Journal articles: 'Virtual rider'

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Lot, R., M. Massaro, and R. Sartori. "Advanced motorcycle virtual rider." Vehicle System Dynamics 46, sup1 (September 2008): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423110801935822.

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Powell, Jaemin, Oliver Stroh, and Geb W. Thomas. "Hardware Design for an Electro-Mechanical Bicycle Simulator in an Immersive Virtual Reality Environment." International Journal of Virtual Reality 18, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/ijvr.2018.18.2.2903.

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Roughly 50,000 people are injured in bicycle collisions with motor vehicles each year. The Hank Bicycle Simulator provides a virtual environment to study and reduce this risk by safely investigating the interaction of bicycle riders and traffic, particularly for bicyclists crossing streets. The bicycle simulator design focuses on the bicycle and rider inertia, the predominant dynamic element for riders moving from a stopped position. The Hank Bicycle Simulator's flywheel provides instantaneous inertial response while a servomotor provides simulated wind resistance to pedaling. This work describes the simulator design and a validation experiment that compares the simulator performance to theoretical predictions. The Hank Bicycle Simulator achieved initial acceleration with less than 0.20% error at realistic rider weights. The observed terminal velocity achieved less than 3.75%, with smaller errors for heavier riders. This allowed the rider to cross a street with about a 60 ms time difference between the simulator and a real-life rider. The Hank Bicycle Simulator was also validated through various physical experiments measuring the system inertia, the time delay of the electrical components, and overall system performance. Such careful system validation for a mechanical feedback system is relatively rare in simulation research and is unique among previous reports of bicycle simulators.

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Massaro, M. "A nonlinear virtual rider for motorcycles." Vehicle System Dynamics 49, no. 9 (September 2011): 1477–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2010.521843.

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Jolly, Kanika, Sybille Krzywinski, PVM Rao, and Deepti Gupta. "Kinematic modeling of a motorcycle rider for design of functional clothing." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 6 (November 4, 2019): 856–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-02-2019-0020.

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Purpose Whilst motorcycling is an activity of pleasure in most parts of the world, in India, it is a regular mode of commuting. The number of registered motorized two wheelers increased at the rate of 14.7 percent during the year 2016-2017 to reach the figure of 20.19m in 2018. But, with this increase, the number of motorcycle road accidents is also increasing. Uncomfortable riding clothing is one of the major factors for motorcycle rider’s muscular fatigue, which might at times lead to serious accidents. No kinematic human models have been, so far, used for the design of protective, functional and aesthetic looking products, and the result is, hence, a compromised fit that is not protective or comfortable. The purpose of this paper is to develop virtual 3D human body models for specific postures of a motorcycle rider. Design/methodology/approach Kinematic analysis of a motorcycle rider was conducted to identify typical body postures obtained by the motorcycle rider while mounting and riding a motorcycle. The identified body postures were mapped on a virtual parametric human model to obtain digital model of a motorcycle rider. 3D garment patterns for jacket and trouser were developed on all the four body postures. 3D patterns were flattened out to get 2D flat patterns that were compared and analyzed, and appropriate pattern shapes from each of the four postures were selected. Virtual fit analysis was conducted for the finally garment. Findings It is well established that a static 2D anthropometry fails to accurately capture the dimensions of complex 3D human form, yielding poor garment fit. Therefore, in this study, virtual, 3D human body models were developed in selected dynamic poses. Garment patterns developed in 3D have the typical movement inbuilt in them; hence, they offer more comfort and ease of motion to the wearer. Originality/value The identification of typical body postures of motorcycle rider has not been done before. The CAD models developed in the study can be used for the generation of ergonomic garment patterns for the motorcycle riders.

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Al Haris, Muh Fuad, and Eka Mistiko Rini. "PERANCANGAN DAN VALIDASI MODUL PENYUSUN SERIOUS GAME BERBASIS SEPEDA VIRTUAL UNTUK REHABILITASI PASCA STROKE." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Terapan 5, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/jtit.v5i2.89.

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In this research we present the modules of virtual reality augmented cycling (VRAC) system for people post stroke including mechatronic rehabilitation system and virtual environment. VRAC modules are designed as modular system to suit most stationary bicycles in virtual reality (VR) cycles without changing its parts. VRAC consists of novel hardware components embedded with sensors that are use to gain of a stationary exercise bicycle. VRAC modules include balancing pedals module, rpm (rotation per minute) counter module, safety driving module , handlebar module and acquisition data module. The handle system is a novel type of hand dynamometer, which measures applied physical force to control dynamic motion of the rider in the virtual environment. The data from sensing systems are measured by Arduino microcontroller as a acquisition data module and sent its results to virtual environment processed by computer. The prototype of the system was successful in demonstrating that a modular mechatronic kit can monitor and record kinetic, kinematic and physiologic parameters of riders.

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Snyder, Amanda L., Cay Anderson-Hanley, and Paul J. Arciero. "Virtual and Live Social Facilitation While Exergaming: Competitiveness Moderates Exercise Intensity." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 34, no. 2 (April 2012): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.2.252.

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Grounded in social facilitation theory, this study compared the impact on exercise intensity of a virtual versus a live competitor, when riding a virtual reality-enhanced stationary bike (“cybercycle”). It was hypothesized that competitiveness would moderate effects. Twenty-three female college students were exposed to three conditions on a cybercycle: solo training, virtual competitor, and live competitor. After training without a competitor (solo condition for familiarization with equipment), participants competed against a virtual avatar or live rider (random order of presentation). A repeated-measures analysis revealed a significant condition (virtual/live) by competitiveness (high/low) interaction for exercise intensity (watts). More competitive participants exhibited significantly greater exercise intensity when competing against a live versus virtual competitor. The implication is that live competitors can have an added social facilitation effect and influence exercise intensity, although competitiveness moderates this effect.

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Zhang, Yong Lin, Wei Feng Guo, Yun Qing Zhang, and Qun Yu. "Study on the Integrated Modeling of the Entire Rider-Vehicle-Road System." Key Engineering Materials 439-440 (June 2010): 1328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.439-440.1328.

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The demands of high-quality dynamic performance and short development time for vehicle production can only be fulfilled by the application of advanced design, simulation and optimization technologies. Virtual prototyping (VP), the analysis and simulation technology based on a fully developed computer model, represents a future way for cost and time efficient design of vehicles and can perform the same as those on the physical prototyping. This paper describes an integrated modeling method, based on the topological structure of a heavy vehicle and oriented to ride dynamics, of a human-vehicle-road system. A multi-body simulation model was chosen as the integration platform for the virtual prototyping since it provided the flexibility to integrate all relevant aspects such as rigid body movement, road-induced vibration and the driver’s responses to the vibration. The time domain model of the stochastic excitation from the road irregularities was numerically reconstructed as input data to VP and the feeling evaluation model in time domain, equivalent to conditional frequency evaluation, was used to the vehicle’s riding comfort simulation. Through integrating the sub-models in VP and combining the data of the sub-models it became possible to predict dynamic performance of vehicles by virtual prototyping technology.

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Farooq, Danish, and Janos Juhasz. "Simulation Analysis of Contributing Factors to Rider Visibility Issues for Car-Motorcycle Accidents." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 48, no. 3 (April 16, 2019): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.13521.

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Rider visibility has been considered an important issue in car-motorcycle accidents due to the frequency of unperceptive and negligent driving behavior. Mostly car drivers stated that they didn’t see the rider before the collision. This study aims to investigate the contributing factors that reduce rider visibility in point of view of car drivers for car-motorcycle accidents. The study considered the car-motorcycle accidents which occur in the built-up area. Statistical data analysis categorized the accidents into six dominant accident types. Twenty-five accidents were selected by accident types for simulation analysis. The selected accidents were simulated in Virtual Crash software during 5 seconds before the collision. The simulation analysis evaluated that the view obstructions, blind spots and high speed were the contributing factors that reduce rider visibility in car-motorcycle accidents. The simulation plots identified the involvement of contributory factors and variation within the time interval. The comprehensive in-depth analysis also evaluated that no collision avoidance maneuvers were performed by most of the car drivers due to visibility issues before the collision. Safety systems were proposed based on observed factors according to car and motorcycle perspectives for collision avoidance.

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Saccon, Alessandro, John Hauser, and Alessandro Beghi. "A Virtual Rider for Motorcycles: Maneuver Regulation of a Multi-Body Vehicle Model." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 21, no. 2 (March 2013): 332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2011.2181170.

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Almeida, Raphael De Souza e., Renato Cherullo de Oliveira, Daniel Radetic, Greis Francy M. Silva-Calpa, and Alberto Barbosa Raposo. "Exploring Non-conventional Sensorimotor Devices in a Virtual Bicycle Simulator." Journal on Interactive Systems 11, no. 1 (October 10, 2020): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/jis.2020.756.

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This work presents SimBike, a virtual bicycle simulator that uses non-conventional motor, sensory and sensorimotor devices to provide greater user involvement and comfort. SimBike aims to recreate the activity of riding a bicycle by exploring possibilities of electronic devices, such as making curves with the handlebar or body-weight, pedaling, braking, among others. It also offers feedback commonly expected by the rider, such as wind sensation varying according to speed and the sensation of trepidation on uneven terrain. The simulator was evaluated with 16 users, obtaining positive results regarding user experience, comfort, and immersion. As future work, we propose to improve some features to adapt the simulator for all users, regardless of their weight and height.

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Hynčík, L., T. Bońkowski, and W. Lv. "Numerical Assessment of Motorcyclist Accident." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 3, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i2.120.

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Road traffic accidents cause one of the highest numbers of severe injuries. Virtual human body models play an important role to assess the injuries during impact loading especially for scenarios, where complex dynamical loading is taken into account. It concerns mainly vulnerable road users, where motorcyclists are addressed. The risk of fatal injuries connected to motorcycle usage is still one of the biggest among all modes of transportation. Due to a complicated interaction between a motorcycle and an opposite vehicle during their crash, the virtual approach is an optimal way towards a crash reconstruction. The presented work shows the exploitation of virtual a human body model in the injury assessment during the motorcycle against car accident using the virtual approach by the numerical simulation. The study exploits an existing human body model as a helmeted motorcycle rider, couples it to a motorcycle model and runs a simulation, where the motorcycle impacts an opposite vehicle according to a real case. Injury assessment and comparison to the real case is analysed. The paper shows the advantages of the virtual approach in a complex impact scenario reconstruction in order to optimize the personal protective equipment for injury risk reduction in future transport.

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Sharp, R. S. "Optimal stabilization and path-following controls for a bicycle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 221, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406jmes529.

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The article is about stabilizing and path-tracking control of a bicycle by a rider. It is based on previously published work, in which it has been shown how a driver's or rider's preview of the roadway can be combined with the linear dynamics of an appropriate vehicle to yield a problem of discrete-time optimal-linear-control-theory form. In the previous work, it was shown how an optimal ‘driver’ converts path preview sample values, modelled as deriving from a Gaussian white-noise process, into steering control inputs to cause the vehicle to follow the previewed path. The control compromises between precision and ease, to an extent that is controllable through choice of weights in the optimal control calculations. Research into the dynamics of bicycles has yielded a benchmark model, with equations of motion firmly established by extensive cross-checking. Model predictions have been verified for modest speeds by experimental testing. The established optimal linear preview stabilizing and tracking control theory is now brought together with the benchmark bicycle description to yield optimal controls for the bicycle for variations in speed and performance objectives. The resulting controls are installed in the bicycle, giving a virtual rider-controlled system, and frequency responses of the rider-controlled system are calculated to demonstrate tracking capability. Then path-tracking simulations are used to illustrate the behaviour of the controlled system. Tight and loose controls, representing different balances between tracking accuracy and control effort, are calculated and illustrated through the simulations.

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Vhatkar, Kapil Netaji, and Girish P. Bhole. "Improved rider optimization for optimal container resource allocation in cloud with security assurance." International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications 16, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpcc-12-2019-0094.

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Purpose The containerization application is one among the technologies that enable microservices architectures, which is observed to be the model for operating system (OS) virtualization. Containers are the virtual instances of the OS that are structured as the isolation for the OS atmosphere and its file system, which are executed on the single kernel and a single host. Hence, every microservice application is evolved in a container without launching the total virtual machine. The system overhead is minimized in this way as the environment is maintained in a secured manner. The exploitation of a microservice is as easy to start the execution of a new container. As a result, microservices could scale up by simply generating new containers until the required scalability level is attained. This paper aims to optimize the container allocation. Design/methodology/approach This paper introduces a new customized rider optimization algorithm (C-ROA) for optimizing the container allocation. The proposed model also considers the impact of system performance along with its security. Moreover, a new rescaled objective function is defined in this work that considers threshold distance, balanced cluster use, system failure, total network distance and security as well. At last, the performance of proposed work is compared over other state-of-the-art models with respect to convergence and cost analysis. Findings For experiment 1, the implemented model at 50th iteration has achieved minimal value, which is 29.24%, 24.48% and 21.11% better from velocity updated grey wolf optimisation (VU-GWO), whale random update assisted LA (WR-LA) and rider optimization algorithm (ROA), respectively. Similarly, on considering Experiment 2, the proposed model at 100th iteration attained superior performance than conventional models such as VU-GWO, WR-LA and ROA by 3.21%, 7.18% and 10.19%, respectively. The developed model for Experiment 3 at 100th iteration is 2.23%, 5.76% and 6.56% superior to VU-GWO, WR-LA and ROA. Originality/value This paper presents the latest fictional optimization algorithm named ROA for optimizing the container allocation. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that uses the C-ROA for optimization.

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Rafi, M., Y. H. Putri, E. Muslim, and B. N. Moch. "Analysis of motorcycle design toward female rider based on posture evaluation index (PEI) approached in virtual environment." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1003 (December 29, 2020): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1003/1/012080.

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Sharp, Robin S. "On the stability and control of unicycles." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 466, no. 2118 (January 20, 2010): 1849–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0559.

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A mathematical model of a unicycle and rider, with a uniquely realistic tyre force and moment representation, is set up with the aid of multibody modelling software. The rider’s upper body is joined to the lower body through a spherical joint, so that wheel, yaw, pitch and roll torques are available for control. The rider’s bandwidth is restricted by low-pass filters. The linear equations describing small perturbations from a straight-running state are shown, which equations derive from a parallel derivation yielding the same eigenvalues as obtained from the first method. A nonlinear simulation model and the linear model for small perturbations from a general trim (or dynamic equilibrium) state are constructed. The linear model is used to reveal the stability properties for the uncontrolled machine and rider near to straight running, and for the derivation of optimal controls. These controls minimize a cost function made up of tracking errors and control efforts. Optimal controls for near-straight-running conditions, with left/right symmetry, and more complex ones for cornering trims are included. Frequency responses of some closed-loop systems, from the former class, demonstrate excellent path-tracking qualities within bandwidth and amplitude limits. Controls are installed for path-following trials. Lane-change and clothoid manoeuvres are simulated, demonstrating good-quality tracking of longitudinal and lateral demands. Pitch torque control is little used by the rider, while yaw and roll torques are complementary, with the former being more useful in transients, while the latter has value also in steady states. Wheel torque is influential on lateral control in turning. Adaptive control by gain switching is used to enable clothoid tracking up to lateral accelerations greater than 1 m s −2 . General control of the motions of a virtual or robotic unicycle will be possible through the addition of more comprehensive adaptation to the control scheme described.

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Arisun, Rizki Musthafa. "METHOD TO INVESTIGATE FICTIONAL ENTITIES: A CASE OF ISHINOMORI SHOTARO’S “KAMENRIDER BLACK” TV SERIES IN INDONESIA." LINGUA : JURNAL ILMIAH 14, no. 2 (October 29, 2018): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35962/lingua.v14i2.44.

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This article reports an experiment to pursue appropriate observation method on fictional entities inside popular culture products from Japan: two dimensional characters, fictional characters in a movie. Previous research showed how Indonesian popular culture producers being empowered in production, as fictional entities involved, such as “Hatsune Miku” (HM), a virtual singer persona. This article focused on older cases where media Japan travelled to Indonesia. Back in 1989, a TV action serial "Kamen Rider Black/ Ksatria Baja Hitam" (KRB/KBH) from Japan, was broadcasted by Indonesian local television station RCTI, and dubbed in Indonesian language. The experiment on finding appropriate observation method is conducted by constructing frameworks, imagined as ‘dissecting’ fictional entities into smaller observable parts. The purpose of this paper is to map methods to examine the role of non-human entities under transnational media by evaluating through early stage experiment.

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Zhu, Wanqiu, Jian Lu, and Yi Yang. "A Pick-Up Points Recommendation System for Ridesourcing Service." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041097.

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In the ridesourcing industry, drivers are often unable to quickly and accurately locate the waiting position of riders, but patrol or wait on the road, which will seriously affect the management of the road traffic order. It may be a good idea to provide an online virtual site for the taxi to facilitate convergence of the rider and driver. The concept of recommended pick-up point is presented in this paper. At present, ridesourcing service platforms on the market have similar functions, but they do not take into account whether the setting of the pick-up point is compatible with the actual traffic environment, resulting in some problems. We have invented a method to select the recommended pick-up point by integrating various traffic influencing factors, so as to ensure that the setting of the pick-up point is compatible with the actual traffic situation, which consists of three steps. Firstly, we studied the rider’s maximum tolerable waiting time and defined an attractive walking range for riders based on the huge amount of data. In the second step, we analyzed spatial distribution characteristics of the taxi demand hotspot and determined candidate pick-up locations. Lastly, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy method was used to select the recommended pick-up point that is most conducive to traffic management from multiple candidate points. A case study was conducted to validate the proposed approach and experimental evidence showed that recommended results based on the approach are in line with the actual situation of the road, and conducive to road traffic management. This recommendation method is based on real ridesourcing orders data.

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Lee, Wonsik, Byung-Rok So, Youngdae Lee, and Chanwoo Moon. "A new robotic horseback-riding simulator for riding lessons and equine-assisted therapy." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 15, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 172988141878443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881418784433.

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Robotic horseback-riding simulators have been successfully used as a substitute for real horses in areas of therapy, riding lessons, fitness, and entertainment, and several have been developed. However, recent research has illuminated significant differences in motion, response, and feel between a real horse and a simulator, which may result in incorrect posture and muscle memory for the rider. In this study, we developed a hybrid kinematic structure horseback-riding simulator to provide more realistic motion than currently available ones. The basic system has 4 degrees of freedom and provides a base motion platform. An additional revolving system with 2 degrees of freedom is mounted on the base platform. Real horse motion data were captured, normalized, filtered, and fitted to provide the motion trajectory. Furthermore, active neck, saddle, and tail mechanisms were implemented to provide realistic simulation. For interactive horse riding, bridle and beat sensors were included to control the simulator motion and a large screen was installed for virtual reality effect. Expert tests were conducted to evaluate the developed horseback-riding system, the results of which indicated that the developed simulator was considered sufficient for riding lessons and therapeutic use.

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Wang, Qingzhou, Jiarong Sun, Nannan Wang, Yu Wang, Yang Song, and Xia Li. "Exploring the Influencing Factors and Formation of the Blind Zone of a Semitrailer Truck in a Right-Turn Collision." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 9805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169805.

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The blind zone that accompanies the right-turn process of semitrailer trucks is a major cause of crashes and the high fatality of vulnerable road users (VRUs). Understanding the relationship between the blind zone and right-turn collisions will play a positive role in preventing such accidents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the formation of right-turn blind zones for semitrailer trucks and to determine the factors (turning speed, turning radius, and collision position) influencing the severity of accidents through real-world vehicle tests and PC-CRASH simulation. The results show that the calculation model of the inner wheel difference blind zone established for semitrailer trucks can provide more accurate estimation than the model for rigid trucks, due to the consideration of a virtual third axle between the tractor and the trailer. On the other hand, the PC-CRASH simulation test indicates the turning speed and turning radius directly affect the scale of the inner wheel difference blind zone, and larger blind zone and encroachment on adjacent lanes increase the potential for collision. Moreover, the difference in collision position is closely related to whether the rider suffers a secondary crush. Front position is more likely to cause the cyclist to be crushed. For further analysis, the long-term interaction between the blind zones resulting from the right rearview mirror and the inner wheel difference also increases the risk during a right turn. Therefore, reducing the blind zone in the right-turn process is the key to improving right-turn safety for semitrailer trucks and VRUs.

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Lin, Min, Xiang Wei Zhang, and Si Yuan Cheng. "Simulation of General 3D Virtual Stochastic Road Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 50-51 (February 2011): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.50-51.382.

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In order to provide the research of virtual prototype a complex 3-D virtual road environment based on a new method，a 3-D Pseudo Excitation Method stochastic road model was established based on the single-point Pseudo Excitation Method model, and then the simulation result was gained by Matlab.What’s more，based on the theory of triangle network，a general 3-D virtual road model with the arithmetic of nodes and elements was created.Then a specified 3-D virtual road file was imported into Adams to form the 3-D virtua1 road. Finally, a C-level virtual road was generated for the riding performance simulation of virtual vehicle.By comparing the simulation result with the GB／T 13441-92，the virtual vehicle’s reasonable time under the ride performance requirement was obtained.

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Ye, Yun Tao, Li Li Liang, Yin Cao, Hong Li Zhao, and Yun Zhong Jiang. "Virtual Simulation Modeling and Visual Analysis of Sediment Erosion and Deposition Change in River Basin." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2989–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2989.

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A method of simulation modeling and virtual presentation of river evolution was proposed. The method used a variable scale modeling method to generate virtual environment and the data model of irregular triangle network to build the river channel. The virtual environment and the river channel are unified with seamless splicing algorithm to enhance the sense of immersion. And then digital river simulation platform was developed. It displayed the erosion and deposition of river channel with color mapping and presented an efficient algorithm to analyze the change of section shape. The proposed method is validated by application in analyzing the sediment deposition and erosion of Chongqing reach of Yangtze River.

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Kelley, Scott, and Martin Pasqualetti. "Virtual water from a vanishing river." Journal - American Water Works Association 105, no. 9 (September 2013): E471—E479. http://dx.doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2013.105.0132.

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Li, Ming, Qingsong Tian, Yan Yu, Yueyan Xu, and Chongguang Li. "Virtual Water Trade in the Yellow River Economic Belt: A Multi-Regional Input-Output Model." Water 13, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060748.

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The sustainable and efficient use of water resources has gained wide social concern, and the key point is to investigate the virtual water trade of the water-scarcity region and optimize water resources allocation. In this paper, we apply a multi-regional input-output model to analyze patterns and the spillover risks of the interprovincial virtual water trade in the Yellow River Economic Belt, China. The results show that: (1) The agriculture and supply sector as well as electricity and hot water production own the largest total water use coefficient, being high-risk water use sectors in the Yellow River Economic Belt. These two sectors also play a major role in the inflow and outflow of virtual water; (2) The overall situation of the Yellow River Economic Belt is virtual water inflow, but the pattern of virtual water trade between eastern and western provinces is quite different. Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia belong to the virtual water net inflow area, while the virtual water net outflow regions are concentrated in Shanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Ningxia, and Qinghai; (3) Due to higher water resource stress, Shandong and Shanxi suffer a higher cumulative risk through virtual water trade. Also, Shandong, Henan, and Inner Mongolia have a higher spillover risk to other provinces in the Yellow River Economic Belt.

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Xu, Yike, Guiliang Tian, Shuwen Xu, and Qing Xia. "Analysis of Virtual Water Flow Patterns and Their Drivers in the Yellow River Basin." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (March 1, 2023): 4393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054393.

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Virtual water flows have a profound impact on the natural water system of a country or region, and they may help conserve local water resources or exacerbate water scarcity in some areas. However, current research has only focused on the measurement of virtual water flows, without analysis of the causes of virtual water flow patterns. This study first obtained virtual water flow patterns across provinces by constructing a multi-regional input–-output (MRIO) model of the Yellow River basin in 2012 and 2017, and then analyzed its driving factors by applying the extended STIRPAT model to provide directions for using virtual water trade to alleviate water shortages in water-scarce areas of the basin. We found the following: (1) The Yellow River basin as a whole had a net virtual water inflow in 2012 and 2017, and the net inflow has increased from 2.14 billion m3 to 33.67 billion m3. (2) Different provinces or regions assume different roles in the virtual water trade within the basin. (3) There is an obvious regional heterogeneity in the virtual water flows in different subsectors. (4) Per capita GDP, tertiary industry contribution rate, consumer price index, and water scarcity are the main positive drivers of virtual water inflow in the Yellow River Basin provinces, while primary industry contribution rate, per capita water resources, and water use per unit arable area promote virtual water outflow. The results of this paper present useful information for understanding the driving factors of virtual water flow, which could promote the optimal allocation of water resources in the Yellow River basin and achieve ecological protection and high-quality development in this area.

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Lu, Heli, Guifang Liu, and Jiulin Sun. "Virtual Huanghe River System: Framework and technology." Chinese Geographical Science 16, no. 3 (August 2006): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11769-006-0255-3.

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Xu, Xia, Fengping Wu, Qianwen Yu, Xiangnan Chen, and Yue Zhao. "Invisible Effect of Virtual Water Transfer on Water Quantity Conflict in Transboundary Rivers—Taking Ili River as a Case." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 8917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19158917.

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Water stress in countries within a drainage basin exacerbates the water quantity conflict in transboundary rivers. However, few studies considered the invisible effect of virtual water transfer on water quantity conflict by intensifying water stress. Therefore, this study, with Ili River as the case, collects data on Virtual Water Trade (VWT) from 1990 to 2015, uses water stress index (WSI) to assess water stress values under two scenarios (with or without virtual water transfer), and takes Grey Verhulst Model to predict two scenarios water stress values respectively. Next, based on the Levenberg—Marquardt (LM) Algorithm, this study compares the water quantity conflict intensity of the two scenarios, and further explores the invisible effect of virtual water transfer on the conflicts among transboundary rivers. Results show: (1) During the study period (1990–2015), water stress in China and Kazakhstan along the banks of Ili River increased in general. (2) China was basically a net exporter of virtual water during 1990–1995, and Kazakhstan became a net exporter after 1995. (3) During 2020–2025, water conflict value of Ili River without virtual water transfer is 0.458, while the value rises to 0.622 with virtual water transfer, indicating that virtual water transfer between China and Kazakhstan has an invisible enhancement on the water quantity conflict of Ili River. (4) The intensified water quantity conflict is mainly caused by the more and more serious water stress in Kazakhstan. On such basis, it is more urgent for Kazakhstan to restructure its economy and trade.

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Evangelatos, Nikolaos, Matthias Reumann, Hans Lehrach, and Angela Brand. "Clinical Trial Data as Public Goods: Fair Trade and the Virtual Knowledge Bank as a Solution to the Free Rider Problem - A Framework for the Promotion of Innovation by Facilitation of Clinical Trial Data Sharing among Biopharmaceutical Companies in the Era of Omics and Big Data." Public Health Genomics 19, no. 4 (2016): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000446101.

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Liu, Xiuli, Rui Xiong, Pibin Guo, Lei Nie, Qinqin Shi, Wentao Li, and Jing Cui. "Virtual Water Flow Pattern in the Yellow River Basin, China: An Analysis Based on a Multiregional Input–Output Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 7345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127345.

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Research on the Yellow River Basin’s virtual water is not only beneficial for rational water resource regulation and allocation, but it is also a crucial means of relieving the pressures of a shortage of water resources. The water stress index and pull coefficient have been introduced to calculate the implied virtual water from intraregional and interregional trade in the Yellow River Basin on the basis of a multi-regional input–output model; a systematic study of virtual water flow has been conducted. The analysis illustrated that: (1) Agriculture is the leading sector in terms of virtual water input and output among all provinces in the Yellow River Basin, which explains the high usage. Therefore, it is important to note that the agricultural sector needs to improve its water efficiency. In addition to agriculture, virtual water is mainly exported through supply companies in the upper reaches; the middle reaches mainly output services and the transportation industry, and the lower reaches mainly output to the manufacturing industry. Significant differences exist in the pull coefficients of the same sectors in different provinces (regions). The average pull coefficients of the manufacturing, mining, and construction industries are large, so it is necessary to formulate stricter water use policies. (2) The whole basin is in a state of virtual net water input, that is, throughout the region. The Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Qinghai Provinces, which are relatively short of water, import virtual water to relieve local water pressures. However, in the Gansu Province and the Ningxia Autonomous Region, where water resources are not abundant, continuous virtual water output will exacerbate the local resource shortage. (3) The Yellow River Basin’s virtual water resources have obvious geographical distribution characteristics. The cross-provincial trade volume in the downstream area is high; the virtual water trade volume in the upstream area is low, as it is in the midstream and downstream areas; the trade relationship is insufficient. The Henan and Shandong Provinces are located in the dominant flow direction of Yellow River Basin’s virtual water, while Gansu and Inner Mongolia are at the major water sources. Trade exchanges between the midstream and downstream and the upstream should be strengthened. Therefore, the utilization of water resources should be planned nationwide to reduce water pressures, and policymakers should improve the performance of agricultural water use within the Yellow River Basin and change the main trade industries according to the resource advantages and water resources situation of each of them.

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Taras, Vas, Yonghong Liu, William Tullar, and Jason Pierce. "Straight from the Horse’s Mouth: Justifications and Prevention Strategies Provided by Free Riders on Global Virtual Teams." Journal of Management and Training for Industries 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12792/jmti.5.3.51.

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Parssian, Amir. "Managing free‐ride in global virtual teams." Journal of Systems and Information Technology 12, no. 4 (November 16, 2010): 248–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13287261011095789.

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Wu, Bao Gui, Shao Ping Li, and Shu Fa Yan. "Vehicle Ride Comfort Simulation Based on Virtual Prototyping Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 697 (November 2014): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.697.190.

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Vehicle ride comfort determines vehicle performance, affects the ride comfort and reliability. Aimed at the problems in establishing the vehicle dynamics model by traditional classical mechanical methods, the vehicle ride comfort simulation analysis scheme on the basis of virtual prototyping technology is put forward. Based on Multi-body dynamics, the virtual prototype vehicle model was established. According to the national standards, the vehicle ride comfort simulation scheme was designed, including the simulation test with sine wave excitation, the simulation test on triangular bump road and random uneven road. Through the test, the root mean square of weighed acceleration can be got and the evaluating process can be accomplished according to the ISO standard. The results show a good ride comfort of the testing vehicle. Virtual test provides a useful reference for the complex mechanical product design of physical prototype.

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Johnson, Jim. "Commentary: Straight from the Horse’s Mouth: Justification and Prevention Strategies Provided by Free-Riders on Global Virtual Teams." Journal of Management and Training for Industries 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12792/jmti.5.3.92.

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Lee, Jae-Young, Se-Jin Ahn, and Wei-Bong Jeong. "Evaluation of Ride Comfort of the Passenger Vehicle Seat on Idle Vibration by Virtual Seat Method." Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering 23, no. 7 (July 20, 2013): 631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5050/ksnve.2013.23.7.631.

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Zhang, Shang Hong, Yan Liu, and Zhong Xi Xia. "Flood Submergence Processes Simulation Based on Virtual Reality." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 4210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.4210.

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Flood submergence process simulation has important practical significance for flood control and disaster alleviation. An integrated information expression was developed to simulate flooding submergence. The Songhua River and urban area in Harbin, China were used as an example with the terrain described by a triangular mesh to describe the topological relations. A hydrodynamic model was used to calculate the water level of Songhua River, and submerged areas along the river were calculated by grid adjusting method for levees. The flooding process of levee-breach flow in Harbin city was simulated by using two methods: hydrodynamic model calculations method and water depth comparison method. Comparison of the two methods in terms of advantages and disadvantages were made. Combining hydrodynamic modeling method and domain searching method realized smooth simulation of flood routing process in three-dimensional virtual environment. The study presents the integrated information such as the geographical environment, flooded areas, flooding extent, and water depth distribution in the three-dimensional virtual environment, thus, can help improve flood submergence forecasting and decision.

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Chen, De Yang, and Feng Yan Yi. "Research on Vehicle Ride Comfort Based on Virtual Prototyping Technology." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 2360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.2360.

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In this paper, based on some kind of Car as the prototype, by using the multi-body dynamic analysis software ADAMS, the author Uses ADAMS／CAR modules establishes front Suspension, Rear Suspension, steering system brake system,body,tires and other models, then assembled into vehicle model, Established B,E-class road model as entering the road for vehicle ride comfort simulation analysis. Vehicle on different road ride comfort simulation, According to international standard ISO2631 and the vehicle for evaluation of ride comfort, the car are proved to be high performance in the ride comfort．

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den Haan, R. J., M. C. van der Voort, F. Baart, K. D. Berends, M. C. van den Berg, M. W. Straatsma, A. J. P. Geenen, and S. J. M. H. Hulscher. "The Virtual River Game: Gaming using models to collaboratively explore river management complexity." Environmental Modelling & Software 134 (December 2020): 104855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104855.

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Temple, Paul, and Cliff Wragg. "Virtual teamwork (or the magnificent seven ride again)." Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education 4, no. 2 (January 2000): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/136031000412900.

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León, Juan, Frederique Seyler, and Astrid Puerta. "Rating curve estimation using Envisat virtual stations on the main Orinoco river." Ingeniería e Investigación 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v31n3.26391.

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Rating curve estimation (height-stream relation) made by hydrometric stations representing cross-sections of a river is one of hydrometrics' fundamental tasks due to the fact that it leads to deducing a river's average daily flow on that particular section. This information is fundamental in any attempt at hydrological modelling. However, the number of hydrological control stations monitoring large hydrological basins has been reduced worldwide. Space hydrology studies during the last five years have shown that satellite radar altimetry means that hydrological monitoring networks' available information can be densified due to the introduction of so-called virtual stations and the joint use of such information along with in-situ measured flow records for estimating expenditure curves at these stations. This study presents the rating curves for 4 Envisat virtual stations located on the main stream of the Orinoco River. Virtual stations' flows were estimated by using the Muskin-gum-Cunge 1D model. There was less than 1% error between measured and estimated flows. The methodology led to reducing average zero flow depth; in this case, it led to depths ranging from 11 to 20 meters being found along the 130 km of the Orinoco River represented by the virtual stations being considered.

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Yuan, Shuai, Pierre Major, and Houxiang Zhang. "Flexible riser replacement operation based on advanced virtual prototyping." Ocean Engineering 210 (August 2020): 107502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107502.

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Liang, Shin-Jye, and Frank Molkenthin. "A virtual GIS-based hydrodynamic model system for Tamshui River." Journal of Hydroinformatics 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2001.0018.

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A computer infrastructure which integrates the geographic information system (GIS), hydrodynamic model, visualization and network applications was developed and applied in Tamshui River, Taiwan. A digital terrain model (DTM) of the study area was first generated. We used it as a basis to construct the computation grids, conduct the flow simulations, and visualize the predicted flow scenarios in the virtual world. The three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model system WQMAP was employed to simulate flows under the tidal forcing, upstream river inflows and seawater–freshwater interactions of Tamshui River. Model predictions were generally in good agreement with other simulations. Computed results were visualized in both the innovative virtual reality (VR) environment and Internet-based collaborative visualization environment (CVE). The VR environment enabled us to observe firsthand the complicated flow phenomena in the virtual world. Internet-based CVE supports distributed visualization and collaboration. The GIS-based system exhibits great potential in data visualization capabilities and the improvement of water management. We anticipate that these computer technologies will popularly be applied to hydroinformatics and other related domains in the foreseeable future.

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Tian, Guiliang, Xiaosheng Han, Chen Zhang, Jiaojiao Li, and Jining Liu. "Virtual Water Flows Embodied in International and Interprovincial Trade of Yellow River Basin: A Multiregional Input-Output Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031251.

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With the imminent need of regional environmental protection and sustainable economic development, the concept of virtual water is widely used to solve the problem of regional water shortage. In this paper, nine provinces, namely Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong in the Yellow River Basin (YRB), are taken as the research objects. Through the analysis of input-output tables of 30 provinces in China in 2012, the characteristics of virtual water trade in this region are estimated by using a multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model. The results show that: (1) The YRB had a net inflow of 17.387 billion m³ of virtual water in 2012. In interprovincial trade, other provinces outside the basin export 21.721 billion m³ of virtual water into the basin. In international trade, the basin exports 4334 million m³ of virtual water to the international market. (2) There are different virtual flow paths in the basin. Shanxi net inputs virtual water by interprovincial trade and international trade, while Gansu and Ningxia net output virtual water by interprovincial trade and international trade. The other six provinces all net output virtual water through international trade, and obtain the net input of virtual water from other provinces outside the basin. (3) From the industrial structure of the provinces in the basin, the provinces with a relatively developed economy, such as Shandong and Shanxi, mostly import virtual water in the agricultural sector, while relatively developing provinces, such as Gansu and Ningxia, mostly import virtual water in the industrial sector. In order to sustain the overall high-quality development of the YRB, we propose the virtual water trade method to quantify the net flow of virtual water in each province and suggest the compensation responsibility of the virtual water net inflow area, and the compensation need of the virtual water net outflow area, in order to achieve efficient water resources utilization.

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Isiguzo, Chikezie, Stone Washington, Lori Dickes, Thomas Walker, Mani Rouhi Rad, Debabrata Sahoo, and Jeffrey Allen. "Stakeholder Voice in Water Resource Planning." Journal of South Carolina Water Resources 8, no. 2 (2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34068/jscwr/08.02.04.

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Stakeholder engagement for natural resource management at the state and local levels has become an important governance practice. This study examines the association of individual traits (aggressive communication, comfort with technology, and argumentativeness) with stakeholder participant voice in a water basin planning virtual meeting setting. Individual participants of the Edisto River Basin Council (RBC) meetings are the subject of the study. South Carolina decentralized water planning to the river basin level, creating RBCs and appointing interested and relevant stakeholders as members. While the river basin planning process did not envisage virtual (Zoom) meetings for the regular meetings of the RBC, the COVID pandemic required this to begin the planning process. Moreover, meeting participants possess diverse interests, powers, and individual traits that may affect the use of voice and engagement. There is well-established literature on stakeholder participation in resource planning. However, there are gaps in the literature regarding use of voice in virtual meeting settings in water resources planning, especially in settings like water-abundant areas in the Southeastern United States. Using the Edisto RBC as a pilot basin and quantitative surveys, preliminary results found that while RBC participants were on average comfortable with technology, they generally avoided conflict, they exhibited average communication apprehension in a meeting environment, and virtual meetings appear to limit participant’s use of voice. Consequently, meeting planners must recognize that not all participants express themselves optimally in virtual meeting settings. In this vein, planners must work to develop opportunities for as much active engagement and sharing as possible.

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Kourtesis, Panagiotis, Josie Linnell, Rayaan Amir, Ferran Argelaguet, and Sarah E. MacPherson. "Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Questionnaire (CSQ-VR): A Validation and Comparison against SSQ and VRSQ." Virtual Worlds 2, no. 1 (January 29, 2023): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds2010002.

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Cybersickness is a drawback of virtual reality (VR), which also affects the cognitive and motor skills of users. The Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and its variant, the Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire (VRSQ), are two tools that measure cybersickness. However, both tools suffer from important limitations which raise concerns about their suitability. Two versions of the Cybersickness in VR Questionnaire (CSQ-VR), a paper-and-pencil and a 3D–VR version, were developed. The validation of the CSQ-VR and a comparison against the SSQ and the VRSQ were performed. Thirty-nine participants were exposed to three rides with linear and angular accelerations in VR. Assessments of cognitive and psychomotor skills were performed at baseline and after each ride. The validity of both versions of the CSQ-VR was confirmed. Notably, CSQ-VR demonstrated substantially better internal consistency than both SSQ and VRSQ. Additionally, CSQ-VR scores had significantly better psychometric properties in detecting a temporary decline in performance due to cybersickness. Pupil size was a significant predictor of cybersickness intensity. In conclusion, the CSQ-VR is a valid assessment of cybersickness with superior psychometric properties to SSQ and VRSQ. The CSQ-VR enables the assessment of cybersickness during VR exposure, and it benefits from examining pupil size, a biomarker of cybersickness.

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Punjarat, Ong-Art, and Somchai Chucheepsakul. "Post-Buckling Analysis of a Uniform Self-Weight Beam with Application to Catenary Riser." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 19, no. 04 (April 2019): 1950047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455419500470.

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This paper focused on a simply supported beam under uniform self-weight, subjected to an axial force at the roller end. The principle of virtual work-energy was used to formulate the equation for the nonlinear deformation of the beam, which involves the bending strain energy, the virtual work due to self-weight, and the virtual work of the axial force applied at the free-sliding roller end. The work–energy functional was expressed in terms of the arc-length coordinate. The functional vanished, yielding the static equilibrium configuration of the beam — a highly nonlinear problem. Finite element and Newton–Raphson iterative methods were used to solve the problem. The beam theory was extended to large sag analysis of a catenary riser. With this, some interesting features of the various configurations of the catenary riser under various end forces were evaluated.

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Huang, Huiping, Jiangfeng Wang, Yuping Han, Lei Wang, and Xinsheng Li. "Assessing impacts of water regulations on alleviating regional water stress with a system dynamics model." Water Supply 19, no. 2 (June 27, 2018): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.112.

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Abstract Many areas around the world are faced with water scarcity and virtual water can provide ways to resolve the problem. This paper presents a comprehensive water system based on a system dynamics model to assess how water regulations from the viewpoint of virtual water affect the regional water stress index in the Haihe River Basin, China. The results show that green water absorption, blue water consumption, virtual water flow, and water use efficiency play important roles in the water resources system. Water stress can be relieved by improving the infiltration coefficient, irrigation efficiency, industrial water use efficiency, and virtual water import.

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Saptutyningsih, Endah, Berli Paripurna Kamiel, Dimas Putro Nugroho, and Ferry Armansyah. "Optimizing the potential of the river through the “merti kali” program to support the sustainable communities." Journal of Community Service and Empowerment 4, no. 1 (February 10, 2023): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jcse.v4i1.24524.

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The development of digital technology and virtual reality has also given birth to virtual tourism innovations that have an impact on increasing the community's economy through training. This program is carried out to create virtual tourist villages, especially based on virtual tourism batik, so that batik craftsmen have more time to promote their products and the tourist aspect. The virtual tour-based batik village aims to empower the batik artisan community to be more active in utilizing digital application platforms to market their products and produce practical applications for marketing. This digital application makes it easier for buyers to find out the promotions being carried out by Bekasi batik by utilizing gadgets and taking advantage of the digital world. The training method uses a case study approach, discussion, lecture, and ends with a training evaluation. The results of the study are based on the evaluation results of the user experience of batik craftsmen in the city of Bekasi, out of 50 respondents it is found that 55% strongly agree that training materials and virtual tour systems that are socialized are easy to access, can develop digital villages based on web virtual tours and as a forum for batik promotion Bekasi city. In the aspect of achieving the goals of the Bekasi city batik craftsmen participants, out of 50 respondents the result was that 65% strongly agreed that the learning objectives of the training and virtual tour system met the expectations of the respondents. It is the hope of the training participants that the problem of marketing the virtual tour system will be a solution to expand the marketing of batik in the City of Bekasi.

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Sun, Xiuxiu, Weiping Wang, Shisong Qu, Wenliang Li, Weidong Zhao, and Yujie Meng. "Quantitative analyzes of virtual water net exports under the impacts of natural changes and human activities in the last 20 years in Shandong Province, China." Water Supply 22, no. 2 (September 29, 2021): 1521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.332.

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Abstract Virtual water trade in a region is affected by both nature and by humans. To study the contribution of human activities on virtual water trade quantitatively, an innovative method of quantitative comparison and analysis is put forward. At first, climates are adjusted into a unified standard. Then the impacts of increment and reduction of foreign water are studied. Additionally, the impacts of water management policy are studied according to the comparable water quotas. Results show that with the development of the economy, an N-shaped trend and inverted U-shaped trend exist with regard to the net exports of agricultural and industrial virtual water, respectively. The net imports of virtual water have beneficial effects to water environments in water deficient areas, while net exports have negative effects. In 1997, the net exports of agricultural and industrial virtual water reduced by 20.13% and 49.67% respectively due to the cut-off of the Yellow River channel compared with that under average Yellow River water diversion. In 2017, they increased by 1.32% and 41.99% respectively because of the South-to-North Water Transfer (SNWT) project and reduced by 10.01% and 20.39% respectively under the effects of the most stringent water management policy.

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Fang, De Guang, Guo Xin Wei, Wen Ku Shi, and Chang Xin Wang. "Application Research of Virtual Prototype Technology in the Variable Stiffness Suspension Matching of Light Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 538 (April 2014): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.538.118.

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In order to meet the ride comfort requirements of the light bus under no load and full-load condition,its rear suspension employs two-level variable stiffness leaf spring. For reasonably matching the two values of the variable stiffness and the damping force curve of the damper, one kind of virtual prototype technology was used. The virtual spring model of two-level variable stiffness was created in Adams-Chassis and the center-curve of the leaves was based at the free-state of the leaf spring. Then the front suspension, the rear suspension, the steering system, the powertrain & drineline system, the braking system, the wheels and bus body were respectively builded in Adams_Car, and they consituted the virtual assembly model of the light bus. So we could use the virtual model to conveniently test the performance of the ride comfort and handling stability under the no load and full-load state. Based on the ISO test standards, the virtual objective evaluation indexes were all calculated. According to these indexes, the two-level variable stiffness and the damping force curve were optimized. At last, the optimization results were verified by testing the optimized light bus. Experimental results shows that virtual optimization technology could play an important role in solving engineering problems.

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Alipoor, Jaber, Yushi Miura, and Toshifumi Ise. "Voltage Sag Ride-through Performance of Virtual Synchronous Generator." IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications 4, no. 5 (2015): 654–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjia.4.654.

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Wu, Xia, Dagmawi Degefu, Liang Yuan, Zaiyi Liao, Weijun He, Min An, and Zhaofang Zhang. "Assessment of Water Footprints of Consumption and Production in Transboundary River Basins at Country-Basin Mesh-Based Spatial Resolution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050703.

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Water is unevenly distributed globally. This uneven distribution is the reason behind the differences among geographical areas in terms of their water footprint of consumption and production. This gives the global trade of goods a unique feature. This characteristic of the water footprint might be used to address water scarcity and conflicts because water availability also has the same trend. Transboundary river basins are freshwater resources with a high probability of water scarcity and conflict because the water is claimed by multiple sovereign countries. In order to design sharing mechanisms for transboundary river basins that incorporate virtual water concept, it is key to identify the virtual water balance of country-basin units. A study addressing this research gap is not yet available. This article identified and discussed net virtual water importer and exporter sub-basins of transboundary rivers at a country-basin mesh based spatial resolution. The results of our study show that out of the 565 country-basin units surveyed in this article 391, 369, and 461 are net gray, green, and blue virtual water importers respectively. These sub-basins covers 58.37%, 47.52% and 57.52% of the total area covered by transboundary river basins and includes 0.65, 1.9, and around 2 billion people, respectively. The results depict that not only the water endowment of sub-basins is a determining factor for their water footprint of consumption and production, but also their social, economic, and demographic profiles. Furthermore, the water footprint of consumption and production within most of the country-basin units have a global feature. Hence, sustainable water management schemes within border-crossing basins should take into account not only the local but also the global water footprints of consumption and production. This can offer more options for sharing transboundary river basins water capital, thereby minimizing the probability of water scarcity and water conflicts.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Virtual rider'

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