Relevant bibliographies by topics / VIRF

Academic literature on the topic 'VIRF'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "VIRF"

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Schrammeijer, B., J. Hemelaar, and P. J. J. Hooykaas. "The Presence and Characterization of a virF Gene on Agrobacterium vitis Ti Plasmids." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 5 (May 1998): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.5.429.

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Octopine and nopaline strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens differ in their ability to induce tumors on Nicotiana glauca. The presence of a virF locus on the octopine Ti plasmid makes N. glauca a host plant for these strains, indicating that the VirF protein is a host-range determinant. Here we show the presence of a virF locus not only on the Agrobacterium vitis octopine/cucumopine plasmids pTiAg57 and pTiTm4, but also on the nopaline Ti plas-mids pTiAT1, pTiAT66a, and pTiAT66b. On the octopine Ti plasmids from A. tumefaciens the virF gene is located between the virE locus and the left border of the T-region. In contrast, the virF gene on Ti plasmids of A. vitis is located at the very left end of the vir-region near the virA locus. The virF gene of pTiAg57 has been sequenced and codes for a protein of 202 amino acids with a molecular mass of 22,280 Da. Comparison showed that the virF gene from A. vitis strain Ag57 is almost identical to that from A. tumefaciens octopine strains. The transcription of the pTiAg57 virF is inducible by the plant phenolic compound acetosyringone through the presence of a vir-box consensus sequence in its promoter region. The VirF protein from pTiAg57 can complement octopine A. tumefaciens strains deleted for virF as shown by tumor formation on N. glauca.
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Wing, Helen J., Arthur W. Yan, Seth R. Goldman, and Marcia B. Goldberg. "Regulation of IcsP, the Outer Membrane Protease of the Shigella Actin Tail Assembly Protein IcsA, by Virulence Plasmid Regulators VirF and VirB." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 3 (February 1, 2004): 699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.3.699-705.2004.

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ABSTRACT The Shigella outer membrane protease IcsP removes the actin assembly protein IcsA from the bacterial surface, and consequently modulates Shigella actin-based motility and cell-to-cell spread. Here, we demonstrate that IcsP expression is undetectable in mutants lacking either of two transcriptional activators, VirF and VirB. In wild-type Shigella spp., virB expression is entirely dependent on VirF; therefore, to circumvent this regulatory cascade, we independently expressed VirF or VirB in Shigella strains lacking both activators and measured both IcsP levels and transcription from the icsP promoter. Our results show that VirB significantly enhanced icsP transcription, even in the absence of VirF. In contrast, when VirF was induced in the absence of VirB, VirF had variable effects. The regulation of icsP is distinctly different from the regulation of the gene encoding its major substrate, icsA, which is activated by VirF and not VirB. We propose that the different pathways regulating icsA and icsP may be critical to the modulation of IcsA-mediated actin-based motility by IcsP.
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Okumura, Kayo, Kaori Ohtani, Hideo Hayashi, and Tohru Shimizu. "Characterization of Genes Regulated Directly by the VirR/VirS System in Clostridium perfringens." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 23 (September 12, 2008): 7719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01573-07.

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ABSTRACT Analysis of the complete sequence of the genome of Clostridium perfringens strain 13 resulted in identification of five genes, including pfoA (encoding theta toxin) and vrr (encoding VirR/VirS-regulated RNA), with consensus VirR-binding sequences upstream of the open reading frame (ORF), suggesting that expression of these genes may be regulated directly by the two-component VirR/VirS system. To test this possibility, we examined VirR/VirS system-mediated transcriptional regulation of three genes, virT, ccp (encoding alpha-clostripain), and virU, with the novel VirR-binding sequences. Northern analysis revealed that the steady-state levels (increases or decreases in the amounts of RNA expressed) of virT, ccp, and virU mRNAs were lower in a virR mutant strain than in the wild-type strain, as were the levels of the pfoA and vrr transcripts. The consensus VirR-binding sites were located similarly relative to the transcription start sites in the virT, ccp, and virU promoters. Mutation and overexpression analyses with virT and virU revealed that the virT gene product has a negative effect on expression of pfoA and ccp, whereas the virU gene product positively affects expression of pfoA, virT, ccp, and vrr. Nonsense and frameshift mutations in the virT or virU putative ORF did not affect the regulatory functions, suggesting that virT and virU may encode RNA regulators rather than proteins. These results suggest that a complex regulatory network, perhaps involving several regulatory RNA molecules, governs the expression of the VirR/VirS regulon in C. perfringens.
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Kalogeraki, Virginia S., Jun Zhu, Joel L. Stryker, and Stephen C. Winans. "The Right End of the vir Region of an Octopine-Type Ti Plasmid Contains Four New Members of the vir Regulon That Are Not Essential for Pathogenesis." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 6 (March 15, 2000): 1774–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.6.1774-1778.2000.

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ABSTRACT We sequenced the virD-virE, virE-virF, andvirF–T-DNA intergenic regions of an octopine Ti plasmid. Four newly described genes were induced by the vir gene inducer acetosyringone, two of which are conserved in the nopaline-type Ti plasmid pTiC58. One gene resembles a family of phosphatase genes. Each of these genes is dispensible for tumorigenesis.
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Porter, Megan E., and Charles J. Dorman. "In Vivo DNA-Binding and Oligomerization Properties of the Shigella flexneri AraC-Like Transcriptional Regulator VirF as Identified by Random and Site-Specific Mutagenesis." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 2 (January 15, 2002): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.2.531-539.2002.

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ABSTRACT In Shigella flexneri expression of the plasmid-encoded virulence genes is regulated via a complex mechanism involving both environmental signals and specific transactivators. The primary regulator protein, VirF, is a member of the AraC family of transcription factors and shares with other AraC-like proteins a conserved carboxy-terminal domain thought to be important for DNA binding. Random and site-directed mutagenesis of the virF gene encoding VirF yielded a number of mutations along the length of the protein which severely affected the ability of VirF to activate gene expression. The mutant proteins were shown to be affected in their ability to activate the virulence genes virB and icsA, both known to be regulated directly by VirF, as well as the virB-dependent virulence gene mxiC. Mutating key residues predicted to be important for DNA recognition had a significant negative effect, thereby suggesting that VirF interacts with its target sequence via two helix-turn-helix motifs. Two mutants that were dominant negative when coexpressed with the wild-type VirF protein were also isolated, indicating a role for protein-protein oligomerization in normal VirF function.
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Nakayama, Shu-ichi, and Haruo Watanabe. "Identification of cpxR as a Positive Regulator Essential for Expression of the Shigella sonnei virF Gene." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 14 (July 15, 1998): 3522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.14.3522-3528.1998.

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ABSTRACT virF is the master regulator which activates the virulence determinant genes of Shigella spp. such asipaBCD and virG. We previously reported that expression of virF itself is regulated in a pH-dependent manner and that cpxA, a sensor of a two-component regulatory system, is involved in this regulation (S. Nakayama and H. Watanabe, J. Bacteriol. 177:5062–5069, 1995). Disruption of cpxR, which has been thought to be the cognate response regulator of cpxA (J. Dong, S. Iuchi, H.-S. Kwan, Z. Lue, and E. C. C. Lin, Gene 136:227–230, 1993), abolishedvirF expression almost completely. Purified CpxR bound directly to the upstream region of virF. Binding capacity was enhanced when CpxR was phosphorylated by coincubation with acetyl phosphate in vitro. Furthermore, we observed that phosphorylated CpxR could activate virF transcription in vitro. These results clearly indicated that CpxR was an essential activator for virF expression and strongly suggested that the binding of phosphorylated CpxR to the target site upstream of the virF gene induced a direct activation of virF transcription.
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Gall, Tony Le, Maria Mavris, Maria Celeste Martino, Maria Lina Bernardini, Erick Denamur, and Claude Parsot. "Analysis of virulence plasmid gene expression defines three classes of effectors in the type III secretion system of Shigella flexneri." Microbiology 151, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 951–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27639-0.

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Proteins directly involved in entry and dissemination of Shigella flexneri into epithelial cells are encoded by a virulence plasmid of 200 kb. A 30-kb region (designated the entry region) of this plasmid encodes components of a type III secretion (TTS) apparatus, substrates of this apparatus and their dedicated chaperones. During growth of bacteria in broth, expression of these genes is induced at 37 °C and the TTS apparatus is assembled in the bacterial envelope but is not active. Secretion is activated upon contact of bacteria with host cells and is deregulated in an ipaB mutant. The plasmid encodes four transcriptional regulators, VirF, VirB, MxiE and Orf81. VirF controls transcription of virB, whose product is required for transcription of entry region genes. MxiE, with the chaperone IpgC acting as a co-activator, controls expression of several effectors that are induced under conditions of secretion. Genes under the control of Orf81 are not known. The aim of this study was to define further the repertoires of virulence plasmid genes that are under the control of (i) the growth temperature, (ii) each of the known virulence plasmid-encoded transcriptional regulators (VirF, VirB, MxiE and Orf81) and (iii) the activity of the TTS apparatus. Using a macroarray analysis, the expression profiles of 71 plasmid genes were compared in the wild-type strain grown at 37 and 30 °C and in virF, virB, mxiE, ipaB, ipaB mxiE and orf81 mutants grown at 37 °C. Many genes were found to be under the control of VirB and indirectly of VirF. No alteration of expression of any gene was detected in the orf81 mutant. Expression of 13 genes was increased in the secretion-deregulated ipaB mutant in an MxiE-dependent manner. On the basis of their expression profile, substrates of the TTS apparatus can be classified into three categories: (i) those that are controlled by VirB, (ii) those that are controlled by MxiE and (iii) those that are controlled by both VirB and MxiE. The differential regulation of expression of TTS effectors in response to the TTS apparatus activity suggests that different effectors might be required at different times following contact of bacteria with host cells.
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Xiang, Qiwang, Zunlin Yang, and John Nicholas. "STAT and Janus kinase targeting by human herpesvirus 8 interferon regulatory factor in the suppression of type-I interferon signaling." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): e1010676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010676.

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Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus, is involved etiologically in AIDS-associated KS, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman’s disease, in which both viral latent and lytic functions are important. HHV-8 encodes four viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs) that are believed to contribute to viral latency (in PEL cells, at least) and/or to productive replication via suppression of cellular antiviral and stress signaling. Here, we identify vIRF-1 interactions with signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors 1 and 2, interferon type-I (IFN-I)-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) cofactor IRF9, and associated signal transducing Janus kinases JAK1 and TYK2. In naturally infected PEL cells and in iSLK epithelial cells infected experimentally with genetically engineered HHV-8, vIRF-1 depletion or ablation, respectively, led to increased STAT1 and STAT2 activation (phosphorylation) in IFNβ-treated, and untreated, cells during lytic replication and to associated cellular-gene induction. In transfected 293T cells, used for mechanistic studies, suppression by vIRF-1 of IFNβ-induced phospho-STAT1 (pSTAT1) was found to be highly dependent on STAT2, indicating vIRF-1-mediated inhibition and/or dissociation of ISGF3-complexing, resulting in susceptibility of pSTAT1 to inactivating dephosphorylation. Indeed, coprecipitation experiments involving targeted precipitation of ISGF3 components identified suppression of mutual interactions by vIRF-1. In contrast, suppression of IFNβ-induced pSTAT2 was effected by inhibition of TYK2 and its interactions with STAT2 and IFN-I receptor (IFNAR). Our identified vIRF-1 interactions with IFN-signaling mediators STATs 1 and 2, co-interacting ISGF3 component IRF9, and STAT-activating TYK2 and the suppression of IFN signaling via ISGF3, TYK2-STAT2 and TYK2-IFNAR disruption and TYK2 inhibition represent novel mechanisms of vIRF function and HHV-8 evasion from host-cell defenses.
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Koppolu, Veerendra, Ichie Osaka, Jeff M. Skredenske, Bria Kettle, P. Scott Hefty, Jiaqin Li, and Susan M. Egan. "Small-Molecule Inhibitor of the Shigella flexneri Master Virulence Regulator VirF." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 11 (September 3, 2013): 4220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00919-13.

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ABSTRACTVirF is an AraC family transcriptional activator that is required for the expression of virulence genes associated with invasion and cell-to-cell spread byShigella flexneri, including multiple components of the type three secretion system (T3SS) machinery and effectors. We tested a small-molecule compound, SE-1 (formerly designated OSSL_051168), which we had identified as an effective inhibitor of the AraC family proteins RhaS and RhaR, for its ability to inhibit VirF. Cell-based reporter gene assays withEscherichia coliandShigella, as well asin vitroDNA binding assays with purified VirF, demonstrated that SE-1 inhibited DNA binding and transcription activation (likely by blocking DNA binding) by VirF. Analysis of mRNA levels using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) further demonstrated that SE-1 reduced the expression of the VirF-dependent virulence genesicsA,virB,icsB, andipaBinShigella. We also performed eukaryotic cell invasion assays and found that SE-1 reduced invasion byShigella. The effect of SE-1 on invasion required preincubation ofShigellawith SE-1, in agreement with the hypothesis that SE-1 inhibited the expression of VirF-activated genes required for the formation of the T3SS apparatus and invasion. We found that the same concentrations of SE-1 had no detectable effects on the growth or metabolism of the bacterial cells or the eukaryotic host cells, respectively, indicating that the inhibition of invasion was not due to general toxicity. Overall, SE-1 appears to inhibit transcription activation by VirF, exhibits selectivity toward AraC family proteins, and has the potential to be developed into a novel antibacterial agent.
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Karney, Monika, Joy McKenna, Natasha Weatherspoon-Griffin, Alexander Karabachev, Makensie Millar, Eliese Potocek, and Helen Wing. "Investigating the DNA-Binding Site for VirB, a Key Transcriptional Regulator of Shigella Virulence Genes, Using an In Vivo Binding Tool." Genes 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10020149.

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The transcriptional anti-silencing and DNA-binding protein, VirB, is essential for the virulence of Shigella species and, yet, sequences required for VirB-DNA binding are poorly understood. While a 7-8 bp VirB-binding site has been proposed, it was derived from studies at a single VirB-dependent promoter, icsB. Our previous in vivo studies at a different VirB-dependent promoter, icsP, found that the proposed VirB-binding site was insufficient for regulation. Instead, the required site was found to be organized as a near-perfect inverted repeat separated by a single nucleotide spacer. Thus, the proposed 7-8 bp VirB-binding site needed to be re-evaluated. Here, we engineer and validate a molecular tool to capture protein-DNA binding interactions in vivo. Our data show that a sequence organized as a near-perfect inverted repeat is required for VirB-DNA binding interactions in vivo at both the icsB and icsP promoters. Furthermore, the previously proposed VirB-binding site and multiple sites found as a result of its description (i.e., sites located at the virB, virF, spa15, and virA promoters) are not sufficient for VirB to bind in vivo using this tool. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "VIRF"

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Mutocheluh, Mohamed. "Understanding KSHV vIRF-2-cell interactions." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2843/.

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Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) encodes genes with immunomodulatory potential, one of which is vIRF-2 that shares homology to cellular interferon regulatory factors. The innate antiviral mechanism mediating the type I interferons is an essential host cell defence mechanism limiting viral replication. The aim of this study was to determine the range and type of cellular gene sets and associated biological pathways whose expression is deregulated by vIRF-2. HEK 293-derived cell clones were engineered to express doxycycline-inducible vIRF-2. Interferon (IFN) responses were induced with recombinant (r) IFN-α and measured by an IFN stimulated response elements (ISRE) luciferase reporter gene assay. The effects of vIRF-2 on cell transcriptome profile in response to rIFN-α were determined by DNA microarray analysis and confirmed by immunoblot assay. vIRF-2 protein inhibited activation of ISRE-luc by over 50% and significantly (p<0.05) down-regulated the expression of 57/78 (73%) of rIFN-α regulated genes. The DAVID and GSEA software packages revealed vIRF-2 down-regulates the RIG-I-like receptor, JAK-STAT and Ubiquitin ligase pathways and many gene sets involved in antiviral response, transcriptional regulation and apoptosis. Immunoblot assays demonstrated reduced levels of RIG-I/DDX58, TBK-1, p-38, STAT1, pSTAT1, IRF-9 and OAS3. The biological significance of the vIRF-2 anti-IFN property was demonstrated by the rescue of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) replication in vIRF-2 expressing cells treated with rIFN-α; EMCV was titred by plaque assay on L929 cells. These data confirm the role of KSHV vIRF-2 in negative regulation of the IFN-α/β innate immune response by a mechanism dependent on negative regulation of RIG-I/DDX58, STAT1, IRF-9 and OAS3.
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Schmidt, Anna Katharina [Verfasser], and Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Fleckenstein. "Mechanism and consequences of interferon γ inhibition by the viral interferon regulatory factor 3 (vIRF-3) of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) = Mechanismus und Auswirkungen der Inhibierung von Interferon γ durch den viralen Interferon-regulatorischen Faktor 3 (vIRF-3) des Kaposi Sarkom-assoziierten Herpesvirus (KSHV) / Anna Katharina Schmidt. Betreuer: Bernhard Fleckenstein." Erlangen : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015475272/34.

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Fowotade, Adeola. "Molecular virology of KSHV : elucidating vIRF2 and vIRF4 function." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2017. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/813233/.

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The innate type I interferon antiviral response is the first line of defence invoked to limit the spread of viral infections. Hence a number of viruses including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) have evolved defence strategies against this antiviral response. KSHV is the aetiologic agent of KS and almost one quarter of the KSHV genes specify either demonstrated or potential immunomodulatory activity including the four viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs). vIRFs 1, 2 and 3 have previously been shown to inhibit type I IFN signalling, whereas the inhibitory role of vIRF4 is yet to be reported. A previous stable isotope labelling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) study coupled to LC-MS/MS identified USP7 and ribosomal proteins as binding partners of both vIRF2 and vIRF4. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of these binding partners in type I IFN signalling and to determine the regulatory mechanisms behind the effects of these partner proteins on the functions of the vIRF2 and vIRF4 proteins. Polysome profiling and microarray studies were carried out on vIRF4 expressing cells and suggested a novel regulatory role for vIRF4 in translation. USP7 was also characterised as a positive regulator of IFN signalling and the mechanism behind this effect was explored.
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Andre, Gaëlle. "Mécanismes de régulation en réponse à la disponibilité en soufre chez Clostridium acetobutylicum et Clostridium perfingens." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066322.

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Au cours de ce travail, nous avons étudié le métabolisme du soufre chez deux clostridies, Clostridium acetobutylicum, une bactérie non-pathogène d’intérêt industriel, et Clostridium perfringens, une bactérie pathogène pour l’homme. Nous avons identifié un mécanisme original de régulation de l’opéron ubiGmccBA responsable de la conversion de la méthionine en cystéine chez C. Acetobutylicum. Cet opéron est régulé par un mécanisme complexe impliquant un ARN antisens dont la synthèse est réprimée par la méthionine via une boîte S. Cet ARN antisens agirait en cis par interférence transcriptionnelle. Chez C. Perfringens, l’expression de l’opéron ubiGmccBAluxS est régulée par une boîte T spécifique de la cystéine, par le petit ARN régulateur virX et par le système VirR-VirS via le petit ARN régulateur, le VR-RNA. Nous avons également montré qu’une carence en cystéine module l’expression des voies de biosynthèse et d’entrée de la cystéine, de protéines impliquées dans la biogenèse des centres [Fe-S], de certaines voies de fermentation et d’utilisation de sources de carbone et de systèmes redox qui pourraient participer à la résistance aux espèces réactives de l’oxygène. Parmi les gènes induits en carence en cystéine, nous avons identifié le régulateur de la biogenèse des centres [Fe-S], Cpe1786, qui contrôle aussi les voies de fermentation et des enzymes de dégradation de composés de l’hôte.
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Hindle, Laura Nambikai. "Investigating the effect of the KSHV vIRF2 and vIRF4 proteins on the interferon response." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4604/.

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The type I IFN response forms part of the innate immune system, which is the first line of defence against invading viruses. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, a gamma herpesvirus, encodes a number of genes that down regulate the type I IFN response. These include four viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs). vIRFs 1, 2 and 3 have been shown to inhibit type I IFN signalling previously, whereas vIRF4 was, until now, not thought to inhibit this pathway. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which vIRF2 inhibits type I IFN signalling and to characterise the effects of the vIRF4 protein on this system. Cell lines were engineered to express inducible vIRF2 or vIRF4 proteins that both demonstrated significant inhibition of JAK-STAT signalling via ISRE-luc reporter assays. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that vIRF2 and vIRF4 could significantly reduce ISGF3:ISRE complex formation. Stable isotope labelling of amino acids in cell culture coupled to LC-MS/MS was employed to facilitate the identification of the vIRF2 and vIRF4 interactomes. USP7 and CBP were identified as binding partners for both viral proteins and their contribution to inhibition of JAK-STAT signalling was explored.
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Ansart, Arnaud. "Épistémologie d’une archéologie fragmentaire : le cas virú-gallinazo, côte nord du Pérou." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040007.

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Le terme virú-gallinazo désigne au XXe siècle un style céramique puis caractérise une culture. Aujourd’hui, le consensus archéologique regroupe les vestiges virú-gallinazo sous la dénomination de « phénomène culturel » et cherche ainsi à le définir. Mais l’épistémologie montre l’aspect fragmentaire sur lequel se fondent ces interprétations.Cette thèse propose alors une approche plus complexe du phénomène. Elle se fonde sur les idées suivantes : l’art ne reflète pas l’intégralité des manifestations culturelles. Enfin la signification d’un objet peut varier selon les contextes dans lesquels il se trouve. Ce travail, en conséquence, entreprend une analyse contextuelle croisée des différentes catégories de vestiges
During the XXth century, the viru-gallinazo term first refers to ceramic’s style and after it distinguishes a culture. Today, the archaeological consensus includes the viru-gallinazo remains as a"cultural phenomenon" and seeks to define it. But the epistemology shows the fragmented aspect on which are based those interpretations.This thesis proposes then a more complex approach of the viru-gallinazo "cultural phenomenon". It is based on the following ideas: art does not reflect the entirety of cultural events. Finally the meaning of an object may vary according to the context in which it is located. For that reason, this study sets out a crossed contextual analysis of the different categories of remains
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Malage, Katia Graciela Jacques Menezes. "Condá e viri." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/25514.

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Resumo: Na história indígena brasileira, dois caciques permanecem vivos no presente através da documentação existente ou nos locais em que são lembrados. Vitorino Condá e Estevão do Nascimento Viri são os dois chefes indígenas que compõem a temática deste trabalho no sentido de chamar a atenção para alguns aspectos novos, a partir de documentação ainda não analisada sobre estes caciques que atuaram nos Campos de Palmas. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as relações estabelecidas entre os referidos chefes com o governo imperial e com as expedições que foram enviadas pela Coroa Portuguesa para explorar os Campos de Palmas. Também foi foco de estudo a relação entre Condá, Viri e indígenas denominados de “selvagens”, índios estes, que representavam uma ameaça à população que se formava na área de abrangência definida. O período de análise delimitou a década de 1840, sendo a pesquisa norteada por dois documentos deste período: uma Justificação e umOfício, ambos de 1844. Tais documentos trazem Condá como um assassino, idéia contrária a grande parte das demais fontes existentes sobre o mesmo. Os resultados indicam que Condá e demais índios de Palmas, ora eram postos como mansos e ora como assassinos, representavam que a violência fazia parte da mansidão e vice versa. A ação deles em colaborar e, em certos momentos, apresentarem-se com certa rebeldia, fazia parte do próprio jogo político no qual atuavam, confirmando-lhes o papel de chefes. Além de manterem estreitas relações com o governo imperial, Condá e Viri garantiram para os seus, parte do território que foram sendo ocupados pelas expedições, que se estabeleceram dentro dos campos de Guarapuava e de Palmas, bem como mantiveram bons laços com estes colonizadores. Concluiu-se que o trabalho realizado com a documentação permitiu avançar no onhecimento a espeito das condições locais em Palmas e sobre a história de Condá e Viri.
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Winkowska, Lucie. "Diagnostika významných virů jabloní." Doctoral thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-259690.

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Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) and Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) are economically the most important viruses in pome fruit trees, which are distributed worldwide and can caused significantly yield reduction. The major control strategies (namely pathogen detection, exclusion by crop certification or quarantine, control in infected orchards by eradication from infected cultivars and rootstocks, etc.) rely heavily on accurate and sensitive detection methods and on perfect knowledge of pathogens. In the doctoral thesis the diagnostic method quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was optimized for detection and quantification of four studied viruses. The results suggested that qRT-PCR method was the most reliable technique in comparison with conventional diagnostic methods DAS/I-ELISA and RT-PCR. In our study the concentration of ASGV, ASPV and ACLSV, measured by qRT-PCR, were stable during vegetation and in different plant tissue. Only the concentration of ApMV changed during vegetation in leaves and inner bark. This result indicates that changes of virus concentration observed by DAS/I-ELISA and RT-PCR in plant tissues are caused by other way (inhibitors, plant senescence, lower sensitivity, ect.) than by changes of virus concentrations in plant. Under the monitoring (at all 351 trees were tested) it was showed, that studied viruses were more spread in orchards and gardens then in wild apple trees. Selected virus isolates from wild apple trees and apples from orchards and gardens were sequenced and molecular variability was studied also with already published isolates. However individual isolates of studied viruses were similar. The variability associated with geographic origin or with type of planting has not been confirmed.
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Krope, Jacob Jeffrey. "Leierskapstrategiee vir effektiewe selfbestuur vir graad 12 leerlinge." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12092005-110927.

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Hodson, de Jaramillo Elizabeth. "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Passiflora edulis for Potyvirus resistance." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301691.

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Books on the topic "VIRF"

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Svetilišta Lepenskog Vira: Mesto, položaj i funkcija = Sanctuaries of Lepenski vir : location, position and function. Beograd: Narodni muzej, 2006.

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Vijf strippen. Amsterdam: Rothschild & Bach/Spunk Boeken, 2006.

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Edith, Sybesma, ed. Vijf vrouwen. Breda: De Geus, 2007.

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Bulajić, Jovan. Vir. Beograd: Narodna knj. Alfa, 2004.

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Bulajić, Jovan. Vir. Beograd: Narodna knj. Alfa, 2004.

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Kaura, Ajīta. Kulwant Singh Virk. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2003.

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Azevedo, Ricardo. Lúcio vira bicho. São Paulo: Cia. das Letras, 1998.

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Cieskaite, G. Skrendu virs labirinto. Vilnius: Vaga, 1989.

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Purs, Laimonis. Krusts virs pilskalna. Rīga: Jumava, 2013.

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Li︠u︡dyna, kulʹtura, vira. Kyïv: Vyd-vo "Stylos", 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "VIRF"

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Rots, Hanne. "Vijf." In Jij mág niet lief zijn, 23–26. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-9257-5_5.

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van der Hoeven, Jette. "In vijf stappen competent." In Leercoaching in het hbo, 194–207. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-7617-9_8.

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van der Hoeven, Jette. "In vijf stappen competent." In Leercoaching in het hbo student, 120–33. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-7618-6_8.

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Matveev, Sergei. "The Turaev-Viro Invariants." In Algorithmic Topology and Classification of 3-Manifolds, 367–403. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05102-3_8.

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Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur. "Vir Singh (Bhai)." In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, 456–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0846-1_530.

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De Sanctis, M. C., A. Coradini, E. Ammannito, G. Filacchione, M. T. Capria, S. Fonte, G. Magni, et al. "The VIR Spectrometer." In The Dawn Mission to Minor Planets 4 Vesta and 1 Ceres, 329–69. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4903-4_13.

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Aij, Kjeld Harald. "Een schaap met vijf poten." In Wie vraagt wordt beter!, 34–42. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-1817-9_4.

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Calais-Germain, Blandine. "4 De vijf belangrijkste buikspieroefeningen." In Veilige buikspieroefeningen, 51–74. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-7181-5_4.

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Hooykaas, P. J. J., L. S. Melchers, A. J. G. Regensburg-Tuïnk, H. den Dulk-Ras, C. W. Rodenburg, and S. Turk. "Signal Transduction Via Vir a and Vir G in Agrobacterium." In Advances in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions Vol. 1, 10–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7934-6_2.

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de Smet, Marc D., and Lisa Grillone. "VI.F. Hyaluronidase as a Vitreous Liquefactant." In Vitreous, 863–68. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1086-1_54.

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Conference papers on the topic "VIRF"

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Hu, Pan, Guobin Shen, Liqun Li, and Donghuan Lu. "ViRi." In Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2462456.2464454.

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Obstfeld, Joel, Simon Knight, Ed Kern, Qiang Sheng Wang, Tom Bryan, and Dan Bourque. "VIRL." In SIGCOMM'14: ACM SIGCOMM 2014 Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2619239.2631463.

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Wu, Hsin-I., Ren-Song Tsay, and Hsu-Hsun Chin. "VIRA." In SAC '20: The 35th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3341105.3374064.

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Huang, Dawei, Deshi Ye, Qinming He, Jianhai Chen, and Kejiang Ye. "Virt-LM." In Proceeding of the second joint WOSP/SIPEW international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1958746.1958790.

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Souza, Alexandra, Elisandra Lino, José Pinto, Mariana Cervantes, Simone Ferreira, Solange Leal, and tânia Novais. "PINTANDO O SETE... SE FECHAR VIRA HOSPÍCIO, SE ABRIR VIRA CIRCO, GRAFFITE E BREAK! E VIRA VIDA!" In International Symposium Adolescence(s): Vulnerabilities, Protagonisms and Challenges. UNIFESP, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22388/2525-5894.2017.053.

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"1999 Fall VIUF Workshop (Cat. No.PR00465)." In 1999 Fall VIUF Workshop. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/viuf.1999.801968.

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Tominc, Bernarda, and Andrej Sotlar. "Trajnostni razvoj podeželja kot strateškega vira za zagotavljanje stabilnosti in varnosti družbe." In 8. Nacionalna konferenca o varnosti v lokalnih skupnostih. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fvv.5.2022.11.

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Na podeželje pogosto gledamo kot na vir problemov, kot so gospodarska in prometna nerazvitost, delovna mesta z nizko dodano vrednostjo, agrarna depopulacija, čezmerno onesnaževanje in podobno. Redkeje pa v njem prepoznamo pozitivne, za stabilnost in razvoj družbe in države celo strateško pomembne kapacitete. Mednje zagotovo sodita zagotavljanje hrane in energije, še posebej iz obnovljivih virov. Prvo lahko povezujemo s prehransko varnostjo, drugo z energetsko varnostjo, obe skupaj pa predstavljata vse pomembnejši entiteti nacionalne in globalne varnosti, saj neposredno ali posredno vplivata na številne dejavnike tveganja in vire ogrožanja človeka in družbe. Zato je presenetljivo, da se podeželje, ki zagotavlja tako pomembni dobrini, kot sta hrana in energija, otepa z razvojnimi problemi. Država bi zato morala izkoristiti podeželje bolj strateško, saj le-to na stabilnost in varnost družbe deluje multiplikativno in na vse glavne stebre strategije trajnostnega razvoja Organizacije združenih narodov – gospodarskega, družbenega in okoljskega.
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Nohmi, Hitoshi. "Development of Vibration-Imaging Radar (VirA)." In 2019 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf19). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radar.2019.8835776.

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Breskvar, Uroš. "Plastenka - vir trajnostnega izobraževanja." In 38. mednarodna konferenca o razvoju organizacijskih znanosti. Unviersity of Maribor Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-250-3.13.

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Barducci, Alessandro, and Ivan Pippi. "Airborne VIRS for monitoring of the environment." In Aerospace Remote Sensing '97, edited by Hiroyuki Fujisada. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.298111.

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Reports on the topic "VIRF"

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Gafni, Yedidya, Moshe Lapidot, and Vitaly Citovsky. Dual role of the TYLCV protein V2 in suppressing the host plant defense. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597935.bard.

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TYLCV-Is is a major tomato pathogen, causing extensive crop losses in Israel and the U.S. We have identified a TYLCV-Is protein, V2, which acts as a suppressor of RNA silencing. Intriguingly, the counter-defense function of V2 may not be limited to silencing suppression. Our recent data suggest that V2 interacts with the tomato CYP1 protease. CYP1 belongs to the family of papain-like cysteine proteases which participate in programmed cell death (PCD) involved in plant defense against pathogens. Based on these data we proposed a model for dual action of V2 in suppressing the host antiviral defense: V2 targets SGS3 for degradation and V2 inhibits CYP1 activity. To study this we proposed to tackle three specific objectives. I. Characterize the role of V2 in SGS3 proteasomal degradation ubiquitination, II. Study the effects of V2 on CYP1 maturation, enzymatic activity, and accumulation and, III. Analyze the effects of the CYP1-V2 interaction on TYLCV-Is infection. Here we describe results from our study that support our hypothesis: the involvement of the host's innate immune system—in this case, PCD—in plant defense against TYLCV-Is. Also, we use TYLCV-Is to discover the molecular pathway(s) by which this plant virus counters this defense. Towards the end of our study we discovered an interesting involvement of the C2 protein encoded by TYLCV-Is in inducing Hypersensitive Response in N. benthamianaplants which is not the case when the whole viral genome is introduced. This might lead to a better understanding of the multiple processes involved in the way TYLCV is overcoming the defense mechanisms of the host plant cell. In a parallel research supporting the main goal described, we also investigated Agrobacteriumtumefaciens-encoded F-box protein VirF. It has been proposed that VirF targets a host protein for the UPS-mediated degradation, very much the way TYLCV V2 does. In our study, we identified one such interactor, an Arabidopsistrihelix-domain transcription factor VFP3, and further show that its very close homolog VFP5 also interacted with VirF. Interestingly, interactions of VirF with either VFP3 or VFP5 did not activate the host UPS, suggesting that VirF might play other UPS-independent roles in bacterial infection. Another target for VirF is VFP4, a transcription factor that both VirF and its plant functional homolog VBF target to degradation by UPS. Using RNA-seqtranscriptome analysis we showed that VFP4 regulates numerous plant genes involved in disease response, including responses to viral and bacterial infections. Detailed analyses of some of these genes indicated their involvement in plant protection against Agrobacterium infection. Thus, Agrobacterium may facilitate its infection by utilizing the host cell UPS to destabilize transcriptional regulators of the host disease response machinery that limits the infection.
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Toutin, T. Spatiotriangulation with multi-sensor VIR/SAR images. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/220079.

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Toutin, Th. Elevation modelling from satellite visible and infrared (VIR) data. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219771.

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Toutin, Th. 3D Data Stereoscopic Extraction from Mixed VIR and SAR Sensors. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219379.

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van der Wal, J. T., M. E. B. van Puijenbroek, and M. F. Leopold. Cumulatieve effecten van offshore wind parken: habitatverlies zeevogels : update voor vijf zeevogelsoorten tot 2030. Den Helder: Wageningen Marine Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/458277.

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Toutin, Th. DEM Generation from New VIR Sensors: IKONOS, ASTER and Landsat-7. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219770.

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Hayes-Roth, Frederick. Valued Information at the Right Time (VIRT): Why Less Volume is More Value in Hastily Formed Networks. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada483672.

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Toutin, Th. Generating DEM from Stereo Images with a Photogrammetric Approach: Examples with VIR and SAR Data. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219848.

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Griffioen, A. B., R. Kroes, and H. V. Winter. Migratie van zoetwaterstandvis tussen Noordzeekanaal en omliggende boezems en polders : Resultaat van drie jaar telemetrieonderzoek op vijf locaties langs het Noordzeekanaal. IJmuiden: Wageningen Marine Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/572635.

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Lyzanchuk, Vasyl. THE CHARITABLE ENERGY OF THE JOURNALISTIC WORD. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11415.

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The article investigates the immortality of books, collections, including those, translated into foreign languages, composed of the publications of publications of worldview journalism. It deals with top analytics on simulated training of journalists, the study of events and phenomena at the macro level, which enables the qualitative forecast of world development trends in the appropriate contexts for a long time. Key words: top, analytics, book, worldview journalism, culture, arguments, forecast.The article is characterized intellectual-spiritual, moral-aesthetic and information-educational values of of scientific and journalistic works of Professor Mykola Hryhorchuk “Where are you going, Ukraine?” and “Freedom at the Barricades”. Mykola Ivanovych’s creative informational and educational communication are reviews, reviews, reviews and current works of writers, poets, publicists. Such as Maria Matios, Vira Vovk, Roman Ivanychuk, Dmytro Pavlychko, Yuriy Shcherban, Bohdan Korsak, Hryhoriy Huseynov, Vasyl Ruban, Yaroslav Melnyk, Sofia Andrukhovych. His journalistic reflections are about memorable events of the recent past for Ukrainians and historical figures are connected with them. It is emphasized that in his books Mykola Hryhorchuk convincingly illuminates the way to develop a stable Ukrainian immunity, national identity, development and strengthening of the conciliar independent state in the fight against the eternal Moscow enemy. Among the defining ideological and political realization of the National Idea of Ukrainian statehood, which are mentioned in the scientific and journalistic works of M. Hryhorchuk, the fundamental ones – linguistic and religious – are singled out. Israel and Poland are a clear example for Ukrainians. In these states, language and religion were absolutized and it is thanks to this understanding of the essence of state-building and national identity that it is contrary to many difficulties achieve the desired life-affirming goal. The author emphasizes that any information in the broadest and narrow sense can be perceived without testing for compliance with the moral and spiritual mission of man, the fundamental values of the Ukrainian ethnic group, putting moral and spiritual values in the basis of state building. The outstanding Ukrainian philosopher Hryhoriy Skovoroda emphasized: “Faith is the light that sees in the darkness…” Books by physicist Mykola Hryhorchuk “Where are you going, Ukraine?” and “Freedom at the Barricades” are illuminated by faith in the Victory over the bloody centuries-old Moscow darkness.
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