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Journal articles on the topic 'Virtual cathode'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Hayashi, Hideki, Shien-Fong Lin, Boyoung Joung, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, James N. Weiss, and Peng-Sheng Chen. "Virtual electrodes and the induction of fibrillation in Langendorff-perfused rabbit ventricles: the role of intracellular calcium." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 295, no. 4 (October 2008): H1422—H1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00001.2008.

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A strong premature electrical stimulus (S2) induces both virtual anodes and virtual cathodes. The effects of virtual electrodes on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) transients and ventricular fibrillation thresholds (VFTs) are unclear. We studied 16 isolated, Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts with simultaneous voltage and [Ca2+]i optical mapping and for vulnerable window determination. After baseline pacing (S1), a monophasic (10 ms anodal or cathodal) or biphasic (5 ms-5 ms) S2 was applied to the left ventricular epicardium. Virtual electrode polarizations and [Ca2+]i varied depending on the S2 polarity. Relative to the level of [Ca2+]i during the S1 beat, the [Ca2+]i level 40 ms after the onset of monophasic S2 increased by 36 ± 8% at virtual anodes and 20 ± 5% at virtual cathodes ( P < 0.01), compared with 25 ± 5% at both virtual cathode-anode and anode-cathode sites for biphasic S2. The VFT was significantly higher and the vulnerable window significantly narrower for biphasic S2 than for either anodal or cathodal S2 ( n = 7, P < 0.01). Treatment with thapsigargin and ryanodine ( n = 6) significantly prolonged the action potential duration compared with control (255 ± 22 vs. 189 ± 6 ms, P < 0.05) and eliminated the difference in VFT between monophasic and biphasic S2, although VFT was lower for both cases. We conclude that virtual anodes caused a greater increase in [Ca2+]i than virtual cathodes. Monophasic S2 is associated with lower VFT than biphasic S2, but this difference was eliminated by the inhibition of the sarcoplasmic reticulum function and the prolongation of the action potential duration. However, the inhibition of the sarcoplasmic reticulum function also reduced VFT, indicating that the [Ca2+]i dynamics modulate, but are not essential, to ventricular vulnerability.

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2

Roy, Amitava, R. Menon, Vishnu Sharma, Ankur Patel, Archana Sharma, and D. P. Chakravarthy. "Features of 200 kV, 300 ns reflex triode vircator operation for different explosive emission cathodes." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 1 (November 27, 2012): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303461200095x.

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AbstractTo study the effect of explosive field emission cathodes on high power microwave generation, experiments were conducted on a reflex triode virtual cathode oscillator. Experimental results with cathodes made of graphite, stainless steel nails, and carbon fiber (needle type) are presented. The experiments have been performed at the 1 kJ Marx generator (200 kV, 300 ns, and 9 kA). The experimentally obtained electron beam diode perveance has been compared with the one-dimensional Child-Langmuir law. The cathode plasma expansion velocity has been calculated from the perveance data. It was found that the carbon fiber cathode has the lowest cathode plasma expansion velocity of 1.7 cm/μs. The radiated high power microwave has maximum field strength and pulse duration for the graphite cathode. It was found that the reflex triode virtual cathode oscillator radiates a single microwave frequency with the multiple needle cathodes for a shorter (<200 ns full width at half maximum) voltage pulse duration.

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3

Nikolski, Vladimir P., Aleksandre T. Sambelashvili, and Igor R. Efimov. "Mechanisms of make and break excitation revisited: paradoxical break excitation during diastolic stimulation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 282, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): H565—H575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00544.2001.

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10.1152/ajpheart.00544.2001. Onset and termination of electric stimulation may result in “make” and “break” excitation of the heart tissue. Wikswo et al. (30) explained both types of stimulations by virtual electrode polarization. Make excitation propagates from depolarized regions (virtual cathodes). Break excitation propagates from hyperpolarized regions (virtual anodes). However, these studies were limited to strong stimulus intensities. We examined excitation during weak near-threshold diastolic stimulation. We optically mapped electrical activity from a 4 × 4-mm area of epicardium of Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts ( n = 12) around the pacing electrode in the presence ( n = 12) and absence ( n = 2) of 15 mM 2,3-butanedione monoxime. Anodal and cathodal 2-ms stimuli of various intensities were applied. We imaged an excitation wavefront with 528-μs resolution. We found that strong stimuli (×5 threshold) result in make excitation, starting from the virtual cathodes. In contrast, near-threshold stimulation resulted in break excitation, originating from the virtual anodes. Characteristic biphasic upstrokes in the virtual cathode area were observed. Break and make excitation represent two extreme cases of near-threshold and far-above-threshold stimulations, respectively. Both mechanisms are likely to contribute during intermediate clinically relevant strengths.

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4

Capeáns, M., W. Dominik, M. Hoch, L. Ropelewski, F. Sauli, L. Shekhtman, and A. Sharma. "The virtual cathode chamber." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 400, no. 1 (November 1997): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(97)00947-9.

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5

Choi, Eun Ha, Kew Yong Sung, Wook Jeon, and Yoon Jung. "Axially Extracted Virtual Cathode Oscillator with Annular Cathode." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 124, no. 9 (2004): 773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.124.773.

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6

Fiala, Pavel. "Pulse-powered virtual cathode oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 18, no. 4 (August 2011): 1046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2011.5976094.

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7

Belomyttsev, S. Ya, A. A. Grishkov, S. A. Kitsanov, I. K. Kurkan, S. D. Polevin, V. V. Ryzhov, and R. V. Tsygankov. "Measuring the virtual cathode velocity." Technical Physics Letters 34, no. 7 (July 2008): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106378500807002x.

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8

Chen, Y., J. Mankowski, J. Walter, M. Kristiansen, and R. Gale. "Cathode and Anode Optimization in a Virtual Cathode Oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 14, no. 4 (August 2007): 1037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2007.4286545.

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9

Sze, H., J. Benford, and W. Woo. "High-power microwave emission from a virtual cathode oscillator." Laser and Particle Beams 5, no. 4 (November 1987): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600003189.

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Pinched electron beams emit high power microwaves by formation of a virtual cathode. Radiation occurs simultaneously with pinching or slightly thereafter. Observations of strong electrostatic fields and the partitioning of current into reflexing and transmitting populations at the same time that microwaves are emitted indicate virtual cathode formation. Microwaves originate mainly from the virtual cathode side of the anode. A two-dimensional model for the electron flow in the presence of a virtual cathode is presented. The model allows for electron reflexing and velocity distribution spread. Solutions with strong radial flow agree closely with microwave measurements, and result in the microwave frequency scaling linearly with diode current.

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10

Zhang, Yi Chen, Can Lun Li, Xin Ying Li, and Hui Li. "Virtual Design and Visual Simulation of Cathode Target on Magnetron Sputtering Coater." Advanced Engineering Forum 2-3 (December 2011): 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.2-3.1088.

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In order to solve the traditional problems such as long designing cycle and high designing cost, the research applies the virtual simulation technology to the design of cathode target on magnetron sputtering vacuum coater. Through analyzing, modeling and simulating, the process model of a typical cathode target on magnetron sputtering coater is proposed. The virtual design of cathode target framework based on distributed collaborative simulation is constructed, which provides a theorial basis for the research of virtual design on cathode target.Using Solidworks software, parts modeling and assembly modeling of cathode target are realized. Using ADAMS, the movements of charged particles in magnetic field and high frequency alternating electric field are simulated, and the visual animation simulation of particles movement is achieved. The research demonstrates the feasibility of virtual simulation technology on vacuum coater design.

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11

Turner, Geoffrey R. "A one-dimensional model illustrating virtual-cathode formation in a novel coaxial virtual-cathode oscillator." Physics of Plasmas 21, no. 9 (September 2014): 093104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4895500.

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12

Li, Limin, L. Chang, L. Zhang, J. Liu, G. Chen, and J. Wen. "Development mechanism of cathode surface plasmas of high current pulsed electron beam sources for microwave irradiation generation." Laser and Particle Beams 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 541–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034612000468.

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AbstractThis paper presents the development mechanism of surface plasmas of carbon-fiber-cathode electron beam source and its effects on the operation of a high-power microwave source, reflex triode vircator powered by about 400 kV, 9 kA, about 350 ns pulsed power accelerator. Based on the current and voltage characteristics of diodes using carbon fiber cathode, the axial expansion velocity is 1.2 cm/μs and the delay time of explosive emission is 2 ns. Further, the comparison of carbon fiber and stainless steel cathodes is made. It was found that the threshold electric field for carbon fiber cathode is about 25 kV/cm, and the delay time of explosive emission and threshold electric field for stainless steel cathode is, respectively, 4.5 ns and 40 kV/cm. The radial expansion velocity of individual emitting centers is estimated to be 1.2 cm/μs, equal to the axial expansion velocity, and this shows the cathode plasma spots spherically expand. In the optimal diode gap for microwave irradiation or at the average current density of 230 A/cm2using carbon fiber cathode, the screening radius was 0.67 cm, the lifetime of cathode emitting centers was about 60 ns, the cathode plasma density was 5 × 1015 cm−3, and the Debye radius of cathode plasma was <3 × 10−5 cm−3. The self-quenching behavior of explosive emission centers occurs, due to the process of cathode surface material release and cooling. The generation and self-quenching of emitting centers, and screening effect of cathode plasmas determine the increase and decrease of cathode emitting area, which is independent of the current density and background pressure. The relation between the lifetime of virtual cathode and background pressure was discussed. It was found, both theoretically and experimentally, that a lower background pressure indicates a longer microwave pulse or a better microwave waveform. It was observed by comparison that the temporary behavior of cathode emitting area is similar to the development process of microwave pulse. The changes of emitting area affects the stability of beam current injected into the virtual cathode region, further leading to the fluctuation of microwave pulse of vircator.

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13

Li, Jing-Ju, and J. X. Ma. "Sheath near a negatively biased electron-emitting wall in an ion-beam-plasma system and its implication to experimental measurement." Physics of Plasmas 30, no. 1 (January 2023): 013510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0126650.

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In the previous experiment by Li et al., [Phys. Plasmas 19, 113511 (2012)], a deep virtual cathode was measured within an ion sheath near a negatively biased stainless steel plate immersed in an ion-beam-plasma system. The appearance of a virtual cathode was attributed to secondary electrons produced by the high speed ion beam instead of the plasma electrons since these electrons are depleted in the sheath. This paper presents a theoretical model of the sheath structure in the ion-beam-plasma system near an electron-emitting wall. The results show that the presence of the ion beam will compress the whole sheath and make it more difficult to form the virtual cathode, i.e., it causes the increase in the threshold density of the emitted electrons at the wall needed to form the virtual cathode. When comparing with the previous experimental results, it is found that the needed secondary electron yield is unrealistically high in order to obtain the experimentally measured depth of the virtual cathode. Possible experimental uncertainties are discussed concerning the use of an emissive probe when it is too close to the wall.

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14

Su Dong, Deng Li-Ke, and Wang Bin. "Plasma-based multistage virtual cathode radiation." Acta Physica Sinica 63, no. 23 (2014): 235204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.63.235204.

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15

Onoi, Masahiro, Koji Minami, Hikaru Tanaka, and Mitsuyasu Yatsuzuka. "Development of Repetitive Virtual Cathode Oscillator." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 123, no. 1 (2003): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.123.20.

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16

Fazio, M. V., J. Kinross‐Wright, B. Haynes, and R. F. Hoeberling. "The virtual cathode microwave amplifier experiment." Journal of Applied Physics 66, no. 6 (September 15, 1989): 2675–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.344236.

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17

Su, Dong, and Changjian Tang. "Plasma-based multistage virtual cathode radiation." Physics of Plasmas 18, no. 12 (December 2011): 123104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3672059.

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18

Jiang, Weihua, and Magne Kristiansen. "Theory of the virtual cathode oscillator." Physics of Plasmas 8, no. 8 (August 2001): 3781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1382643.

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19

Lin, Tsang‐Lang, Wen‐Ting Chen, Wen‐Chung Liu, Yuan Hu, and Mien‐Win Wu. "Computer simulation of virtual cathode oscillations." Journal of Applied Physics 68, no. 5 (September 1990): 2038–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.346554.

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20

Seo, Yoonho, Eun Ha Choi, Chil Goo Byun, and Myung Choul Choi. "Leaked Electrons from Virtual Cathode Oscillation." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 40, Part 1, No. 2B (February 28, 2001): 1136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.40.1136.

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21

Fuks, Mikhail I., Sarita Prasad, and Edl Schamiloglu. "Efficient Magnetron With a Virtual Cathode." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 44, no. 8 (August 2016): 1298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2016.2525921.

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22

Hoeberling, R. F., and M. V. Fazio. "Advances in virtual cathode microwave sources." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 34, no. 3 (1992): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/15.155837.

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23

Fuks, Mikhail, Dmitrii Andreev, Artem Kuskov, and Edl Schamiloglu. "Low-Energy State Electron Beam in a Uniform Channel." Plasma 2, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma2020016.

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In our earlier work, we showed that a low-energy state of an electron beam exists in a nonuniform channel between two virtual cathodes in a magnetron with diffraction output, which consists of three uniform sections with increasing radius. A uniform axial magnetic field fills the interaction space. This led to magnetron operation with >90% efficiency when combined with a magnetic mirror field at the output end. In this present paper, we show that a low-energy state of an electron beam can be realized in a uniform channel in which an increasing magnetic field is used in order to create a magnetic mirror at the output end. We consider two cases, one where the injected beam current slightly exceeds the space-charge-limiting current and the other where the injected beam current greatly exceeds the space-charge-limiting current. On the time scale of relevance to planned experiments (∼30 ns), when the injected current slightly exceeds the space-charge-limiting current a stationary virtual cathode forms and when the injected current greatly exceeds the space-charge-limiting current the virtual cathode oscillates back and forth.

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24

Li, Shu-han, and Jian-quan Li. "Studies of virtual cathode characteristics near thermionic emission cathodes in a vacuum." Vacuum 192 (October 2021): 110496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2021.110496.

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25

Luginsland, J. W., S. McGee, and Y. Y. Lau. "Virtual cathode formation due to electromagnetic transients." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 26, no. 3 (June 1998): 901–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.700866.

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26

Neira, E., Y. Z. Xie, and F. Vega. "On the virtual cathode oscillator’s energy optimization." AIP Advances 8, no. 12 (December 2018): 125210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5045587.

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27

Frolov, N. S., A. A. Koronovskii, A. E. Runnova, and A. E. Hramov. "Generalized synchronization of coupled virtual cathode generators." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 78, no. 12 (December 2014): 1316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873814120065.

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28

Barabanov, V. N., A. E. Dubinov, M. V. Loiko, S. K. Saikov, V. D. Selemir, and V. P. Tarakanov. "Beam discharge excited by distributed virtual cathode." Plasma Physics Reports 38, no. 2 (February 2012): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063780x12010023.

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29

Kwan, Thomas J. T. "High-Efficiency, Magnetized, Virtual-Cathode Microwave Generator." Physical Review Letters 57, no. 15 (October 13, 1986): 1895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.57.1895.

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30

Dubinov, A. E., and I. A. Efimova. "On the current through a virtual cathode." Technical Physics 48, no. 9 (September 2003): 1205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1611909.

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31

Kadish, Abraham, Rickey J. Faehl, and Charles M. Snell. "Analysis and simulation of virtual cathode oscillations." Physics of Fluids 29, no. 12 (1986): 4192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.865711.

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32

Weihua Jiang. "Time–Frequency Analysis of Virtual-Cathode Oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 38, no. 6 (June 2010): 1325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2010.2043371.

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33

De Sousa Coutinho, Sofia, Rémi Federicci, Stéphane Holé, and Brigitte Leridon. "Virtual cathode induced in Rb2Ti2O5 solid electrolyte." Solid State Ionics 333 (May 2019): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2019.01.012.

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34

Dubinov, A. E., I. A. Efimova, K. E. Mikheev, V. D. Selemir, and V. P. Tarakanov. "Hybrid microwave oscillators with a virtual cathode." Plasma Physics Reports 30, no. 6 (June 2004): 496–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1768583.

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35

Saxena, Ayush, Navdeep M. Singh, Kunal Y. Shambharkar, and Faruk Kazi. "Modeling of Reflex Triode Virtual Cathode Oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 42, no. 6 (June 2014): 1509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2014.2303854.

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36

Barach, John Paul. "Simulation Calculations of Cardiac Virtual Cathode Effects." Computers and Biomedical Research 29, no. 2 (April 1996): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cbmr.1996.0008.

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37

Chong, Min-Woo, Myong-Chul Choi, Yun-Ho Seo, Gaung-Sup Cho, Eun-Ha Choi, and Han-Sup Uhm. "Virtual Cathode Oscillator under Various Cathode Radii with Intense Relativistic Electron Beam." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 40, Part 1, No. 2B (February 28, 2001): 1130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.40.1130.

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38

Shager, Azza M., Amany T. Sroor, Hoda A. El Tayeb, Hoda A. El Gamal, and Mohamed M. Masoud. "Nitrogen Glow Discharge by a DC Virtual Cathode." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 63, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2008): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2008-7-805.

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A DC glow discharge operating with a virtual cathode is studied. The system consists of a solid disc cathode and mesh anode. The discharge occurs in nitrogen gas at the left-hand side of Paschen’s curve. The plasma electron density in the axial direction has been found to be 0.2 · 108 cm−3 at 2 cm from the mesh. The electron temperature peak value has been found to be 3.5 eV at 6 cm from the mesh. The radial distribution of the plasma electron density and temperature are discussed. The variation of the plasma parameters are in good agreement with the experimental results.

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39

Kim, Se-Hoon, Chang-Jin Lee, Wan-Il Kim, and Kwang-Cheol Ko. "Operation Features of a Coaxial Virtual Cathode Oscillator Emitting Electrons in the Outer Radial Direction." Electronics 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010082.

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The operation features of the coaxial virtual cathode oscillator emitting electrons in the outer radial direction were investigated through simulations and experiments. A coaxial vircator was compared with an axial vircator when the anode to cathode distance of both vircators was 6 mm. The proposed coaxial vircator was operated when the anode to cathode distance was 5 mm, 6 mm, and 7 mm. The peak power and frequency of the microwave generated from the proposed coaxial vircator when the anode to cathode distance was 6 mm were 20.18 MW and 6.17 GHz, respectively. The simulations and experiments show that the proposed coaxial vircator generates 80% more microwave power than the axial vircator with the same anode to cathode distance. According to the simulations and experiments, the proposed coaxial vircator tends to generate a higher power average when the anode to cathode distance was larger than 5 mm. The frequency of the proposed coaxial vircator when the anode to cathode distance was 5 mm and 7 mm was approximately 8 GHz and 5 GHz, respectively. The geometric factor of the proposed coaxial vircator was considered to be the reason for the greater microwave power generation than the axial vircator. The frequency of the proposed coaxial vircator decreases inversely proportional with the anode to cathode distance as observed in the axial and basic coaxial vircators.

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40

Liu, Lie, Li-Min Li, Xiao-Ping Zhang, Jian-Chun Wen, Hong Wan, and Ya-Zhou Zhang. "Efficiency Enhancement of Reflex Triode Virtual Cathode Oscillator Using the Carbon Fiber Cathode." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 35, no. 2 (April 2007): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2007.893266.

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41

Ki Baek Song, Jeong Eun Lim, Yoonho Seo, and Eun Ha Choi. "Output Characteristics of the Axially Extracted Virtual Cathode Oscillator With a Cathode-Wing." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 37, no. 2 (February 2009): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2008.2010547.

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42

Kornienko, Vladimir, and Aleksej Privezencev. "Fractional brownian motion in virtual cathode discrete models." Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 11, no. 4-5 (December 31, 2003): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-2003-11-4-114-123.

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Results of modeling virtual cathode dynamics for the determined flat sheet model and simple probabilistic model have been compared. It has been shown that stochastic component of mass center motion is formed as fractional Brownian motion for both the stochastic and determined models.

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43

Cao, Xifeng, Hui Liu, and Daren Yu. "Simulation of discharge process of Hall thruster under the internal and external cathode conditions." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 90, no. 1 (April 2020): 10801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2020190357.

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Hall thruster has been used widely in orbit correction and station-keeping of geostationary satellites for the advantage of high specific impulse, long life, and high reliability. The cathode is an important part of Hall thruster, which can neutralize ion beam and provide electrons to the thruster for ionization. At present, the position of cathode can be divided into two kinds: internal cathode and external cathode. And the discharge parameters under the two different cathode positions is very different, such as the coupling voltage and the ion density. And this paper considers the mechanism of influence of the cathode position on the discharge process of Hall thruster, the discharge process of Hall thruster under internal and external cathode conditions was simulated by PIC-MCC simulation method. The simulation results show that the electron conduction near the thruster outlet is relatively strong under the internal cathode condition. The trajectory of electrons emitted from the cathode position under the two conditions is further simulated. The simulation results show that the electrons will be bound by the magnetic field and form a virtual cathode when they enter the simulation area. The lower coupling voltage under the internal cathode condition is explained by comparing the positions of virtual cathode. At the same time, some electrons emitted from the internal cathode position can quickly reach the main beam region. The ion density distribution is also compared. The ionization regions of Xe+, Xe2+ and Xe3+ ions are relatively outside under the internal cathode condition, and the peak densities of Xe2+ and Xe3+ ions are relatively low. Compared with the experimental results, it is shown that the electron trajectory in the plume region has a significant effect on the plume shape.

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44

Fetzer, R., W. An, A. Weisenburger, and G. Mueller. "Different operation regimes of cylindrical triode-type electron accelerator studied by PIC code simulations." Laser and Particle Beams 35, no. 1 (December 14, 2016): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034616000768.

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AbstractThe performance of the converging electron beam generated in cylindrical triodes is systematically studied by particle-in-cell code simulations. Depending on the cathode and grid potentials applied, different operation regimes are identified. For low voltages between cathode and grid, laminar flow and homogeneous beam energy density at the target (anode) is obtained. This applies both to the case of unipolar electron flow and to bipolar flow with counter-streaming ions. Hereby, the electron emission current is enhanced by about 50% for bipolar flow compared with unipolar flow. A further increase by about 20% is obtained when electron backscattering at the target is enhanced due to a change of target material from aluminum to tungsten. For cathode-grid voltages exceeding a critical value, laminar flow is replaced by non-laminar flow regimes. For unipolar electron beams, a virtual cathode forms between grid and target, which leads to an inhomogeneous power density at the target. For the specific geometry investigated and the cathode potential fixed at −120 kV, the cathode-grid voltage threshold for the formation of the virtual cathode is ~32 kV for Al targets and ~28 kV for W targets. For bipolar flow, the laminar flow regime already ends at cathode-grid voltages of ~23 kV (Al target) and ~20 kV (W target), respectively, and is replaced by magnetic insulation at the beam edge. For increasing cathode-grid voltage, the magnetically insulated region extends until beam pinching occurs.

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45

Cheng, Renjie, Tianming Li, Chaoxiong He, Haiyang Wang, Hao Li, Yihong Zhou, Meiling Ou, Fadhel M. Ghannouchi, and Biao Hu. "An Efficient Inverted Relativistic Magnetron With Virtual Cathode." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 68, no. 5 (May 2021): 2499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2021.3068688.

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46

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Frolov, Nikita S., Semen A. Kurkin, Alexey A. Koronovskii, Alexander E. Hramov, and Alexey O. Rak. "High-efficiency virtual cathode oscillator with photonic crystal." Applied Physics Letters 113, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 023503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5038277.

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Jiang, W., K. Masugata, and K. Yatsui. "Mechanism of microwave generation by virtual cathode oscillation." Physics of Plasmas 2, no. 3 (March 1995): 982–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871377.

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Benford, J., H. Sze, W. Woo, and B. Harteneck. "Virtual-cathode oscillator emission by a pinched diode." Physical Review Letters 56, no. 4 (January 27, 1986): 344–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.56.344.

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Singh, G., and M. V. Kartikeyan. "Feasibility Study of Axially- Extracted Virtual Cathode Oscillator." International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 28, no. 11 (September 14, 2007): 911–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10762-007-9285-x.

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