "Key Technologies of Physical and Virtual Test Rig for Railway Freight Car body." Materials 15, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 5439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155439.
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On the one hand, considering that the traditional fatigue method of railway freight cars is based on damage as a parameter, the influence of stress waveform cannot be considered. On the other hand, physical experiments have the characteristics of lag, long period, and high cost. The full-scale physical test and virtual test of car body are carried out. First of all, the data processing method of small deletion and the inverse problem load acquisition method based on data to data are proposed. Secondly, the dynamic stress calculation method with the bench as the boundary is proposed. Finally, taking the obtained load as the input of the physical and virtual bench, a new fatigue test method for simulating the running attitude of the car body line is completed. The acceleration RMS error of the C70E gondola body is less than 6%, the stress RMS is less than 13%, and the equivalent mileage is 3.125 million highway test results show that the car meets the life requirements of the car body. The inverse problem analysis results of virtual and physical tests are basically consistent, and the study of this method provides a basis for improving the fatigue reliability of freight car bodies.
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Jia, Ze-Zheng, Yang Chen, Ye-Jun Wang, Zhen-Qi Sun, and Yu-Long Huang. "Dynamic Modeling and Full-Process Simulation of the Core Engine Test Rig Main Test System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 11213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311213.
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As a virtual digital model that can reflect physical entities or systems, digital twins are revolutionizing industry. The first prerequisite for the construction of digital twins is the establishment of high-precision and complex entities or system models. A 47-components numerical system is established for the core engine test rig main test system by using the finite volume modularization modeling method. A comprehensive solution to the system-level valve-spool/orifice throttling modeling, the key issue of the fluid pipeline system modeling, is presented, and the algorithms of throttling and mixing are deepened and expanded. The full-process simulation study on two tests of normal-temperature 1400 s and low-temperature 1240 s shows that the combined regulation of five regulator valves and the change of cold source directly decide dynamic change of the system in each stage; the simulation reveals the phenomena such as the gas cylinder cooling with deflation, the air cooling when expanding from main pipeline to two branch pipelines, shunting flow by branch pipeline, and the cold and hot gases mixing; the overall variation trends of the simulation curves are consistent with those of all the experimental curves of the test rig normal-temperature/low-temperature air supply lines, exhaust bypass, and engine main line in two operating conditions, and the maximum error between simulation curves and test curves of pressure, total pressure, and total temperature is less than 12%. The numerical system can be used for the construction of virtual models of digital twins, and the modeling method provides a feasible solution to the key technology of digital twins.
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Dastoori, K., and B. Makin. "Adhesion measurements for electrostatic powder coatings using drop test rig and virtual oscilloscope." Journal of Electrostatics 51-52 (May 2001): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3886(01)00125-5.
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Liu, Wen Wu, Chang Sheng Hu, and Nian Li Lu. "Bearing Board's Force Analysis of the Rodless Drilling Set and its Prototype Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.526.
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To solve the problem of the traditional drill rig in its designs and applies, the concept of the rodless drilling rig was put forward. The working and structural principles of the rodless drilling set were introduced. The three-dimensional models of the rodless drilling rig and rodless drilling set were built based on virtual prototype technology. A detailed analysis of the rodless drilling sets force was made, and the force statuses of one bearing board of the rodless drilling set in all directions were given out. By the rodless drilling sets prototype test, the displacement curve was achieved, which indicates the working and structural principles of the rodless drilling set are correct, and its operation is reliable as well.
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Zhang, Qing Yong, Lan Chun Zhang, and Jing Bo Zhao. "Testy Study on Vehicle Test Rig with Electric Control and Hydrostatic Drive Using a Revised Fuzzy Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 39 (November 2010): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.39.517.
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This paper investigates test study of vehicle test rig with electric control and hydrostatic drive (ECHD). The test rig is built up based on the hydrostatic transmission and measurement & control components are the virtual instruments, PXI and labview. At the starting point, this study considers the speed control of the hydrostatic transmission using a revised fuzzy logic law to find the optimal solution for displacement varying of hydraulic variable Pump/Motor assuming a static speed as target speed. And based on the revised fuzzy logic, the typical driving cycle is employed to verify its process control effectiveness. The test results provided by the revised fuzzy logic test demonstrates the effectiveness in speed control of the ECHD vehicle.
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Maillard, Arnaud, Éric Noppe, Benoît Eynard, and Xavier Carniel. "Hydroacoustic modelling applied in hydraulic components: a test rig based experiment." Mechanics & Industry 21, no. 5 (2020): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2020055.
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The exponential increase of computational power has allowed the development of numerical simulation methods. Numerical simulation is widely used in the industries at all stages of the product development process: the design support, comparison between several solutions, final validation. Virtual prototyping and optimization methods enable to meet requirements from the first physical prototype. Hydraulic power transmission, which can be considered as a mature technology providing an unrivalled specific power, is widespread for Off-Road and On-Road vehicles. Nevertheless, this kind of technology has two identified weaknesses which are energetic efficiency and noise generated during the operation. In such a context, the proposed research project focuses on the modelling, the analysis and the simulation for a component set constituting a hydraulic transmission taking into account the flow and pressure ripples. Thus, this work deals with the modelling of fluid borne noise applied to a hydrostatic transmission. From the state-of-the-art on hydroacoustic spread laws, the paper introduces an original method for the modelling of the transition from frequency to temporal domain allowing an analysis of the unsteady behaviour of hydraulic systems. Then, this method is applied to characterize the hydroacoustic behaviour of a rigid pipe using a simulation software. Finally, the used experimental means are presented, as well as a correlation between real measurement and computational analysis applied for a rigid pipe.
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Chaussonnet, G., S. Braun, T. Dauch, M. Keller, A. Sänger, T. Jakobs, R. Koch, T. Kolb, and H. J. Bauer. "Toward the development of a virtual spray test-rig using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method." Computers & Fluids 180 (February 2019): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2019.01.010.
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Lee, An Sung, and Itzhak Green. "Higher Harmonic Oscillations in a Noncontacting FMR Mechanical Face Seal Test Rig." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 116, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930407.
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In order to investigate experimentally the dynamic behavior of a noncontacting flexibly mounted rotor (FMR) mechanical face seal a test rig was designed and built. Test results showed that the FMR seal was vulnerable to higher harmonic oscillations with frequencies that are integer multiples of the shaft speed. Because system nonlinearities can cause higher harmonic oscillations, the dynamic moments acting on the rotor are derived to include the effects of imbalance and axial offset of the rotor. The analysis reveals that the nonlinear terms involved are of second order and generally can be neglected. Investigation is then directed to analyze the possibility of rubbing contact between the rotor and the stator. Rubbing contact can occur as a result of a high relative angular misalignment between the rotor and the stator. A contact kinematics model is proposed and a Fourier series analysis is performed on the resulting rotor response. The analysis shows that the proposed response contains higher harmonics. Fourier series expansion and numerical filtering of a sampled rotor response from the test rig yield resembling signals which contain higher harmonics. This suggests that rubbing contact is the source of higher harmonic oscillations. Design modification to the rotor flexible support system resulted in a virtual elimination of higher harmonic oscillations.
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Cong, Nan, Xun Chen, Jian Zhong Shang, and Ke Shan Liang. "Virtual Fatigue Test of Auto Parts Based on Non-Structural Road Driving Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.595.
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Non-Structural road driving test is a key part of fatigue and durability tests for vehicles such as the construction machines and ATVs. Combining a theoretic road-tyre dynamic model with some real vehicle design parameters, the responses of the wheel axle under different non-structural road conditions were estimated conveniently. The responses can be taken as inputs for a virtual test-rig simulation, and the responses of every part on the test object are obtained separately. Fatigue life is predicted under the finite element circumstance, and the reliability and durability are concluded. Comparing with the real road-driving test, the virtual fatigue test method above can significantly reduce the test period. This method is used to predict the fatigue life of the rear axle-housing in construction machines, the accuracy of the method is verified by a corresponding real bench test.
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Andert, Jakob, Feihong Xia, Serge Klein, Daniel Guse, Rene Savelsberg, Raul Tharmakulasingam, Matthias Thewes, and Johannes Scharf. "Road-to-rig-to-desktop: Virtual development using real-time engine modelling and powertrain co-simulation." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 7 (April 10, 2018): 686–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418767221.
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By front-loading of the conventional vehicle testing to engine test bench or even further forward to offline simulations, it is possible to assess a large variation of powertrain design parameters and testing manoeuvres in the early development stages. This entails a substantial cost reduction compared to physical vehicle testing and hence an optimisation of the modern powertrain development process. This approach is often referred to as road-to-rig-to-desktop. To demonstrate the potential of this road-to-rig-to-desktop methodology as a seamless development process, a crank angle–resolved real-time engine model for a turbocharged gasoline engine was built with the simulation tool GT-POWER®. The model was validated with measurement data from an engine test bench and integrated into a vehicle co-simulation, which also includes a dual clutch transmission, the chassis, the environment and the automated driver. The most relevant functions of the engine and the transmission control systems were implemented in a Simulink-based software control unit. To verify the engine model in the transient vehicle simulation, two 900-s time windows from a 2-h real driving emission test, representing urban and motorway conditions, are simulated using the developed co-simulation platform. The simulation results are compared with the respective vehicle measurement data. The fuel consumption deviation caused by the combustion engine model is within 5%. The transient system behaviour and the dominant engine operation points could be predicted with a satisfying accuracy.
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Chochua, Gocha, and Thomas A. Soulas. "Numerical Modeling of Rotordynamic Coefficients for Deliberately Roughened Stator Gas Annular Seals." Journal of Tribology 129, no. 2 (October 20, 2006): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2647531.
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A method is proposed for computations of rotordynamic coefficients of deliberately roughened stator gas annular seals using computational fluid dynamics. The method is based on a transient analysis with deforming mesh. Frequency-dependent direct and cross-coupled rotordynamic coefficients are determined as a response to an assigned rotor surface periodic motion. The obtained numerical results are found to be in good agreement with the available test data and one-dimensional tool predictions. The method can be used as a research tool or as a virtual annular seal test rig for seal design and optimization.
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Mántaras, Daniel A., and Pablo Luque. "Virtual test rig to improve the design and optimisation process of the vehicle steering and suspension systems." Vehicle System Dynamics 50, no. 10 (October 2012): 1563–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2012.680472.
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Savelsberg, Rene, Jakob Andert, Serge Klein, and Stefan Pischinger. "Virtual shaft: Robust coupling by bidirectional and distributed prediction of coupling values." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 10-11 (April 7, 2020): 2419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020906629.
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Shifting automotive powertrain development tasks to earlier phases (frontloading) increases efficiency by utilizingtest-benches as opposed to prototype vehicles (road-to-rig approach). The coupling of distributed test-benches by a virtualized shaft connection is required to reproduce interactions of automotive powertrain components. A coupling algorithm simulates a rigid connection by synchronizing the torque and speed of two distributed test-bench’s electric motors. System dead-times lead to limited stability and reduced bandwidth of the coupling algorithm. In this study, a method for a stable bidirectional coupling of speed and torque of both subsystems is described analytically and verified by simulation. All component models are calibrated based on measurements using state-of-the-art test-bench equipment. A distributed prediction algorithm is proposed for the dead-time compensation. Four Kalman predictors estimate the coupling values of both subsystems at wall-clock-time without measurement and communication latencies. A detailed drive cycle analysis is performed through simulation. This enables a Virtual Shaft Algorithm to achieve a higher bandwidth and an improved coupling robustness.
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Pesch, Alexander, and Peter Scavelli. "Condition Monitoring of Active Magnetic Bearings on the Internet of Things." Actuators 8, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act8010017.
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A magnetic bearing is an industrial device that supports a rotating shaft with a magnetic field. Magnetic bearings have advantages such as high efficiency, low maintenance, and no lubrication. Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) use electromagnets with actively controlled coil currents based on rotor position monitored by sensors integral to the AMB. AMBs are apt to the Internet of Things (IoT) due to their inherent sensors and actuators. The IoT is the interconnection of physical devices that enables them to send and receive data over the Internet. IoT technology has recently rapidly increased and is being applied to industrial devices. This study developed a method for the condition monitoring of AMB systems online using off-the-shelf IoT technology. Because off-the-shelf IoT solutions were utilized, the developed method is cost-effective and can be implemented on existing AMB systems. In this study, a MBC500 AMB test rig was outfitted with a Raspberry Pi single board computer. The Raspberry Pi monitors the AMB’s position sensors and current sensors via an analog-to-digital converter. Several loading cases were imposed on the experimental test rig and diagnosed remotely using virtual network computing. It was found that remote AMB condition monitoring is feasible for less than USD 100.
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Rassenfoss, Stephen. "Using Cameras To Understand What Is Happening While Drilling." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 06 (June 1, 2021): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0621-0024-jpt.
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Can a camera do a better job than humans at creating a minute-by-minute record of drilling activity? Or evaluate damaged drill bits better? Based on two papers at the SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition, the answer might soon be yes. Schlumberger researchers showed that video from a camera on the drill floor and on the drilling cuttings shaker kept an accurate record of what the rig was doing at the time, also known as the rig state (SPE 204086). A paper from The University of Texas-Austin (UT-Austin) showed a camera phone could create images for use in their bit-evaluation program to assess the damage and offer a reasonable explanation for what caused it (SPE 204124). A year ago Teradata announced its Bit-Box, which houses cameras and lights to create 3D bit images. It is now on the market; other companies are working on competing products. Cameras have gotten small and cheap at a time when innovations like self-driving cars have driven tech companies to speed development of computer-vision tools. Schlumberger’s goal is to convert video from rig cameras into a constant record of the rig state. It is being done with data gathered by sensors while drilling, or by people if the sensors stop working or generate bad data. The system leaves gaps when sensor issues are missed or workers are otherwise occupied, which is a maddening problem for those who need to know what is going on at any moment to interpret drilling data. “We need to understand what the rig was doing when we look at and try to solve problems” using digital analysis, said Crispin Chatar, a drilling subject matter expert for Schlumberger, who presented the paper at the virtual conference. The bit-evaluation program used phone camera images as a lower-cost substitute for 3D imaging, like the system sold by Teradata. Mobile phone images come with the risk of bad lighting and varying angles, which the authors said affected the analysis. But those devices are small, and there are plenty of backups available. “Everybody has a mobile phone at a rig site,” said Pradeep Ashok, a research scientist in the petroleum engineering department at UT-Austin. He believes cameras on mobile devices are the future because “if you could build something that requires no added equipment it will allow more rapid adoption.” Mobile phone owners also worry about breaking their phone. They may not be so concerned about rig equipment, which is a concern to those selling more-complex imaging devices. Both projects were early efforts to test what can be done with camera data, which is likely to expand over time. Schlumberger’s goal of tracking the rig state more reliably and cheaper than when using sensors may not be enough to convince users to change their ways at a time when sensors are proliferating to support more digitally controlled activities. The Schlumberger data were gathered at a test well for an automated rig.
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Tubeuf, Carlotta, Felix Birkelbach, Anton Maly, and René Hofmann. "Increasing the Flexibility of Hydropower with Reinforcement Learning on a Digital Twin Platform." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 11, 2023): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041796.
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The increasing demand for flexibility in hydropower systems requires pumped storage power plants to change operating modes and compensate reactive power more frequently. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of applying reinforcement learning (RL) to control the blow-out process of a hydraulic machine during pump start-up and when operating in synchronous condenser mode. Even though RL is a promising method that is currently getting much attention, safety concerns are stalling research on RL for the control of energy systems. Therefore, we present a concept that enables process control with RL through the use of a digital twin platform. This enables the safe and effective transfer of the algorithm’s learning strategy from a virtual test environment to the physical asset. The successful implementation of RL in a test environment is presented and an outlook on future research on the transfer to a model test rig is given.
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Nasir, Mohd Zakaria Mohammad, Abdurahman Dwijotomo, Mohd Azman Abdullah, Muhammad Zahir Hassan, and Khisbullah Hudha. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation for Automatic Rack and Pinion Steering System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 2135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.2135.
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As new features for driver assistance and active safety system are going rapidly in vehicle, the interface between hardware and simulation model within a virtual and real environment has become necessity. In this paper, a Hardware-in-the-loop Simulations (HILS) test rig has been develop using actual rack and pinion steering mechanism with controller in Matlab xPC Target environment, LVDT and rotary encoder sensors installed for data measurement at various steering angle. It can manipulate the steering mechanism with various control structure, decrease time with real experiment and trial risk as well as improve development efficiency. Results from HILS experimental model demonstrate a linear pattern occurred from maximum lock-to-lock steering wheel angle with acceptable error.
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Banthia, Vikram, Yaser Maddahi, Kourosh Zareinia, Stephen Liao, Tim Olson, Wai-Keung Fung, Subramaniam Balakrishnan, and Nariman Sepehri. "A prototype telerobotic platform for live transmission line maintenance: Review of design and development." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 11 (February 8, 2017): 3273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331216687021.
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This paper reports technical design of a novel experimental test facility, using haptic-enabled teleoperation of robotic manipulators, for live transmission line maintenance. The goal is to study and develop appropriate techniques in repair overhead power transmission lines by allowing linemen to wirelessly guide a remote manipulator, installed on a crane bucket, to execute dexterous maintenance tasks, such as twisting a tie wire around a cable. Challenges and solutions for developing such a system are outlined. The test facility consists of a PHANToM Desktop haptic device (master site), an industrial hydraulic manipulator (slave site) mounted atop a Stewart platform, and a wireless communication channel connecting the master and slave sites. The teleoperated system is tested under different force feedback schemes, while the base is excited and the communication channel is delayed and/or lossy to emulate realistic network behaviors. The force feedback schemes are: virtual fixture, augmentation force and augmented virtual fixture. Performance of each scheme is evaluated under three measures: task completion time, number of failed trials and displacement of the slave manipulator end-effector. The developed test rig has been shown to be successful in performing haptic-enabled teleoperation for live-line maintenance in a laboratory setting. The authors aim at establishing a benchmark test facility for objective evaluation of ideas and concepts in the teleoperation of live-line maintenance tasks.
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Ren, Wu, Zhongwei Li, Yanping Bi, Shan Zhao, Bo Peng, and Liming Zhou. "Modeling and Analysis of Truck Mounted Concrete Pump Boom by Virtual Prototyping." Journal of Robotics 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9182143.
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By far there is lack of research on different working conditions between rigid and flexible dynamics of truck mounted concrete pump booms. First a 3D model has been established by using virtual prototyping technology of a 37 m long boom in Pro/Engineering software. Then the rigid body simulation model has been built. Next modal superimposition method is adopted to change the 4 rigid body booms into flexible ones. Kinematics law and dynamic characteristics of 4 common working conditions had been studied then. Next tip displacement and the first boom hydraulic cylinder force of the 4 working conditions between rigid and flexible models have been researched. Furthermore the first natural frequencies of the structure have been calculated. The results show that the frequency of the horizontal condition has the lowest of all and the roof condition has the largest of all. Besides the cylinder forces of the flexible model are larger than the corresponding rigid ones because of the flexible boom vibration. Finally an experiment has been done on a boom test rig which proved that the established simulation model is reasonable and the frequency results are correct. All of these provide design reference to mechanical manipulator as well as reducing product development cost of such mechanism.
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Li, Li, Hong Mei Wang, and Chun Hua Zhao. "An Integration Method for Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.293.
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The paper presents an integration method of artificial neural network (ANN) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to identify fault severity in rolling bearing. A test apparatus is established, in which the rolling bearings with different faults and defect sizes are tested. Fault severity is divided into four grades of normal, light, middle and severe based on the defect size. Vibration signals are collected from the test rig. Due to the complexity of the signals, EMD has been exploited to decompose the signals into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Then an ANN with one hidden layer is designed to diagnose the fault type and severity. The virtual values of first eight IMFs of a signal form the input vector of ANN. The output vector of ANN represented the fault severity with two binary digits. Appling the ANN to test the signals with unknown defect sizes, the diagnosis capability can arrive to about 95%. The results demonstrate that the integration method is successful in machine fault severity diagnosis.
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Millo, Federico, Luciano Rolando, Luca Pulvirenti, and Giuseppe Di Pierro. "A Methodology for the Reverse Engineering of the Energy Management Strategy of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle for Virtual Test Rig Development." SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles 11, no. 1 (September 22, 2021): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/14-11-01-0009.
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Lopot, František, Martin Dub, Jan Flek, Daniel Hadraba, Martin Havlíček, Lukáš Kučera, Ondřej Štoček, Tomáš Veselý, and Jiří Janáček. "Gearbox Mechanical Efficiency Determination by Strain Gauges Direct Application." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 11150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311150.
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This article describes a unique method of measuring the efficiency of gearboxes using foil strain gauges, which allows maintaining the current configuration of the gearbox within the overall assembly of the machine and its functional condition. The presented method is applicable to gearboxes located in the original equipment assembly without the need to use a test rig. Using foil strain gauges, the torque at the input and output of the gearbox is detected. Therefore, the accuracy of torque measurement is key. The crucial step is the calibration of the instrumentation to the given application conditions, which, in this case, is ensured by a virtual calibration using a very accurate FEM analysis. The accuracy of the position of strain gauges and virtual calibration of measurements generate inaccuracies affecting the resulting uncertainty of the determined efficiency. The present article shows, on the example of several measurements, that when using 24-bit converters, after processing the obtained data, mechanical stress with a sensitivity better than hundredths of an MPa can be reliably detected even without signal amplification from strain gauges. It follows that the efficiency is determined with an accuracy of better than low units of tenths.
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Coccia, Gianluca, Alice Mugnini, Lorenzo Romanucci, Fabio Polonara, and Alessia Arteconi. "Experimental Assessment of an Air-to-Water Heat Pump Driven by a Demand Response Strategy." Tecnica Italiana-Italian Journal of Engineering Science 65, no. 2-4 (July 30, 2021): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ti-ijes.652-413.
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A way to improve the performance of heat pumps lies in the possibility of adhering to Demand Response (DR) programs. DR consists of changes in electricity use of end users in response to changes in the electricity price over time. Taking advantage of the energy flexibility given by the end-use system, such as a building, it is possible to collect more electricity when its price is low, and to reduce its absorption when the price is high. In this work, a commercial air-to-water heat pump was experimentally characterized to assess its energy performance when managed with a DR program. A test rig based on a closed-loop system allowed to reproduce a thermal load in the condenser side. The thermal load was associated to the space heating demand of a virtual building, which was modeled with a resistance-capacitance thermal network. The DR program, based on a real-time pricing control strategy, managed the interaction between the closed-loop system and the virtual building, which was able to unlock its energy flexibility thanks to a variable indoor air setpoint temperature. Respect to a conventional control based on a fixed setpoint temperature, the DR-based configuration led to significant electrical energy and cost saving.
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Markert, Richard, Roland Platz, and Malte Seidler. "Model Based Fault Identification in Rotor Systems by Least Squares Fitting." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 7, no. 5 (2001): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x01000264.
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In the present paper a model based method for the on-line identification of malfunctions in rotor systems is proposed. The fault-induced change of the rotor system is taken into account by equivalent loads which are virtual forces and moments acting on the linear undamaged system model to generate a dynamic behaviour identical to the measured one of the damaged system.By comparing the equivalent loads reconstructed from current measurements to the pre-calculated equivalent loads resulting from fault models, the type, amount and location of the current fault can be estimated. The identification method is based on least squares fitting algorithms in the time domain. The quality of the fit is used to find the probability that the identified fault is present.The effect of measurement noise, measurement locations, number of mode shapes taken into account etc., on the identification result and quality is studied by means of numerical experiments. Finally, the method has also been tested successfully on a real test rig for some typical faults.
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Pfau, Axel, Joel Schlienger, Anestis I. Kalfas, and Reza S. Abhari. "Virtual four sensor fast response aerodynamic probe (FRAP®)." E3S Web of Conferences 345 (2022): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234501014.
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This paper introduces the new fast response aerodynamic probe (FRAP®), which was recently developed at the ETH Zurich. The probe provides time-resolved, three-dimensional flow measurements using the virtual four sensor technique. Two probes work in tandem, being comparable to a pair of pneumatic needle probes. The first probe, being yaw angle sensitive, is positioned in three circumferential positions. The second probe being pitch angle sensitive is brought into exactly the same position as the first probe. The resulting set of four measurements is phaselock-averaged to one specific rotor trigger position. Then the reduced data sets are combined to four calibration coefficients, which are then further processed to determine the unsteady flow vector. The results consist of yaw and pitch flow angles as well as the total and static pressure. The outer diameter of the cylindrical probe head was miniaturized to 0.84mm, hence probe blockage effects as well as dynamic lift effects are reduced. The shape of the probe head was optimized in view of the manufacturing process as well as aerodynamic considerations. The optimum geometry for pitch sensitivity was found to be a cylindrical surface with the axis perpendicular to the probe shaft. The internal design of the probes led to a sensor cavity eigen frequency of 44 kHz for the yaw sensitive and 34kHz for the pitch sensitive probe. The steady aerodynamic characteristics of the probe were measured using the free jet probe calibration facility of the laboratory. The full set of calibration surfaces is given. Data acquisition is done with a fully automated traversing system, which moves the probe within the test rig and samples the signal with a PC-based A/D-board. An error analysis implemented into the data reduction routines revealed acceptable accuracy for flow angles as well as pressures for many turbomachinery flows. Depending on the dynamic head of the application the yaw angle is accurate within ±0.35° and pitch angle within ±0.7°. Finally, a comparison of time averaged results to five hole probe measurements is discussed.
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Li, Bin, Xiaobo Yang, James Yang, Yunqing Zhang, and Zeyu Ma. "In-Plane Flexible Ring Tire Model—Part 2: Parameterization." Tire Science and Technology 46, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460304.
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ABSTRACT The flexible ring tire model has recently gained significant attention in vehicle dynamics and analysis of road loads because it is able to capture the tire belt deflection under various driving conditions and compute more efficiently than the complex finite element tire model. This article presents the second part of the in-plane flexible ring tire model study with the recently developed flexible ring tire model to investigate several important aspects about tire model parameterization. First, we use the FTire® model in the MSC ADAMS/View® virtual test rig to generate five sets of spindle longitudinal and vertical loads on cleats with different heights, static loads, and speeds. These spindle loads are considered the “experimental data” in view of proving the accuracy of the commercial FTire® model that can accurately predict the spindle loads, especially in well-controlled test rigs. Next, one set of tire model parameters identified with a specific cleat test case is applied to other cleat test cases to predict the tire spindle forces, which are then compared with those corresponding experimental data. Similarly, this process is repeated for each cleat test case to yield different sets of parameters, respectively. Afterward, the predicted spindle loads are compared with the experimental data, respectively, based on SAE Standard J2812, and the predicted errors are assessed to determine which cleat test case is the best choice to identify parameters of the tire model. Finally, the effects of the belt point number and tread block number on the prediction accuracy and efficiency are discussed.
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Vasilyev, N., I. Kalinin, V. Polovinkin, A. Pustoshny, O. Savchenko, and K. Sazonov. "Load simulation of icebreaker propulsion motors at laboratory and virtual tests of electric propulsion systems." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 1, no. 399 (March 15, 2022): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2022-1-399-15-30.
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Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses ice loads on shaft-lines of icebreakers and ice-going ships as their propellers interact with ice. These loads are needed as inputs for development and fine-tuning of electric propulsion control systems, including those involving load test rigs, with the final purpose of ensuring reliable and safe operation of electric propulsion plants in ice navigation conditions. Materials and methods. This study is based on the publications about ice loads on shafting of electric propulsion plants. It analyses the terminology used in the papers on this subject. It also analyses the data on ice-induced shafting torques, as obtained from full-scale trials of Akademik Tryoshnikov ice-class research vessel. Main results. The paper describes typical cases of extreme ice loads on the propulsion system, with the input data characterizing these loads and needed, in particular, for numerical simulation of ice loads on shafting in order to fine-tune electric propulsion control system by means of computer-based simulations or laboratory tests. The paper shows the importance of considering the inertial elements of the shaft line for correct determination of limit loads. It also formulates the challenges that have to be solved in order to obtain efficient control systems for electric propulsion plants of icebreakers and ice-going ships. It determines the requirements to special full-scale trials needed to validate calculation methods for shafting loads. Conclusion. Electric propulsion systems of ice-going ships must have highly efficient control tools for the propulsion motor that would ensure its reliable and safe operation as propeller interacts with ice. Such a tool is quite hard to obtain because shafting loads are quite various and difficult to predict. One of the ways to improve an electric propulsion system is to build up a test rig with the load part simulating various scenarios of shafting loads as per the mathematical model specially developed for this purpose and validated by the accumulated database of full-scale ice loads on shaft lines. The paper also demonstrates that propulsion motor control system must properly take into account not only external loads but also inertial torques of shaft line, motor rotor and propeller with added water mass.
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Chao, Fan, Zhiqin He, Renkuan Feng, Xiao Wang, Xiangping Chen, Changqi Li, and Ying Yang. "Predictive Trajectory-Based Mobile Data Gathering Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks." Complexity 2021 (January 5, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3941074.
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Tradition wireless sensor networks (WSNs) transmit data by single or multiple hops. However, some sensor nodes (SNs) close to a static base station forward data more frequently than others, which results in the problem of energy holes and makes networks fragile. One promising solution is to use a mobile node as a mobile sink (MS), which is especially useful in energy-constrained networks. In these applications, the tour planning of MS is a key to guarantee the network performance. In this paper, a novel strategy is proposed to reduce the latency of mobile data gathering in a WSN while the routing strategies and tour planning of MS are jointly optimized. First, the issue of network coverage is discussed before the appropriate number of clusters being calculated. A dynamic clustering scheme is then developed where a virtual cluster center is defined as the MS sojourn for data collection. Afterwards, a tour planning of MS based on prediction is proposed subject to minimizing the traveling distance to collect data. The proposed method is simulated in a MATLAB platform to show the overall performance of the developed system. Furthermore, the physical tests on a test rig are also carried out where a small WSN based on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is developed in our laboratory. The test results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method proposed.
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Zhang, Hangjun, Jinhui Fang, Huan Yu, Huibin Hu, and Yuzhu Yang. "Disturbance observer-based adaptive position control for a cutterhead anti-torque system." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 24, 2022): e0268897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268897.
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To conveniently replace worn cutterhead tools in complicated strata, a novel cutterhead attitude control mechanism was recently designed. Meanwhile, the mechanism also causes an engineering problem of how to control a matching cutterhead anti-torque system (CATS) effectively, which is used to prevent a drive box of the cutterhead from rotation during a complex excavation process. In this paper, a disturbance observer-based adaptive position controller is proposed for the CATS. The proposed method presents a nonlinear adaptive controller with adaptation laws to compensate for the unknown time-varying load torque and damping uncertainty in the system. Based on the disturbance observer method and sliding mode control, an asymptotically stable controller proven by Lyapunov theory is constructed using the back-stepping technique. In addition, a virtual test rig based on MATLAB and AMESim co-simulation is built to verify the validity of the proposed controller. The simulation results show that the proposed method has good performance for tracking tasks in the presence of uncertainties compared with PID control. Together, the data support targeting disturbance observer-based adaptive position control as a potential control strategy for cutterhead anti-torque systems.
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Ruan, Diwang, Yuxiang Chen, Clemens Gühmann, Jianping Yan, and Zhirou Li. "Dynamics Modeling of Bearing with Defect in Modelica and Application in Direct Transfer Learning from Simulation to Test Bench for Bearing Fault Diagnosis." Electronics 11, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11040622.
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In data-driven bearing fault diagnosis, sufficient fault data are fundamental for algorithm training and validation. However, only very few fault measurements can be provided in most industrial applications, bringing the dynamics model to produce bearing response under defects. This paper built a Modelica model for the whole bearing test rig, including the test bearing, driving motor and hydraulic loading system. First, a five degree-of-freedom (5-DoF) model was proposed for the test bearing to identify the normal bearing dynamics. Next, a fault model was applied to characterize the defect position, defect size, defect shape and multiple defects. The virtual bearing test bench was first developed with OpenModelica and then called in Python with OMPython. For validation of the positive effect of the dynamics model in the direct transfer learning for bearing fault diagnosis, the simulation data from the Modelica model and experimental data from the Case Western Reserve University were fed separately or jointly to train a Convolution Neural Network (CNN). Then the well-trained CNN was transferred directly to achieve the fault diagnosis under the test set consisting of experiment data. Additionally, 157 features were extracted from both time-domain and frequency-domain and fed into CNN as input, and then four different validation cases were designed. The results confirmed the positive effect of simulation data in the CNN transfer learning, especially when the simulation data were added as auxiliary to experimental data, and improved CNN classification accuracy. Furthermore, it indicated that the simulation data from the bearing dynamics model could play a part in the actual experimental measurement when the collected data were insufficient.
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Schoberer, Thomas, Jan Weyr, Gernot Steindl, Gregor Görtler, and Werner Stutterecker. "Comparison of the Energy Performance of a Heat Pump under Various Conditions by Using a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Test Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 622–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.622.
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For nearly Zero Energy Buildings, it is a challenge to optimize the heat supply of the building based on technologies like heat pumps. Within the project “energy4buildings” a test bench has been realized to create an interface between hardware, located in a laboratory, and a building simulation software. This integrated test bench with a focus on electrical driven heat pumps and chillers can be used to simulate realistic conditions like part load behavior, stand-by-losses, on/off behavior or user-/weather conditions by using different kind of building models. The requirements of the test rig have been realized by using a hardware-in-the loop (HIL) method, which allows real-time tests of embedded devices within a virtual environment under reproducible laboratory conditions. By using the HIL-method, early statements according performance with a reduction of costs under realistic conditions can be made for various devices. This paper describes the implementation of the HIL-interface consisting of hardware, simulation software and data acquisition including an optimization of the behaviour of the control system as well as HIL experiments at varying steady state conditions like temperature tolerance or holding time. Based on the tests both, a comparison of the performance and analyses of deviations between real and simulated value have been made, to make an accurate statement of the behaviour of the system. The knowledge gained in this paper indicates a potential for optimization of the control strategy of some components as well as the improvement of the communication process to make an early estimation regarding performance of the installed device.
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Scirè, Daniele, Gianpaolo Vitale, Marco Ventimiglia, and Giuseppe Lullo. "Non-Linear Inductors Characterization in Real Operating Conditions for Power Density Optimization in SMPS." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 3924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133924.
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The exploitation of power inductors outside their linear region in switching converters can be achieved by raising the current until a decrease in the inductance can be noticed. This allows using a smaller magnetic core, increasing the power density of the converter. On the other hand, a detailed description of the magnetization curve including the temperature is required. Since this information is often not included in the inductor’s datasheets, this paper shows how to identify the behavior of an inductor when it is operated up to saturation and its temperature rises. In order to characterize the inductor in real operating conditions, a dedicated measurement rig was developed. It consists of a switching converter that encompasses the inductor under test and is controlled by a virtual instrument developed in LabVIEW. The characterization system was tested by retrieving the inductance and the magnetization curves vs. current for two commercial inductors at core temperatures up to 105 °C. The magnetic core was then characterized by the saturation current vs. inductance, obtaining an expression for the whole family of inductors sharing the same core. Finally, we experimentally analyzed the thermal transient of the inductors in operating conditions, confirming the fundamental role of the temperature in changing the current profiles and the core saturation condition.
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Neumann, Dominic, Jan Friederichs, Mark Harris, Mario Weinberger, Dieter Schramm, and Christian Bachmann. "Parking-Specific Parameterization Method for FTire." Tire Science and Technology 50, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.21019.
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ABSTRACT Virtual steering system layout in the early development phase requires adequate tire models to predict realistic steering rack forces. An accurate representation of parking is particularly important, as the largest steering rack forces occur during this maneuver. Physical tire models are mainly parameterized for rolling conditions. Since the tire exhibits different mechanical behavior under nonrolling conditions, this article introduces a new parameterization procedure for the physical tire model FTire that characterizes the conditions during parking maneuvers. To this end, an additional full vehicle measurement setup is used to understand the tire motions, forces, and torques during parking. It is also shown that a tire model based on a standard parameterization procedure results in steering speed-dependent parking torque deviations of up to 17.5% when compared with component measurements. Thus, new measurement methods are developed to help parameterize the tire model for this maneuver. A linear friction tester is used to determine the friction interaction between tire and road at the relevant relative velocities. In addition, measurements are performed on a tire stiffness test rig, in which translatory and rotatory movements are overlaid. Furthermore, the contact patch shape, ground pressure distribution, and tire outer contour are digitalized and added into the model. A tire model based on the new parking optimized parameterization is then compared with the standard tire modeling approach and component measurements as well as the full vehicle measurements. In conclusion, improvements of up to 12% for drilling torque, up to 15% for longitudinal force, a more realistic lateral stiffness, a more realistic pressure distribution, and improvements of up to 8% when simulating the steering rack force can be stated. After the results are evaluated and interpreted, recommendations for future developments of this parameterization procedure and an extension of the virtual tire model are discussed.
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Cayeux, Eric, Benoît Daireaux, Adrian Ambrus, Rodica Mihai, and Liv Carlsen. "Autonomous Decision-Making While Drilling." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040969.
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The drilling process is complex because unexpected situations may occur at any time. Furthermore, the drilling system is extremely long and slender, therefore prone to vibrations and often being dominated by long transient periods. Adding the fact that measurements are not well distributed along the drilling system, with the majority of real-time measurements only available at the top side and having only access to very sparse data from downhole, the drilling process is poorly observed therefore making it difficult to use standard control methods. Therefore, to achieve completely autonomous drilling operations, it is necessary to utilize a method that is capable of estimating the internal state of the drilling system from parsimonious information while being able to make decisions that will keep the operation safe but effective. A solution enabling autonomous decision-making while drilling has been developed. It relies on an optimization of the time to reach the section total depth (TD). The estimated time to reach the section TD is decomposed into the effective time spent in conducting the drilling operation and the likely time lost to solve unexpected drilling events. This optimization problem is solved by using a Markov decision process method. Several example scenarios have been run in a virtual rig environment to test the validity of the concept. It is found that the system is capable to adapt itself to various drilling conditions, as for example being aggressive when the operation runs smoothly and the estimated uncertainty of the internal states is low, but also more cautious when the downhole drilling conditions deteriorate or when observations tend to indicate more erratic behavior, which is often observed prior to a drilling event.
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Konieczny, Łukasz, Rafał Burdzik, and Piotr Folęga. "Multibody System Software Used for Research of Car Suspension System Dynamics." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 794–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.794.
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The paper presents results of investigation of car suspension system dynamics. In this research the multibody (Multi Body System - MBS) system software MSC.Adams was used. ADAMS software (MSC.Software) is a commercial software to build a multibody structural models. Modular design allows for the usage of applications with different focuses, such as rail, aviation and motor vehicles. Models with a large number of freedom degrees of the components are built with mass concentrated on the assumption that the system is composed of a rigid (or deformable) bodies combined in a specific way (connection spherical, sliding, rotary), moving under the action of the forces and moments of different types (concentrated or distributed forces, the forces of contact). The complex multibody systems are automatically generated by the Lagrange equations of motion of the second kind in absolute coordinates. Integral procedures used to solve the differential-algebraic equations include multistep algorithms with variable row and a variable-and fixed-step and one-step algorithms. The Adams/Car module enables building and simulation-based examination of individual car subsystems such as, for instance, the suspension, steering or driving system as well as their combinations forming a complete car. The programme contains an extensive library of structural solutions applied in cars. The geometry and relationship data of individual components are stored in libraries, and software operation on a standard user level can be brought down to defining positions of constraints in space. The software is compatible with various CAD programmes, thus enabling import of elements created in other applications. The study was conducted for the vehicle model of Fiat Seicento. The examined system of the complete vehicle consists of 49 kinematic degrees of freedom. The article examined the impact of chosen parameters on vehicle vibration in an Adams Car Ride. Used in simulation Adams/Car /Ride module allows to test vehicle dynamics forcing the position of the plate of test stand . Virtual model of the vehicle is set on four servo-motors. They can control any excitation combination of individual actuators (dispalcement and amplitude, phase between extortion, etc.) and determine all kinds of vibration (vertical, lateral, angular). The study was conducted for selected parameters of the test rig.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (May 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0521-0014-jpt.
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Dugong Reserve Estimate Tightens on New Well Results Neptune Energy redefined the estimated reserves at its Dugong discovery in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea to between 40–108 million BOE based on the results of appraisal well 34/4-16 S. Prior to this appraisal, the operator believed the prospect could hold as much as 120 million BOE. The main objective of the well was achieved by establishing the oil/water contact. Neptune Energy said the new range will be subject to further detailed analysis and review, and a drillstem test on the well is planned at a later stage. The appraisal well was drilled using the Odjfell-operated semisubmersible Deepsea Yantai in about 330 m of water. The Dugong discovery will either be linked to nearby infrastructure or developed as a standalone development. Dugong is located 158 km west of Florø, Norway, and is close to the existing production facilities of the Snorre and Statfjord fields. The Dugong license partners are Neptune Energy (operator and 45%), Petrolia NOCO (20%), Idemitsu Petroleum Norge (20%), and Concedo (15%). Oselvar P&A Work Underway Decommissioning of the DNO Norge-operated Oselvar field has kicked off with the operator contracting semisubmersible Borgland Dolphin for plug-and-abandonment work. Oselvar is in the southern part of the Norwegian sector in the North Sea, 20 km southwest of the Ula field. The water depth is 70 m. Oselvar was discovered in 1991, and the plan for development and operation was approved in 2009. The field was developed via a trio of subsea wells tied to Ula. Production started in 2012 and ended in 2018. The Borgland Dolphin was moved to the field on 20 March. The rig recently went through a series of upgrades including the installation of new shale shakers, new standpipe manifold, an upgraded drilling control system, and an upgraded helideck. Decommissioning must be completed by the end of 2022. Equinor Green Lights FPSO for Brazil’s BM-C-33 Development Equinor, together with license partners Repsol Sinopec Brasil and Petrobras, have approved an FPSO-based development concept for BM-C-33, a gas/condensate field located in the Campos Basin pre-salt in Brazil. Subsea wells will be tied back to the FPSO located at the field. Gas and oil/condensate will be processed at the floater to sales specifications and exported. Crude will be offloaded by shuttle tankers and shipped to the international market after ship-to-ship transfer. A newbuild hull has been selected to accommodate the field’s planned 30-year lifetime. “BM-C-33 holds substantial volumes of gas,” said Veronica Coelho, Equinor’s country manager in Brazil. “A completion of the ongoing liberalization of the natural gas market in Brazil in line with the current plan, is key for the further development of the project. BM-C-33 is an asset that can generate value for the society, both through the creation of direct and indirect jobs, ripple effects, and through a gas supply that can induce industrial growth, as has happened in other countries.” Gas export capacity is planned for 16 million cubic meters per day with average exports expected to be 14 million cubic meters per day. Daily oil processing capacity is of 20,000 cubic meters per day. The gas-export solution is based on an integrated offshore gas pipe-line from the FPSO to a new dedicated onshore gas-receiving facility inside the Petrobras TECAB site at Cabiúnas, before connecting to the domestic gas-transmission network. Lundin Makes Small Discovery Near Edvard Grieg Lundin Energy Norway encountered a 10-m oil column with its wildcat well 16/4-13 S about 15 km south of the Edvard Grieg field in the central part of the North Sea. The operator added that about 7 m of the encountered column was of moderate to poor reservoir quality. The oil/water contact was encountered 1950 m below the sea surface. The entire reservoir, including the water zone, comprises conglomeratic sandstones in a thickness of about 380 m. Preliminary estimates place the size of the discovery between 0.5 and 1.4 million cubic meters of recoverable oil equivalent. The licensees will assess the discovery regarding a possible tie-in to the Solveig field. The well was drilled by Seadrill semisubmersible West Bollsta and will be permanently plugged and abandoned. The rig will now move to drill the 16/4-BA-1H production well on the Solveig field. Wintershall Gets Permit for Bergknapp Appraisal The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate granted Wintershall Dea Norge a drilling permit for well 6406/3-10 A to spud a follow-up probe to a discovery made in April 2020. The Bergknapp appraisal will be drilled from the Odjfell semisubmersible Deepsea Aberdeen once the rig has concluded the drilling of wildcat well 6507/4-2 S for Wintershall in production license 211. The Bergknapp appraisal will be drilled about 8 km west of the Maria field in the Norwegian Sea. The discovery well 6406/3-10 intersected an oil column of at least 60 m in the Garn formation and an oil column of at least 120 m in the Tilje formation. Preliminary estimates of the Bergknapp discovery indicate it could hold between 26–97 million BOE. The find is in production license 836 S where Wintershall is the operator and holds a 40% stake. The other licensees are DNO Norge (30%) and Spirit Energy Norway AS (30%). The area in this license comprises parts of Blocks 6406/2 and 6406/3. Guyana Says Liza Hits First-Phase Capacity Guyana’s President Irfaan Ali announced that the first phase of the Liza offshore crude project had achieved its intended full-production capacity of around 130,000 B/D. Ali told virtual attendees at the Guyana Basin Summit that he expected an additional 10 exploration and appraisal wells to be drilled off Guyana this year. He said the second phase of the Liza project, operated by ExxonMobil, would begin in 2022. The consortium led by Exxon, which includes partners Hess and CNOOC Ltd., has made 18 discoveries containing more than 8 billion bbl of recoverable oil and gas in Guyana’s Stabroek block. Equinor and Partners in Barents Bounty Equinor and partners Vår Energi and Petoro have struck oil in exploration well 7220/7-4 in production license 532 in the Barents Sea. Recoverable resources are so far estimated at between 31–50 million BOE. The well was drilled about 10 km southwest from the well 7220/8-1 on the Johan Castberg field. “Succeeding in the Barents Sea requires perseverance and a long-term perspective,” says Nick Ashton, Equinor’s senior vice president for exploration in Norway. “This discovery strengthens our belief in the opportunities that exist, not least around the Castberg, Wisting, Snøhvit, and Goliat areas.” The well, drilled by semisubmersible Transocean Enabler, struck 109 m of oil in the Stø and Nordmela formations. The top reservoir was encountered at a vertical depth of 1788 m below sea level. The expected gas cap was not encountered in the well. The well was not formation tested, but extensive data acquisition and sampling took place. Equinor said further development of the discovery toward the planned infrastructure for the Johan Castberg field will be considered at a later stage. Exploration well 7220/7-4 is the first of four planned exploration wells for Equinor in the Barents Sea this year. Eni Strikes Light Oil at Cuica Eni has made a new light-oil discovery in Block 15/06 at its Cuica prospect in the deep waters offshore Angola. The prospect is located inside the Cabaça Development Area and close to the Armada Olombendo FPSO (East Hub). Eni estimates Cuica could hold between 200 and 250 million bbl of oil in place. The Cuica-1 NFW was drilled as a deviated well by Seadrill-operated drillship Sonagol Libongos in 500 m of water and reached a total vertical depth of 4100 m, encountering an 80-m total column of reservoir of light oil (38 °API) in sandstones of Miocene age with good petrophysical properties. The discovery well is going to be sidetracked up-dip to be placed in an optimal position as a producer well. According to Eni, data collection from the well indicates an expected production capacity of around 10,000 BOPD. Cuica is the second significant oil discovery inside the existing Cabaça Development Area. The well location, intentionally placed close to East Hub’s subsea network, will allow a fast-track tie-in of the exploration well and relevant production. Eni expects the well could be on line within 6 months. Following the discoveries of Kalimba, Afoxé, Ndungu, Agidigbo, Agogo and appraisals achieved between 2018 and 2020, Cuica represents the first commercial discovery in Block 15/06 after the relaunch of the exploration campaign post-2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The discovery confirms the exploration potential of the block. A 3-year extension of the exploration period of Block 15/06 was recently granted until November 2023. The Block 15/06 joint venture comprises Eni (operator, 36.8421%), Sonangol P&P (36.8421%), and SSI Fifteen Ltd. (26.3158%). No Injuries Reported in West Mira Incident An equipment failure onboard Northern Ocean semisubmersible West Mira resulted in production equipment descending to the seabed. The rig owner said no one was injured and the well at the location was secured “with three barriers in place.” The unit was in the process of lowering the equipment on the Wintershall-operated Nova field. “While lowering a x-mas tree from West Mira, the winch wire snapped when the tree was five meters below the sea surface. The x-mas tree sunk to the seafloor 368 meters below water level. Eight people were working in the area of the rig where the incident occurred in safe distance from moving equipment,” said Wintershall. The rig manager, Seadrill Europe Management AS, and Wintershall are conducting investigations into the incident and have agreed to a plan to secure the production equipment. “A remote operated vehicle (ROV) was sent to the seafloor to assess the situation,” added the oil company. “The ROV survey showed no risk of discharge of well fluids or hydrocarbons and the x-mas tree has been localized on the template.”
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Engel, Dirk. "Self-Excited Full-Vehicle Oscillations Caused by Tire–Road Interaction: Virtual and Real-World Experimental Investigation." Tire Science and Technology, September 27, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.21.20019.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT In this article, self-excited full-vehicle oscillations (power-hops) are introduced. Initially, results of full-vehicle measurements are shown followed by the presentation of a specially build test rig (longitudinal dynamics test rig). Subsequently, these oscillations are investigated by using simulation-based tools within multibody simulation–related full-vehicle modeling. Tire–road interaction is evaluated in this process either by characteristic curves or by a proprietary quasistatic tire model that returns overall tangential forces by evaluating the state of every discretized element within the footprint area.
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Neumann, Dominic, Mustaba Ahmadi, Mario Weinberger, and Dieter Schramm. "Identification of Characteristic Tire Parameters for the Virtual Steering System Design." Tire Science and Technology, August 24, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.22002.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The virtual design of steering systems requires suitable premises for predicting realistic steering rack forces. This includes the proper tire used for the parking maneuver. It is important to select the tire from a portfolio that generates the highest rack forces at the vehicle, so that the electro-mechanical dimensioning of the steering system can be safeguarded for all tires of a vehicle. To avoid time-consuming and expensive full vehicle measurements, drilling torques of tires are measured on a Flat-Trac to determine the so-called worst-case tire. However, the determined drilling torques do not correlate with the measured rack forces. This work therefore investigates the suitability of a Kinematics & Compliance test rig converted to a tire test rig. First, it is investigated whether the wheel movements from the parking maneuver can be decomposed into their individual elements on the test bench. In addition, reproducibility studies are carried out and three different methods for determining the aligning torque under camber are presented. Furthermore, measurements for static and dynamic friction values, as well as stiffnesses and the contact patch, are integrated into the new measurement procedure. It becomes apparent that temperature and wear level of the tire play a major role in the reproducibility of the measurements. If the measurement procedure described in this paper is followed exactly, the scatter of the drilling torque can be reduced by up to 24% compared to the old procedure. For the dynamic and the static friction values, the scatter is reduced by about 17% and 22%, respectively. Stiffness scatter can be reduced by up to 16%. With the new measurement procedure, the worst-case tire can be reliably determined. The drilling torques correlate with the rack forces and the additional tire characteristics permit finer resolution. After evaluation and interpretation, recommendations for future developments are discussed.
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Li, D. W., M. X. Lin, and L. Tian. "Research and modeling of force fighting equalisation for aircraft rudder’s triple active actuation system." Aeronautical Journal, May 17, 2022, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2022.21.
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Abstract This paper presents a new approach to force fighting equalisation in a redundant active-active-active rudder actuation system that is used for the primary flight control system of a turboprop regional aircraft. The related coupled problem of force fighting scenario, and the hydraulic architecture of electronic-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) are analysed, the mathematical model of the EHA system is built. The virtual test bench is designed to evaluate the performance of the force fighting equalisation strategy. The proposed methodology is tested on an iron bird test rig. The physical experiment shows that the fighting force is minimised under all flight conditions, meets the low cost requirement and can be a very reliable system. The proposed methodology can be applied to other types of aircraft’ flight actuation systems.
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Liu, Xuedong, Yong Guo, Zhewu Chen, Juchuan Dai, Qihui Lin, and Song Quan. "Design of vibration damping test mechanism for suspension system of high speed tracked vehicle based on vertical linkage decoupling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, September 1, 2021, 095440622110424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544062211042403.
Full textAbstract:
The suspension test-rig is restricted by the compound swing motion of the load wheel in a high-speed tracked vehicle, and cannot test the damping performance for the suspension system of the high-speed tracked vehicle with the track. A vibration damping testing mechanism using vertical linkage to decouple the compound swing motion of the load wheel is proposed for suspension performance testing with the track. Using Hertz elastic contact theory to solve the stiffness coefficient between load wheel and excitation wheel, a virtual prototype model for vibration damping test mechanism with vertical linkage is established in ADAMS. Correctness of the virtual prototype model is verified by experiment. The motion decoupling ability of the vibration damping testing mechanism is verified by simulation. The dynamic characteristics for each pair of guide and slider in vibration damping testing mechanism are analyzed under the condition of maximum excitation force and displacement, and the selection criteria of slider and guide contained in the motion pair components are acquired. The mechanism decouples the compound swing motion of the load wheel successfully, and can make suspension system performance testing in high-precision for the high-speed tracked vehicle with track realized, playing an important role in parameters design and performance optimization for the high-speed tracked vehicle.
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Selçuk Arslan, M., and Naoto Fukushima. "Energy Optimal Control Design for Steer-by-Wire Systems and Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Evaluation." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 137, no. 7 (July 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4029719.
Full textAbstract:
A Steer-By-Wire (SBW) control scheme is proposed for enhancing the lateral stability and handling capability of a super lightweight vehicle by using the energy optimal control method. Tire dissipation power and virtual power, which is the product of yaw moment and the deviation of actual yaw rate from the target yaw rate, were selected as performance measures to be minimized. The SBW control scheme was tested using Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulation on an SBW test rig. The case studies performed were high-speed rapid lane change, crosswind, and braking-in-a-turn. HIL simulation results showed that the SBW control scheme was able to maintain vehicle stability. The proposed SBW control design taking advantage of the full range steering of front wheel, significantly improves the vehicle handling capability. The results also demonstrate the importance of SBW control for super lightweight vehicles.