Journal articles: 'Virtual law'

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Widdison, Robin. "Virtual law school." International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 8, no. 1 (January 1994): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869.1994.9966388.

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Isaev, I. A. "Virtual Origins of Public Law." Lex Russica, no. 4 (April 24, 2021): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.173.4.009-022.

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The paper analyzes the main processes that gave rise to such a phenomenon as “public law”. The problem of public law is one of the fundamental problems of jurisprudence. A classical dichotomy of public and private law will never lose its significance, and the search for their harmonious interaction only heightens the interest of thinkers around the world in this issue. We should agree that addressing such issues is always secondto-none, as it gives grounds for the development of the best legal regulation acceptable for a particular society. The very notion of “publicness” has gone a long way to finally gaining a foothold in the political and legal lexicon. In the Digestas of Justinian, the famous Roman jurist Ulpian writes: “Public law, which (refers) to the position of the Roman state, private law, which (refers) to the benefit of individuals; there is the useful for the society and the useful for a private individual. Public law includes the sacreds (sacra), the ministry of priests, the position of magistrates” (D.1.1.1.2). Thus, from the ancient Roman forum through medieval corporations to the political parties of modern times, the public space was certainly controlled by the state in some way or another. It was the intervention of the state in the private sphere that determined the nature of “public” in general and public law in particular. These processes have defined both modern political landscapes and the system of public legal institutions. Although, to a large extent, the motivations that affected the formation of public law were dogmatic, formal and virtual, or imaginary in nature, their influence adopted quite real features and led to practical political and legal consequences.

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Pengelley, Nicholas. "The Virtual Law School Library." International Journal of Legal Information 29, no. 3 (2001): 615–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500001050.

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What do the next twenty years hold for law school libraries? How will they look in 2021? What will be in them? Who will use them? Will we still use books, or will everything be accessed through an electronic medium? These questions are canvassed in the context of a law school library that is, in 2001, uneasily poised at a junction where signposts point to alternative futures for the delivery of legal education itself.I. IntroductionWe seem, yet again, to be at one of those moments in time, so common in the last quarter of the 20th century, and likely to be continuous in the 21st, when the future appears as a melting pot of possibilities for law libraries, particularly university law libraries. This time the uncertainty is largely driven by the potential advent of Web-based learning, and the as yet largely undeveloped nature of the law school response to the possibilities of education outside of the traditional classroom model. Uncertainty is also due to the growing awareness that IT literacy is increasing rapidly among our user community, and that students in particular now prefer electronic sources of information over print – sources which, increasingly, they can access from places other than the physical law library.

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Mitrović, Dragan. "VIRTUAL REALITY AND ETHICAL NEUTRALITY OF THE VIRTUAL SUBJECTS OF LAW." Facta Universitatis, Series: Law and Politics 15, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fulp1702115m.

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The existence of legal reality implies the existence of the subjects of law as the creations of that reality. The law cannot even exist without its subjects. They are conditio sine qua non for the law. First, natural persons had become the subjects of law – although not all of them and not at the same time, and thereafter their creations - legal (moral) persons, also became the subjects of law. In both cases, it is about traditional virtual legal creations. However, as the information and technological developments could not have bypassed contemporary law, more and more frequently and intensively it is being thought about the third type of the subjects of law – virtual characters as the new subjects of law (law avatars). Today, this is not done out of curiosity, but for very practical reasons – i.e. for promoting business communication that is rapidly migrating to the area of computer virtual reality. Such a change requires reconsideration of traditional beliefs and theories about what a subject of law is. It also requires determining the possible legal nature of virtual characters, irrespective of whether it is about virtual natural or legal persons. When it comes to the explanation of their essence, it seems that at this moment the fiction theory is more acceptable than the reality theory, which might prevail sometime, as it had happened with the subjectivity of the legal person at some point in time in the 17th century.

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Jin, Tao, and Jing-jing Yao. "The criminal law protection of virtual property." Legal Science in China and Russia, no. 6 (June 6, 2024): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2587-9723.2023.6.086-095.

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Virtual property in the sense of criminal law has the dispute between data attribute and property attribute, which leads to the differences in the criminal law protection path of virtual property. Virtual property has dual attributes of data and property, data attribute is its physical attribute, property attribute its essential attribute. According to the essential attribute of virtual property, virtual property should be protected as property, and the property protection path should be adopted. Virtual property is divided into physical virtual property, account virtual property and currency virtual property. Virtual property with management possibility, transfer possibility, relative non-replicability and property value should be protected as property.Virtual property should be protected by classification, and the property protection path should be adopted for physical virtual property and currency virtual property with property value. The account type virtual property and the physical virtual property without property value should be protected as data.

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Fay, Emily. "Virtual Artifacts." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 27, no. 4 (September 8, 2011): 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986211418887.

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Criminological investigations into the trade in antiquities have mainly focused on the sale of stolen artifacts or looted archaeological material; however, the question of authenticity has received little attention. This article examines the market for antiquities on eBay to investigate the claims made by sellers about the authenticity of artifacts and discusses the complexities of unraveling the fake from the genuine.

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Isaev, I. A. "Simulacra: the virtual reality of law." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 5 (August 6, 2021): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.81.5.030-040.

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Schwabach, Aaron. "Kosovo: Virtual War and International Law." Law and Literature 15, no. 1 (March 2003): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/lal.2003.15.1.1.

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Pan, Siyu. "Civil Law Protection of Network Virtual Property." Modern Management Forum 4, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/mmf.v4i4.2775.

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<p>With the rapid development of science and technology, the form of property is not confined to the traditional concept of real life any more, and it also includes network virtual property. Besides, economic benefits are considerable as the network industry grows, which makes trading of virtual property a very common behavior in the real word. In such situation, there are various disputes concerned with virtual property emerging. However, relevant research and legislation can’t make breakthroughs as virtual property has vague legal status, complicated process of identification, and different definitions as well as unsolved legal protection method in academic field. Compared with the development of the network industry, legislation in the scope of virtual property has lagged far behind, which is hard to be the theoretical basis for solving disputes.</p><p>By analyzing the attributes of virtual property, and combining relevant cases with research results, the author seeks to put forward the protection rules of virtual property in line with the current situation in China, with civil law protection as the core. Possible further researches and prospects on protecting virtual property are also discussed in this article.</p>

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Chen, Zhuo. "Regulations of Network Virtual Property in Criminal Law." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 18 (June 30, 2022): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v18i.1132.

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Although network virtual property exists only in cyberspace, it has the same exchange value in the real world. Therefore, it is justifiable and necessary to protect network virtual property. Network virtual property is not a legal concept in the strict sense, which leads to the lack of applicable legal norms to protect network virtual property and transactions despite the gradual expansion of the scale of network virtual property transactions in the real world. Based on this, this paper studies how to better protect network virtual property from the perspective of criminal law and regulation, how to correctly understand the essence of network virtual property protection in order to achieve the purpose of protection, and puts forward specific suggestions on how to improve the existing legal system.

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Mnookin, Jennifer L. "Virtual(ly) Law: The Emergence of Law in LambdaMOO: Mnookin." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2, no. 1 (June 23, 2006): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1996.tb00185.x.

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Hennelly, Sean. "Internet for Law, Virtual Training Suite – http://www.vts.intute.ac.uk/tutorial/law/." Law Teacher 45, no. 1 (February 8, 2011): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03069400.2011.546988.

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Ivanov, Anton A. "Virtual (Digital) Persons." Zakon 20, no. 11 (November 2023): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37239/0869-4400-2023-20-11-118-125.

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The article is devoted to the virtual digital persons which often replace the traditional natural or legal persons in the WWW. It creates the problem of correlation between the first and the latter which can not be ignored by the law. According to the Civil Code anonymous activity is highly restricted. Acquisition of rights under the name of another person is, as a rule, prohibited. Meanwhile, under public law rules the anonymous activity is recongnised more widely. So the rule of the Civil Code needs correction. Virtual digital person may be an image (a copy) of a certain person (traditional natural or legal person) or a fictitious one. Сopyright law knows such a notion as the character in a work of art, literature, etc. The latter and the notion of virtual digital person partly coincide. Quite often virtual digital persons are created and used in the Internet by persons not possessing the image which is reproduced. Therefore, the problem of defending the right to personal image in the WWW arises. It requires amendments in the regulation of personal non-property rights in Russia.

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Skorobogatov, Andrey. "Digitalization of law communication in the information society." Problems of Information Society 13, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25045/jpis.v13.i1.05.

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The article examines the digitalization of law communication as the most important feature of the development of the law reality of the information society. On the basis of the discursive-communicative methodology, the communicative nature of virtual reality and the role of law means in ensuring conflict-free interaction of its subjects are analyzed. It is concluded that the manifestation of digitalization of law reality is the construction of cyber law, which simultaneously acts as a form of virtual law discourse and an institution of digital law. Cyber law is a set of rules conventionally formed in the process of law communication that regulate relations between two or more persons regarding virtual property and personal non-property benefits. The construction of cyber law is carried out in the process of law communication and is a conventional result of interaction that ensures conflict-free coexistence of virtual communities based on value orientations. The polyphonic nature of virtual law communication determines that cyber law is a fragmented set of relatively independent normative arrays of separate virtual communities that have only minimally common features that can be designated as the principles of cyber law (anonymity, conventionality, inviolability of private property, publicity).

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Hrytsai, S. "Conceptual series - virtual actives." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 70 (June 18, 2022): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.70.49.

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The article conducts a study of the terminology apparatus, which is applied to the latest technologies that are currently actively used on the Internet as elements of «e-commerce», and have a common generalizing name – cryptocurrency. In order to comply with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Section VI of the Law 2074 and to implement the Law of Ukraine No. 2074-IX, the Supreme Rada of Ukraine on 13.03.2022 registered draft law No. 7150 with amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine. Currently, in Ukraine, the virtual asset market is actually already formed and exists for about five years, but is completely outside the legal framework of the state. primary financial monitoring of measures to combat the legalization of funds obtained by criminal means, terrorist financing and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The newest terminology apparatus is considered, in that case in the legal field of Ukraine, from the point of view of etymology and the content of their concept - thereby defining their suitability as a modern legal definition. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that in Law 2074 the leading legal definition of a «virtual asset», firstly, does not express the field of its application, as to a greater extent – financial; secondly, it does not correspond to the well-appointed definitions of the component word «asset»; Thirdly, in its natural essence has features inherent in the term – technology. In this regard, we consider it more expedient in Law 2074 to adopt the name of the main legal definition as virtual financial technologies or digital financial technologies.

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Burns, R. G., and Yuri Medvedev. "Group Laws Implying Virtual Nilpotence." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 74, no. 3 (June 2003): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446788700003335.

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AbstractIf ω ≡ 1 is a group law implying virtual nilpotence in every finitely generated metabelian group satisfying it, then it implies virtual nilpotence for the finitely generated groups of a large class of groups including all residually or locally soluble-or-finite groups. In fact the groups of satisfying such a law are all nilpotent-by-finite exponent where the nilpotency class and exponent in question are both bounded above in terms of the length of ω alone. This yields a dichotomy for words. Finally, if the law ω ≡ 1 satisfies a certain additional condition—obtaining in particular for any monoidal or Engel law—then the conclusion extends to the much larger class consisting of all ‘locally graded’ groups.

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Hrytsai, S. O. "The legal essence of the definition of "virtual assets" in the Ukrainian law "on virtual assets"." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (July 2, 2022): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.01.45.

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The article considers the Law of Ukraine "On Virtual Assets" dated 17.02.2022 No. 2074-IX, which is the first normative act in the state that is called to regulate the circulation of so-called "cryptocurrencies", and which introduced a new legal definition of "virtual assets". Legal science, as the main regulator of social relations, objectively manages to keep up with their rapid modern changes, to respond to the emergence of new relationships on the basis of the latest digital technologies. They are a surreal challenge to the legislator, who since the end of the 20th century, with incredibly great speed, are changing our entire modern society. There is no exception to this changing process of modernity, and an economy that has been subjected to significant changes already with the advent of the Internet. E-commerce and commerce, cashless payments on the Internet are all firmly entered our daily lives. Cryptocurrency, as a common name for the latest technologies, is a factor that has a more impact on economic relations every year. regulation of cryptocurrencies - Ukraine remained away from this law-making process. However, every year it became more and more obvious that such a state policy would lead only to a lag behind other states in the development of new technologies. Finally, from the beginning of 2022, the understanding of the need for the development of digital technologies, including through adequate legal regulation of "cryptocurrency" in Ukraine, has begun. The purpose of the article is to review and analyze the Law of Ukraine "On Virtual Assets" No. 2074-IX adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine dated 17.02.2022 and to investigate the legal essence of the concept of "virtual assets" for the completeness of its certainty. According to the results of the study, it was introduced in order to improve the concept of "virtual assets" and eliminate in the future the correct enforcement in judicial practice, amendments: in Article 200 "Information", Chapter 15 "Intangible Goods", Section III "Objects of Civil Rights" of the Civil Code of Ukraine; in sub-paragraph 1 of paragraph 1 of Article 1 "Definition of Terms", Section 1 "General Provisions" of law 2074-IX; in paragraph 1 of Article 4 "Legal status of virtual assets" of Section II "Legal mode of virtual assets" of the Law 2074-IX; in paragraph 1 of Article 4 "Legal status of virtual assets" of Section II "Legal regime of virtual assets" of the Law 2074-IX.

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Yao, Xiangwu. "Research on Tax Legal Issues of Virtual Property." International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration 3, no. 1 (May 27, 2024): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijsspa.v3n1.17.

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The rapid development of virtual property has become an important part of digital economy and virtual economy. The economic activities of virtual property are increasingly prosperous, and the economic benefits brought by virtual property cannot be underestimated. However, while virtual property-related income is growing, it is difficult for them to be included in the scope of tax collection and management by tax authorities. Starting from the analysis of the legal basis of virtual property, this paper explores the essence and classification of the tax law of virtual property, analyzes the problems existing in the current tax law and the difficulties faced by tax collection and management, and explores the construction of Chinese-style modern virtual property tax law norms and collection and management systems from two aspects of legislation and law enforcement.

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Yukhno, Alexander. "Virtual Law: Legal Regulation of Relations in Virtual Universes and Computer Games." Artificial societies 18, no. 4 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207751800028941-4.

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The article provides an overview of the work of the panel session “Virtual Law: Legal Regulation of Relations in Virtual Universes and Computer Games”, held on May 10, 2023 in St. Petersburg as part of the International Youth Legal Forum. The event's speakers spoke on a wide range of issues related to the development of legal regulation of multiplayer computer games and the concept of the “metaverse,” outlining different approaches to the analyzed topics and the risks and opportunities arising in this area.

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Nagappan, Meyyappan, and Anandapadmanabhan Unnikrishnan. "Virtual Permanent Establishments: Indian Law and Practice." Intertax 46, Issue 6/7 (June 1, 2018): 520–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2018054.

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The virtual permanent establishment (virtual PE) was first proposed to tackle growing concerns that multinationals could artificially avoid PE status by rendering cross border supplies of goods and services through electronic means. The virtual PE concept therefore sought to link taxation with value creation: in most cases, this involved the application of source taxation to non-resident entities that had no physical presence in the source state. With increasing digitalization, the virtual PE concept has become crucial to addressing tax avoidance and base erosion, particularly by multinational enterprises and cross border suppliers of goods and services. This article traces the evolution and treatment of the virtual PE concept under Indian law against the background of the broad framework prescribed under international and comparative tax law. Based on an analysis of Indian judicial precedents on the topic, the authors believe that Indian courts have progressively watered down the requirements necessary to trigger the existence of a PE. Although the lowering of thresholds is in the context of digital businesses where the courts have sought to tax income in India through any tangible or physical nexus, the lower thresholds could arguably be applied in other situations. Furthermore recent reservations by India to the revised OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital (OECD Model) and changes in the domestic tax laws introduced in the 2018 Budget also indicate an intent to lower the threshold for the creation of nexus, for both digital and other businesses operating in the Indian market. This potentially raises the level of uncertainty with regard to many transactions which, in the past, were not questioned as being undertaken by a PE and which may, in certain instances, lead to absurd results. Additionally, the struggle between adopting a multilateral solution such as the virtual PE appears to be slowly giving way to uncoordinated and unilateral levies, such as India’s recent equalization levy. Several European countries are now considering similar unilateral measures. This would lead to double taxation, have a chilling effect on cross border trade, and undercut the foundation of the international tax order by bypassing a stable and clear treaty network. Therefore, there is a need to address the complexity of the concept of a virtual PE and achieve consensus before the world crosses a tipping point, after which unilateral solutions may become the norm. From an Indian perspective as well, this is crucial if India is to achieve its publicly stated goal of a USD 1 trillion digital economy in the next four years.

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Capron, Alexander Morgan. "At Law: Baby Ryan and Virtual Futility." Hastings Center Report 25, no. 2 (March 1995): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562861.

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Keupink, Bart J. V. "Virtual criminal law in boundless new environments." International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation 6, no. 2/3/4 (2007): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijttc.2007.017803.

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Beard, Jack M. "Law and War in the Virtual Era." American Journal of International Law 103, no. 3 (July 2009): 409–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000019928.

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Since the first attempts by states to use law to regulate armed conflict, legal constraints have often failed to protect civilians from the adverse effects of war. Advances in military technology have usually not improved this situation and have instead made law even more distant and less relevant to the suffering of civilians in wartime. The massive, indiscriminate incendiary bombing campaigns against major urban areas in World War II spoke volumes about the irrelevance of fundamental legal principles and rules designed to protect civilian populations in wartime. Law and lawyers were in fact far removed, physically and operationally, from the cockpits of the United States bombers flying over Tokyo, whose aircrews were focused on surviving their missions. They struggled with limited information about their assigned targets and conducted their operations with rudimentary preflight instructions that directed them, for example, to avoid destroying the palace of the Japanese emperor but left them free to submerge entire residential areas of the city in a sea of flames.

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Park, Sooyoung. "Main Issues of Korea’s Virtual Asset Law." Northeast Asian law journal 17, no. 3 (October 31, 2023): 69–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19035/nal.2023.17.3.4.

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Fairfield, J. A. T. "Property as the Law of Virtual Things." Digital Law Journal 4, no. 3 (May 21, 2024): 16–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.38044/2686-9136-2023-4-3-16-39.

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Property law in the twentieth century moved from the law of things to the law of rights in things. This was a process of fragmentation: Under Hohfeldian property, we conceive of property as a bundle of sticks, and those sticks can be moved to different holders; the right to possess can be separated from the record ownership right, for example. The downside of Hohfeld’s model is that physical objects — things — become informationally complicated. Thing-ness constrains the extravagances of Hohfeldian property: although we can split off the right to possess from the right to exclude, use, destroy, copy, manage, repair, and so on, there is a gravitational pull to tie these sticks back into a useful bundle centered on the asset, the thing. Correspondingly, there has been an “informational turn” to property law, looking at the ways in which property law serves to limit property forms to reduce search costs, and to identify and celebrate the informational characteristics of thing-ness. The question of thing-ness came to a head in the context of digital and smart assets with the formation of non-fungible tokens. NFTs were attempts to generate and sell “things” a conceptually coherent something that can contain a loose bundle of rights. The project was an attempt to re-create thingness by an amalgam of cryptography, game theory, and intellectual property. This essay discusses thing-ness in the context of digital assets, how simulated thing-ness differs from physical thing-ness, and the problems that arise from attempts to reify digital assets.

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Štrkolec, Miroslav. "Virtuálne meny (právna podstata, regulačný rámec a zdaňovanie)." AUC IURIDICA 68, no. 4 (December 9, 2022): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23366478.2022.49.

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Virtual currencies have been part of economic reality for more than a decade but have only become the subject of legal regulation at European and national level in recent years. This is in a sense natural, since law as a normative system reacts only with a certain time lag to already existing facts, circumstances, and relations which, due to their impact, require legal regulation. The author deals with the legal nature of virtual currencies and their relationship to categories such as money, currency, crypto assets. The article then defines their regulatory framework and taxation in terms of de lege lata and de lege ferenda. The paper concludes with thoughts towards the future of virtual currencies in financial and tax law.

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Theresia Wihelmina Mado, Febriyanti Alwisye Wara, and Anastasia NM Saludale. "Design application learning physics on material newton's law-based virtual lab." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 14, no. 3 (March 30, 2023): 001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2023.14.3.0042.

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Currently the world is experiencing an outbreak of the COVID 19 virus disease, so many people have become victims, so all activities are limited. This happens in the field of education, the learning atmosphere that usually takes place face-to-face has now changed to using online media from elementary to university level. PHYSICS learning in SMA is not only focused on concept theory but to support student centered learning, learning prioritizes the process of discovering and researching these materials and concepts themselves. Thus the existence of a laboratory becomes important where the purpose of holding learning in the laboratory is to develop student skills such as the use of tools, observation, train students carefully and recognize the limits of laboratory measurement abilities, train accuracy in recording, reporting, Results, stimulating critical thinking in experimental analysis, through the interpretation of experiments, deepen knowledge and develop responsibility and honesty as well as train students to plan and conduct experiments. But in reality, with the pandemic, students have difficulty in practical learning in the laboratory. Through the application of learning physics on Newton's law material based on the Virtual Lab, students can interactively interact with the application by choosing virtual practicum tools and materials. This application can be a tool for understanding learning so that it can increase student grades, especially during a pandemic.

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Prillyanti, Dhanty Novya Bunga, and Mita Anggaryani. "Development of virtual reality on material: Archimedes’ Law (VIRMA) to improve student learning outcomes." Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Pendidikan 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jitp.v10i3.64523.

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The development of this Virtual Reality (VR) with an artificial environment consisting of scenes and 3D objects is expected to be a problem solution from a low conceptual understanding of Archimedes' Law material. This study aims to make physics learning media with Virtual Reality on Archimedes' Law (VIRMA) material. The purpose of his research is to describe the validity of making Virtual Reality learning media on material: Archimedes' Law (VIRMA), to tell the effectiveness of making Virtual Reality learning media on material: Archimedes' Law (VIRMA) based on learning outcomes and student response questionnaires. The type of research used in this research is development research according to the ADDIE model with one group pre-test post-test research design. The result showed that the development of Virtual Reality media in Archimedes' Law (VIRMA) material is very valid, with a percentage value of 85.9%. Using Virtual Reality media on material: Archimedes' Law can provide hands-on learning experiences, facilitate a deeper understanding of abstract concepts, and improve student learning outcomes with n-gain in the medium category 0,67. In addition, the response questionnaire showed that 93.7% of students agreed that Virtual Reality media was enjoyable and effective in helping to understand Archimedes' Law. Using the Virtual Reality media on the material is recommended: Archimedes' Law, which can increase student involvement, stimulate student interest in learning physics, and improve student learning outcomes.

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Babović Vuksanović, Branka. "Virtual Litigation Hearings." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 70, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfbu_22207a.

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In a paper dealing with the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic to the litigation proceeding, the author analyses the institution of remote hearings in the Republic of Serbia. A critical reflection was given to the current Law on Civil Litigation and its provisions on presenting evidence from a distance. Afterwards, suggestions were provided for changing and amending these provisions. Several ways for regulating distant hearings were analysed to form the elements of the future norm. When it comes to the actual issue of harmonising the proceeding with the society’s technological advancements, there is scepticism in the expertly public on how to harmonise this institution with the principles of litigation proceedings and the right to the fair trial. The author analysed arrangements from the comparative law and the ECHR practice to reach a conclusion on harmonising remote hearings with the principles of litigation proceedings and the right to a fair trial.

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Yang, Fengming. "Protection of Virtual Property." Lifelong Education 9, no. 5 (August 2, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/le.v9i5.1207.

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With the continuous innovation of life style, people’s property forms are gradually diversified, virtual property is becoming the most important part of people’s daily life. Although the virtual property is quite different from ordinary property forms, it still exists as a special property, and is subject to the adjustment of civil law. With the recent promulgation of Civil Code, virtual property is brought into the scope of protection of civil law, which lays the most solid foundation for the legal protection of virtual property, and points out the direction for the relevant laws of virtual property in the future.

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Liu, Jingyi. "Study on the Criminal Law Protection of Virtual Property." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 55, no. 1 (July 26, 2024): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/55/20240093.

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With the advent of the network era, more and more criminal cases involving virtual property have occurred. The protection of virtual property has become an issue of urgent concern to the legal profession. However, the current reality is that in the legal regulations and theoretical practice, there is no accurate legal qualification of virtual property. It is urgent and necessary to analyse the legal nature of the virtual property and the corresponding legal interests. At the same time, the criminal law research and protection of the relevant infringement on the basis of the related normative elements have also become one of the urgent issues at the present time. Based on the above, this paper researches and analyses the legal attributes of virtual property in the criminal law protection of virtual property by using the research methods of normative analysis, comparative research and case study. At the same time take into account the inadequacy of the criminal law protection research and analysis. Finally, it provides recommendations for the protection of virtual property in criminal law in the areas of legislation, justice, international cooperation and technical means.

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Li, Mengxuan, Jianguo Guo, and Ruimin Jiang. "Trajectory prediction-based guidance law." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2691, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2691/1/012034.

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Abstract This paper proposes a guidance law based on trajectory prediction, aiming to address the difficulty of traditional guidance laws in meeting high-speed and highly maneuverable vehicles. The unscented Kalman filtering (UKF) technique is employed to estimate the target’s motion and predict the virtual impact point using the Singer model and measuring model. The midcourse guidance law is applied to the virtual target, taking into account the constraint of the intersection angle, while the terminal guidance utilizes modified proportional guidance. To mitigate the overload chattering in the transition sections of both midcourse and terminal guidance, the distance is used to modify the transition section of the terminal guidance. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed guidance law effectively reduces both the encounter angle and the required maneuvering. Furthermore, to minimize midcourse guidance errors, the prediction results of the virtual target are continually updated during the trace process. This method can also be applied to trail other highly maneuverable targets.

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Valente, Piergiorgio. "Bitcoin and Virtual Currencies Are Real: Are Regulators Still Virtual?" Intertax 46, Issue 6/7 (June 1, 2018): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2018055.

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While the bitcoin is reaching all pockets and headlines, the regulatory debate is also at its peak. Following brief analysis of the blockchain mechanism, this article focuses on the regulatory approaches taken in the EU as well as in single Member States and third countries around the world. Regulatory intervention seems to be appropriate and could build on the points of convergence of national and international policy makers.

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BAILENSON, JEREMY N., JIM BLASCOVICH, ANDREW C. BEALL, and BETH NOVECK. "Courtroom Applications of Virtual Environments, Immersive Virtual Environments, and Collaborative Virtual Environments." Law Policy 28, no. 2 (April 2006): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2006.00226.x.

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Aksiukov, S. "Problems of defining the concept and nature of virtual assets as an object of legal regulation in economic activity in Ukraine." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (March 20, 2024): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.01.45.

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The article reveals the problem of defining the concept and nature of virtual assets through the prism of their legal regulation at the national and international levels. The factors determining the use of virtual assets in economic activity around the world and, accordingly, the relevance of the chosen topic of scientific research are determined: informatization of all areas of social life, technological boom, emergence of new information and communication technologies, which can significantly optimize business processes, globalization processes in the international economy, etc. Attention is focused on the lack of a unified approach to defining the concept and legal nature of a virtual asset and the presence of various approaches to solving this issue in national and foreign science of law: identification of virtual assets with the category of virtual currency; definition of a virtual asset through the concept of "information” or "data”; distinguishing the categories "virtual currency” and "virtual assets” as a part and a whole, etc. A conclusion was made about the importance of using the classification of virtual assets according to the criterion of their functional purpose for the formation of the mechanism of their differentiated legal regulation. Attention is also focused on the lack of a single legal approach to determining the essence of virtual assets in the Ukrainian legal system. There were analyzed relevant provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Virtual Assets”, the draft Concept of State Policy in the Field of Virtual Assets, drafts of the Law "On the Circulation of Cryptocurrencies in Ukraine” No. 7183 dated 06.10.2017, the Law "On Stimulating the Market of Cryptocurrencies and Their Derivatives in Ukraine” No. 7183 dated 10.10.2017 and the Law "On Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine (regarding stimulation of the market of cryptocurrencies and their derivatives in Ukraine)” No. 7246 dated 30.10.2017 in the article. Attention is also focused on the need to harmonize the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine "On Virtual Assets” in terms of defining a virtual asset as an object of civil rights. As the conclusions of the conducted scientific research, the author identified the conceptual problems of defining the essence and nature of virtual assets as an object of legal regulation and proposed specific ways to solve some of them, namely: specification of the legal definition of virtual assets in the Law of Ukraine No. 2074-IX; consolidation of the legal definition of the nature of the virtual asset; legislative consolidation of activity in the field of virtual assets and virtual currencies in the Classifier of types of economic activity, etc.

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Hansen, Joshua. "Virtual Indecent Assault: Time for the Criminal Law to Enter the Realm of Virtual Reality." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 50, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v50i1.5553.

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Virtual reality has the potential to provide a new medium of communication that will allow community, business and recreation to extend into the virtual realm. As with any emerging technology, the law must decide how to respond. When technology throws into question what the law considers to be real, we are starting from a relatively clean slate. The purpose of this article is to consider the extent to which the criminal law must engage with virtual reality. This issue is approached through the case study of virtual indecent assault. After considering the offence of indecent assault in s 135 of the Crimes Act 1961 and the effects of virtual actions, this article argues that the potential for harm justifies the intervention of the criminal law into virtual worlds. In light of this conclusion, this article also aims to outline a set of principles that can shape the criminal law's response. A principled approach can establish a stable foundation from which to tackle the diverse and often unknown challenges posed by an ever changing technology. These principles are applied in the evaluation of the different methods of criminalisation that would be available in the context of virtual indecent assault.

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Tkachenko, Alla, and Oleksandr Pozhuev. "Mechanism for foreclosure of virtual assets of the debtor in the event of declaring them bankrupt." Economic Analysis, no. 34(1) (2024): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2024.01.279.

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In the study, the place of virtual assets in property and obligation relations and the possibility of their recovery in the event of declaring the debtor bankrupt were considered. Investigating the legal status of virtual assets, existing contradictions were established regarding: the form of existence of virtual assets; recognizing them as a means of payment on the territory of Ukraine or as an object of exchange for property (goods), work (services); determination of virtual assets that may be levied upon enforcement of decisions by bodies of the state executive service, etc. It is noted that the procedure for recovering virtual assets is partially determined by the Civil Code of Ukraine. It is emphasized that none of the articles of the GCU provides for the regulation of either the circulation of virtual assets or the mechanism of their recovery in the event of declaring a business entity bankrupt. KUzPB also ignored virtual assets. In civil law, virtual assets are recognized as an object of law and are subject to recovery in case of forced execution of decisions by state executive bodies, in economic law, as objects of law, they are completely ignored. It is substantiated that in order to ensure the timely, complete and impartial execution of court decisions and decisions of other bodies (officials), the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Virtual Assets" dated February 17, 2022 under No. 2074-ХХ need to be brought into compliance with the Law of Ukraine. About executive proceedings" dated June 2, 2016 according to No. 1404-VІІІ in the part of defining a clear and completed mechanism for foreclosure on virtual assets in a compulsory manner. A Roadmap has been proposed to ensure the possibility of recovery of virtual assets in the event of declaring the debtor bankrupt, the implementation of which will contribute to the creation of the legal field necessary for the settlement of transactions with virtual assets.

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Alonso, Patricia Dominguez. "Teaching Of Administrative Law In The New Grade Of Law." Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) 5, no. 5 (December 19, 2012): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/cier.v5i5.7468.

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The teaching of Administrative Law in the new grade of law poses numerous challenges and opportunities in the new model of Bolonia. Its really important work of research and students in class presentations.It is also important to get motivate students to study the issues and cases brought before classes and using virtual platforms to interact with students.

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Kartika, Arie, and Windi Sri Wahyuni. "Electronic Transactions Against Virtual Money (Cryptocurrency) Stock Trading Special Criminal Law Perspective." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 8 (August 29, 2022): 766–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220864.

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Virtual currency was designed as an alternative legal tender, originally for use in virtual communities, and certain online gaming sites. The number of such virtual currencies is constantly growing and reaching out to activities in the real world. Currently there are a large number of virtual currencies in circulation and they can be obtained either directly (through mining, bilateral transactions with investors, from companies that sell virtual currencies, purchase of certain goods, etc.) or indirectly through the exchange of virtual currencies. Cryptocurrency can also be referred to as unformed commercial objects; it is actually a digital form which can be used in electronic transactions. This study aims to analyze the existence of virtual money (cryptocurrency) in stock trading in Indonesia and find out the responsibility of money laundering perpetrators who use virtual money (cryptocurrency) in stock trading. The research method used is normative legal research. The results showed that the existence of virtual uag (cryptocurrency) in stock trading in Indonesia when used as currency unification, transacting, trading or as a means of payment with businesses in this case, especially stock trading in Indonesia, can be said to be invalid in terms of its use7 Of 2011 On Currency. Users of virtual money (cryptocurrency) in Indonesia are quite widely used in terms of business, which can be seen in Indonesia itself already circulating virtual money (cryptocurrencies) such as Bitcoin and Centcoin. Then, the responsibility of money laundering perpetrators who use virtual money (Cryptocurrency) in stock trading which is very negative for the state of Indonesia, especially in terms of business because people who have committed these crimes take advantage of technological advances unwisely so that perpetrators can be charged based on law no. 8 of 2010 on the prevention and eradication of money laundering. Keywords: Stock Trading, Cryptocurrency, Special Crimes

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Wang, Xun, Libing Cai, Longxing Kong, Binfeng Wang, Shaohua Huang, and Chengdi Lin. "Path Following and Obstacle Avoidance for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using a Virtual-Force-Based Guidance Law." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 4618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104618.

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This paper presents a virtual-force-based guidance law (VFGL) for path following and obstacle avoidance in unmanned aerial vehicles. First, a virtual spring force and a virtual drag force are designed for straight-line following; then, the dynamic of the cross-track-error is equivalent to a spring mass system, which is easy to tune to acquire stability and non-overshoot convergence. Secondly, an additional virtual centripetal force is designed to counteract the influence of the curvature of the planned path so that the guidance law can accurately track a curve with a time-varying curvature. Thirdly, an extra virtual repulsive force is designed directly according to the sensor inputs; the virtual repulsive force pushes the vehicle away to move around obstacles. The use of artificial physics means the guidance law is founded on solid physical theory and is computationally simple. The physical meanings of the parameters are definite, and the VFGL has a large parameter adaptation. These make the guidance law easy to tune in application. Both the numerical and hardware-in-the-loop simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed guidance law for path following and obstacle avoidance in unmanned aerial vehicles.

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Efimova, Lyudmila G. "TOKEN AS A VIRTUAL OBJECT OF CIVIL LAW." Banking law 3 (June 24, 2020): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3945-2020-3-42-48.

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조재호 and Roh Myung Sun. "Virtual Property and Its Protection by Criminal Law." SungKyunKwan Law Review 22, no. 3 (December 2010): 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17008/skklr.2010.22.3.015.

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Lee, Hyunjae, Donghun Lee, Hyochoong Bang, and Min-Jea Tahk. "SINGULARITY AVOIDANCE LAW FOR CMG USING VIRTUAL ACTUATOR." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 40, no. 7 (2007): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20070625-5-fr-2916.00053.

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Gerritsen, Charlotte, and Tibor Bosse. "Virtual Communication Training for the Law Enforcement Domain." EAI Endorsed Transactions on Creative Technologies 5, no. 14 (January 16, 2018): 153642. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.16-1-2018.153642.

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Mozaffari, Mohiyeddin, Behrouz Safarinejadian, and Tahereh Binazadeh. "Optimal Guidance Law Based on Virtual Sliding Target." Journal of Aerospace Engineering 30, no. 3 (May 2017): 04016097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)as.1943-5525.0000692.

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Weiss, E. B., and L. Slobodian. "Virtual Water, Water Scarcity, and International Trade Law." Journal of International Economic Law 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 717–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgu038.

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Mac Síthigh, Daithí. "Virtual walls? The law of pseudo-public spaces." International Journal of Law in Context 8, no. 3 (August 23, 2012): 394–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552312000262.

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AbstractThis article considers and assesses pseudo-public spaces, considering both physical and non-physical spaces. Presenting perspectives from law, geography, architecture and communication studies, it is argued that there are links between the conditions pertaining to shopping centres, redeveloped city centres, Internet service providers and websites. Particular attention is paid to unfulfilled claims regarding the promise of new spaces, or inconsistencies as between the form and substance of a given space. The owners of pseudo-public physical spaces use legal tools such as the right to exclude from private property, while the owners of pseudo-public virtual spaces often base the relationship with a user on contractual agreements; in both cases, concepts of fundamental rights are also affected, if not often vindicated. The consequences of these approaches are assessed, drawing on critical legal geography and the history of ‘common carriers’ and other forms of regulation.

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Balakrishnan, Ravin. "“Beating” Fitts’ law: virtual enhancements for pointing facilitation." International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 61, no. 6 (December 2004): 857–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.002.

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Young, Sherman. "Review: Real Law@Virtual Space — Regulation in Cyberspace." Media International Australia 94, no. 1 (February 2000): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0009400124.

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Vandezande, Niels. "Virtual currencies under EU anti-money laundering law." Computer Law & Security Review 33, no. 3 (June 2017): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2017.03.011.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Virtual law'

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