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Academic literature on the topic 'Viride'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Viride"

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Aribowo, Sandi Sutopo, Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono, and Nies Suci Mulyani. "Aktivitas Trichoderma viride Fncc6013 dalam Menghidrolisis Kulit Pisang Raja (Musa Paradisiaca L. Var. Sapientum) dengan Variasi Waktu Fermentasi." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 15, no. 2 (August 1, 2012): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.15.2.53-57.

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Trichoderma viride merupakan jamur selulolitik yang menghasilkan enzim kompleks selulase yang dapat menghidrolisis ikatan kimia dari selulosa menjadi glukosa. Aktivitas Trichoderma viride dipengaruhi oleh waktu fermentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan Trichoderma viride yang telah diadaptasikan pada media fermentasi kulit pisang raja dan memperoleh data kadar gula pereduksi dari aktivitas Trichoderma viride dalam menghidrolisis kulit pisang raja pada variasi waktu fermentasi. Tahapan penelitian terdiri dari delignifikasi kulit pisang raja, sterilisasi alat dan bahan, pembuatan media fermentasi, peremajaan jamur Trichoderma viride, dan uji aktivitas Trichoderma viride dalam menghidrolisis kulit pisang raja dengan variasi waktu fermentasi. Trichoderma viride dapat tumbuh pada media fermentasi kulit pisang raja. Aktivitas Trichoderma viride dalam menghidrolisis kulit pisang raja optimum pada waktu fermentasi hari ke-7 dengan kadar gula pereduksi sebesar 41,40 mg/L
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R Sarjono, Purbowatiningrum, Nies S Mulyani, and Wirnia S Setyani. "KADAR GLUKOSA DARI HIDROLISIS SELULOSA PADA ECENG GONDOK MENGGUNAKAN Trichoderma viride DENGAN VARIASI TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU FERMENTASI." Molekul 7, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2012.7.2.118.

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Telah kita ketahui bahwa eceng gondok merupakan salah satu sumber selulosa yang melimpah di alam dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber karbon bagi jamur Trichoderma viride. Eceng gondok memiliki bobot kering selulosa 21,5%, hemiselulosa 33,9% dan lignin 7,01%. Trichoderma viride adalah jamur saprofit yang berpotensi memproduksi selulase yang mampu mendegradasi ikatan β-1,4-glikosida pada rantai selulosa untuk menghasilkan glukosa. Glukosa dapat dimanfaatkan dalam produksi sirup gula, asam organik dan bioetanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan Trichoderma viride yang mampu tumbuh pada media pertumbuhan hasil modifikasi eceng gondok serta memperoleh temperatur optimum aktivitas Trichoderma viride dalam menghidrolisis eceng gondok dan waktu fermentasi terbaik dalam menghasilkan glukosa.Proses pertama adalah persiapan sampel enceng gondok meliputi delignifikasi, kurva pertumbuhan Trichoderma viride dibuat dalam media modifikasi eceng gondok untuk mengetahui waktu optimum pertumbuhan Trichoderma viride. Penentuan temperatur optimum dan waktu fermentasi terbaik dari aktivitas Trichoderma viride didasarkan pada glukosa yang dihasilkan dari hidrolisis selulosa pada eceng gondok menggunakan metode Nelson Somogyi.Berdasarkan penelitian diperoleh hasil bahwa Trichoderma viride mampu tumbuh pada media modifikasi eceng gondok. Temperatur optimum aktivitas Trichoderma viride dalam menghidrolisis selulosa pada eceng gondok adalah 35oC dan waktu fermentasi terbaik dihasilkannya glukosa pada jam ke-96 yaitu sebesar 1,3864 mg/L.
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Ekundayo, Esther Aanuoluwa. "Assessment of the haematological parameters and biochemical indices of albino rats fed with spores of Trichoderma viride." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 7, no. 17 (2020): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs(2020)071707.

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The haematological as well as some enzymes biomarkers of albino rats orogastically dosed with different concentrations of Trichoderma viride as well as T. viride subjected to various treatments were evaluated. Generally, red blood cell count, haemoglobin content and packed cell volume of the control group were significantly higher than that of animals dosed with different concentrations of T. viride. The same trend was observed when T. viride was amended with 1% lactose, sodium nitrate and sodium chloride. There were no significant differences in the alanine aspartate, alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase values of animals dosed with lower concentrations of T. viride. This study suggests that lower concentration of T. viride could be used in controlling fungal phytopathogens.
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Kumar, Ramesh, Sanjeev Kumar, and Balkishan Chaudhary. "Effects of Trichoderma Species on the Growth of Fusarium Verticillioides." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 50, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 423–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v50i2.54101.

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Six biocontrol treatments viz., Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma harzianum, T. harzianum + T. viride, T. harzianum + T. virens and T. viride + T. virens were evaluated to test the antagonism against Fusarium verticillioides under in vitro conditions. The maximum growth inhibition (90.6%) was recorded in consortium of T. harzianum + T. viride in dual culture technique . The volatile and non volatile compounds from the consortium of T. harzianum + T. viride also found best and suppressed the mycelial growth of F. verticillioides to the tune of 83.90 and 84.61 %, respectively. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 423-425, 2021 (June)
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Parkash, V., S. Sharma, and A. Aggarwal. "Symbiotic and synergistic efficacy of endomycorrhizae with Dendrocalamus strictus L." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 10 (October 12, 2011): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/249/2010-pse.

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  The present investigation was undertaken to find out efficient strains of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM fungi) alone or in combinations with Trichoderma viride for inoculation Dendrocalamus strictus L. seedlings. The inoculated seedlings showed good response having higher plant height, phosphorous ions content in root and shoot, AM spore number and root colonization than non-inoculated (control) seedlings in both single (alone) and co-inoculation (combined consortium) experiments. T. viride showed significant growth followed by Glomus mosseae, G. fasciculatum and mixed AM with single inoculation. In co-inoculation, the best growth responses were observed with G. fasciculatum + T. viride followed by G. mosseae + T. viride, mixed vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) + T. viride, G. mosseae + G. fasciculatum + T. viride + mixed VAM, G. mosseae + G. fasciculatum + T. viride and G. mosseae + G. fasciculatum after 120 days and also depicted maximum increase in phosphorus content of shoot and root when compared with other inoculated seedlings. However, all the inoculated seedlings showed significant increase in phosphorus content when compared with control seedlings.
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Kushwaha, Shiva Kant, Sanjeev Kumar, and Balkishan Chaudhary. "Efficacy of Trichoderma against Sclerotium rolfsii causing collar rot disease of lentil under in vitro conditions." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i1.1622.

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Three biocontrol agents viz., Trichoderma viride, T. virens and T. harzianum were evaluated to test the antagonism against Sclerotium rolfsii under in vitro conditions. All the three antagonists’ viz., T. viride, T. virens and T. harzianum have shown the potential of parasitizing the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii in vitro. The rate of inhibition was fastest in T. harzianum (63.60%) followed by T virens (51.5 %). Least inhibition was recorded in T. viride (50.85% ) after 72 hours of incubation. However, T. viride showed the highest (91.31%) reduction in sclerotia formation followed by T. harzianum (84.92%) and T. virens (84.29%) after 15 days of incubation. The volatile compounds from Trichoderma viride were found most effective in suppressing the mycelial growth (51.11%) and sclerotia production (95.90%) of the target pathogen. The culture filtrate from both T. harzianum and T. viride (15% concentration) was found very effective in inhibiting the radial growth (57.46 and 49.62%) and sclerotia formation (98.20 and 99.83%) of Sclerotium rolfsii. The antagonists such as T. harzianum and T. viride can be used as a bio-control agent against S. rolfsii under field condition.
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Oleszek, Wiesław, Keith R. Price, and Roger G. Fenwick. "The sensitivity of Trichoderma viride to medicagenic acid, its natural glucosides (saponins) and derivatives." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 57, no. 3 (2014): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1988.035.

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Medicagenic acid, its 3-0-glucopyranoside and 3,28-di-(0-glucopyranoside), their methyl esters and acetyl derivatives were tested for their potential to retard the growth of the fungus <em>T. viride</em>. The varying antifungal activities are discussed in relation to published data and to the applicability of <em>T. virile</em> - based biological methods for the quantification of saponins in plant material.
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Ruswandari, Vira Ruainiah, Ahmad Syauqi, and Tintrim Rahayu. "Uji Antagonis Jamur Trichoderma viride dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Jamur Patogen Alternaria porri Penyebab Penyakit Bercak Ungu pada Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.)." BIOSAINTROPIS (BIOSCIENCE-TROPIC) 5, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/e-jbst.v5i2.255.

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Trichoderma viride is a microorganism that is commonly found in moist soil and can be isolated from the root area of the shallot plant (Allium ascalonicum L.). The study aim was to determine the mechanism and the difference in percentage of inhibitory power by Trichoderma viride in inhibiting growth of Alternaria porri pathogen at pH 4.8 and 7. The descriptive method was used by descriptive method to isolate Alternaria porri and Trichoderma viride fungi and then purified, and the experimental method tested Trichoderma viride fungal antagonists against Alternaria porri with two PDA media treatments pH 4.8 that observed for 3 days and pH 7 observed for 4 days. The results of the percentage of inhibitory power on the day 1,2,3 were 9%, 34.2% and 35% (pH 4.8), and the results of the percentage of inhibition power of the day 1,2,3 and 4 were 1.9%, 29.9%, 35% and 39.4% (pH 7). The inhibition mechanism of Trichoderma viride in inhibiting Alternaria porri fungi through the stages of antibiosis, parasitism and lysis. Keywords: Trichoderma viride, Alternaria porri, shallot plants, pH 4,8 and pH 7. ABSTRAK Jamur Trichoderma viride merupakan mikroorganisme yang umum dijumpai dalam tanah yang lembab dan dapat diisolasi dari daerah perakaran tanaman bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui mekanisme dan perbedaan persentase daya hambat oleh jamur Trichoderma viride dalam menghambat pertumbuhan patogen Alternaria porri pada pH 4,8 dan 7. Metode yamg digunakan metode deskriptif dengan mengisolasi jamur Alternaria porri dan Trichoderma viride lalu dimurnikan, dan metode eksperimen melakukan uji antagonis jamur Trichoderma viride terhadap Alternaria porri dengan dua perlakuan media PDA pH 4,8 yamg diaamati selama 3 hari dan pH 7 yang diamati selama 4 hari. Hasil persentase daya hambat pada hari ke 1,2,3 yaitu 9%, 34,2% dan 35% (pH 4,8), dan hasil persentase daya hambat hari ke 1,2,3 dan 4 yaitu 1,9%, 29,9%, 35% dan 39,4% (pH 7). Hal ini diketahui bahwa hasil terakhir persentase daya hambat 35% (pH 4,8) dan 39,4% (pH 7). Mekanisme Penghambatan Jamur Trichoderma viride dalam menghambat jamur Alternaria porri melalui tahap antibiosis, parasitisme dan lisis. Kata kunci: Trichoderma viride, Alternaria porri, tanaman bawang merah, pH 4,8 dan pH 7.
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Wahyuni, Siti Hardianti, and Dini Puspita Yanti Nst. "Pengaruh Kombinasi Berbagai Jenis Pupuk Organik yang Didekomposisi dengan Trichoderma Viride Terhadap Intensitas Kerusakan Bonggol Tanaman Pisang." Jurnal Pertanian Tropik 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v6i3.3197.

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Pengaruh kombinasi berbagai pupuk organic yang didekomposisi dengan Trichoderma viride terhadap intensitas kerusakan bonggol tanaman pisang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kombinasi jenis bahan organik dalam menekan intensitas kerusakan bonggol tanaman pisang terhadap Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. cubense (Foc). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di lahan Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Graha Nusantara Padangsidimpuan, mulai Februari sampai bulan Agustus 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri atas 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan adalah kombinasi berbagai bahan organik sebagai berikut : (a) Kotoran ayam dan jerami didekomposisi oleh T. viride, (b) Kotoran sapi dan jerami didekomposisi oleh T. viride, (c) Kotoran ayam dan kotoran sapi didekomposisi oleh T. viride, (d) Kotoran sapi, kotoran ayam dan jerami didekomposisi oleh T. viride, (e) Kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan intensitas kerusakan bonggol terendah yaitu pada perlakuan SAJ (menggunakan bahan organic kotoran sapi, kotoran ayam dan jerami) sebesar 0,42 %.
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Lesmana, Andrik, Ning Iriyanti, and Titin Widiyastuti. "KADAR NDF DAN ADF KULIT BUAH KAKAO YANG DIFERMENTASI SECARA BERTINGKAT MENGGUNAKAN Trichoderma viride DAN Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NDF and ADF Levels of Cocoa Pod Husk Gradually Fermented Using Trichoderma viride and Saccharomyces cerevisiae)." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan 8, no. 2 (July 28, 2020): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jitp.v8i2.6825.

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The research aimed to examine the effect of gradual fermentation using Trichoderma viride and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its most optimal level of use on lowering NDF and ADF levels of cocoa pod husks. The experiment was conducted experimentally according to a completely randomized design (CRD) consisted of four treatments and five replications. The treatments were R0: cocoa pod husks without fermentation, R1: cocoa pod husk fermentation (T. viride 4% and S. cerevisiae 4%), R2: cocoa pod husk fermentation (T. viride 8% and S. cerevisiae 8%), R3: cocoa pod husk fermentation (T. viride 12% and S. cerevisiae 12%). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the orthogonal polynomial test. The results showed that the gradual fermentation using T. viride and S. cerevisiae was highly significant in reducing levels of NDF and ADF of cocoa pod husks, following the equation Y = 78.926 – 0.087X – 0.092 X2 + 0.007 X3, (R2) = 93.4% and Y = 75.274 – 5.698X + 1.277 X2 – 0.073 X3, (R2) = 99.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the optimal level of using T. viride and S. cerevisiae in lowering the levels of NDF of cocoa pod husk was 9.21%, which can reduce the NDF level as much as 3.98%, while the optimal level of using T. viride and S. cerevisiae in lowering the levels of NDF of cocoa pod husks was 3.01%, which can decrease the ADF level as much as 10.01%.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Viride"

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Hurmann, Eliéte Moura de Souza. "Atividade antimicrobiana de Trichoderma viride e Trichoderma stromaticum." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1823.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:01:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliete Moura de Souza Hurmann.pdf: 819870 bytes, checksum: 4302d144fe2194c2bcd5c074b31e3635 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-08
Fundação Araucária
Trichoderma spp. is a promising antagonist, the development and use of products based on this organism gives us the opportunity not only to reduce health risks, but also costs and environmental damage. This work aimed to analyze the efficiency of Trichoderma viride extracts and Trichoderma stromaticum against some microorganisms of interest in clinical medicine, agriculture and fish farming. Among them Colletotrichum musae, banana anthracnose causes, Saprolegnia, which affects fish eggs and some bacteria that cause harm to human health. The dichlorometane extracts were tested at various concentrations, and as positive control a commercial antimicrobial. Inhibition of the pathogen was verified directly by paired cultivation technique. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated by disk diffusion and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microdilution test broth. In situ tests were done in the fruit inoculating the pathogenic fungus and treated with the extracts and the sensory analysis where it was determined the acceptance of the product. In cultivation paired the Trichoderma spp. inhibited the growth of pathogens being 0.05% significance level. In the disk diffusion test results were positive, and for E. coli and Aeromonas hydrophila gave the best results. MIC against microorganisms of the extracts ranged from 50% to 3,125%. Given the results presented, it is concluded that the extracts were effective in in vitro inhibition of the microorganisms as well as their application in the fruits did not alter the organoleptic characteristics.
O Trichoderma spp. é um antagonista promissor, o desenvolvimento e uso de produtos à base deste microrganismo nos oferece a oportunidade, não apenas de reduzir os riscos da saúde, mas também custos e danos ambientais. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a eficiência dos extratos de Trichoderma viride e Trichoderma stromaticum contra alguns microrganismos de interesse na clínica médica, agricultura e piscicultura. Dentre eles o Colletotrichum musae, causador da antracnose da banana, Saprolegnia, que acomete ovas de peixes e algumas bactérias que causam danos à saúde humana. Os extratos diclorometânicos foram testados em várias concentrações, tendo como controle positivo um antimicrobiano comercial. A inibição do patógeno foi verificada, de forma direta pela técnica de cultivo pareado. A atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos foi avaliada por disco-difusão e pela determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) por teste de microdiluição em caldo. Foram feitos testes in situ no fruto inoculando o fungo patogênico e tratados com os extratos e a análise sensorial onde foi determinada a aceitação do produto. No cultivo pareado os Trichoderma spp. inibiram o crescimento dos patógenos sendo 0,05% de significância. No teste de disco-difusão os resultados foram positivos, sendo que para Aeromonas hydrophila e E. coli obteve-se os melhores resultados. O MIC (concentração inibitória mínima)dos extratos contra os microrganismos variou de 50% a 3,125 %. Diante dos resultados apresentados, evidenciou-se que, os extratos foram eficientes na inibição in vitrodos microrganismos testados, bem como sua aplicação nos frutos não alterou as características organolépticas dos mesmos.
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Uribe, Ramos Moisés Jesús. "Compatibilidad entre el Nematicida oxamilo y Trichoderma viride en condiciones de laboratorio." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/14072.

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Determina la compatibilidad entre Trichoderma viride con el nematicida oxamilo en condiciones de laboratorio. Se trabajó con 3 concentraciones distintas (960, 1200 y 1440 ppm.) de oxamilo, además del control (0 ppm.). Para evaluar el efecto de oxamilo sobre la germinación de T. viride, se inoculó 15 ul de una solución de esporas con 1 x 10 8 esp. /ml en cuatro puntos equidistantes sobre las placas que contenían las diferentes concentraciones de oxamilo, además del grupo control, incubándose a 25º C, se evaluó a las 15 horas, luego se llevó a cabo el recuento de esporas germinadas y se determinó el porcentaje de germinación correspondiente a cada concentración de oxamilo además del control. Para evaluar el efecto del nematicida sobre el crecimiento, se sembró por puntura en el centro de cada placa a partir de un cultivo monospórico de T. viride, se incubó a 25ºC durante 72 horas. Se realizaron cinco ensayos por cada concentración incluyendo el control. Los resultados fueron expresados como porcentaje promedio de germinación y de crecimiento respectivamente, encontrándose que el oxamilo disminuye el porcentaje de germinación Trichoderma viride y que no afecta el crecimiento ni la capacidad patogénica de dicho hongo.
Tesis
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Parzianello, Francini Requia. "USO DE POLÍMEROS EM FORMULAÇÕES PARA ARMAZENAMENTO DE Trichoderma harzianum E Trichoderma viride." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4851.

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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
Trichoderma spp. is one of the most studied funguses as a biocontrol agent, being antagonistic to various plant pathogens in different cultures. This work aimed the production of liquid bio formulate of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride based on biopolymer Xanthan Gum (GX) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and the polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).The bio formulates were composed of glycerol 10.0 gL -1, yeast extract 0.5 gL -1, MgSO 4 .7 H 2 0 0.2 gL -1, K 2 HPO 4 0.5 gL -1 and NaCl 0.1 gL -1. These amounts were determined by assessing the shortest period of time between the inoculation and sporulation of the fungus in Petri dishes containing PDA culture medium (potato dextrose agar) and bio formulates. The purpose of the use of these products were to make available a formulation that presents 180 days of shelf validity, as regarding the survival parameters (number of spores), evaluated using a Neubauer chamber and infectivity in vitro evaluated by testing direct confrontation with Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht . The evaluations were performed at intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 days. The treatments used were G 1 P 1 C 2 (GX, 1.0 gL -1; PVP, 1.0 gL -1; CMC, 2.0 g L -1), G 0.5 P0.5 C1 (GX, 0.5 gL -1; PVP, 0.5 gL -1; CMC, 1.0 g L -1), G 2P 2C (GX, 2.0 gL -1; PVP, 2.0 gL-1) and GPC1 (CMC, 1.0 gL-1), stored in sterile plastic container at room temperature. T. harzianum showed the best result with G 0.5 P0.5C 1 in all periods of assessment. For T. viride none of the treatments was better than the control in the assessed periods. Polymers make possible to develop effective means of storage, extending the life of bio formulates.
Trichoderma spp. é um dos fungos mais pesquisados como agente de biocontrole, sendo antagonista a vários fitopatógenos em diferentes culturas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a produção de bioformulado líquido de Trichoderma harzianum e Trichoderma viride a base de biopolímeros Goma Xantana (GX) e Carboximetilcelulose (CMC) e o polímero Polivinilpirrolidona (PVP). Os bioformulados foram compostos por glicerol 10,0 gL-1, extrato de levedura 0,5 gL-1, MgSO4.7H20 0,2 gL-1, K2HPO4 0,5 gL-1 e NaCl 0,1 gL-1. As quantidades foram determinadas através da avaliação do menor período de tempo entre a repicagem e a esporulação do fungo em placas de Petri, contendo meio de cultura BDA (batata dextrose ágar) e os bioformulados. A finalidade do uso destes produtos foi disponibilizar uma formulação que apresente 180 dias de validade em prateleira, quanto aos parâmetros sobrevivência (número de esporos), avaliado através de Câmara de Neubauer e infectividade in vitro avaliado através de teste de confrontação direta com Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. Os intervalos de avaliações ocorreram aos 30, 60, 90, 120 e 180 dias. Os tratamentos utilizados foram G1P1C2 (1,0gL-1 GX, 1,0 gL-1 PVP, 2,0 gL-1 CMC), G0,5P0,5C1 (0,5 gL-1 GX, 0,5 gL-1 PVP, 1,0 gL-1 CMC), G2P2C (2,0 gL-1 GX, 2,0 gL-1 PVP) e GPC1 (1,0 gL-1 CMC), armazenados em embalagens plásticas e estéreis, em temperatura ambiente. T. harzianum apresentou melhor resultado com G0,5P0,5C1 em todos períodos de avaliação. Para T. viride nenhum dos tratamentos foi melhor do que o controle nos períodos avaliados. Os polímeros permitem desenvolver meios eficazes de armazenamento, prolongando a vida útil de bioformulados.
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Cardwell, James Robert. "Behavioural endocrinology of the stoplight parrotfish, Sparisoma viride, Scaridae, a protogynous coral reef fish." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29067.

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The behavioural endocrinology of a protogynous coral reef fish, the stoplight parrotfish (Sparisoma viride, Scaridae) was investigated at Glover's Reef, Belize. Detailed behavioural observations in the field were combined with radioimmunoassay of steroids circulating in plasma (11-ketotestosterone, testosterone and 17[sub β]-estradiol) and histological examination of gonads to obtain precise correlations of behaviour, colouration and gonadal condition with endocrine status. The size, sex and colour phase distribution, together with histological analysis suggests that some individuals of this species undergo sex change as mature adult females, while others change sex as immature individuals, becoming functional males without passing through a female phase. Furthermore, some individuals change sex and colour phase simultaneously while others retain female-like 'initial phase' (Iph) colouration and function as Iph males before acquiring 'terminal phase' (Tph) colouration. Large Tph males defend permanent, all-purpose territories on which they pair-spawn daily with the females of a harem group. Smaller Tph males (bachelors) neither defend territories, nor spawn, but feed in groups and inhabit overlapping home-ranges. Females also inhabit overlapping home-ranges within the confines of a Tph male's territory. They spawn with the same male every day at high tide. Iph males are rare in this population. They spawn by releasing milt into the gamete cloud left after a pair-spawning event. Iph males also pair-spawn with females in the absence of Tph males. Sex change is correlated with the onset of 11-ketotestosterone production, and a dramatic decrease in plasma levels of estradiol. This is the first report to show that a naturally-occurring androgen increases in plasma concentration during sex change in a protogynous marine species. Administration of 11-ketotestosterone promotes sex and colour change in adult females. Thus, 11-ketotestosterone appears to play a key role in sex and colour phase change in this species. Males that retain Iph colouration after sex change have lower levels of 11-ketotestosterone (undetectable) and higher levels of estradiol than Tph males or males with transitional colouration. This suggests that estradiol may suppress colour phase change in Iph males. Bachelor Tph males have lower levels of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone than territorial males. Bachelors rapidly take over experimentally vacated territories, confinning the hypothesis that they are normally excluded from suitable habitat by territorial males. One week after territory acquisition, 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone increase to levels over and above those in undisturbed territorial males, but by three weeks, androgen levels are not significantly different from those in undisturbed territorial males. Simulated territorial intrusion promoted increased androgen production in Tph males, while access to territories without neighbours did not. Thus, the pattern of androgen production seen after territory acquisition is due to interactions with neighbouring males during territory boundary re-establishment. Increased levels of androgen during territorial challenges may promote increased aggressiveness and territorial vigilance, thereby increasing the chances of successfully defending against the challenge. These findings are discussed in light of recent theory in behavioural endocrinology.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
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Ujor, Victor Chinomso. "The physiological response of the white-rot fungus, Schizophyllum commune to Trichoderma viride, during interspecific mycelial combat." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2010. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9084x/the-physiological-response-of-the-white-rot-fungus-schizophyllum-commune-to-trichoderma-viride-during-interspecific-mycelial-combat.

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Fungal species compete for space and nutrients in organic matter, resulting in strong morphological and biochemical reactions in the interacting mycelia. Interspecific mycelial interactions have attracted extensive studies because of their potential applications in biological control, bio-pulping, screening for novel bioactive metabolites and enhancement of extracellular enzyme production. Studies of interspecific mycelial combat have also contributed to the understanding of the structure and development of fungal communities. Although the behaviour of interacting mycelia has been understood, mainly at the morphological level, the biochemical aspects have yet to be fully elucidated. The main aim of this study was to endeavour to understand the underlying cellular and molecular response patterns and adaptations of the white-rot fungus, Schizophyllum commune to a highly antagonistic strain of Trichoderma viride, by correlating the expression patterns of metabolites, proteins and selected genes of Schizophyllum commune in response to the antagonist. The study also investigated the implication of oxidative damage in these response patterns. Microscopic examination of stained and unstained mycelia of S. commune confronted by the mycelia of T. viride, revealed cell wall lysis, protoplasmic degeneration, hyphal expansion and subsequent hyphal disintegration, hence, cell death in the mycelia of S. commune, after 7 days of mycelial contact. Metabolite patterns of both species near the interaction zone were profiled by HPLC and GC/MS, in comparison to their self-paired mycelia. Sugar alcohols, phenolic compounds and organic acids were up-regulated in the interacting mycelia of both species, while �-aminobutyric acid, myo-inositol phosphate, pyridoxine and N-acetylglucosamine, were up-regulated in S. commune mycelia with a concurrent decrease in the levels of fatty acids detected in the latter. Expression patterns of selected genes of S. commune confronted by T. viride were investigated by RT-PCR, relative to patterns in its self-paired cultures. Genes encoding proteins involved in the synthesis of cell wall polymers, protein synthesis and protein quality control, signalling, and stress response were up-regulated. On the other hand, genes that code for proteins associated with glycolysis, nitrogen assimilation, membrane transport, mitochondrial ATP-synthetic machinery, and cellular multiplication/growth were down-regulated. Changes in protein expression were profiled in the mycelia of both species paired against each other using 2- Dimensional gel electrophoresis, and differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS, following peptide fragmentation. Proteins involved in protein synthesis and assembly, unfolded protein response, response to cellular injury, synthesis of phenolic compounds, recycling of carbon and nitrogen were up-regulated in the confronted mycelial domain of S. commune. Proteins involved in glycolysis and heat shock response were predominantly down-regulated in the mycelia of S. commune paired against T. viride. Proteins associated with antagonism, cellular metabolism, glycolysis, and ATP generation and protein synthesis were up-regulated in the mycelia of T. viride interacting with S. commune with a decline in the detected levels of proteins involved in cytoskeleton organisation. Biochemical assays revealed increases in the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and in the levels of indicators of oxidative stress and secondary metabolism, such as lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, superoxide anion and phenolic levels in the mycelia of S. commune paired against T. viride. Similarly, the activities and protein levels of phenol-oxidising enzymes, namely laccase and manganese peroxidase increased in the confronted mycelial domain of S. commune. Chitinase activity increased in mixed liquid cultures of both fungi. Protein, and gene expression patterns, in the confronted mycelia of S. commune suggest an increase in the flux through the protein synthetic machinery, possibly resulting in endoplasmic reticulum stress, which may have activated the unfolded protein response. These are strong indications of oxidative stress induction and switch of mycelial growth to secondary metabolism. There was little evidence of antagonism by S. commune towards T. viride, suggesting that the patterns reported herein, may be a response rather than an attack mechanism towards the latter.
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Graham, LeRae Beth. "Optimization of Hardwood Hemicellulose Hydrolysis by Xylanase from Trichoderma viride for the Development of an Integrated Forest Biorefinery." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/GrahamLR2008.pdf.

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Pietraszek, Wieslaw. "Contribution à l'étude des saponines chez la luzerne (M. Sativa L. ) : rôle antinutritionnel, variabilité génétique, aspects technologiques." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112288.

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L’étude entreprise couvrant une large variabilité génétique a permis de confirmer sur poussins le rôle antinutritionnel des saponines de la luzerne. Les effets variétaux, cycles de récolte, organes (feuilles, tiges, racines) ont été analysés. Le devenir des saponines au cours du processus d’extraction industrielle des protéines est étudié. Les méthodes de dosage biologique utilisables (Trichoderma, Tenebrio, hémolyse…) ont été mises en œuvre et comparées : elles apparaissent très bien corrélées et disponibles en sélection pour l’obtention de génotypes à faible teneur en saponines
The study undertaken dealnig with a large genetical variability allowed the author to confirm the antinutritional effect of lucerne saponins on chickens. The varietal effects, sequence cropping, plant parts (leaves, stems, roots) have been analysed. The becoming of saponins during the industrial extraction process of proteins have been studied. The biological dosage methods available (Trichoderma, Tenebrio, hemolysis…) have been tried and compared : they are very well correlated and available for plant breeders to obtain genotypes with low content of saponins
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Ordaz, Ortiz José Juan. "Dégradation enzymatique des parois du grain de blé (Triticum aestivum) par une endoxylanase de Trichoderma viride : Application à l'étude de la structure des arabinoxylanes et de leur variabilité." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2031.

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La dégradation enzymatique des parois du grain de blé (Triticum aestivum) et son application à l'étude de la variabilité structurale des arabinoxylanes (AX) de l'albumen amylacé a été entreprise pour mieux comprendre les propriétés des parois et maîtriser les mécanismes de biosynthèse qui les modulent. Les produits de dégradation des AX par une endoxylanase de Trichoderma viride ont été isolés et caractérisés par RMN du proton, puis utilisés pour produire des anticorps monoclonaux dirigés contre les AX. Les règles de leur fragmentation en spectrométrie de masse (ESI-Q-TOF) ont été établies. La xylanase a ensuite permis d'étudier la variabilité structurale des AX, et les relations entre AX solubles et insolubles ont été établies. Une méthode d'analyse rapide, basée sur l'empreinte enzymatique des AX, a été développée. Elle permet de discriminer les variétés et d'envisager leur criblage pour la recherche de QTL liés à la structure des AX et aux gènes de biosynthèse de ces macromolécules
The enzymatic degradation of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain cell walls and its application to study the structural variability of arabinoxylans (AX) from endosperm was carried out in order to better understand the properties of the walls and to control the mechanisms of biosynthesis which modulate them. AX degradation products by an endoxylanase from Trichoderma viride were isolated and characterized by proton NMR. Isolated oligomers were used to produce monoclonal antibodies directed against AX. Their fragmentation rules in mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF) were also established. The xylanase was then used to study the variability of AX and structural relationship between the soluble and insoluble fractions of AX were established. A new fast method, based on the enzymatic fingerprinting of AX, was developed and allowed to discriminate wheat cultivars. This method allowed to screen cultivars to find QTL related to AX structure and thus to highlight genes involved in their biosynthesis
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Gherrabti, Abdelkrim. "Production de la 6-pentyl-(alpha)-pyrone à partir de culture de champignons filamenteux du genre Trichoderma : optimisation de sa biosynthèse en réacteur à lit fluidisé." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10282.

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La biosynthese de la 6-pentyl, pyrone (arome : noix de coco) a partir l'espece de trichoderma a ete etudiee en fonction de differents parametres. La production de l'arome varie en fonction de la nature de la souche, de l'etat physiologique du champignon et du milieu de culture. Cette etude a ete realisee dans cinq milieux differents. Les milieux de culture, sabouraud avec 2 % de glucose et l'extrait de malt de berley, vis a vis d'une souche de trichoderma viride non sporulee, se revelent etre les plus performants tant pour la qualite que pour la quantite de pyrone produite. Une production maximale de 250 mg/l a ete obtenue en erlens de 250 ml. La biosynthese de la 6-pentyl, pyrone a ete ensuite mise en uvre dans un bioreacteur a lit fluidise de 2 litres. La cinetique de production de la pyrone a ete etablie et un rendement de 120 mg/l a ete obtenu en 192 heures. Dans le but de transferer nos resultats a une application industrielle, nous avons entrepris une etude chimiometrique de la biosynthese de la 6-pentyl, pyrone. Le modele previsionnel dans le domaine experimental etudie, a permis de determiner l'optimum de la production a 120-130 mg/l. , dans un bioreacteur de 2 litres.
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Bannach, Oliver. "Viroid-Protein-Komplexe und deren Bedeutung für Replikation und Transport von Viroiden." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=98309277X.

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Books on the topic "Viride"

1

Norwood, Wesley C. The therapeutical powers and properties of Veratrum viride. 7th ed. Toronto: Lyman Bros., 1996.

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Janežič-Kraljev, Ivan. Gospa s pristave: Zgodovinski roman : ob 600-letnici smrti vojvodinje Viride Visconti. Stična: Cistercijanska opatija, 2004.

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Stroud, Charles. The biotransformation of wheat and barley straw by the fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma viride. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton, 1995.

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Hill, Sandra. The very virile Viking. Waterville, Me: Wheeler Pub., 2003.

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Hill, Sandra. The very virile Viking. New York: Leisure Books, 2003.

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Tarakdjian, Georges. Virage. Montréal: Les éditions de l'école nouvelle, 1997.

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O, Diener T., ed. The viroids. New York: LondonbPlenum, 1987.

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1921-, Diener T. O., ed. The Viroids. New York, N.Y: Plenum Press, 1987.

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Stenger, Daniel. Virale Markenkommunikation. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-3902-9.

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Virgile, non. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Viride"

1

Khare, C. P. "Veratrum viride Ait." In Indian Medicinal Plants, 1. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70638-2_1722.

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Azimova, Shakhnoza S., and Anna I. Glushenkova. "Ocimum viride Willd." In Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources, 450. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7_1428.

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Khare, C. P. "Ocimum viride Willd." In Indian Medicinal Plants, 1. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70638-2_1086.

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Falconi, Rosanna, Tommaso Renzulli, and Francesco Zaccanti. "Survival and reproduction in Aeolosoma viride (Annelida, Aphanoneura)." In Aquatic Oligochaete Biology IX, 95–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5368-1_10.

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Wagner, Hildebert, Rudolf Bauer, Dieter Melchart, Pei-Gen Xiao, and Anton Staudinger. "Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae — Chenpi Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride — Qingpi." In Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis of Herbal Medicines, 647–63. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0763-8_55.

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Chen, Chiao-Ping, Sheridan Ke-Wing Fok, Cheng-Yi Chen, Fei-Man Hsu, Yu-Wen Hsieh, and Jiun-Hong Chen. "Studying Annelida Regeneration in a Novel Model Organism: The Freshwater Aeolosoma viride." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 179–94. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2172-1_9.

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AbstractAeolosoma viride, a globally distributed freshwater annelid, has a semitransparent appearance with 10 to 12 segments, about 2 to 3 mm in length. It is easy to raise and handle in laboratory conditions. Due to its robust regenerative capacity and applicability of various molecular tools including EdU labeling, whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH), and RNA interference (RNAi), it rises as a promising model for studying whole-body regeneration.
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Joseph, Nithila A., Chi-Fan Chen, Jiun-Hong Chen, and Liuh-Yow Chen. "Monitoring Telomere Maintenance During Regeneration of Annelids." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 467–78. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2172-1_24.

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AbstractTelomere shortening is a hallmark of aging and eventually constrains the proliferative capacity of cells. The protocols discussed here are used for monitoring telomeres comprehensively in Aeolosoma viride, a model system for regeneration studies. We present methods for analyzing the activity of telomerase enzyme in regenerating tissue by telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay, for comparing telomere length between existing tissue and newly regenerated tissue by telomere restriction fragment (TRF) assay, as well as for visualizing telomeres by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
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Elizabeth Rani Juneius, C., and J. Kavitha. "Bioconversion of Cellulosic Waste into Bioethanol—A Synergistic Interaction of Trichoderma Viride and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae." In Bioremediation and Sustainable Technologies for Cleaner Environment, 201–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48439-6_16.

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Anderson, James D., Jeffrey F. D. Dean, H. Ray Gamble, and Autar K. Mattoo. "Induction and Characterization of the Ethylene Biosynthesis-Inducing Xylanase Produced by the Fungus, Trichoderma Viride." In Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of Ethylene Production in Lower and Higher Plants, 49–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1271-7_6.

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Hajji-Hedfi, Lobna, Emna Ben Khaled, Suzana Cobacho Arcos, Lee Robertson, Sergio Ciordia, María Rosa Gonzalez, Najet Horrigue-Raouani, and Alfonso Navas. "Insights into Nematode Biocontrol Potential Through Biological and Proteomics Analysis of the Fungus Trichoderma viride." In Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions (2nd Edition), 1327–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51210-1_210.

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Conference papers on the topic "Viride"

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Kuznetsova, V. A. "The joint use of strains of microorganisms and natural growth regulators to increase soy resistance to diseases." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.148.

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Growth regulators EcoLarix and ExtraCor together with a biofungicide based on the strain of the fungus Trichoderma viride contributed to the improvement of growth indicators of soybean seedlings healed them from a complex of root rot of various etiologies.
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Okuneva, A. A. "CHANGE IN THE STRUCTURAL AND AGGREGATE COMPOSITION OF TYPICAL CHERNOZEM WHEN USING MICROBIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS IN THE CROPS OF FORAGE BEANS." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-37.

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The article presents the results of field studies to assess the effect of biological preparations based on microorganisms Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas chloraraphis on the structural and aggregate composition of the soil before and after the introduction of plant residues of forage beans.
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"Potential of Xylanase from Trichoderma viride VKF3 in Waste Paper Pulp Characteristics Modification." In International Conference on Chemical, Environment & Biological Sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c914037.

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Okemoto, Kazuo, Takamasa Uekita, and Toichi Tsumuraya. "AN ENDO-BETA-1,6-GALACTANASE OF TRICHODERMA VIRIDE AND ITS ACTION ON ARABINOGALACTAN-PROTEINS." In XXIst International Carbohydrate Symposium 2002. TheScientificWorld Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.766.

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Liu Qingyu and Wang Xiaowei. "Effect of fermentation conditions on activity of cellulase produced by Trichoderma viride CE-1." In 2011 International Conference on New Technology of Agricultural Engineering (ICAE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icae.2011.5943901.

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Pratiwi, Ninda I., Adi S. Purnomo, Hamdan D. Rizqi, Taufiq R. Alkas, and Refdinal Nawfa. "Biodecolorization and biotransformation of methylene blue by mixed cultures of brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum and filamentous fungus Trichoderma viride." In 4TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON CHEMISTRY. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0051797.

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Askari Zakariah, Muhammad. "Effect Inoculant of Trichoderma viride and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mixed Culture on Chemical Composition, Fiber, Digestibility, and Theobromine Cocoa Pod Fermentation." In International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology. Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/proc.intsem.lpvt-2016-p.60-64.

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Pujiati, M. W. Ardhi, E. Muktiani, N. K. Dewi, N. Jadid, and E. N. Prasetyo. "The Effect of Incubation Time on Various Type of Local Agricultural Waste in Madiun, Indonesia to Produce Cellulases Using Trichoderma viride." In 10th International Seminar and 12th Congress of Indonesian Society for Microbiology (ISISM 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.210810.030.

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MENDES, MARIANE CRISTINA, Aline Ratuchne, and Adriana Knob. "Estabelecimento das melhores condições de cultivo para a produção de xilanases por Trichoderma viride, empregando-se a casca de abacaxi como substrato." In Simpósio de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia. Londrina - PR, Brazil: Galoa, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/simbbtec-2017-80958.

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Бурлакова, С., and М. Егорычева. "Оценка воздействия препаратов на основе Bacillus Subtilis и Trichoderma Viride на фитосанитарную ситуацию в посевах и продуктивность яровой пшеницы в северной лесостепи Западной Сибири." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.29.

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The study was carried out in laboratory conditions and in the field experiment in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. The protective effect of seed treatment with biofungicides Trichodermin and Sporobacterin in combination with spraying wheat crops with Fitosporin against root rot, the growth effect in the synergism of the biological properties of drugs was studied. It is shown that under the greening growth conditions of wheat, it is possible to replace the combination of chemical treatments with biological ones while maintaining a high level of productivity. The mechanism of influence of some combinations of drugs, revealing the peculiarities of biochemical processes in the cells of flag leaves of plants, on the forecast of productivity at the early stages of plant development has been revealed.
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Reports on the topic "Viride"

1

Avni, Adi, and Kirankumar S. Mysore. Functional Genomics Approach to Identify Signaling Components Involved in Defense Responses Induced by the Ethylene Inducing Xyalanase Elicitor. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7697100.bard.

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Plant-microbe interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for plants to protect themselves against pathogen attack. An ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX) of Trichoderma viride is a potent elicitor of plant defense responses, like hypersensitive response (HR), in specific cultivars of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The central goal of this proposal was to investigate the molecular mechanisms that allow plants to specifically activate defense responses after EIX treatment. We proposed to identify cellular signaling components involved in the induction of HR by the EIX elicitor. The molecular genetic analysis of the signal transduction pathway that modulates hypersensitive responses is an important step in understanding the induction of plant defense responses. The genes that mediate LeEIX2-EIX dependent activation of resistance mechanisms remain to be identified. We used two approaches to identify the cellular signaling components that induce HR mediated by the EIX elicitor. In the first approach, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening using LeEix2 as bait to identify plant proteins that interact with it. In the second approach, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) for a high-throughput screen to identify genes that are required for the induction of LeEIX2-EIX mediated HR. VIGS will also be used for functional characterization of genes that will be identified during the yeast two-hybrid screen. This investigation will shed light on cellular processes and signaling components involved in induction of general plant defense against pathogens and will provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches to improve plant resistance to pathogens. Several genes were indentified by the two approaches. We used the VIGS and yeast two hybrid approaches to confirm that activity of the genes initially identified by different procedure. Two genes inhibit the induction of HR by the fungal elicitor in the different systems; Tobacco-Harpin binding protein 1 and cyclopropyl isomerase.
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Flores Pedauyé, Ricardo. Viroides: los parásitos extremos. Sociedad Española de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18567/sebbmdiv_anc.2015.09.1.

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Blais-Stevens, A., C. Sun, and R. J. Fulton. Surficial geology, Virden, Manitoba-Saskatchewan. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210601.

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Simmons, Blake, and Robert Jansen. Production of Furanics from Virdia Feedstocks. Test accounts, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1259872.

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Kelly, Bryan, Semyon Malamud, and Kangying Zhou. The Virtue of Complexity in Return Prediction. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30217.

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Afsaruddin, Asma. NEGOTIATING VIRTUE AND REALPOLITIK IN ISLAMIC GOOD GOVERNANCE. IIIT, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.002.20.

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These words of John Lewis represent a scathing criticism of the contemporary failures of the United States, the oldest and possibly most vibrant democratic nation-state in the world. The words also express a deep disappointment that the principles of equality and justice enshrined in the US constitution have been honored more in the breach when they pertain to African-Americans, many of whose ancestors arrived on these shores long before those of their Euro-American compatriots.
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7

Stine, Anthony. Citizenship, Duty and Virtue: A Vision of Jefferson's America. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.316.

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8

Fulton, R. J., A. Blais-Stevens, C. Sun, R. G. Eilers, R. Betcher, J. A. Elson, H. Veldhuis, and W. R. Fraser. Surficial materials of the Virden area, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/215069.

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9

Bar-Joseph, Moshe, and J. S. Semancik. Characterization of Citrus Viroids as Potential Dwarfing Agents of Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7600051.bard.

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10

Sun, S. Preliminary study of the surficial geology of Virden area, southwestern Manitoba. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/134224.

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