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1
HARALDSEN, T. K. "Effects of cattle slurry and cultivation on air exchange in sandy and silty soils from northern Norway." Agricultural and Food Science 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5623.
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Gas diffusivity and permeability, and air-filled porosity, were measured in undisturbed soil cores at four water potentials between -1.5 kPa and -60 kPa. Virgin (never ploughed) and cultivated sandy and silty soils from two sites in northern Norway were used in the investigation. The cultivated soils had lower air-filled porosity and gas diffusivity than the virgin ones. Application of slurry (50 Mg ha-1) decreased gas diffusivity and changed the relationship between relative diffusivity and air-filled porosity for both the virgin and cultivated sandy soils and the virgin silty soil. The gas permeability of both the virgin and cultivated silty soil was low, and the relative diffusivity at field capacity less than the limit below which plant growth is affected. ;
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Voitkiv, Petro S., and Yevhen A. Ivanov. "Specifics of bulk chemical composition of virgin forest cambisols within the Ukrainian Carpathians." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 29, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112038.
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Material composition is one of the most vital components of soil analysis and it which allows to determine the bulk or elemental composition, to get an insight into the total content of chemical elements per the genetic horizons of a soil profile against the soilforming rock, and to identify the direction of soil formation processes, that is, to establish the genesis of soils. The study objective supposed both the identification of bulk chemical composition (BCC) specifics peculiar to cambisols (acc. the WRB) located beneath different virgin forest ecosystems and the change caused by the composition of soil-forming rock, specifics of mountainous terrain and climatic conditions. The study subject is cambisol of virgin (beech and coniferous) ecosystems formed at the eluvium-deluvium flysch with prevailing sandstones, argillites and siltstones. The study scope is bulk chemical composition of beech and coniferous forest cambisols within the Ukrainian Carpathians and its transformation. Comparative-geographical, comparative-profile, analytical and statistical methods have been used accounting for the above objective. The bulk chemical composition has been determined under the method devised by E.V. Arinushkina. Recalculations and ratios have been used to analyse data on the bulk chemical composition of soils. Our article provides the results of the study of bulk chemical composition of cambisols located beneath beech and the coniferous virgin forests. Changes occurred in this, one of the most conservative, soil substance, under the influence of phytocenotic diversity of virgin forest ecosystems and soil species, are analysed, the nature and direction of changes as well as their main regularities are identified. Molecular ratios for the genetic soil horizons are calculated since they testify the removal of elements outside the soil profile boundaries and are the main factor used to assess the direction of cambisols soil-forming process. The article considers the content of constitutional water and the ratio of change in the siliceous soil part. Results obtained allow suggesting intrinsic weathering in the soils under study. Major reasons of changes in the bulk chemical composition of virgin forest cambisols are caused by the character of vegetation, its aggressiveness with respect to the soil mineral content, by climatic features that affect processes of soil formation in mountainous areas depending on the vertical zonality, and by the composition of soil-forming rocks being the substrate for the studied soils. SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 oxides form the predominant bulk chemical composition of virgin forest cambisols in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Their total content ranges from 65.59 to 87.56 %. The mineral base of virgin forest cambisols is SiO2 and its content in virgin forest cambisols amounts up to 63.46 - 75.03 %, Al2O3 sesquioxide content is 13.16 - 17.14 %, Fe2O3 content is 4.25 - 6.83 %. Molecular ratios in cambisols located beneath the beech virgin forests postulate the removal of sesquioxides out from a soil profile. For instance, the ratios of SiO2/Fe2O3 in beech virgin forests cambisols are 42.8 - 44.61 and they decrease sharply at the soil profile bottom to 26.35, i.e. the removal of Fe2O3 sesquioxide out from a soil profile is observed. The molar ratio of SiO2/R2O3 in cambisols located beneath coniferous virgin forests is narrower than in beech virgin forest cambisols and amounts up to 5.64 - 5.81, which is due to the lower content of SiO2 oxide and higher number of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 sesquioxides. The analysis of leach factor indices shows that leaching of Calcium and Magnesium oxides is observed in these soils. However, leaching in cambisols located beneath the beech virgin forests is less intense than in cambisols located beneath the coniferous virgin forests. Leaching of Sodium and Potassium oxides in cambisols located beneath the beech virgin forests is minor, and in cambisols located beneath the coniferous virgin forests is weakly expressed.
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Barbetti, MJ, and K. Sivasithamparam. "Effects of soil pasteurization on root rot, seedling survival and plant dry weight of subterranean clover inoculated with six fungal root pathogens." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 2 (1987): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870317.
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Subterranean clover was exposed to two levels of inoculum of millet seed colonized by Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium oxysporum, Phoma medicaginis, Phytophthora clandestina, Pythium irregulare, or Rhizoctonia solani within pasteurized and unpasteurized field soil from sites with (root rot site) and without (virgin site) a history of subterranean clover root rot at Augusta, W.A., with the aim of establishing their pathogenicity in the presence of other soil organisms including resident pathogens. Introduction of F. avenaceum (2.5% w/w), P. clandestina (0.5 and 2.5%), P. irregulare (0.5 and 2.5%), or R. solani (0.2 and 1.0%) increased damage to tap and lateral roots of subterranean clover in pasteurized and unpasteurized root rot and virgin soils. All fungi tested, with the exception of P. medicaginis (2.0 and 10.0%) or P. medicaginis (2.0 and 10.0%) and F. oxysporum (0.5 and 2.50%), caused reduction of seedling survival in pasteurized root rot and virgin soils respectively. When the soil was unpasteurized, all fungi except F. oxysporum (2.5%) and P. medicaginis (2.0 and 10*0%) in virgin soil, but only P. irregulare (2.5%) or R. solani (0.2 and 1.0%) in root rot soil, reduced seedling survival. In unpasteurized soils plant dry weight was reduced by P. clandestina (2.5%), P. irregulare (0.5 and 2.5%), or R. solani (0.2 and 1.0%) in root rot and virgin soils, but F. oxysporum (0.5%) reduced plant size only in the root rot soil. Within pasteurized soil all fungi, with the exception of P. medicaginis (2.0 and 10.0%) in virgin soil and F. avenaceum (2.5%), P. irregulare (0.5 and 2.5%), or R. solani (0.2%) in root rot soil, caused reduction in plant size. P. clandestina, P. irregulare or R. solani, in particular, and to a lesser extent, P. avenaceum, are capable of causing serious damage to subterranean clover in natural soil.
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Golchin, A., and H. Asgari. "Land use effects on soil quality indicators in north-eastern Iran." Soil Research 46, no. 1 (2008): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07049.
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Forest and grassland soils in north-eastern Iran are being degraded and destroyed by inappropriate agricultural activities. This study investigated effects of land-use changes on several indicators of soil quality (SQ) in this area. We found higher organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (N) contents in virgin soils (under forests and pastures) than in cultivated soils. Distribution of OC throughout the soil profile was influenced by the type and length of tillage operations performed at different sites. Cultivation reduced OC content of the subsoil (0.50–1.00 m) and contributed to a more uniform distribution of organic matter in the plough layer (0–0.50 m) by mixing upper and lower horizon soils and incorporating of organic inputs to a greater depth. In 4 of 5 sites, tilled soils had lower ECe and SAR values than the virgin soils, but when the water table was near the soil surface, the ECe and SAR values were higher in cultivated sites. This suggests that when the water table is deep, the quality of salt-affected virgin soils may be improved by cultivation and leaching of excess salts to deeper layers. In 4 of 5 sites, the virgin soils had slightly greater clay content than the tilled soils, but these soils also had 41–89% less dispersible clay than their cultivated counterparts. The virgin soils had 2–31-fold greater aggregate stability, 4–33% lower bulk density, 6–31% higher water-holding capacity (at 0.3 bar suction), higher cation exchange capacity (CEC), and higher respiration rate than the cultivated soils. The results of this study indicate that frequent tillage and use of summer fallow deteriorates SQ by decreasing SOC and enhancing soil erosion through decreased structural stability and increased mechanically dispersible clay. The results stress the need for farming practices that preserve OC in soils in order to reduce flooding and erosion risks.
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Swanepoel, P. A., J. Habig, C. C. du Preez, P. R. Botha, and H. A. Snyman. "Biological quality of a podzolic soil after 19 years of irrigated minimum-till kikuyu–ryegrass pasture." Soil Research 52, no. 1 (2014): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13237.
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Conversion of natural rangeland to minimum-tillage kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) based pastures for dairy production in the southern Cape of South Africa, may be beneficial to soil biological quality. The objective was to evaluate whether 19 years of minimum-till kikuyu-ryegrass pasture had altered the distribution and quality of biological properties formerly developed under natural rangeland. An irrigated minimum-till kikuyu-ryegrass pasture soil was compared to virgin soil with natural rangeland. Soil organic matter, soil organic C, active C, microbial biomass C, total N and enzymatic activities (β-glucosidase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) behaved similarly by having higher values in the surface layers of the cultivated pasture soil than in virgin soil, decreased with depth until they become similar at the 200–300 mm depth. Acid phosphatase activity was similar (P > 0.05) between soils. Vertical distribution of potentially mineralizable N was similar (P > 0.05) at 0–100 mm soil depth, but higher (P ≤ 0.01) in the cultivated pasture soil than in the virgin soil. The microbial indicated along with stratification ratios for different biological indicators that the cultivated pasture soil’s ecosystem functionality improved. Soil microbial functional diversity and carbon source utilisation patterns of the cultivated pasture soil and virgin soil was influenced by plant species present and root exudate composition. The soil microbial diversity, as shown by the Shannon-Weaver and Enrichment Indices, was significantly altered between cultivated pasture and the virgin soil, especially at different soil depths. A general appraisal of biological soil properties indicated that conversion of natural fynbos vegetation to irrigated minimum-till kikuyu-ryegrass pasture after 19 years of cultivation on a podzolic soil beneficial.
6
Ćwiąkała, Michał, Andrzej Greinert, Joanna Korzeniowska, and Paweł Tarasewicz. "The advantage of virgin soil in rural service road constructions." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 3 (September 11, 2013): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2009.
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Virgin soils as a result of geotechnical processes are element of road’s solid bottom. The bottom ought to have enough capacity and durability which is provided by proper virgin sub-grade’s enhancement. The sub-grade is road’s base course right bottom. It is possible to improve virgin soil’s parameters by road’s hydraulic binding agent. The agent is a mineral frame’s micro-particle extender or enhancement. The researches were focused to define main soil-cement compound’s mechanical parameter called CBR. Compounds consisted of rural virgin soils (five grain-size types) and two hydraulic agent types (endurance rates 3 MPa and 9 MPa). Hydraulic agent’s main component was activated fly ash and white cement (CEM I 42,5 MPa). The ash is from Pątnów Power Plant and is a result of brown coal burning. The researches answered that it is possible to exploit virgin soils in rural service road’s construction thanks to innovative road cements with binding qualities.
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Chizhikov, Vitaliy, A. V. Osipov, Ilya Suminsky, and Katinda Belo. "Modern characteristics of the properties of meadow-boggy soils of rice agrocenosis in the republic of Adygeya." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 06011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128506011.
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In this work, changes in the composition and properties of alluvial meadow-boggy soils are considered, with prolonged use in rice crop rotation and not involved in agricultural production - a virgin plot. The morphological differences of meadow-boggy soils of a rice field from a virgin area were revealed, which subsequently determine the properties of the soil cover of the Kuban River delta. The regularities of the interdependence of the granulometric composition of the soil, which lie in the mineralogical composition of alluvial soils and rocks, have been revealed. The tendency of an increase in soil density with an increase in the content of physical clay and silt, as well as an increase in the density of the solid phase of soils, has been established. No significant differences were found in the indices of the agrophysical properties of the subsurface horizons of soils and underlying sediments. The assessment of fertility indicators of meadow-boggy soil of a rice field and virgin analogue is given. Hydromorphic soil-forming processes have led to a significant change in the properties of alluvial deposits and soils involved in the rice crop rotation.
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Medvedev, V. V. "Agrizem as a new 4-dimensional polygenetic formation." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 17, no. 1-2 (January 26, 2016): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041601.
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Morphological (horizontal and vertical profiles of soils), micromorphological (mainly, anisotropism of aggregates and pores), physical properties (structure, density, differential porosity and their transformation for an appreciable length of time – time profiles), features of formation of descending (preferential) and ascending waterstreams were investigated. Chernozems (typical, ordinary, southern) were objects of the research. In the article the results of comparative researches of the soils which are in various conditions of use – from absolutely reserved virgin soil to variants in industrial and experimental conditions are stated. On a virgin soil there are aggregates of mainly isometric roundish form. On an arable land anisotropic lumps (blocks) of the wrong form, the size, as a rule, more than 10 (20) mm, and silting structure dominate. At tillage characteristic stability for a virgin soil pore spaces is broken, the length of a time of one diameter decreases. Pores A are filled with microaggregates and thindispersed not aggregated material. On a virgin soil the density at its analysis in vertical and time aspects throughout 30 years remained a constant. On an arable land, since 30 to depth of 60–80 cm density authentically above (it, most likely, forrow bottom). Under the influence of long tillage mobility of thindispersed parts increase, its reorientation to a place and periodic descending migration from horizon Н (A) in horizon of Hp (АВ1) is observed. Essential feature of ploughed up and especially irrigated soil in comparison with the virgin consists in distinct display of the plastic deformation which are at the bottom of raised consolidation of soil. The structurally-modular structure of soils in the conditions of long arable land in comparison with a virgin soil considerably changes: the quantity agronomical valuable fraction, its water stability, mechanical durability decreases. On an arable land preferential streams of a moisture (or a failure filtration on large pores) are formed. The executed researches of soils in the conditions of a virgin soil and an arable land allow to ascertain that the mode of receipt and the moisture expense, aeration, growth of roots, exchange processes and in general ecological and productive functions on these objects are various. On an arable land soilformation process gets other orientation. As a result of researches essential distinctions between natural and ploughed up soil are established for a long time, and distinctions have appeared so essential that have allowed to confirm – under the influence of long agricultural use the natural soil is transformed in agrizem, has essentially other properties and modes and can quite be called as new polygenetic (natural-anthropogenous) formation. Till now existence of agrizem remains a debatable question and that it was really recognised new soil and has got «the citizenship» rights additional proofs are necessary. Features of agrizem as new soil in comparison with a virgin soil: anisotropism, bimodality of pore spaces, consolidation of soil aggregates, seasonal and long-term dynamics of density and properties, infringement of convertibility of soils owing to loss and labilization of organic substance, occurrence of new horizontal, vertical and time profiles, aridization and biodiversity reduction. Agrizem loses ability to restore inherent in it modal, characteristic for natural analogue, parametres. Owing to strengthening of spatial heterogeneity for agrizem gradual transition from continuality to step-type behaviour of a soil cover, and as a whole – local easing of sod – with reference to chernozems – soil formation process is characteristic. Agrizem as the new type of soil demands reflexion in the nomenclature and classification, the account in division into districts and the differentiated system of use. Polygenetic is a formation principal cause of agrizem. Agrizem – a product of natural, economic (industrial, technological) and social factors. Today the person and its activity on the earth becomes the leading factor of formation of new soils.
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McArthur, D. F. E., P. M. Huang, and L. M. Kozak. "Impact of long-term cultivation on the status of organic matter and cadmium in soil." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-071.
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Research has suggested a link between the bioavailability of soil Cd and total soil organic matter. However, some research suggested a negative relationship between total soil organic matter and bioavailable soil Cd while other research suggested a positive relationship. This study investigated the relationship between soil Cd and both the quantity and quality of soil organic matter as influenced by long-term cultivation. Two Orthic Chernozemic surface soil samples, one from a virgin prairie and the other from an adjacent cultivated prairie, were collected from each of 12 different sites throughout southern Saskatchewan, Canada. The samples were analyzed for total organic C, total Cd, Cd availability index (CAI), and pH. The nature of the soil organic matter was investigated with 13C Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (13C CPMAS NMR). The total soil Cd, CAI, and total soil organic C of the cultivated soils were significantly lower than those of the virgin soils whereas the opposite trend was observed for the soil pH and the aromaticity of the organic C. The reduced CAI in the cultivated soils was related to the increase in both the soil pH and the aromaticity of the organic C. No relationship was found between the CAI and the soil organic C content, but a significant positive correlation was found between total organic C and total Cd in both the virgin and the cultivated soils. As well, a significant positive correlation was found between the fraction of total Cd removed from the soil after long-term cultivation and the corresponding fraction of organic C removed. Key words: Long-term cultivation, soil organic matter, 13C CPMAS NMR, cadmium
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Alzubaidi, Ghazwa, Fauziah B. S. Hamid, and I. Abdul Rahman. "Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Radiation Hazards in Agricultural and Virgin Soil in the State of Kedah, North of Malaysia." Scientific World Journal 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6178103.
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The activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides226Ra,232Th, and40K were determined in 30 agricultural and virgin soil samples randomly collected from Kedah, north of Malaysia, at a fertile soil depth of 0–30 cm. Gamma-ray spectrometry was applied using high-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray detector and a PC-based MCA. The mean radioactivity concentrations of226Ra,232Th, and40K were found to be 102.08 ± 3.96, 133.96 ± 2.92, and 325.87 ± 9.83 Bq kg−1, respectively, in agricultural soils and 65.24 ± 2.00, 83.39 ± 2.27, and 136.98 ± 9.76 Bq kg−1, respectively, in virgin soils. The radioactivity concentrations in agricultural soils are higher than those in virgin soils and compared with those reported in other countries. The mean values of radium equivalent activity (Raeq), absorbed dose ratesD(nGy h−1), annual effective dose equivalent, and external hazard index (Hex) are 458.785 Bq kg−1, 141.62 nGy h−1, and 0.169 mSv y−1, respectively, in agricultural soils and 214.293 Bq kg−1, 87.47 nGy h−1, and 0.106 mSv y−1, respectively, in virgin soils, with averageHexof 0.525. Results were discussed and compared with those reported in similar studies and with internationally recommended values.
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Bruno, Agostino Walter, Domenico Gallipoli, Mohamed Rouainia, and Marti Lloret-Cabot. "A single-stress model for the prediction of yielding of unsaturated cemented soils under isotropic loads." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019502001.
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This paper presents a bounding surface model predicting the combined effects of cementation and partial saturation on the mechanical behaviour of soils subjected to isotropic loading. The loss of cementation caused by loading, wetting or drying of a normally consolidated soil is described by a “cementation bonding function”. This states that, under virgin conditions, the ratio between cemented and uncemented void ratios monotonically decreases with increasing levels of scaled stress. The scaled stress is the variable governing the intrinsic behaviour of the soil under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. Combination of the cementation bounding function with a previously proposed model for unsaturated soil behaviour leads to the formulation of a “cemented unified normal compression line” (CUNCL). This describes the virgin behaviour of both cemented and uncemented soils under saturated and unsaturated conditions. Progressive yielding is modelled by assuming that the slope of the generic loading curve tends towards the slope of the CUNCL as the soil state moves from overconsolidated to virgin conditions. The model has been calibrated and validated against existing experimental data demonstrating a good ability to predict the void ratio of cemented soils during isotropic loading, unloading and wetting under both saturated and unsaturated conditions.
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Haskevych, V., V. Blystiv, and H. Skilska. "Morphic characteristics of brown soils on Stryi-Sian Plateau." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 1, no. 40 (December 12, 2012): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2012.40.2041.
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The article considers the results of studies of morphology brown soils on Stryі-Sian Plateau. Described the structure of virgin soil profiles under forest vegetation, analyzed are the changes of morphological characteristics of brown soils due to their use in different agricultural areas. Key words: soil, brown soil, morphic characteristics, erosion, degradation, soils protection.
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Kozlova, Alla, Natalya Martynova, Dmitry Perfiliev, and Ulyana Ludwig. "Chemodestructive fractionation of humus as an indicator of the functional state of soil organic matter." E3S Web of Conferences 371 (2023): 06010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337106010.
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The content, composition, and properties of humus are the most important characteristics that reflect the features of modern soil formation, the genesis and evolution of soils, and their agrogenic transformation. The main criteria for assessing soil fertility are traditionally the content and reserves of organic matter in soils. At the same time, the decrease in soil fertility is associated not so much with a decrease in the total content of humus, but with the loss of its labile forms, which determine the life of the soil, its most important agronomic properties and crop yields. One of the integral indicators characterizing the state and functioning of soil organic matter (SOM) is the ratio of stable and labile forms of organic compounds obtained by chemodestructive analysis. The determination of the bichromate oxidizability of humus showed that the virgin soils of the Southern Cis-Baikal region contain an equal amount of stable and labile forms of organic compounds. Accordingly, the humus in them is a stable and balanced system in relation to external influences. Plowing led to a significant decrease in the easily and hardly hydrolysable humus fractions. In the fallow areas, the upper part of the humus horizon, in terms of the ratio of humus fractions, approaches virgin soils, and the lower part approaches the arable horizons of agricultural soils. The method of permanganate oxidizability of humus revealed a noticeable enrichment in easily oxidizable forms of virgin and, especially, fallow soils of the region. Compared to them, agricultural soils contained noticeably less labile humus, which indicates a sharp decrease in their fertility.
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Mironova, Anastasiya V., Igor’ V. Liskin, and Andrey I. Panov. "Technology for restoring virgin and fallow lands." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-2-111-121.
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The soils that are subject to restoration include virgin and fallow lands, neglected pastures, soils overgrown with shrubs and young trees, swampy, with admixtures of hummocks and debris. The article shows the shortest period of restoration of virgin and fallow lands. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in comparative analysis of the need for equipment, economic and labor costs for the restoration of fallow lands using traditional and proposed by VIM technologies. (Materials and methods) Authors determined the indicators that characterize the properties of the soil for its restoration. It has been taken into account that for the treatment of this fallow soil, it is preferable to use combined aggregates or equipment with replaceable working bodies. Authors have compiled a set of aggregates for the proposed by VIM technology for soil recovery. The article shows the most productive and economically viable technology. The calculations of the cost of the necessary units, fuel and lubricants consumption, and labor costs are presented. (Results and discussion) It was determined that the restoration of fallow lands using the technology proposed by VIM reduces the cost of using the machine and tractor fleet by 35 percent by reducing the number of agricultural machines, fuel and lubricants by 17 percent, and the labor costs by 12 percent. The article shows that the efficiency of implementing the technology proposed by VIM for restoring virgin and fallow lands without shrubs and trees can reach 28 percent or more. (Conclusions) From the point of view of ecology, resource and energy saving, the most preferable are soil-processing combined units or agricultural machinery with changing working bodies (including those that perform various tasks). When restoring a 200-hectare section of fallow land with a heavy clay mechanical composition on soils that have not been treated for four consecutive years, according to the proposed VIM technology, the cost of restoration decreased by an average of 28 percent.
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Li, Yujuan, Guoping Yang, Deborah A. Neher, Cheng-Yuan Xu, and Jihua Wu. "Status of soil nematode communities during natural regeneration of a subtropical forest in southwestern China." Nematology 17, no. 1 (2015): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002853.
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Forest recovery has been extensively evaluated using plant communities but fewer studies have been conducted on soil fauna. This study reports the status of soil nematode communities during natural re-establishment after deforestation in a subtropical forest in southwestern China. Soil nematode communities of two secondary succession stages, shrub-grassland and secondary forest, were compared with those of virgin forest. Shrub-grassland had higher herbivore relative abundance but lower fungivore and bacterivore relative abundance than forests. Between secondary and virgin forest, the latter had higher abundance of bacterivores. Shrub-grassland had lower nematode diversity, generic richness, maturity index and trophic diversity index than virgin forest, whereas there were no differences in these indices between secondary forest and virgin forest. The small differences in nematode community structures between secondary forest and virgin forest suggest that soil nematode communities recovered to a level close to that of the undisturbed forest after up to 50 years of natural succession.
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Ramzaev, V. P., and A. N. Barkovsky. "Method for identifying areas of virgin soils using a portable gamma-spectrometer-dosimeter." Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene 13, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21514/1998-426x-2020-13-2-123-128.
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The dose rate of gamma radiation in air at a height of 1 m above the surface of virgin (undisturbed) soil is the starting point in the basic model that is used to estimate the dose of external radiation to the population living in areas contaminated due to the Chernobyl accident. Today, i.e. more than 30 years after the fallout, the finding of truly virgin lands is a rather difficult task, because many meadows were repeatedly plowed and/or rehabilitated after the accident. The purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative criterion for the detection of virgin soil areas using a portable gamma-ray spectrometer-dosimeter. To achieve this, we have conducted a statistical analysis of published and new data on the use of in situ gamma-ray spectrometry in radioactively contaminated territories of the Bryansk region of Russia and the Gomel region of Belarus in 2015–2018. The sample contains results of decoding 60 gamma spectra recorded at a height of 1 m above the ground in virgin meadows, cultivated lands and forests. Based on the performed analysis, a quantitative dosimetric criterion is proposed for in situ identification of virgin soils using a portable gamma-spectrometer-dosimeter. The article presents an algorithm for searching a virgin plot.
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Agbai, W. P., and M. T. Kosuowei. "Influence of land-use systems on hydraulic properties of soils in Yenagoa and Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria." International Journal of Environment 11, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v11i1.45838.
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This research aimed to determine the effect of different land-use systems on the matric potential, and hydraulic conductivity of the soils of Yenagoa and Amassoma communities. Soil samples were collected from four respective land-use types namely: Fallow land, Oil Palm Plantation, Plantain Plantation, and Virgin land. A total of 12 samples were bulked from three replicates at each land use type and were collected at depths of 0-15cm, 15-30cm, and 30-45cm respectively. The samples were taken to the laboratory to analyze their physical, chemical, and hydrological properties. The result showed that the different land use had a significant effect (P<0.05) on some soil physical, chemical, and hydraulic characteristics. The different land-use systems had a significant effect on the soil hydraulic conductivity with the highest in virgin (13.6 cm/hr) and lowest in the plantain plantation (7.6 cm/hr). The virgin land recorded the highest Soil Water Holding Capacity (SWHC) of 2.85 cm with a range of 1.55 – 2.85cm and Plant Available Water Capacity (PAWC) of 0.19 cm3cm-3, with a range of 0.10 - 0.19 cm3cm-3, while the plantain plantation recorded the lowest (1.55 cm and 0.10 cm3cm3). Based on the study, it is recommended that soils with high Plant Available Water Capacity (PAWC) and Soil Water Holding Capacity (SWHC) be used to cultivate crops that are non-tolerant to water stress while organic amendments are used on soils with low fertility.
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Al-Suhaibani, Nasser, Mahmoud F. Seleiman, Salah El-Hendawy, Kamel Abdella, Majed Alotaibi, and Ali Alderfasi. "Integrative Effects of Treated Wastewater and Synthetic Fertilizers on Productivity, Energy Characteristics, and Elements Uptake of Potential Energy Crops in an Arid Agro-Ecosystem." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2021): 2250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112250.
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Using wastewater in agriculture is a desirable alternative source of irrigation and is gaining attraction worldwide. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the effect of treated municipal wastewater (TWW) and groundwater (GW), along with half and full doses of the recommended NPK dose on the plant growth, total biomass, gross energy, and macro- and trace element content and uptake of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) grown in old and virgin soil as potential bioenergy crops. The results showed that crops planted in old or virgin soil irrigated with TWW had higher values of plant height, leaf area per plant, total chlorophyll content, total biomass, and gross and net energy contents compared to those irrigated with GW grown in virgin soil. Similarly, crops grown in old soil irrigated with TWW showed higher concentrations in dry matter and uptake for both macronutrients (N, P, and K) and trace elements (B, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni) compared to those planted in virgin soil and irrigated with GW. Furthermore, the application of the recommended half dose of NPK in old and virgin soil irrigated with TWW showed occasionally comparable results to that of a full recommended dose of NPK for most of the measured parameters. Importantly, the recommended half dose applied to old soil irrigated with TWW resulted in a significant improvement in all measured parameters compared to virgin soil irrigated with GW, along with a full recommended dose of NPK. Briefly, TWW can be used to irrigate crops grown for bioenergy purposes, since it did not pose any harmful effect for energy crops. In addition, it provides additional nutrients to soil and thus decreases the required rate of synthetic fertilizer by up to 50% without any significant decreases in the final production of crops.
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Raja, P., and V. P. Santhi. "Comparative study of microbial inoculants of cultivated and virgin soils of Nilgiri Biosphere for plant growth promotion." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 17, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/17.2/293-298.
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In virgin soils, microorganisms and plants live in harmony and both are dependent on each other for their livelihood. Absence of cultivation practices, undisturbed soil condition, high organic matter condition and other favourable conditions enables to flourish beneficial microbes. The research work was started to identify beneficial microbes from undisturbed virgin soils of Nilgiri biosphere with the ability to grow under low pH and under low temeperature conditions. Bio-inoculants viz., Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria, Azotobacter, Rhizobium and pseudomonas were obtained from cultivated and virgin soil samples of Nilgiris biosphere. When compared with type cultures, virgin soil isolates of respective inoculants have recorded better results in promoting plant dry weight in paper towel method. In cross streak assay, selected isolates found to be compatible with each other. In lignite carrier base formulation, the inoculants have reached a maximum population level of 107 and phosphobacteria reached 108 level. The population remained steady at this level up to 3 months. In the field trial studies conducted, the treatment of Azospirillum + Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria + Pseudomonas + 75% RDF has recorded maximum population of all the inoculants at 45th day after sowing. However, the maximum yield was observed in 100% RDF and bio-inoculant consortium applied treatment. This was closely followed by 75% RDF and bio-inoculant consortium applied plots. The results of the field trial have shown that bio-inoculant consortium along with 75% RDF application will lead to maximum yield with 25% saving in chemical fertilizer application.
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Sherstoboeva, E. V., J. V. Chabanjuk, and L. I. Fedak. "BIOINDICATION OF SOIL ECOLOGICAL CONSISTENCE." Agriciltural microbiology 7 (October 23, 2008): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.7.48-56.
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Budin, Salina. "Degradation of Virgin and Recycled Polylactic Acid/Eggshell Composites Buried in Soil." Key Engineering Materials 897 (August 17, 2021): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.897.45.
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Development of polylactic acid (PLA) composites using various filler have extensively being been in focus. One of the possible natural filler is eggshell (ES) which are abundantly available derived from food industry waste. This work attempted to investigate the effect of eggshell (ES) filler on the degradation of virgin-PLA and recycled-PLA. The virgin-PLA/ES composites and recycled-PLA/ES composites were prepared using solvent casting method. The content of eggshell filler varied in the range of 0 – 20 wt%. Degradation of virgin-PLA/ES composites and recycled-PLA/ES composites were evaluated by soil buried test. After soil buried for 10 weeks, the maximum weight loss for virgin-PLA/ES composites was 14 wt% which noted at the composition of 95 wt% virgin-PLA/5 wt% ES. Nevertheless, for recycled-PLA/ES composites, the maximum weight loss observed at the composition of 90 wt% recycled-PLA/ 10 wt% ES at the value of 21 wt%. However, further addition of eggshell filler content in PLA/ES composites led to lower weight loss. Hence, the degradation of recycled-PLA/ES composites were more accelerated as compared to virgin-PLA/ES composites. The results revealed the potential of eggshell waste as a bio-filler in PLA matrix.
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Selmy, Salman A. H., Salah H. Abd Al-Aziz, Ahmed G. Ibrahim, and Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta. "Impact of Short-Term Cultivation on Some Selected Properties of Sandy Soil in an Arid Environment." Soil Systems 6, no. 4 (October 30, 2022): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6040082.
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Soil management is recognized to have an impact on soil quality attributes. Depending on the management approach, this impact can either degrade or improve soil quality. There is a severe shortage of information on the impacts of cultivation on sandy soil properties in arid desert regions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the short-term cultivation effects (5 years) on the properties’ changes of coarse-textured soil in an arid desert region in western Assiut Governorate, Egypt. The current study was conducted on soils sampled at four depth intervals, namely 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm, from both cultivated and uncultivated soils, using a systematic sampling grid (10 × 10 m), to investigate the potential impacts of the cultivation process on six soil attributes. Each land use was represented by an area of 0.5 ha (50 × 100 m). A total of 160 composite soil samples (at all depths) were collected from both soils and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties, employing standard laboratory procedures. The data were statistically and geostatistically analyzed to compare the results and map the spatial distributions of the selected soil properties. The results revealed that cultivation had a considerable positive impact on most of the properties of cultivated soil compared to those of uncultivated soil (virgin land). The findings also showed that the available phosphorus levels in cultivated soil were higher than in virgin soil by 16, 9, 8.5, and 6 folds, with increases in organic matter content of 16.8, 12.4, 11.9, and 7.9 times at depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm, respectively. Furthermore, compared to virgin soil, cultivated soil exhibited a salinity reduction of −8.9%, −56.4%, −66.3%, and −71.8%, at depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm, respectively. Moreover, some other properties of the cultivated soil improved, particularly in the surface soil layers, such as pH reduction, CaCO3 decline, and CEC increase, while the soil texture grade did not change. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the effects of diverse soil management strategies in the short term assists in the understanding of the ongoing changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics, which is critical for maintaining satisfactory soil quality and sustainable soil productivity in arid lands.
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Voytkiv, P. "Forest forming role of brown soil features in Ukrainian Carpathian." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 39 (December 15, 2011): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2011.39.2162.
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Forest play important role on biochemical and physic-mechanical soil features forming. In the article a main manifestation of forest influence on soil was considered and analyzed. Comparative analysis of research of Carpathian brown soils features under different forest groups was considered. Key words: forest, virgin forests, biochemical and physic-mechanical features, density structure, humus, hydrolytic acidity.
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Ильина, Л. П., and К. С. Сушко. "СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ДЕГРАДАЦИИ СУХОСТЕПНЫХ ПОЧВ ДОЛИНЫ МАНЫЧ." Biosfera 11, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24855/biosfera.v11i3.508.
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The article presents the results of investigations, which were carried out in 2009-2018 at Manych Field Station (Orlov State Natural Reserve, Rostov Region), into dry steppe soil degradation in Manych Valley. Increasing climate aridization and anthropogenic load were associated with soil salinization and desertification and pasture digression. The structure of soil cover is found to be is complex because of its micro-relief, high mineralization of groundwater (2-6 g/l), close bedding of groundwater to soil surface, the saline composition of parent rocks, and anthropogenic impacts including virgin soils plowing, high grazing pressure, erosion processes, the destruction of the natural steppe vegetation, etc. Soil systems with high shares of solonetzic and saline soils (up to 20-50%) make 25% of the area under study. The impact of grazing on soils is primarily reflected in the indicators that characterize soil fertility. Increasing grazing pressure is associated with soil desiccation caused by thinning of vegetation cover and by degradation manifested in upper horizons compaction (up to 1.37 g/cm3). Soils of heavily loaded pastures have low humus content (no more than 1.5%) and reserves (53-68 ton/ha). The share of moderately degraded soils is estimated to account for 40 % of the territory under study, of highly and severely degraded, for 32%, of poorly degraded, for 18%, and of virgin (undisturbed) soils, for only 10%. Urgent measures are warranted to rationalize the use of soils, to increase their fertility, to prevent the development of degradation processes in soils, as well as to monitor compliance with the regulations concerning optimal grazing pressure.
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Jafarova, A. "Water-temperature Regime of Grey-meadow Soil in the Salyan Plain of Azerbaijan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/52/25.
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The article discusses a brief geographical location, geological, geomorphological and soil–climatic conditions of the Salyan steppe. Actual research data on the dynamics of the temperature and water conditions of gray–meadow soils on agrocenoses of winter barley, alfalfa and cotton in comparison with virgin soils are presented.
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Grant, C. D., D. A. Angers, R. S. Murray, M. H. Chantigny, and U. Hasanah. "On the nature of soil aggregate coalescence in an irrigated swelling clay." Soil Research 39, no. 3 (2001): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99073.
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Aggregate coalescence in irrigated cracking clays constrains crop yields, yet little is known about it or how it can be managed. A measure of coalescence is introduced to separate the effects of natural aggregate-bed densification from those of age-hardening; this measure, χ, comprises a ratio of the net change in (tensile or penetrometer) strength, Y, that occurs in relation to the corresponding net change in dry bulk density, ρb, as follows: χ = ΔY/Δρb. A laboratory study was conducted to illustrate the variation in χ for a virgin and cultivated cracking clay exposed to 16 weekly cycles of wetting and draining. Penetrometer resistance and tensile strength at –100 kPa, plus bulk density and other physical and chemical properties, were measured throughout the experiment. The cultivated soil rapidly became denser and stronger, it developed larger aggregates, and its water-uptake rate in the air-dry state was significantly greater than that for the virgin soil. The χ values suggested that age-hardening processes constituted a greater component of coalescence in the cultivated soil than it did in the virgin one, and this was thought to be mediated by the large differences in the content and composition of organic matter in the two soils.
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Suhaili, Nurul Syakilah, Syazwani Nisa Anuar, Wilson Vun Chiong Wong, Daniel Lussetti, Erik Petter Axelsson, Niles Hasselquist, Ulrik Ilstedt, and Normah Awang Besar. "Soil Carbon Pool and Carbon Fluxes Estimation in 26 Years after Selective Logging Tropical Forest at Sabah, Malaysia." Forests 13, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): 1890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111890.
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The soil carbon pool holds an enormous amount of carbon, making it the largest reservoir in the terrestrial ecosystem. However, there is growing concern that unsustainable logging methods damage the soil ecosystem, thus triggering the release of soil carbon into the atmosphere hence contributing to ongoing climate change. This study uses a replicated (n = 4) logging experiment to examine the impact of supervised logging with climber cutting (SLCC) and conventional logging (CL) on basic soil characteristics, litter input to soils, soil carbon pools, and soil respiration in a mixed dipterocarp forest 26 years after logging. This study found that there was no significant difference observed in the soil physicochemical properties and total carbon pools between the logging treatments and the virgin forest. Soil carbon pools dominated the total carbon pools, and the highest mean value was recorded in SLCC (87.95 ± 13.67 Mg C ha−1). Conventional logging had a lower mean value (71.17 ± 12.09 Mg C ha−1) than virgin forest (83.20 ± 11.97 Mg C ha−1). SLCC also shows a higher value of soil respiration rate (161.75 ± 21.67 mg C m−2 h−1) than CL (140.54 ± 12.54 mg C m−2 h−1). These findings highlight the importance of accurate quantification of the effect of different logging methods on the forest’s carbon pools.
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Гурбанов, Э. А., Ф. М. Рамазанова, С. М. Гусейнова, and З. Р. Гурбанова. "Изменение противоэрозионной стойкости орошаемых серо-коричневых почв сухой субтропической зоны Азербайджана в зависимости от давности их орошения." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya, no. 56 (2021): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988591/56/2.
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The dry subtropical zone of Azerbaijan is located in an erosion-hazardous zone, and irrigation erosion manifests itself on an area of more than 255 thousand hectares. The damage caused by irrigation erosion to the agriculture of the republic is manifested not only in the destruction of the soil structure, but also in the removal of nutrients from the soil. At the same time, the patterns of change in the anti-erosion resistance of grey Cinnomanic soils /Luvic Calcisols /Luvic-Calcic Kastanozems (according to the classification of the USSR), grey Cinnamonic soils (according to the classification of Azerbaijan), (on WRB (2014)-Haplic Kastanozems / Haplic Calcisols) in the dry subtropical zone of Azerbaijan, depending on the age of irrigation, are diverse and not fully studied. Therefore, conducting research in this direction and assessing the antierosion resistance of grey Cinnamonic soils is relevant for Azerbaijan. The aim of this research is to study the changing of the anti-erosion resistance of irrigated grey Cinnomanic soils in the foothill and plain areas of the dry subtropical zone of the republic, depending on the age of irrigation. Based on the results obtained, the place of grey Cinnomanic soils in the international classification system WRB (2014) was determined. The research was carried out on grey Cinnomanic soils of heavy loamy and light clayey granulometric composition of the foothills and plains of the dry subtropical zone of different irrigation periods, in the territories: Grey Cinnomanic (virgin soils) – Beylagan (39°46'02.2''N, 47°36'13.3''E) and Yevlakh region (40°60'67.75''N, 47°17'02.71''E); Newly Irrigated Grey Cinnamonic (20-25 years old) – Agdash region (40°63'24.62''N, 47°49'11.92''E) and Geokchay region (40°37'10.5''N, 47°44'29.5''E); Irrigated Grey Cinnamonic (about 100 years old) – Bilasuvar (39°48'36.49''N, 48°43'35.24''E), Yevlakh (40°44I 34.18''N, 46°96'51.13''E), kshu (40°55'39.53''N, 48°35'04.18''E), and Aghstafa region (41°06'11.17''N, 45°28'07.32''E); For a Long Time-Irrigated Grey Cinnamonic (about 300 years old) – Bilasuvar (39°44'25.56''N, 48°42'52.72''E) and Beylagan region (39°76'45.13''N, 47°59'13.50''E). The research methods are comparative-geographical (geographical patterns of distribution of these soils according to the granulometric competition and humus content of the arable horizon) and comparative-analytical. On the plots, soil sections were laid, a morphological description was carried out, soil samples were taken from the genetic horizons (Field guide of soils in Russia (2008), FAO. Guidelines for soil description (2006), IUSS Working Group WRB. World Reference Base of Soil Resources 2014, update 2015, Kallas and Tanzybayev (2001)). The anti-erosion resistance of soils was determined by the bottom erosion flow rate-according to Kuznetsov MS. (1981), the water resistance of the aggregates – by methods of dry and “wet” aggregate analysis according to Savvinov, the specific gravity of the solid phase – by the pycnometric method, the granulometric compotition – by the pipette method, soil density – with a drill according to the generally accepted method (Arinushkina, 1970; Vadyunina and Korchagina, 1986]. The value of the protrusions of soil roughness was determined by the ratio ∆ = 0.7 dw, where dw is the weighted average diameter of the water-resistant aggregates. The value dw was calculated based on the results of the structural analysis of the soil by the Savvinov method at the initial moisture content W (Grigoryev and Makkaveev, 1979), the content of total humus – according to Tyurin, modified bu Nikitin, cellulolytic activity – by application method for the decomposition of cotton canvases (Kazeev, Kolesnikov and Valkov, 2003). Depending on the age of irrigation, we revealed changes in the morphological profile of soil and qualitative indicators of physical-chemical properties of grey Cinnamonic soils during cultivation. İn newly irrigated grey Cinnamonic soils, the cultivated layer (25-30 cm thick) is not fully formed, new arable (A1-22-27 cm) and subsurface horizons (A2-15-16 cm) have been formed and are somewhat compacted, the structure is deteriorated, the level of carbonate and gypsum horizons is lowered. The profile of irrigated soils differs sharply from virgin and newly irrigated soils, has a clear colour differentation; a cultivated layer is formed (thickness - 52-56 cm), the arable horizon is A1-25-28 cm, subsoil - A2-24-26 cm, the illuvial-carbonate horizon is poorly expressed, down to 96-101 cm. Long time-irrigated (irrigation-accumulative) soils under the influence of long-term irrigation with turbid waters and constant cultivation have lost the signs of zonal primary soils and acquired a special type of soil profile – a monotonous grayish-brownish colour, uniformity of profile and composition, a fully formed cultivated layer with a thickness of 65-70 cm; burried horizons are found at a depth of 61-83 cm. A distinctive feature of the irrigated and irrigation-accumulative (long-irrigated) variants of grey Cinnamonic soils – an increase in the microaggregates content, a high content of physical clay (60.8-64.3%), which, when compared with the non-flush type of water regime (virgin), causes not very high humus content of the upper (0-25 and 25-50 cm of soil) horizons (2.29 and 1.78% humus), their weak resistance to the destructive action of water (See Tables 2 and 3). The content of waterresisant aggregates >0.25 mm in layers (0.25 cm) of the soil in comparison with virgin (54.08%) decreases to 35.83% in newly irrigated, in irrigated - to 38.23 % and in irrigation-accumulative (long-irrigated) - up to 40.40% (See Table 4); the highest values of the coefficient of variation of density (CV = 13.54), with a standard deviation (SD = 0.161) are observed in newly irrigated soils (See Table 5). A high bottom erosive flow rate was noted in virgin soils is 0.070-0.072 m/s, somewhat less - in irrigated (0.050–0.063 m/s), in long-irrigated (irrigation-accumulative) (0.048–0.050 m/s) and in newly irrigated soils - 0.048-0.049 m/s (See Table 6). The highest value of porosity, with a solid phase density of 2.65-2.67 g/cm3 , is noted on non-irrigated (virgin) soils (49-55%), in long-irrigated (irrigation-accumulative) soils, it decreases to 47-49%, and on irrigated at a solid phase density of 2.66-2.77 g/cm3 corresponded within the permissible values (51-52%) (See Table 6). The values of the weighted average diameter of water-resistant aggregates decreased from virgin to newly irrigated and to long-irrigated (irrigation-accumulative) soils (from 0.67- 0.74 mm to 0.27-0.31 mm) (See Fig. 1). The highest value of the ratio of anti-erosion resistance to erosion flow velocity was observed for virgin grey Cinnamonic soils (0,0710±0,102 m/s). The maximum average height of roughness protrusions was noted in long-irrigated (irrigation-accumulative) soils (0.27 mm), then irrigated (0.25 mm), and the smallest - in newly irrigated (0.19 mm) soils (See Table 7). We revealed that depending on the age of their irrigation, the anti-erosion resistance of grey Cinnamonic soils, as the bottom erosion flow rate and anti-erosion resistance decrease, can be arranged in the following row: virgin soils → irrigated → longirrigated → newly irrigated. Based on the results obtained, we determined the place of grey Cinnamonic soils in the international classification system WRB (2014): Virgin soils - Saturated gley calcareous heavy loamy - Duric Gleyic Calcic Kastanozems (Loamic); Newly irrigated Grey Cinnamonic (20-25 years old) - Powerful new irrigated calcareous heavy loamy Grey Cinnamonic - Someric Calcic Kastanozems (Loamic); Irrigated Grey Cinnamonic (about 100 years old) - Powerful cultivated irrigated calcareous heavy loamy - Someric Kastanozems (Anthric, Loamic); For a long time-irrigated Grey Cinnamonic (over 300 years old) - Powerful gley cultivated for a long time irrigated calcareous heavy loamy Grey Cinnamonic - Gleyic Petrocalcic Kastanozems (Anthric, Loamic). The paper contains 1 Figures, 7 Tables, and 46 References.
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Litvinovich, Andrey, Anton Lavrishchev, Vladimir Bure, Tara Grujić, and Elmira Saljnikov. "Agrogenic evolution of soddy-podzolic soil: Feasibility of repeated re-involvement in cultivation of the fallow lands formed on band clays." Zemljiste i biljka 71, no. 2 (2022): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2202086l.
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Transformations of the soddy-podzolic gleyic clay soil in a long-term agricultural use (> 200 years) was studied in Leningrad region, northwest Russia. This feasibility study investigated the possibility of re-cultivation of these soils after long term fallowing. Morphological structure, particle size distribution, content and ratio of ferrous and oxide forms of iron in the profile of virgin (indigenous forest) and arable drained soil were analysed. In addition, changes in the organogenic-profile were traced in the course of long-term agrogenesis (> 200 years). In virgin forest soil, during its pedogenesis the loss of fractions <0.01 mm from the eluvial layer was 877.4 kg m-2 , and the loss of <0.0001mm was 287.5 kg m-2 , as compared with parent material not affected by the processes of pedogenesis. However, long-term agrogenesis (>200 years) led to increased eluvial losses of fine earth particles. The loss of fraction <0.01 mm from the arable horizons was 1244.8, and < 0.0001 mm was 570 kg m-2 , respectively. This was due to multiple yearly tillage that increased the porosity of the soil and thus intensified lessivage, which led to increased leaching and eluvial losses. The total loss of colloids from the entire profile of virgin soil was 262.1 kg m-2 , and from the arable layer of drained soil - 290.1 kg m-2 . The humus enrichment of the colloids of the plough (P) horizon of the arable soil was two times lower than that of the surface (AY) horizon of the virgin soil. The relative share of the participation of colloids in the fixation of humus by the soil was the same (11.6 and 10.9%, respectively). In the subsurface horizons, the absolute content of humus in the colloids decreased, and the share of participation in the fixation of humus increased. When soddy-podzolic gleyic clay soil is brought to cultivation then the water-air regime is improved, content and composition of humus, depth of arable horizon is increased and the soil acidity decreased. At the same time the leaching of fine earth materials is accelerated. When this soil was withdrawn from crop production, the positive changes achieved as a result of cultivation were gradually lost. For the first time we could qualitatively calculate the losses of the fine earth fractions for the given soil from top soil. Taking into account the high costs of re-cultivation of the former land and a high cost of re-installation and maintenance of an optimal hydrological regime (drainage network) we concluded that repeated ploughing and involvement of arable soddy-podzolic gleyic clay soil into cultivation is economically unreasonable.
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Niskanen, Raina. "Number of extractionsin determination of effective cation-exchange capacity." Agricultural and Food Science 58, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72220.
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The number of successive extractions with 1 M KCI needed for adequate estimation of effective cation-exchange capacity was studied with four mineral soils. The effective CEC estimated as the sum of equivalents of exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na, H and Al extracted by four successive treatments ranged from 57 to 206 meq/kg soil. In three cultivated soils, 63—90 % of CEC was saturated by Ca and Mg, in the fourth soil (a deeper layer virgin soil), 60 % of CEC by exchangeable H and Al. By two successive treatments often minutes duration with 50ml of 1 M KCI, the equivalent sum of exchangeable cations extracted amounted to 83—92 % of effective CEC in cultivated soils and 67 % of that in virgin soil; >90 % of exchangeable Ca and Mg, 78—97 % of Al, 48—62 % of H and 28—64 % of Na were extracted. By three successive treatments the equivalent sum amounted to 79—96 % of effective CEC, by the single treatment of 30 minutes duration with 100ml of 1 M KCI to 57—79 %. Two successive extractions with 1 M KCI may be enough for estimation of effective CEC in cultivated mineral soils with high degree of saturation by exchangeable Ca and Mg. Soils with high degree of saturation by exchangeable acidity require three successive extractions.
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Kramariov, S. M., and L. P. Bandura. "Comparison of agrophysical parameters and humus content in the soil of virgin and arable land." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 7, no. 1 (2023): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0278.
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Topicality. Currently, there is an urgent need to address the following challenges: loss of soil humus content, deterioration of soil agrophysical properties, reduction of the impact of soil agrophysical degradation, restoration and preservation of fertility. Purpose. Comparison of agrophysical parameters and humus content in the soil of virgin and arable lands and development of scientific recommendations on the formation of favourable agrophysical properties and regimes of chernozems to suspend the development of degradation processes in the soil and preserve fertility. Material and Methods. The study of ordinary chernozem was carried out in the virgin lands and experimental plots of the Erastivka Research Station of the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine during 2010–2016. We studied: total humus content; structural and aggregate composition of the soil; soil structure coefficient; soil density; water resistance of agronomically valuable structural aggregates. In May, soil samples were selected at equilibrium density after mechanical tillage. Sampling was carried out from the soil profile at intervals of 5 cm, to a depth of 0–200 cm in quadruplicate according to DSTU 4287. Results. It was found that deterioration of agrophysical properties (structural and aggregate state, density, water resistance) and reduction of humus content and thickness in the humus horizon in comparison with virgin soil occurred as a result of long-term cultivation of ordinary chernozem. Conclusions. When comparing the properties of ordinary chernozem of arable land with virgin soil, we find that they are significantly degraded. Significant loss of humus and structure degradation leads to an increasing soil density and a partial loss of the ability to resist degradation. To preserve and sustainably use arable chernozems, an improved farming system should be implemented, with scientifically based crop rotations, the latest soil protection technologies, and the proper amount of organic and mineral fertilisers to increase the humus content as its main components. Key words: ordinary chernozem, soil degradation, humus content, structural and aggregate state, density, water resistance
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Stone, Nathan E., Carina M. Hall, A. Springer Browne, Jason W. Sahl, Shelby M. Hutton, Ella Santana-Propper, Kimberly R. Celona, et al. "Burkholderia pseudomallei in Soil, US Virgin Islands, 2019." Emerging Infectious Diseases 26, no. 11 (November 2020): 2773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2611.191577.
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Mironova, Anastasiya V., Igor’ V. Liskin, and Irina I. Afonina. "Economic feasibility of restoration of degraded and neglected lands." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-3-79-90.
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Neglect of soils leads to their degradation, worsens useful properties, and reduces fertility and productivity. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in conducting a comparative analysis of technologies for treating degraded soils, taking into account the economic feasibility of their restoration in non-black-soil regions of Russia. (Materials and methods) The article shows the main technological scheme of restoration of degraded soils. Authors have identified the main groups of land that are located in non-black-soil regions of Russia. (Results and discussion) The article presents the need for equipment, economic and labor costs for the restoration of each type of land in the non-black-soil regions of Russia. Authors took into account that the salary of machine operators depends on the time of direct execution of the task. It was found that the restoration of virgin and fallow lands was the most preferable from the economic, energy-saving and environmental points of view. The article shows that the restoration of pasture areas exceeds the cost of processing virgin lands, but the number of necessary machine and tractor units is comparable to work on virgin lands. Authors recommend to develop the soils with woody and shrubby vegetation in the first place, starting with land occupied by young plants. It is necessary to take into account the criteria for the fertility of the soil layer. It was found that soils with a small excess of moisture have small cost of its development, while on heavily swampy soils the cost of work on their development is many times higher than the cost of restoring other types of land. (Conclusion) The article shows that the restoration of neglected land is a necessary condition for improving the provision of human needs for food and a number of industrial goods. First of all, it is necessary to develop land that requires minimal investment of economic and labor costs.
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Lúquez, Carolina, María I. Bianco, Laura I. T. de Jong, María D. Sagua, Graciela N. Arenas, Alberto S. Ciccarelli, and Rafael A. Fernández. "Distribution of Botulinum Toxin-Producing Clostridia in Soils of Argentina." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 7 (July 2005): 4137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.7.4137-4139.2005.
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ABSTRACT We studied the presence of botulinum toxin-producing clostridia in 2,009 soil samples from five geographical regions of Argentina. The prevalence was 23.5%, and the distribution was not homogeneous among the regions. We observed a great multiplicity of serological types and a higher prevalence in nonvirgin soils than in virgin soils.
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Kroyan, Samvel, Suren Tovmasyan, Paruyr Efendyan, and Anush Margaryan. "Change of water-physical properties of mountainous meadow-chernozem soils of the republic of Armenia under the influence of anthropogenic factor." E3S Web of Conferences 420 (2023): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342003003.
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The aim of the article is to study the direction of negative changes in water-physical properties occurring in meadow-chernozem soils under the influence of anthropogenic factor. The "soil keys" method was used to determine the location of transects. Field researches were conducted on the same-type relief areas, when comparing virgin and arable variants of soils. Soil samples were taken from the main sections by genetic horizons. In the article results of research on the influence of anthropogenic factors on the change of the water-physical properties of the mountain meadow-chernozem soils of the Republic of Armenia are presented. At the present stage the issues of storing and improving fertility of mountainous meadow-chernozem soils are very acute. These soils, under long-term use under agricultural crops, undergo considerable changes in the direction of deterioration, leading to activation of degradation processes of soils. Long-term and unsystematic agricultural use of mountainous meadow-chernozem soils leads to increase of their density. Soil porosity, its moisture capacity, mechanism of moisture movement, etc. depend on soil density. The studies conducted have shown that the density of the tilled layer of virgin soils is generally favourable for the growth and development of plants, but the upper part of the soil profile is somewhat compacted in the tilled variants. The data on porosity of mountain meadow-chernozem soils show that the soils studied are characterised by satisfactory general porosity. High porosity is especially in the whole-loam soil variants. In the arable soils some deterioration of water properties is observed. The results of maximum hygroscopicity, maximum field moisture capacity, and range of active moisture and moisture content of stable wilting slightly decrease.
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Buzueva, Anastasia Sergeevna, Sergei Sergeevich Derevyagin, Valentina Ivanovna Efimova, Mikhail Yuriyevich Nesvetayev, and Maxim Anatolievich Larkin. "Features of development of root systems of plants of various cenosis in dry areas of the Volga region." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 3 (March 28, 2022): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i3pp10-14.
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The aim of the study was to establish the growth rate of the root and vegetative mass of cenoses (virgin land, fallow land, arable land under spring wheat) in the slope agricultural landscape of the Saratov region at various levels of moisture and fertilizer application. The study of the root systems of cenoses was carried out according to the Taranovskaya method. Samples of spring wheat were taken at the end of the growing season, on phytocenoses - during the flowering period of 75% of plants. The botanical composition of phytocenoses has been determined. The differences in the productivity of plant mass and root mass, in years with different SCC, as well as the introduction of nitrogen fertilizer. The rates of phytocenosis biomass humification are estimated. The proportions of the dominant families on the virgin land and the fallow land were cereals 25%, legumes 45% and complex flowers 30%.On average, the maximum root mass in a meter-thick layer of soil was observed on virgin lands - 1.9 t / ha, the minimum on spring wheat - 1.1 t / ha, intermediate - on deposits - 1.2 t / ha. Under drought conditions, the largest mass of roots in a meter-thick layer of soil was found on the deposit — 0.8 t / ha, with sufficient moisture — on virgin soil — 2.6 t / ha. Under drought conditions, the bulk of the roots are concentrated in the lower soil layers, with high moisture in the upper layers. The introduction of 60 kg / ha of nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate increased the mass of the roots of all cenoses by 27.3%. For an average of three years, the maximum amount of humus during humification of plant residues on fertilized (0.40 t / ha) and unfertilized (0.20 t / ha) background is formed under virgin soil.
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Buzueva, Anastasia Sergeevna, Sergei Sergeevich Derevyagin, Valentina Ivanovna Efimova, Mikhail Yuriyevich Nesvetayev, and Maxim Anatolievich Larkin. "Features of development of root systems of plants of various cenosis in dry areas of the Volga region." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 3 (March 28, 2022): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i3pp10-14.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was to establish the growth rate of the root and vegetative mass of cenoses (virgin land, fallow land, arable land under spring wheat) in the slope agricultural landscape of the Saratov region at various levels of moisture and fertilizer application. The study of the root systems of cenoses was carried out according to the Taranovskaya method. Samples of spring wheat were taken at the end of the growing season, on phytocenoses - during the flowering period of 75% of plants. The botanical composition of phytocenoses has been determined. The differences in the productivity of plant mass and root mass, in years with different SCC, as well as the introduction of nitrogen fertilizer. The rates of phytocenosis biomass humification are estimated. The proportions of the dominant families on the virgin land and the fallow land were cereals 25%, legumes 45% and complex flowers 30%.On average, the maximum root mass in a meter-thick layer of soil was observed on virgin lands - 1.9 t / ha, the minimum on spring wheat - 1.1 t / ha, intermediate - on deposits - 1.2 t / ha. Under drought conditions, the largest mass of roots in a meter-thick layer of soil was found on the deposit — 0.8 t / ha, with sufficient moisture — on virgin soil — 2.6 t / ha. Under drought conditions, the bulk of the roots are concentrated in the lower soil layers, with high moisture in the upper layers. The introduction of 60 kg / ha of nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate increased the mass of the roots of all cenoses by 27.3%. For an average of three years, the maximum amount of humus during humification of plant residues on fertilized (0.40 t / ha) and unfertilized (0.20 t / ha) background is formed under virgin soil.
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Zakharova, I. A., and Kh S. Iumashev. "PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM RESERVES IN THE MAIN TYPES OF ZONAL SOILS OF THE CHELYABINSK REGION." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 3 (October 24, 2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2020-56-3-38-45.
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One of the most important tasks of land monitoring is to control the content of gross and mobile forms of basic nutrients in soils. The phosphate-potassium regime of the soil depends not only on its type and the geochemical composition of the soil-forming rock, but also on the landscape and the level of chemicalization of the soil. The low content of phosphorus in the soil in the main area of agricultural land limits the productivity of agrocenoses. The reserves of potassium in the soils of the region are quite high. However, monitoring of this indicator is still important. A comparative assessment of the phosphate-potassium regime of arable land and virgin lands under the same soilforming process is of scientific and practical interest. According to the research results, it has been established that black soils have the highest reserves level of gross and mobile forms of phosphorus. Dark gray mountain-forest soils have the lowest one. A widespread decrease in the reserves of mobile phosphorus in agricultural soils was revealed. This tendency is especially pronounced in dark gray mountain forest soils, ordinary and southern black soils. According to the results of monitoring, it was revealed that the reserves of exchangeable potassium in the main area of arable land and virgin land are gradually increased. In the dark gray mountain-forest soils, as well as leached black soils for five rounds of the survey, the reserves of exchangeable potassium decreased. It is necessary to adjust the dose of fertilizers into the farms with updated information on the agrochemical properties of the soil, taking into account the content of phosphorus and potassium in the arable layer. Also it is of great importance to take into account their removal with the crop and the utilization rate of nutrients from the soil and fertilizers.
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Lozbenev, Nikolai, Maria Smirnova, Maxim Bocharnikov, and Daniil Kozlov. "Digital Mapping of Habitat for Plant Communities Based on Soil Functions: A Case Study in the Virgin Forest-Steppe of Russia." Soil Systems 3, no. 1 (March 9, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3010019.
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The spatial structure of the habitat for plant communities based on soil functions in virgin forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland is the focus of this study. The objectives include the identification of the leading factors of soil function variety and to determine the spatial heterogeneity of the soil function. A detailed topographic survey was carried out on a key site (35 hectares), 157 soil, and 34 geobotanical descriptions were made. The main factor of soil and plant cover differentiation is the redistribution of soil moisture along the microrelief. Redistributed runoff value was modelled in SIMWE and used as a tool for spatial prediction of soils due to their role in a habitat for plant communities’ functional context. The main methods of the study are the multidimensional scaling and discriminant analysis. We model the composition of plant communities (accuracy is 95%) and Reference Soil Group (accuracy is 88%) due to different soil moisture conditions. There are two stable soil habitat types: mesophytic communities on the Phaeozems (with additional water runoff more than 80 mm) and xerophytic communities on Chernozems (additional runoff less than 55 mm). A transitional type corresponded to xero- mesophytic communities on the Phaeozems with 55–80 mm additional redistributed runoff value. With acceptable accuracy, the habitat for natural plant communities based on soil function model predicts the position of contrastingly different components of biota in relation to their soil moisture requirements within the virgin forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland.
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Pittner, J., and M. Saniga. "A change in structural diversity and regeneration processes of the spruce virgin forest in Nefcerka NNR (TANAP) in relation to altitude." Journal of Forest Science 54, No. 12 (December 15, 2008): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2008-jfs.
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This report assesses the structural diversity of the spruce virgin forest in Nefcerka NNR in the Tatra National Park (TANAP). The structure of the virgin forest is evaluated by the indices proposed by Clark & Evans, Füldner and Jaehne & Dohrenbusch. Concerning the spatial distribution of trees (Clark & Evans index), a statistically significant difference was confirmed between the growth stage and the optimum and the breakdown stages. The influence of altitude on the tendency of concentration of virgin forest trees was also confirmed. In the case of complex diversity evaluation by the JAEHNE & DOHRENBUSCH index (1997), a statistically significantly different diversity of the spruce virgin forest between the growth stage and the other stages was found. The analysis of the regeneration processes revealed their good dynamics even at an altitude above 1,400 m, and with the ascending altitude (above 1,300 m) the dead wood and knolls of wind-thrown roots have the greater importance as seedbeds.
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Abdelfattah, Mahmoud A., Mostafa M. Rady, Hussein E. E. Belal, Eman E. Belal, Rahmah Al-Qthanin, Hatim M. Al-Yasi, and Esmat F. Ali. "Revitalizing Fertility of Nutrient-Deficient Virgin Sandy Soil Using Leguminous Biocompost Boosts Phaseolus vulgaris Performance." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081637.
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During the 2019 and 2020 seasons, nutrient-deficient virgin sandy soil was examined along with the investigation of the response of Phaseolus vulgaris plants to soil application with biocompost in integration with chemical fertilizers applied to soil and plants. Four treatments (100% of the recommended NPK fertilizer dose (control), 75% NPK applied to soil + 25% foliar spray, 75% NPK applied to soil + 25% foliar spray + leguminous compost (CL), and 75% NPK applied to soil + 25% foliar spray + CL containing Bacillus subtilis (biocompost; CLB)) were applied in a randomized complete block design. The 75% NPK applied to soil + 25% foliar spray + CLB was the best treatment, which exceeded other treatments in improving soil fertility and plant performance. It noticeably improved soil physicochemical properties, including available nutrients, activities of various soil enzymes (cellulase, invertase, urease, and catalase), soil cation exchange capacity, organic carbon content, and pH, as well as plant growth and productivity, and plant physiobiochemistry, including nutrients and water contents, and various antioxidant activities. The results of the 2020 season significantly outperformed those of the 2019 season, indicating the positive effects of biofertilizers as a strategy to combine soil supplementation with NPK fertilizers and allocate a portion of NPK fertilizers for foliar spraying of plants in nutrient-deficient sandy soils.
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Kolosova, Elizaveta M., Oleg S. Sutormin, Aleksandr A. Shpedt, Ludmila V. Stepanova, and Valentina A. Kratasyuk. "Bioluminescent-Inhibition-Based Biosensor for Full-Profile Soil Contamination Assessment." Biosensors 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12050353.
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A bioluminescent-enzyme-inhibition-based assay was applied to predict the potential toxicity of the full profile of the following soil samples: agricultural grassland, 10-year fallow land (treated with remediation processes for 10 years) and uncontaminated (virgin) land. This assay specifically detects the influence of aqueous soil extracts from soils on the activity of a coupled enzyme system of luminescent bacteria: NAD(P)H:FMN-oxidoreductase + luciferase (Red + Luc). It was shown that the inhibitory effect of the full-profile soil samples on the Red + Luc system decreased with depth for the 10-year fallow-land and virgin-land samples, which correlated with a decrease in the humic organic matter content in the soils. The inhibitory effect of the agricultural grassland on the Red + Luc enzyme system activity was more complex and involved the presence of the humic organic matter content, as well as the presence of pollutants in the whole-soil profile. However, if the interfering effect of humic organic substances on the Red + Luc system’s activity is taken into account during full-profile soil toxicity assessments, it might help to detect pollutant mobility and its leaching into the subsoil layer. Thus, this bioluminescent method, due to the technical simplicity, rapid response time and high sensitivity, has the potential to be developed as a biological part of the inhibition-based assay and/or biosensors for the preventive tracing of potential full-profile soil contamination.
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Belov, Andrey M., and Andrey A. Rybin. "RESIDENTS OF KOSTROMA REGION ON UNBROKEN VIRGIN SOIL IN 1954–1964." Historical Search 2, no. 3 (September 28, 2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2021-2-3-5-9.
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The virgin land campaign of 1954–1964 became a bright page in the national history and an example of the labor heroism of Soviet citizens. Its results were contradictory. On the one hand, in the difficult post-war years, the state managed to temporarily relieve food tension; on the other hand, plowing of large land plots in the east of the country resulted in an environmental disaster, which subsequently caused a new food crisis in the USSR, which led to grain purchases abroad. The lessons of the virgin epic are relevant today. In today’s rapidly changing world, the state must provide its citizens with food security, besides, Russia has a great agricultural potential. One of the main tasks of the Soviet state at the time of the new lands development was the task of providing qualified workers to the developed areas in order to get crops in a short time. Many regions of the country, under the draft of the Communist Party, were to send volunteers to empty lands. Residents of Kostroma region and other regions of the Soviet Union took an active part in the virgin land campaign and contributed to the development of the country’s agricultural sector. The study of archival materials, memoirs of campaign participants, periodicals makes it possible to establish what role the residents of Kostroma region played in implementing the virgin land campaign. The article contains excerpts from the participants’ memoirs about the course of the campaign, the working process and examines the results of the work carried out by Kostroma people on the virgin land. This information throws new light on the problem under study and gives us an opportunity to look at the events of the past years from another aspect.
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Samadi, Abbas, and R. J. Gilkes. "Forms of phosphorus in virgin and fertilised calcareous soils of Western Australia." Soil Research 36, no. 4 (1998): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97060.
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Total phosphorus (P), inorganic P (Pi), organic P, and several Pi fractions were determined for 8 fertilised calcareous soils under agriculture and their virgin analogues under natural bush to ascertain changes due to agricultural development. The relationships between soil properties and forms of P were also determined. In general, agricultural development of soils resulted in increases in total P (average 105% increase), Pi (154%), organic P (49%), Olsen P (200%), Colwell P (100%), and all Pi fractions compared with their virgin analogues. For the virgin soils, the abundance of the Pi fractions was in the order: Al-P>O-P (occluded P)>Fe-P>Ca10-P = Ca2-P>Ca8-P, which changed to Al-P>Ca8-P>Ca2-P>Ca10-P>Fe-P>O-P for fertilised soils. The average contribution of each fraction to the increase in total Pi was Al-P (29%), Ca8-P (26%), Ca2-P (18%), Fe-P (13%), Ca10-P (13%), and O-P (4%). The change in Ca8-P was closely correlated with the content of the active fraction of calcite in the soil (ACCE). The increase in Fe-P associated with agriculture was highly correlated with citrate-dithionite-bicarbonate (CDB) extractable Fe (Fed) and acid-ammonium oxalate extractable Fe (Feo). The increase in Al-P was correlated with the ratio of acid-ammonium oxalate extractable Al (Alo) to Feo. Both Olsen and Colwell NaHCO3-extractable P were highly correlated with Ca2-, Al-, Fe-, and Ca10-P, and total P values. Multiple regression analysis indicated that Ca2-P and Ca10-P were major contributors to available P as determined by the Olsen and Colwell soil tests.
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Pal, Y., R. J. Gilkes, and M. T. F. Wong. "The forms of potassium and potassium adsorption in some virgin soils from south-western Australia." Soil Research 37, no. 4 (1999): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98083.
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This investigation was undertaken to determine the potassium (K) status and adsorption behaviour of 227 samples from horizons of 41 representative virgin soil profiles, extending from Geraldton in the north to the Great Southern district of Western Australia. X-ray diffraction analysis of random powder of whole soil indicated that quartz is the dominant mineral and some soils contain significant amounts of feldspars. Clay mineralogy is dominated by kaolinite but minor quantities of illite are present in some soils. Most south-west Australian agricultural soils contain little available K: NaHCO3-extractable K (NaHCO3-K, median value 0·09 cmol K/kg, equivalent to 35 mg K/kg soil), HNO3-extractable K (HNO3-K, median value 0·30 cmol K/kg, equivalent to 117 mg K/kg soil), and total K (XRF determined K, median value, 17 cmol K/kg, equivalent to 6630 mg K/kg soil). The proportion of water-soluble K (H2O-K) ranges from 0 to 3·5% of total K, 0 to 76% of HNO3-K, and 0 to nearly 100% of exchangeable K. Exchangeable K ranges from 0 to 100% (median value 37%) of HNO3-K. These are relatively high proportions of H2O-K and exchangeable K compared with soils from many other parts of the world. The amounts of all forms of K variously increase or decrease downwards in the soil profile depending on both clay content and mineralogy. The commonly assumed increase in K with clay content alone is invalid. The soils mostly have low-to-moderate values of K sorption capacity, ranging from 5% to 67% (median value 14%) of added K (initially 4·1 mM K/L, equivalent to 4·1 cmol K/kg). otassium sorption isotherms conform well to the Freundlich equation. The inability of the Langmuir equation to describe the data may indicate that there are several types of K sorption sites in these soils. The Gapon coefficient KG varied widely from 0·04 to 29·8 (L/mol) ½ [median value 5·4 (L/mol) ½ ].
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Vorotyntseva, L. I., and V. I. Nikoliuk. "Agrogenic changes in the properties of dark chestnut virgin and arable soil with different use and irrigation." Agrochemistry and Soil Science, no. 91 (August 2021): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/acss91-02.
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In the article, it was provided a comparative analysis of the ecosystem significance of soil characteristics transformed as a result of changes in the use conditions. At the three monitoring stationary sites in the Chaplinka district of the Kherson region, we studied the properties of dark chestnut soil (Haplic Kastanozem) on virgin lands (a biosphere reserve "Askania-Nova") and with more than a hundred years of use in agricultural production without irrigation and with a 50-year irrigation with water from the Kakhovsky trunk canal. Changes in the salt regime of the soil and the composition of exchangeable cations were established. In irrigation the total content of water-soluble salts up to 0.14-0.21% (toxic salts ‒ up to 0.06-0.15 %) was increased. The composition of salts was changed, their migration and accumulation in the lower soil layers. Under the influence of fresh water irrigation the process of dealkalinization in the dark chestnut soil took place. The involvement of virgin soil in agricultural use led to a decrease in the total content of humus and the transformation of its group composition. The content of humic acids (HA) was decreased. The content of fulvic acids (FA) was increased. The HA/FA ratio in the 0-10 cm layer changed from 2.6 (in virgin soil) to 1.6 in irrigated soil. The plowing and agricultural use of the dark chestnut soil led to a change in the state of the microbial cenosis. The number of microorganisms assimilating mineral and organic nitrogen, actinomycetes, oligotrophs, and eutrophs were increased. With irrigation the degree of transformation of the microbial cenosis increases. The indicator of biological degradation of irrigated dark chestnut soil was 4 %. This corresponds to a low level of degradation. A set of 10 indicators of the quality of the studied soil was proposed for calculating the level of its provision of ecosystem services (supplying and supporting). The algorithm and calculation results are presented. The soil of all monitoring sites of Markeev station is characterized by a high level of provision of ecosystem services. In virgin soil it was 8.3 points; in arable soil without irrigation it was 7.2, and with irrigation it was 7.5 points.
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Morkovkin, Gennady G., Alyona S. Strebkova, Nina B. Maximova, and Svetlana S. Slazhneva. "The Influence of Soil Use Methods on the Changes in the Humus Content in Leached Chernozems of the Moderately Arid and Forest-Outlier Steppe of the Altai Territory." UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 2 (214) (June 30, 2022): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2022-2-68-73.
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The results of a study of the influence of various soil use methods on the humus content in leached chernozem under the conditions of the moderately arid and forest-outlier steppe of the Altai Territory are presented in this article. Soil sampling was carried out on the basis of experimental fields in the Educational farm “Prigorodnoe” and the FSUE “Komsomolsky”, Pavlovsky District. The following variants of soil use as traditional technology, minimum technology, perennial fallow land (18 years), virgin land (natural haymaking) are considered. We determined the humus content using I.V. Tyurin’s method, repeated three times. The article shows that the use of conservation agriculture technologies contributes to an increase in the accumulation of soil carbon, and as a result, an increase in soil humus content. It has been established that when using traditional soil cultivation technology, the humus content in the soil is lower against the background of perennial fallow land (18 years), virgin land (natural haymaking). During the experiment with traditional technology, we revealed the minimum value of the humus content in the subsurface horizon. When using the minimum technology, the humus content in the soil prevails 1.5 times compared to the traditional one. Adaptation of resource-saving technologies to the conditions of the moderately arid and forest-outlier steppe of the Altai Territory will reduce the intensity of mechanical impact on soils, improve the ecological state of agricultural landscapes and optimize farming systems.
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Adesiji, N. E., and J. A. Ademola. "Soil-to-maize Transfer Factor of Natural Radionuclides in a Tropical Ecosystem of Nigeria." Nigeria Journal of Pure and Applied Physics 9, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpap.v9i1.2.
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Soil-to-plant transfer factor (TF) is a parameter utilized in predicting the accumulation of radionuclides in the plant system. Virgin soil from an uncultivated area and tailings from an abandoned tin mining site were used to formulate three soil groups. Group A (virgin soil only), group B (tailings only) and group C (equal mixture by mass of the virgin soil and tailings). Pot experiments were performed using the soil groups to determine the transfer factors of 40K, 238U and 232Th in maize (Zea mays L.) plants for the tropical ecosystem of Nigeria. The activity concentrations of 40K, 238U and 232Th in the soil groups and the maize plant compartments (seed, stem, leaf and root) were determined using NaI(Tl) gamma-detector. The geometric mean (GM) of the TF values for 40K, 238U and 232Th respectively ranged from 0.02 to 0.27, below detectable limit (BDL) to 0.008 and 0.01 to 0.09 in the in the seeds; 0.04 to 1.74, BDL to BDL and 0.01 to 0.29 in the stems; 0.03 to 0.93, BDL to 0.33 and 0.02 to 0.08 in the leaves and 0.03 to 1.29, 0.05 to 0.38 and 0.08 to 0.41 in the roots.. Potassium-40 had the highest TF values and exhibited the plant accumulation strategy for all the plant compartments. The stem samples had the highest TF for 40K and BDL values for 238U for all the soil groups. Significance differences were observed only in the accumulation of 40K and 232Th across the soil group.
Keywords: Radioactivity, potassium, mining, Gamma-ray detectors, calibration
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Seleiman, Mahmoud F., Nasser Al-Suhaibani, Salah El-Hendawy, Kamel Abdella, Majed Alotaibi, and Ali Alderfasi. "Impacts of Long- and Short-Term of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater and Synthetic Fertilizers on the Growth, Biomass, Heavy Metal Content, and Energy Traits of Three Potential Bioenergy Crops in Arid Regions." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 3037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113037.
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The availability of suitable water is an important factor for increasing the cultivated areas and sustainability in arid (i.e., less than 200 mm precipitation per year) and semiarid regions (i.e., 200–700 mm precipitation per year). Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the impact of treated wastewater (TWW) and groundwater (GW) as well as synthetic fertilizers (50% and 100% of the recommended NPK dose; 150–150–60 kg N–P2O5–K2O ha−1) on the growth, biomass, energy traits, and macro and trace elements of maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L) grown in old cultivated (first location; L1) and virgin soil (L2 and L3) as potential bioenergy crops. The soil in L1 has been irrigated with treated wastewater for the last 15 years and continued to be irrigated with treated wastewater in this investigation. The virgin soil was divided into two parts: the first part was irrigated with TWW, and the second part was irrigated with GW. The experiments were laid out in a split-plot with a randomized complete block design with water treatments (TWW in old and virgin soil, and GW in virgin soil) in main plots, and the two treatments of fertilization (50% and 100% of the recommended NPK dose) were distributed randomly in subplots. Compared with the crops irrigated with GW, the crops irrigated with TWW, whether grown on old or virgin soil, showed higher plant height, total chlorophyll content, leaf area per plant, total biomass, energy content, and gross energy with low ash. They also contained higher (but lower than permissible limits) concentrations of macro-elements (NPK) and trace elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Co). In addition, the application of a 50% recommended dose of NPK with TWW showed equivalent results to a 100% recommended dose of NPK on all measured parameters with few exceptions. In conclusion, the TWW can be used to irrigate field crops allocated for bioenergy production in arid regions because it does not harm the plants and environment. In addition, the 50% recommended dose of NPK fertilizer exerted no negative effects on the growth and energy production of field crops, thereby protecting the environment and reducing the leaching of excessive fertilizers into GW.
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Alnaimy, Manal, Martina Zelenakova, Zuzana Vranayova, and Mohamed Abu-Hashim. "Effects of Temporal Variation in Long-Term Cultivation on Organic Carbon Sequestration in Calcareous Soils: Nile Delta, Egypt." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 4514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114514.
Full textAbstract:
Soil carbon sequestration is a riskier long-term strategy for climate mitigation than direct emissions reduction, but it plays a main role in closing carbon emission gaps. Effects of long-term cultivation on soil carbon sequestration were studied at the western edge of the Nile Delta near Alexandria, Egypt. Seven agricultural fields of different ages (0–50 years in use) were selected and compared with the surrounding desert (virgin soil) and desert shrub-land. Samples were taken at three horizons, 0–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm, and tested for differences in physical and chemical properties. The results of long-term cultivation reveal that the European Commission (EC) value was 11.77 dS/m in virgin soil, while the EC values decreased to 5.82, 4.23, 3.74, 2.40, and 2.26 dS/m after 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 years of cultivation, respectively. The calcareous rock fraction smaller than 50 μm in size revealed another phenomenon, where active calcium carbonate content increased with cultivation practices from 1.15% (virgin soil) to 5.42%, 6.47%, 8.38%, and 10.13% after 5, 10, 20, and 30 years of cultivation, respectively, while shrub-land also showed a low amount of active CaCO3 with 1.38%. In fifty years of cultivation, soil bulk density decreased significantly from 1.67 to 1.11 g/cm3, and it decreased to 1.65, 1.44, 1.40, and 1.25 g/cm3 after 5, 10, 20, and 30 years, respectively. These results reveal that the increase in soil carbon stock in the upper 90 cm amounted to 41.02 t C/ha after five years of cultivation, compared to virgin soil with 13.47 t C/ha. Soil carbon levels increased steeply during the five years of cultivation, with an average rate of 8.20 t C/ha per year in the upper 90 cm. After the first five years of cultivation, the carbon sequestration rate slowed, reaching 4.68, 3.77, 2.58, and 1.93 t C/ha per year after 10, 20, 30, and 50 years, respectively, resulting in sequestration-potential values of 46.78, 75.63, 77.43, and 96.45 t C/ha. These results indicate that potential soil carbon sequestration resembles a logarithmic curve until the equilibrium state between carbon application and decomposition by microorganisms is reached.