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Academic literature on the topic 'Virtual cathode'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Virtual cathode"

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Hayashi, Hideki, Shien-Fong Lin, Boyoung Joung, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, James N. Weiss, and Peng-Sheng Chen. "Virtual electrodes and the induction of fibrillation in Langendorff-perfused rabbit ventricles: the role of intracellular calcium." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 295, no. 4 (October 2008): H1422—H1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00001.2008.

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A strong premature electrical stimulus (S2) induces both virtual anodes and virtual cathodes. The effects of virtual electrodes on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) transients and ventricular fibrillation thresholds (VFTs) are unclear. We studied 16 isolated, Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts with simultaneous voltage and [Ca2+]i optical mapping and for vulnerable window determination. After baseline pacing (S1), a monophasic (10 ms anodal or cathodal) or biphasic (5 ms-5 ms) S2 was applied to the left ventricular epicardium. Virtual electrode polarizations and [Ca2+]i varied depending on the S2 polarity. Relative to the level of [Ca2+]i during the S1 beat, the [Ca2+]i level 40 ms after the onset of monophasic S2 increased by 36 ± 8% at virtual anodes and 20 ± 5% at virtual cathodes ( P < 0.01), compared with 25 ± 5% at both virtual cathode-anode and anode-cathode sites for biphasic S2. The VFT was significantly higher and the vulnerable window significantly narrower for biphasic S2 than for either anodal or cathodal S2 ( n = 7, P < 0.01). Treatment with thapsigargin and ryanodine ( n = 6) significantly prolonged the action potential duration compared with control (255 ± 22 vs. 189 ± 6 ms, P < 0.05) and eliminated the difference in VFT between monophasic and biphasic S2, although VFT was lower for both cases. We conclude that virtual anodes caused a greater increase in [Ca2+]i than virtual cathodes. Monophasic S2 is associated with lower VFT than biphasic S2, but this difference was eliminated by the inhibition of the sarcoplasmic reticulum function and the prolongation of the action potential duration. However, the inhibition of the sarcoplasmic reticulum function also reduced VFT, indicating that the [Ca2+]i dynamics modulate, but are not essential, to ventricular vulnerability.
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Roy, Amitava, R. Menon, Vishnu Sharma, Ankur Patel, Archana Sharma, and D. P. Chakravarthy. "Features of 200 kV, 300 ns reflex triode vircator operation for different explosive emission cathodes." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 1 (November 27, 2012): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303461200095x.

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AbstractTo study the effect of explosive field emission cathodes on high power microwave generation, experiments were conducted on a reflex triode virtual cathode oscillator. Experimental results with cathodes made of graphite, stainless steel nails, and carbon fiber (needle type) are presented. The experiments have been performed at the 1 kJ Marx generator (200 kV, 300 ns, and 9 kA). The experimentally obtained electron beam diode perveance has been compared with the one-dimensional Child-Langmuir law. The cathode plasma expansion velocity has been calculated from the perveance data. It was found that the carbon fiber cathode has the lowest cathode plasma expansion velocity of 1.7 cm/μs. The radiated high power microwave has maximum field strength and pulse duration for the graphite cathode. It was found that the reflex triode virtual cathode oscillator radiates a single microwave frequency with the multiple needle cathodes for a shorter (<200 ns full width at half maximum) voltage pulse duration.
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Nikolski, Vladimir P., Aleksandre T. Sambelashvili, and Igor R. Efimov. "Mechanisms of make and break excitation revisited: paradoxical break excitation during diastolic stimulation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 282, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): H565—H575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00544.2001.

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10.1152/ajpheart.00544.2001. Onset and termination of electric stimulation may result in “make” and “break” excitation of the heart tissue. Wikswo et al. (30) explained both types of stimulations by virtual electrode polarization. Make excitation propagates from depolarized regions (virtual cathodes). Break excitation propagates from hyperpolarized regions (virtual anodes). However, these studies were limited to strong stimulus intensities. We examined excitation during weak near-threshold diastolic stimulation. We optically mapped electrical activity from a 4 × 4-mm area of epicardium of Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts ( n = 12) around the pacing electrode in the presence ( n = 12) and absence ( n = 2) of 15 mM 2,3-butanedione monoxime. Anodal and cathodal 2-ms stimuli of various intensities were applied. We imaged an excitation wavefront with 528-μs resolution. We found that strong stimuli (×5 threshold) result in make excitation, starting from the virtual cathodes. In contrast, near-threshold stimulation resulted in break excitation, originating from the virtual anodes. Characteristic biphasic upstrokes in the virtual cathode area were observed. Break and make excitation represent two extreme cases of near-threshold and far-above-threshold stimulations, respectively. Both mechanisms are likely to contribute during intermediate clinically relevant strengths.
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Capeáns, M., W. Dominik, M. Hoch, L. Ropelewski, F. Sauli, L. Shekhtman, and A. Sharma. "The virtual cathode chamber." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 400, no. 1 (November 1997): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(97)00947-9.

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Choi, Eun Ha, Kew Yong Sung, Wook Jeon, and Yoon Jung. "Axially Extracted Virtual Cathode Oscillator with Annular Cathode." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 124, no. 9 (2004): 773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.124.773.

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Fiala, Pavel. "Pulse-powered virtual cathode oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 18, no. 4 (August 2011): 1046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2011.5976094.

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Belomyttsev, S. Ya, A. A. Grishkov, S. A. Kitsanov, I. K. Kurkan, S. D. Polevin, V. V. Ryzhov, and R. V. Tsygankov. "Measuring the virtual cathode velocity." Technical Physics Letters 34, no. 7 (July 2008): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106378500807002x.

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Chen, Y., J. Mankowski, J. Walter, M. Kristiansen, and R. Gale. "Cathode and Anode Optimization in a Virtual Cathode Oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 14, no. 4 (August 2007): 1037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2007.4286545.

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Sze, H., J. Benford, and W. Woo. "High-power microwave emission from a virtual cathode oscillator." Laser and Particle Beams 5, no. 4 (November 1987): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600003189.

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Pinched electron beams emit high power microwaves by formation of a virtual cathode. Radiation occurs simultaneously with pinching or slightly thereafter. Observations of strong electrostatic fields and the partitioning of current into reflexing and transmitting populations at the same time that microwaves are emitted indicate virtual cathode formation. Microwaves originate mainly from the virtual cathode side of the anode. A two-dimensional model for the electron flow in the presence of a virtual cathode is presented. The model allows for electron reflexing and velocity distribution spread. Solutions with strong radial flow agree closely with microwave measurements, and result in the microwave frequency scaling linearly with diode current.
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Zhang, Yi Chen, Can Lun Li, Xin Ying Li, and Hui Li. "Virtual Design and Visual Simulation of Cathode Target on Magnetron Sputtering Coater." Advanced Engineering Forum 2-3 (December 2011): 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.2-3.1088.

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In order to solve the traditional problems such as long designing cycle and high designing cost, the research applies the virtual simulation technology to the design of cathode target on magnetron sputtering vacuum coater. Through analyzing, modeling and simulating, the process model of a typical cathode target on magnetron sputtering coater is proposed. The virtual design of cathode target framework based on distributed collaborative simulation is constructed, which provides a theorial basis for the research of virtual design on cathode target.Using Solidworks software, parts modeling and assembly modeling of cathode target are realized. Using ADAMS, the movements of charged particles in magnetic field and high frequency alternating electric field are simulated, and the visual animation simulation of particles movement is achieved. The research demonstrates the feasibility of virtual simulation technology on vacuum coater design.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Virtual cathode"

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Bakush, Sherif Mohamed. "The operation of LaB6 cathode in the virtual source mode." Thesis, University of York, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.583243.

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This thesis describes the design of a novel electron cathode as utilised in electron microscopes and electron beam lithography columns. The Lanthanum Hexaboride (LaB6) cathode is a high brightness thermionic electron cathode with lower operating temperature and increased lifetime compared to those obtained by the conventional thermionic tungsten (W) cathodes. This cathode also has several similarities to the zirconium on tungsten Zr/O/W (100) Schottky field emission cathode (SFE) including similar operating temperature of 1800K and similar work function. One important difference is that the LaB6 does not require as stringent vacuum requirements, as the SFE or indeed other field emission based cathodes. LaB6 cathodes normally operate with a stable beam current at vacuum regimes of 1O-7mbar. The significant difference between these two cathodes is their respective brightness being more than xl00 apart. The reason for this is their different mode of operation. As a result, the SFE cathode has a virtual source size of order 20-30 nrn, whilst the LaB6 cathode has a real crossover source of 5-20/-lm in size, depending on the physical cathode size used. The underlying objective of this research was to operate a thermionic LaB6 cathode in a virtual source mode, similar to a SFE cathode. The expectation is to increase this cathode's brightness, whilst benefiting from its less stringent vacuum operational requirements. The LaB6 cathode operating in the virtual source mode (VS-LaB6) is capable of filling the brightness gap between the thermionic class of cathodes and those operated in the virtual source mode. It also possesses the benefit of a simpler design and operational requirements of a new class of higher brightness electron beam columns with a moderate vacuum. Experiments were performed to demonstrate the theoretical principle underlying the operation of a LaB6 in the virtual source mode. Data obtained using the VS- LaB6 cathode showed a performance improvement in brightness of nearly a single order of magnitude when operated in an electron microscope over the conventional LaB6 cathode. The V - LaB6 cathode was also successfully installed on a modern Carl Zeiss Evo 15 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), which saw a considerable improvement in resolution.
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Toh, Wee Kian. "Theoretical and numerical studies of a co-axial virtual cathode oscillator." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411394.

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Möller, Cecilia. "Design and Experiments with High Power Microwave Sources : The Virtual Cathode Oscillator." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Rymd- och plasmafysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-104794.

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High-Power Microwaves (HPM) can be used to intentionally disturb or destroy electronic equipment at a distance by inducing high voltages and currents.This thesis presents results from simulations and experiments with a narrow band HPM source, the vircator. The high voltages needed to generate HPM puts the vircator under great stress, especially the electrode materials. Several electrode materials have been tested for endurance and their influence on the characteristics of the microwave pulse. With the proper materials the shot-to-shot variations are small and the geometry can be optimized in terms of e.g. output power or frequency content. Experiments with a resonant cavity added to the vircator geometry showed that with proper tuning of the cavity, the frequency content of the microwave radiation is very narrow banded and in this case the highest fields are generated. The vircator can be built in different geometries. Four different vircator types are investigated and the coaxial vircator is found to have advantages as a high radiated power and the possibility to vary the polarization during operation.Since HPM pulses are very short and have high field strengths, special field probes are needed. An HPM pulse may shift in frequency during the pulse and therefore it is very important to be able to compensate for the frequency dependence of the entire measurement system. The development and use of a far-field measurement system is described.

QC 20121122

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Bowden-Reid, Richard. "An Experimental Study of Gridded and Virtual Cathode Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Systems." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/21070.

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Inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusion is a technique by which electric fields confine and heat ions. The concept uses concentric electrodes to accelerate and focus ions thereby creating the conditions necessary for nuclear fusion. IEC cathodes may be mechanical, in the form of metallic grids or virtual, formed through trapping a net negative space charge. An experimental study was carried out into the operation of IEC devices of both types. The phenomenon of surface fusion in a gridded IEC was examined and the total fusion rate found to be dominated by atomic interactions on the cathode surface. The material and temperature of the IEC cathode were found to have a profound influence on the observed fusion rate, with graphite seen to perform exceptionally well when compared to transition metal cathodes. The research indicates that great improvements in the fusion efficiency of gridded IEC machines are possible through careful choice of grid material and the implementation of active cathode cooling. Also described is the design and construction, as well as initial operation of MCVC-0, a successor to previous Polywell style devices constructed at The University of Sydney. The device makes use of a biconic cusp magnetic field to confine electrons in space, thereby generating a virtual cathode. Biased and floating Langmuir probe measurements were used to examine potential well formation in the new machine, as well as diagnose the fundamental plasma parameters of temperature and density. Preliminary experimental work indicates poor performance of MCVC-0 with respect to virtual cathode formation and these shortcomings are addressed in terms of non-isotropic electrical conductivity in magnetised plasmas. The plasma conductivity model is extended to previously published virtual cathode machines and is shown to adequately describe the observed device behaviour, providing a possible alternate physical explanation for virtual cathode formation.
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Hägg, Martin. "Theoretical analysis and simulation of microwave-generation from a coaxial vircator." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316595.

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High-power microwave, HPM, systems can be used as non-lethal weapons with the ability to destroy or disturb electronics, by damaging internal circuits and inducing high currents. Today microwave sources are being developed with peak powers exceeding 1 GW, one of these devices is the vircator, a narrowband source which is unique to the HPM community. In order to understand and develop microwave sources like the vircator it is necessary to have computer models, as simulations gives an invaluable understanding of the mechanisms involved during operation, saving time and development costs.                                                                  This thesis presents the results from a theoretical analysis and a simulation study using a well known electromagnetic particle-in-cell code, Computer Simulation Technology Particle Studio. The results are then compared to measured data from a HPM system, the Bofors HPM Blackout. The results show that CST PS can be used to design and study the coaxial vircator with good results.
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Coutinho, Sofia de Sousa. "Étude et analyse des propriétés fondamentales du dititanate de rubidium Rb2Ti2O5 pour des applications de stockage d’énergie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS087.

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Un système memristif est un composant dont la valeur de la résistance est fonction de tout l’historique électrique, soit des charges ou du flux qui l’a traversé. Cette propriété peut être employée pour le stockage de l’information et dans certaines conditions de l’énergie. Or, le dititanate de rubidium (RTO) présente des propriétés memristives et de stockage intrinsèques. Cette thèse a pour objet l’étude et l’analyse des propriétés fondamentales du RTO pour des applications de stockage d’énergie. L’étude fondamentale a été conduite par l’intermédiaire d’expériences de résonance magnétique nucléaire, de spectroscopie d’impédance ou encore de distribution de charge. Elle a permis la mise en évidence de propriétés intrinsèques telles que l’accumulation d’espèces ioniques négatives à l’interface anodique associée à l’existence d’une cathode virtuelle et le rôle fondamental de l’eau dans les propriétés remarquables du RTO. Ces résultats expérimentaux, associés à une étude théorique, ont permis d’aboutir à un modèle microscopique de dissociation de l’eau et de conduction des espèces mobiles au sein du RTO via un mécanisme de Grotthuss. Des dispositifs analogues à des supercondensateurs pour le stockage de l’énergie électrique ont été réalisés et caractérisés. Les résultats obtenus confirment l’intérêt du RTO pour ce genre d’application avec de nombreuses pistes d’améliorations possibles
A so-called memristive system is a component whose resistance value is a function of all the electrical history, which is to say of all the charges or the flow that has passed through it. This property is likely to be used for information storage and under certain conditions for energy storage. However, rubidium dititanate (RTO) has intrinsic memristive and storage properties. The purpose of this thesis is to study and analyze the fundamental properties of RTO for energy storage applications. The fundamental study was carried out through nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, impedance spectroscopy or even charge distribution. It has allowed the demonstration of intrinsic properties such as the accumulation of negative ionic species at the anodic interface associated with the existence of a virtual cathode and the fundamental role of water in the remarkable properties of RTO. These experimental results, combined with a theoretical study, led to a microscopic model of water dissociation and conduction of mobile species within the RTO via a Grotthuss-type mechanism. Supercapacitor-like devices for electrical energy storage were then developed and characterized. The results obtained confirm the interest of RTO for this type of application with many possible avenues for improvement
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Yeh, Rann Shyan, and 葉任賢. "Computer Simulation Studies of Virtual Cathode Oscillator." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23626976125068421784.

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Teng, Hsuan-Hao, and 鄧亘皓. "High Efficiency TE11 Mode Virtual Cathode Oscillator." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sbrjc4.

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博士
國立臺灣大學
物理學研究所
106
Vircator is a pulsed high power microwave source device with the advantages of simple structure, high peak power, low e-beam quality necessary and no external magnetic field, etc. However, short pulse width, frequency drift, output power instability and low beam-wave interaction is the main disadvantage of Vircator. We base on previous study [59] and use the MAGIC (PIC simulation software) for physical properties analysis and optimization of three-dimensional asymmetric coaxial structure to achieve TE11 output mode. In this thesis, we study the competition mechanism between TE11 and TM01 mode and increase the efficiency of beam-wave interaction to 7.6%, which the output frequency of 7.2GHz and the peak power of 2.78GW. In this thesis, we use numerical simulation to illustrate mode excitation mechanism which is few noticed and discussed in literatures [21-68]. We find that in the same design structure, due to the adjustment of the gap between cathode and anode and variation of the virtual cathode will affect excitation mode. It is corresponding to self-oscillation of the virtual cathode and forth-and-back motion of e-beam in diode region. Compared with literature [61], we optimize the enhanced coaxial vircator structure to improve the efficiency from 4% to 7.6%.
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Lan, Yung-Chiang, and 藍永強. "Study of vacuum triodes:from field emission microtriodes to virtual cathode oscillators." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05886146503999566385.

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Books on the topic "Virtual cathode"

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Mien-Win, Wu, and He neng yan jiu suo., eds. Pulsed high-power microwaves from a virtual-cathode reflex triode. Lung-Tan, Taiwan, Republic of China: Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, 1987.

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Jurgen, Ronald, ed. Electronic Instrument Panel Displays. SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/9780768002270.

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Electronic instrument panel displays systems covers the many technical considerations of instrument panel display systems including brightness, contrast, temperature sensitivity, space requirements, color capabilities and human factors concepts. As part of the Progress in Technology Electronics Series, this book contains 40 technical papers written in the last eleven years on the progress of instrument panel displays and their corresponding electronic systems. Papers are grouped according to display technology and present the most recent advances in that area plus several of historical interest. Electronic Instrument Panel Display Systems is divided into ten sections: vacuum fluorescent displays; fluorescent indicator panels; liquid crystal displays; electroluminescent displays; light emitting diode displays; electroluminescent displays; light emitting diode displays; cathode ray tube displays; head up displays; virtual and holographic displays; reconfigurable displays; and human factors considerations.
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Book chapters on the topic "Virtual cathode"

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Litovko, Iryna, Alexey Goncharov, Andrew Dobrovolskyi, and Iryna Naiko. "The Emerging Field Trends Erosion-Free Electric Hall Thrusters Systems." In Plasma Science and Technology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99096.

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The Hall-type accelerator with closed Hall current and open (that is unbounded by metal or dielectric) walls was proposed and considered both theoretically and experimentally. The novelty of this accelerator is the use of a virtual parallel surface of the anode and the cathode due to the principle of equipotentialization of magnetic field lines, which allows to avoid sputtering of the cathode surface and preserve the dynamics of accelerated ions. The formation of the actual traction beam should be due to the acceleration of ions with the accumulated positive bulk charge. A two-dimensional hybrid model in cylindrical coordinates is created in the framework of which the possibility of creation a positive space charge at the system axes is shown. It is shown that the ions flow from the hump of electrical potential can lead to the creation of a powerful ion flow, which moves along the symmetry axis in both sides from the center.
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Conference papers on the topic "Virtual cathode"

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Fuks, Mikhail, and Edl Schamiloglu. "Magnetron with virtual cathode." In 2013 IEEE 40th International Conference on Plasma Sciences (ICOPS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2013.6633277.

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Kim, Se-Hoon, Chang-Jin Lee, Jae-Ho Rhee, Young-Maan Cho, Ji-Eun Baek, and Kwang-Cheol Ko. "Effects of electron beam focusing on virtual cathode formation in virtual cathode oscillator." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2016.7533984.

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Magda, I. I., A. V. Pashchenko, S. S. Romanov, I. N. Shapoval, and V. E. Novikov. "Theory of feedback in generators with virtual cathode. Analytical theory of virtual cathode." In 2004 14th International Crimean Conference "Microwave and Telecommunication Technology". IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/crmico.2004.183356.

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Chen, Yeong-Jer, John Mankowski, John Walter, and Magne Kristiansen. "Virtual Cathode Oscillator Component Optimization." In Conference Record of the 2006 Twenty-Seventh International Power Modulator Symposium. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/modsym.2006.365206.

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Tsang-Lang Lin, Tsang-Lang Lin, Wen-Ting Chen Wen-Ting Chen, Wen-Jong Liou Wen-Jong Liou, and Yan Hu Yan Hu. "Computer simulation of virtual cathode oscillations." In 1990 Plasma Science IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. IEEE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.1990.110662.

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Badarin, Artem A., Semen A. Kurkin, Andrey V. Andreev, Alexey A. Koronovskii, Nikita S. Frolov, and Alexander E. Hramov. "Virtual cathode oscillator with elliptical resonator." In 2017 Eighteenth International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivec.2017.8289607.

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Wang, Honggang, and Yazhou Zhang. "A Virtual Cathode Oscillator with Double Cavities." In 2007 IEEE Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ppps.2007.4345841.

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Jiang, Weihua. "Time-frequency analysis of virtual cathode oscillator." In 2009 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference (PPC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ppc.2009.5386189.

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Stephens, K. F., C. A. Ordonez, and R. E. Peterkin. "Virtual cathode formations in nested-well configurations." In Non-neutral plasma physics III. AIP, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1302147.

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Jiang, Weihua, Kousuke Kanbara, Syuhei Ohno, Takahiro Yuyama, and Kiyoshi Yatsui. "High-Power Microwave Generation by Virtual Cathode Oscillator." In IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. 2005 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2005.359512.

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Reports on the topic "Virtual cathode"

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Kristiansen, M., and J. Mankowski. Coaxial Virtual Cathode Enhancement. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada427587.

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