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Journal articles on the topic 'Viral tracings'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 September 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

El-Gohary, Yousef, John Wiersch, Sidhartha Tulachan, Xiangwei Xiao, Ping Guo, Christopher Rymer, Shane Fischbach, et al. "Intraislet Pancreatic Ducts Can Give Rise to Insulin-Positive Cells." Endocrinology 157, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1175.

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Abstract A key question in diabetes research is whether new β-cells can be derived from endogenous, nonendocrine cells. The potential for pancreatic ductal cells to convert into β-cells is a highly debated issue. To date, it remains unclear what anatomical process would result in duct-derived cells coming to exist within preexisting islets. We used a whole-mount technique to directly visualize the pancreatic ductal network in young wild-type mice, young humans, and wild-type and transgenic mice after partial pancreatectomy. Pancreatic ductal networks, originating from the main ductal tree, were found to reside deep within islets in young mice and humans but not in mature mice or humans. These networks were also not present in normal adult mice after partial pancreatectomy, but TGF-β receptor mutant mice demonstrated formation of these intraislet duct structures after partial pancreatectomy. Genetic and viral lineage tracings were used to determine whether endocrine cells were derived from pancreatic ducts. Lineage tracing confirmed that pancreatic ductal cells can typically convert into new β-cells in normal young developing mice as well as in adult TGF-β signaling mutant mice after partial pancreatectomy. Here the direct visual evidence of ducts growing into islets, along with lineage tracing, not only represents strong evidence for duct cells giving rise to β-cells in the postnatal pancreas but also importantly implicates TGF-β signaling in this process.

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Toma, Letitia, Adriana Mercan Stanciu, Anca Zgura, Nicolae Bacalbasa, Camelia Diaconu, and Laura Iliescu. "Electrocardiographic Changes in Liver Cirrhosis—Clues for Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy." Medicina 56, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56020068.

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Background and Objectives: Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is a chronic cardiac dysfunction associated with liver cirrhosis, in patients without previous heart disease, irrespective of the etiology of cirrhosis. Electrocardiography (ECG) is an important way to evaluate patients with cirrhosis and may reveal significant changes associated with liver disease. Our study aimed to evaluate ECG changes in patients with diagnosed liver cirrhosis and compare them to patients with chronic hepatitis. Materials and Methods: We evaluated laboratory findings and ECG tracings in 63 patients with cirrhosis and 54 patients with chronic hepatitis of viral etiology. The end points of the study were prolonged QT interval, QRS hypovoltage and T-peak-to-T-end decrease. We confirmed the diagnosis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy using echocardiography data. Results: Advanced liver disease was associated with prolonged QT intervals. Also, QRS amplitude was lower in patients with decompensated cirrhosis than in patients with compensated liver disease. We found an accentuated deceleration of the T wave in patients with cirrhosis. These findings correlated to serum levels of albumin, cholesterol and ammonia. Conclusions: ECG changes in liver cirrhosis are frequently encountered and are important noninvasive markers for the presence of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.

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Jansen, A., and A. Loewy. "Viral tracing of innervation." Science 265, no. 5168 (July 1, 1994): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8016646.

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4

Bevins, Sarah. "Tracing the Viral Network." BioScience 65, no. 11 (August 5, 2015): 1100–1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv113.

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5

Ugolini, Gabriella. "Advances in viral transneuronal tracing." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 194, no. 1 (December 2010): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.12.001.

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Standish, Amelia, Lynn W. Enquist, and James S. Schwaber. "Response : Viral Tracing of Innervation." Science 265, no. 5168 (July 1994): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5168.121.b.

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Standish, Amelia, Lynn W. Enquist, and James S. Schwaber. "Response : Viral Tracing of Innervation." Science 265, no. 5168 (July 1994): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5168.121-b.

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8

Farnell, Elin, Shawn Farnell, Jen-Mei Chang, Madison Hoffman, Robin Belton, Kathryn Keaty, Sanford Lederman, and Carolyn Salafia. "A shape-context model for matching placental chorionic surface vascular networks." Image Analysis & Stereology 37, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.1708.

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Placental chorionic surface vascular networks (PCSVNs) are essential high-capacitance, low-resistance distribution and drainage networks, and are hence important to placental function and to fetal and newborn health. It was hypothesized that variations in the PCSVN structure may reflect both the overall effects of genetic and environmentally regulated variations in branching morphogenesis within the conceptus and the fetus’s vital organs. A critical step in PCSVN analysis is the extraction of blood vessel structure, which has only been done manually through a laborious process, making studies in large cohorts and applications in clinical settings nearly impossible. The large variation in the shape, color, and texture of the placenta presents significant challenges to both machine and human to accurately extract PCSVNs. To increase the visibility of the vessels, colored paint can be injected into the vascular networks of placentas, allowing PCSVNs to be manually traced with a high level of accuracy.This paper provides a proof-of-concept study to explain the geometric differences between manual tracings of paint-injected and un-manipulated PCSVNs under the framework of a shape-context model. Under this framework, paint-injected and un-manipulated tracings of PCSVNs can be matched with nearly 100% accuracy. The implication of our results is that the manual tracing protocol yields faithful PCSVN representations modulo a set of affine transformations, making manual tracing a reliable method for studying PCSVNs. Our work provides assurance to a new pre-processing approach for studying vascular networks by ways of dye-injection in medical imaging problems.

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Larsen, Philip Just. "Tracing autonomic innervation of the rat pineal gland using viral transneuronal tracing." Microscopy Research and Technique 46, no. 4-5 (August 15, 1999): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19990815/01)46:4/5<296::aid-jemt6>3.0.co;2-c.

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Lanciego, Jose L., and Floris G. Wouterlood. "Neuroanatomical tract-tracing techniques that did go viral." Brain Structure and Function 225, no. 4 (February 15, 2020): 1193–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02041-6.

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11

Lynn W., Sun. "Viral and Non-viral Tracing of Cerebellar Corticonuclear and Vestibulorubral Projections in the Mouse." Open Journal of Neuroscinece 3, no. 1 (April 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.13055/ojns_3_1_3.130430.

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12

Ohara, Shinya, Ken-ichi Inoue, Masahiro Yamada, Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui, and Toshio Iijima. "Dual viral transneuronal tracing using recombinant rabies virus vectors." Neuroscience Research 58 (January 2007): S242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.596.

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13

Prasad, J. A., and Y. Chudasama. "Viral Tracing Identifies Parallel Disynaptic Pathways to the Hippocampus." Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 19 (May 8, 2013): 8494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5072-12.2013.

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14

Sizemore, Rachel J., Sonja Seeger-Armbruster, Stephanie M. Hughes, and Louise C. Parr-Brownlie. "Viral vector-based tools advance knowledge of basal ganglia anatomy and physiology." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 2124–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01131.2015.

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Viral vectors were originally developed to deliver genes into host cells for therapeutic potential. However, viral vector use in neuroscience research has increased because they enhance interpretation of the anatomy and physiology of brain circuits compared with conventional tract tracing or electrical stimulation techniques. Viral vectors enable neuronal or glial subpopulations to be labeled or stimulated, which can be spatially restricted to a single target nucleus or pathway. Here we review the use of viral vectors to examine the structure and function of motor and limbic basal ganglia (BG) networks in normal and pathological states. We outline the use of viral vectors, particularly lentivirus and adeno-associated virus, in circuit tracing, optogenetic stimulation, and designer drug stimulation experiments. Key studies that have used viral vectors to trace and image pathways and connectivity at gross or ultrastructural levels are reviewed. We explain how optogenetic stimulation and designer drugs used to modulate a distinct pathway and neuronal subpopulation have enhanced our mechanistic understanding of BG function in health and pathophysiology in disease. Finally, we outline how viral vector technology may be applied to neurological and psychiatric conditions to offer new treatments with enhanced outcomes for patients.

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Willhite, D. C., K. T. Nguyen, A. V. Masurkar, C. A. Greer, G. M. Shepherd, and W. R. Chen. "Viral tracing identifies distributed columnar organization in the olfactory bulb." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 33 (August 8, 2006): 12592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602032103.

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Rinaman, L. "Anterograde Transneuronal Viral Tracing of Central Viscerosensory Pathways in Rats." Journal of Neuroscience 24, no. 11 (March 17, 2004): 2782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5329-03.2004.

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Braz, João M., Lynn W. Enquist, and Allan I. Basbaum. "Inputs to serotonergic neurons revealed by conditional viral transneuronal tracing." Journal of Comparative Neurology 514, no. 2 (May 10, 2009): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22003.

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Liu, Junfang, Minhong Su, Xin Chen, Zhongli Li, Zekui Fang, and Li Yi. "Lipid-mediated biosynthetic labeling strategy for in vivo dynamic tracing of avian influenza virus infection." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 36, no. 9 (January 7, 2022): 1689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08853282211063298.

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Monitoring the infection behavior of avian influenza viruses is crucial for understanding viral pathogenesis and preventing its epidemics among people. A number of viral labeling methods have been utilized for tracking viral infection process, but most of them are laborious or decreasing viral activity. Herein we explored a lipid biosynthetic labeling strategy for dynamical tracking the infection of H5N1 pseudotype virus (H5N1p) in host. Biotinylated lipids (biotinyl Cap-PE) were successfully incorporated into viral envelope when it underwent budding process by taking advantage of host cell-derived lipid metabolism. Biotin-H5N1p virus was effectively in situ–labeled with streptavidin-modified near-infrared quantum dots (NIR SA-QDs) using streptavidin-biotin conjugation with well-preserved virus activities. Dual-labeled imaging obviously shows that H5N1p viruses are primarily taken up in host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In animal models, Virus-conjugated NIR QDs displayed extraordinary photoluminescence, superior stability, and tissue penetration in lung, allowing us to long-term monitor respiratory viral infection in a noninvasive manner. Importantly, the co-localization of viral hemagglutinin protein and QDs in infected lung further conformed the dynamic infection process of virus in vivo. Hence, this in situ QD-labeling strategy based on cell natural biosynthesis provides a brand-new and reliable tool for noninvasion visualizing viral infection in body in a real-time manner.

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Loeb, Mark, Douglas MacPherson, Michele Barton, and Jan Olde. "Implementation of the Canadian Contingency Plan for a Case of Suspected Viral Hemorrhagic Fever." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 24, no. 4 (April 2003): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502202.

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AbstractObjective:To describe the implementation of the Canadian contingency plan for viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in response to a suspected case.Setting:A 300-bed, tertiary-care, university-affiliated hospital.Participants:A 32-year-old Congolese woman admitted to the hospital with suspected VHF in February 2001. Contact evaluation included hospital healthcare workers and laboratory staff.Intervention:Enhanced isolation precautions were implemented in the patient care setting to prevent nosocomial transmission. Contact tracing and evaluation of close and high-risk contacts with symptoms was conducted. Laboratory precautions included barrier precautions and diversion of specimens. Communication occurred to both hospital employees and the media.Results:Three high-risk contacts, 13 close contacts, and 60 casual contacts were identified. Two close contacts became symptomatic and required evaluation. Challenging process issues included tracing of laboratory specimens, decontamination of laboratory equipment, and internal and external communication. After 5 days, a transmissible VHF of public health consequence was ruled out in the index case.Conclusion:Contingency plans for VHF can be implemented in an efficient and feasible manner. Contact tracing, laboratory issues, internal communication, and media interest can be anticipated to be the key challenges.

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Taylor, Richard, Callist Tindimugaya, John Barker, David Macdonald, and Robinah Kulabako. "Convergent Radial Tracing of Viral and Solute Transport in Gneiss Saprolite." Ground Water 48, no. 2 (March 2010): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00547.x.

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Wilmink, Gerald, Ilyssa Summer, David Marsyla, Subhashree Sukhu, Jeffrey Grote, Gregory Zobel, Howard Fillit, and Satish Movva. "Real-Time Digital Contact Tracing: Development of a System to Control COVID-19 Outbreaks in Nursing Homes and Long-Term Care Facilities." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 3 (August 25, 2020): e20828. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20828.

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Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can spread rapidly in nursing homes and long-term care (LTC) facilities. Symptoms-based screening and manual contact tracing have limitations that render them ineffective for containing the viral spread in LTC facilities. Symptoms-based screening alone cannot identify asymptomatic people who are infected, and the viral spread is too fast in confined living quarters to be contained by slow manual contact tracing processes. Objective We describe the development of a digital contact tracing system that LTC facilities can use to rapidly identify and contain asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected contacts. A compartmental model was also developed to simulate disease transmission dynamics and to assess system performance versus conventional methods. Methods We developed a compartmental model parameterized specifically to assess the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission in LTC facilities. The model was used to quantify the impact of asymptomatic transmission and to assess the performance of several intervention groups to control outbreaks: no intervention, symptom mapping, polymerase chain reaction testing, and manual and digital contact tracing. Results Our digital contact tracing system allows users to rapidly identify and then isolate close contacts, store and track infection data in a respiratory line listing tool, and identify contaminated rooms. Our simulation results indicate that the speed and efficiency of digital contact tracing contributed to superior control performance, yielding up to 52% fewer cases than conventional methods. Conclusions Digital contact tracing systems show promise as an effective tool to control COVID-19 outbreaks in LTC facilities. As facilities prepare to relax restrictions and reopen to outside visitors, such tools will allow them to do so in a surgical, cost-effective manner that controls outbreaks while safely giving residents back the life they once had before this pandemic hit.

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Kuzmin, A. G., Y. A. Titiov, and A. Y. Zaitceva. "MASS SPECTROMETRIC DIAGNOSIS OF RECOVERY AFTER RESPIRATORY ILLNESS USING MACHINE LEARNING METHODS." BIOTECHNOLOGY: STATE OF THE ART AND PERSPECTIVES 1, no. 2022-20 (2022): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37747/2312-640x-2022-20-74-77.

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The express methodology of evaluation of mass-spectrometric parameters of gas composition of exhaled air for differential diagnostics of acute respiratory viral infections and tracing of dynamics of recovery after the disease was developed.

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Mullokandov, Gavriel, Gayathri Vijayakumar, Paul Leon, Carole Henry, Patrick C. Wilson, Florian Krammer, Peter Palese, and Brian D. Brown. "High-complexity extracellular barcoding using a viral hemagglutinin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 6 (January 27, 2020): 2767–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919182117.

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While single-cell sequencing technologies have revealed tissue heterogeneity, resolving mixed cellular libraries into cellular clones is essential for many pooled screens and clonal lineage tracing. Fluorescent proteins are limited in number, while DNA barcodes can only be read after cell lysis. To overcome these limitations, we used influenza virus hemagglutinins to engineer a genetically encoded cell-surface protein barcoding system. Using antibodies paired to hemagglutinins carrying combinations of escape mutations, we developed an exponential protein barcoding system which can label 128 clones using seven antibodies. This study provides a proof of principle for a strategy to create protein-level cell barcodes that can be used in vivo in mice to track clonal populations.

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Clark, Iain C., Cristina Gutiérrez-Vázquez, Michael A. Wheeler, Zhaorong Li, Veit Rothhammer, Mathias Linnerbauer, Liliana M. Sanmarco, et al. "Barcoded viral tracing of single-cell interactions in central nervous system inflammation." Science 372, no. 6540 (April 22, 2021): eabf1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1230.

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Cell-cell interactions control the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system (CNS). To study astrocyte cell interactions in vivo, we developed rabies barcode interaction detection followed by sequencing (RABID-seq), which combines barcoded viral tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Using RABID-seq, we identified axon guidance molecules as candidate mediators of microglia-astrocyte interactions that promote CNS pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and, potentially, multiple sclerosis (MS). In vivo cell-specific genetic perturbation EAE studies, in vitro systems, and the analysis of MS scRNA-seq datasets and CNS tissue established that Sema4D and Ephrin-B3 expressed in microglia control astrocyte responses via PlexinB2 and EphB3, respectively. Furthermore, a CNS-penetrant EphB3 inhibitor suppressed astrocyte and microglia proinflammatory responses and ameliorated EAE. In summary, RABID-seq identified microglia-astrocyte interactions and candidate therapeutic targets.

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Metts, Brent A., Galen D. Kaufman, and Adrian A. Perachio. "Polysynaptic inputs to vestibular efferent neurons as revealed by viral transneuronal tracing." Experimental Brain Research 172, no. 2 (January 19, 2006): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0328-z.

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Wickersham, Ian R., and Heather A. Sullivan. "Rabies Viral Vectors for Monosynaptic Tracing and Targeted Transgene Expression in Neurons." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2015, no. 4 (April 2015): pdb.prot072389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot072389.

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Banfield, Bruce W., Jessica D. Kaufman, Jessica A. Randall, and Gary E. Pickard. "Development of Pseudorabies Virus Strains Expressing Red Fluorescent Proteins: New Tools for Multisynaptic Labeling Applications." Journal of Virology 77, no. 18 (September 15, 2003): 10106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.18.10106-10112.2003.

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ABSTRACT The transsynaptic retrograde transport of the pseudorabies virus Bartha (PRV-Bartha) strain has become an important neuroanatomical tract-tracing technique. Recently, dual viral transneuronal labeling has been introduced by employing recombinant strains of PRV-Bartha engineered to express different reporter proteins. Dual viral transsynaptic tracing has the potential of becoming an extremely powerful method for defining connections of single neurons to multiple neural circuits in the brain. However, the present use of recombinant strains of PRV expressing different reporters that are driven by different promoters, inserted in different regions of the viral genome, and detected by different methods limits the potential of these recombinant virus strains as useful reagents. We previously constructed and characterized PRV152, a PRV-Bartha derivative that expresses the enhanced green fluorescent protein. The development of a strain isogenic to PRV152 and differing only in the fluorescent reporter would have great utility for dual transsynaptic tracing. In this report, we describe the construction, characterization, and application of strain PRV614, a PRV-Bartha derivative expressing a novel monomeric red fluorescent protein, mRFP1. In contrast to viruses expressing DsRed and DsRed2, PRV614 displayed robust fluorescence both in cell culture and in vivo following transsynaptic transport through autonomic circuits afferent to the eye. Transneuronal retrograde dual PRV labeling has the potential to be a powerful addition to the neuroanatomical tools for investigation of neuronal circuits; the use of strain PRV614 in combination with strain PRV152 will eliminate many of the pitfalls associated with the presently used pairs of PRV recombinants.

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Rosani, Umberto, Maxwell Shapiro, Paola Venier, and Bassem Allam. "A Needle in A Haystack: Tracing Bivalve-Associated Viruses in High-Throughput Transcriptomic Data." Viruses 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11030205.

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Bivalve mollusks thrive in environments rich in microorganisms, such as estuarine and coastal waters, and they tend to accumulate various particles, including viruses. However, the current knowledge on mollusk viruses is mainly centered on few pathogenic viruses, whereas a general view of bivalve-associated viromes is lacking. This study was designed to explore the viral abundance and diversity in bivalve mollusks using transcriptomic datasets. From analyzing RNA-seq data of 58 bivalve species, we have reconstructed 26 nearly complete and over 413 partial RNA virus genomes. Although 96.4% of the predicted viral proteins refer to new viruses, some sequences belong to viruses associated with bivalve species or other marine invertebrates. We considered short non-coding RNAs (sncRNA) and post-transcriptional modifications occurring specifically on viral RNAs as tools for virus host-assignment. We could not identify virus-derived small RNAs in sncRNA reads obtained from the oyster sample richest in viral reads. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed 938 A-to-G substitutions occurring on the 26 identified RNA viruses, preferentially impacting the AA di-nucleotide motif. Under-representation analysis revealed that the AA motif is under-represented in these bivalve-associated viruses. These findings improve our understanding of bivalve viromes, and set the stage for targeted investigations on the specificity and dynamics of identified viruses.

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Lin, Xiaoxiao, Michelle Amalraj, Crisylle Blanton, Brenda Avila, Todd C. Holmes, Douglas A. Nitz, and Xiangmin Xu. "Noncanonical projections to the hippocampal CA3 regulate spatial learning and memory by modulating the feedforward hippocampal trisynaptic pathway." PLOS Biology 19, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): e3001127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001127.

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The hippocampal formation (HF) is well documented as having a feedforward, unidirectional circuit organization termed the trisynaptic pathway. This circuit organization exists along the septotemporal axis of the HF, but the circuit connectivity across septal to temporal regions is less well described. The emergence of viral genetic mapping techniques enhances our ability to determine the detailed complexity of HF circuitry. In earlier work, we mapped a subiculum (SUB) back projection to CA1 prompted by the discovery of theta wave back propagation from the SUB to CA1 and CA3. We reason that this circuitry may represent multiple extended noncanonical pathways involving the subicular complex and hippocampal subregions CA1 and CA3. In the present study, multiple retrograde viral tracing approaches produced robust mapping results, which supports this prediction. We find significant noncanonical synaptic inputs to dorsal hippocampal CA3 from ventral CA1 (vCA1), perirhinal cortex (Prh), and the subicular complex. Thus, CA1 inputs to CA3 run opposite the trisynaptic pathway and in a temporal to septal direction. Our retrograde viral tracing results are confirmed by anterograde-directed viral mapping of projections from input mapped regions to hippocampal dorsal CA3 (dCA3). We find that genetic inactivation of the projection of vCA1 to dCA3 impairs object-related spatial learning and memory but does not modulate anxiety-related behaviors. Our data provide a circuit foundation to explore novel functional roles contributed by these noncanonical hippocampal circuit connections to hippocampal circuit dynamics and learning and memory behaviors.

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Caini, Saverio, Chiara Martinoli, Carlo La Vecchia, Sara Raimondi, Federica Bellerba, Oriana D’Ecclesiis, Clementina Sasso, Alessandra Basso, Giulio Cammarata, and Sara Gandini. "SARS-CoV-2 Circulation in the School Setting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 5384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095384.

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The contribution of children to viral spread in schools is still debated. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies to investigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the school setting. Literature searches on 15 May 2021 yielded a total of 1088 publications, including screening, contact tracing, and seroprevalence studies. MOOSE guidelines were followed, and data were analyzed using random-effects models. From screening studies involving more than 120,000 subjects, we estimated 0.31% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05–0.81) SARS-CoV-2 point prevalence in schools. Contact tracing studies, involving a total of 112,622 contacts of children and adults, showed that onward viral transmission was limited (2.54%, 95% CI 0.76–5.31). Young index cases were found to be 74% significantly less likely than adults to favor viral spread (odds ratio (OR) 0.26, 95% CI 0.11–0.63) and less susceptible to infection (OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.25–1.47). Lastly, from seroprevalence studies, with a total of 17,879 subjects involved, we estimated that children were 43% significantly less likely than adults to test positive for antibodies (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.49–0.68). These findings may not applied to the Omicron phase, we further planned a randomized controlled trial to verify these results.

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Boccia, Angelo, Rossella Tufano, Veronica Ferrucci, Leandra Sepe, Martina Bianchi, Stefano Pascarella, Massimo Zollo, and Giovanni Paolella. "SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Tracing in Italy Highlights Lineages with Mutational Burden in Growing Subsets." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 8 (April 9, 2022): 4155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084155.

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Tracing the appearance and evolution of virus variants is essential in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we focus on SARS-CoV-2 spread in Italian patients by using viral sequences deposited in public databases and a tracing procedure which is used to monitor the evolution of the pandemic and detect the spreading, within the infected population of emergent sub-clades with a potential positive selection. Analyses of a collection of monthly samples focused on Italy highlighted the appearance and evolution of all the main viral sub-trees emerging at the end of the first year of the pandemic. It also identified additional expanding subpopulations which spread during the second year (i.e., 2021). Three-dimensional (3D) modelling of the main amino acid changes in mutated viral proteins, including ORF1ab (nsp3, nsp4, 2’-o-ribose methyltransferase, nsp6, helicase, nsp12 [RdRp]), N, ORF3a, ORF8, and spike proteins, shows the potential of the analysed structural variations to result in epistatic modulation and positive/negative selection pressure. These analyzes will be of importance to the early identification of emerging clades, which can develop into new “variants of concern” (i.e., VOC). These analyses and settings will also help SARS-CoV-2 coronet genomic centers in other countries to trace emerging worldwide variants.

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Schwarz, Lindsay A., Kazunari Miyamichi, Xiaojing J. Gao, Kevin T. Beier, Brandon Weissbourd, Katherine E. DeLoach, Jing Ren, et al. "Viral-genetic tracing of the input–output organization of a central noradrenaline circuit." Nature 524, no. 7563 (July 1, 2015): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14600.

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Sylvester, C. M., K. E. Krout, and A. D. Loewy. "Suprachiasmatic nucleus projection to the medial prefrontal cortex: a viral transneuronal tracing study." Neuroscience 114, no. 4 (November 2002): 1071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00361-5.

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Standish, A., L. Enquist, and J. Schwaber. "Innervation of the heart and its central medullary origin defined by viral tracing." Science 263, no. 5144 (January 14, 1994): 232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8284675.

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Song, C. Kay, Gary J. Schwartz, and Timothy J. Bartness. "Anterograde transneuronal viral tract tracing reveals central sensory circuits from white adipose tissue." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296, no. 3 (March 2009): R501—R511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90786.2008.

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The origins of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) have been defined using the transneuronal viral retrograde tract tracer, pseudorabies virus. Activation of this SNS innervation is acknowledged as the principal initiator of WAT lipolysis. The central control of WAT lipolysis may require neural feedback to a brain-SNS-WAT circuit via WAT afferents. Indeed, conventional tract tracing studies have demonstrated that peripheral pseudounipolar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory cells innervate WAT. The central nervous system projections of WAT afferents remain uncharted, however, and form the focus of the present study. We used the H129 strain of the herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), an anterograde transneuronal viral tract tracer, to define the afferent circuits projecting from WAT to the central nervous system. Siberian hamster inguinal (IWAT) or epididymal WAT was injected with H129 and the neuraxis processed for HSV-1 immunoreactivity. We found substantial overlap in the pattern of WAT sensory afferent projections with multiple SNS outflow sites along the neuraxis, suggesting the possibility of WAT sensory-SNS circuits that could regulate WAT SNS drive and thereby lipolysis. Previously, we demonstrated that systemic 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) elicited increases in the SNS drive to IWAT. Here, we show that systemic 2DG administration also significantly increases multiunit spike activity arising from decentralized IWAT afferents. Collectively, these data provide structural and functional support for the existence of a sensory WAT pathway to the brain, important in the negative feedback control of lipid mobilization.

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Viney, Tim James, Kamill Balint, Daniel Hillier, Sandra Siegert, Zsolt Boldogkoi, Lynn W. Enquist, Markus Meister, Constance L. Cepko, and Botond Roska. "Local Retinal Circuits of Melanopsin-Containing Ganglion Cells Identified by Transsynaptic Viral Tracing." Current Biology 17, no. 11 (June 2007): 981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.058.

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Anaclerio, Federico, Rossella Ferrante, Domitilla Mandatori, Ivana Antonucci, Matteo Capanna, Verena Damiani, Pamela Di Tomo, et al. "Different Strategies for the Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the Laboratory Practice." Genes 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12091428.

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A considerable effort has been devoted in all countries to react to the COVID-19 pandemic by tracing infected individuals, containing the spread of the disease, identifying therapies, and producing and distributing vaccines. Currently, a significant concern is the appearance of variants of the virus that may frustrate these efforts by showing increased transmissibility, increased disease severity, reduced response to therapy or vaccines, and ability to escape diagnosis. All countries have therefore devoted a massive attempt to the identification and tracking of these variants, which requires a vast technological effort to sequence a large number of viral genomes. In this paper, we report our experience as one of the Italian laboratories involved in SARS-CoV-2 variant tracing. We summarize the different approaches used, and outline a potential model combining several techniques to increase tracing ability while at the same time minimizing costs.

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Mosa, Alexander I. "CRISPR-Based Diagnostics for Point-of-Care Viral Detection." International Journal of Translational Medicine 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijtm2020017.

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Point-of-care detection of viral infection is required for effective contact-tracing, epidemiological surveillance, and linkage to care. Traditional diagnostic platforms relying on either antigen detection or nucleic amplification are limited by sensitivity and the need for costly laboratory infrastructure, respectively. Recently, CRISPR-based diagnostics have emerged as an alternative, combining equipment light workflows with high specificity and sensitivity. However, as a nascent technology, several outstanding challenges to widespread field deployment remain. These include the need for pre-detection amplification of target molecules, the lack of standardization in sample preparation and reagent composition, and only equivocal assessments of the unit-economics relative to traditional antigen or polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostics. This review summarizes recent advances with the potential to overcome existing translational barriers, describes the events in CRISPR-based detection of target molecules, and offers perspective on how multiple approaches can be combined to decrease the limit of detection without introducing pre-amplification.

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Prasanna, R., Sekar Pasupathy, and Fayrouz Moidu. "Etiology, clinical profile and outcome of first episode of seizure in children." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 3 (April 30, 2019): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20192015.

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Background: Seizure is a commonly encountered problem in pediatric practice. Convulsive disorder constitutes a heterogeneous group with a varied etiology. Arriving at the cause of seizure is important as it plays a vital role in managing the child. Chances of recurrence to be analyzed, after the first episode of seizure for management. The aim was to study the etiology and the causes of recurrence after a first episode seizure.Methods: A prospective observational study was done on 135 children for a period of two months admitted in tertiary care center. Proper history, complete neurological and other systemic examinations was done. Blood investigations and imaging with EEG was done when indicated. All children were classified according to International League against epilepsy and followed up for recurrence rate and history leading to recurrence. Co- relation between recurrence and risk factors was analyzed.Results: Electroencephalogram tracing was abnormal in 62 out of 105 children. 19 out of 62 had recurrence while only 2 among 43 normal EEG had recurrence. This was statistically significant (P value 0.001). Children with remote symptomatic etiology constitutes the majority in those with abnormal EEG tracings. In children with remote symptomatic etiology, only one child had normal EEG. Remote symptomatic had higher number of abnormal EEG when compared to others and was found to have more recurrence.Conclusions: Children with EEG abnormalities after the first episode of afebrile seizure have more chance of recurrence. Children with seizure secondary to remote symptomatic etiology had more recurrences.

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Etherington, Graham J., Susan M. Ring, Michael A. Charleston, Jo Dicks, Vic J. Rayward-Smith, and Ian N. Roberts. "Tracing the origin and co-phylogeny of the caliciviruses." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81635-0.

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Caliciviruses infect a wide range of mammalian hosts and include the genus Norovirus, the major cause of food-borne viral gastroenteritis in humans. Using publicly available sequence data and phylogenetic analysis tools, the origins and virus–host co-phylogeny of these viruses were investigated. Here, evidence is presented in support of host switching by caliciviruses, but showing that zoonotic transfer does not appear to have occurred in the history of these viruses. The age or demography of the caliciviruses cannot yet be estimated with any firm degree of support, but further studies of this family, as new dated sequences become available, could provide key information of importance to human health and in understanding the emergence of food-borne disease.

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Xiao, Ping-Jie, Chengwen Li, Aaron Neumann, and R. Jude Samulski. "Quantitative 3D Tracing of Gene-delivery Viral Vectors in Human Cells and Animal Tissues." Molecular Therapy 20, no. 2 (February 2012): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mt.2011.250.

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Lappalainen, M. "Molecular epidemiology of viral pathogens and tracing of transmission routes: hepatitis-, calici- and hantaviruses." Journal of Clinical Virology 21, no. 3 (June 2001): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-6532(00)00162-1.

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Yamawaki, Takuma, Shinya Ohara, Ken-ichi Inoue, Masahiro Yamada, Ken-ichiro Tsutui, Menno P. Witter, and Toshio Iijima. "Dual viral tracing in the rat entorhinal-hippocampal circuit by recombinant rabies virus vectors." Neuroscience Research 65 (January 2009): S196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1067.

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Cong, Wei, Yun Shi, Yanqing Qi, Jinyun Wu, Ling Gong, and Miao He. "Viral approaches to study the mammalian brain: Lineage tracing, circuit dissection and therapeutic applications." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 335 (April 2020): 108629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108629.

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Rouiller, Eric M., Mauricette Capt, Michel Dolivo, and Francois De Ribaupierre. "Tensor tympani reflex pathways studied with retrograde horseradish peroxidase and transneuronal viral tracing techniques." Neuroscience Letters 72, no. 3 (December 1986): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(86)90521-5.

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David, D., B. A. Yakobson, L. Gershkovich, and S. Gayer. "Tracing the regional source of rabies infection in an Israeli dog by viral analysis." Veterinary Record 155, no. 16 (October 16, 2004): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.155.16.496.

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Gerendai, I., I. E. Tóth, Z. Boldogkői, I. Medveczky, and B. Halász. "Central Nervous System Structures Labelled from the Testis Using the Transsynaptic Viral Tracing Technique." Journal of Neuroendocrinology 12, no. 11 (December 24, 2001): 1087–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2826.2000.00560.x.

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Maini, Abhineet. "Tracing the Epileptic Consequences of Neurocysticercosis." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40107.

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Abstract: This Paper aims to provide a detailed overview of some basic and complex topics in the field of Neuroscience. Focusing on the overall occurrence of Action Potentials in Nerve cells, an insightful description of the processes which take place at the cellular and molecular levels is also provided. What follows is a discussion on how Neurocysticercosis, a parasitic infection which adversely affects the Central Nervous System, leads to Epileptic Consequences in the human body, as stated in the title. The explanation of these consequences contains vital information as to how such complex diseases and their consequences are merely errors in Action Potentials at the cellular level. With this, the paper also uses information from previously conducted studies, which found a causal linkage between Neurocysticercosis and Epilepsy. Keywords: Action Potentials; Neurocysticercosis; Epilepsy; Neuroscience; Central Nervous System; Pork Tapeworm; Taenia Solium

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Salmanizadeh, Farzad, and Arefeh Ameri. "The Importance of Recording Self-Reported Information in the Management of COVID-19 Virus Variants: A Technology-Based Approach." Frontiers in Health Informatics 10, no. 1 (August 17, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/fhi.v10i1.315.

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COVID-19 virus variants are rapidly spreading across the world. Successful tracing of contacts and early isolation after the onset of symptoms are vital, because, in this period, patients can infect other people having contact with them before isolation. One method for identifying, tracing, screening, and monitoring the potential patients can be self-reporting of information by these individuals. The present letter suggested importance of recording self-reported information in the management of COVID-19 virus variants using technology-based devices.

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Khattab, Nourhan M., Sten H. Vermund, and Yifei Hu. "How coronavirus disease 2019 entered Africa and the Middle East: a case study from Egypt." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114, no. 10 (August 12, 2020): 715–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa065.

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Abstract Background We report the first person with SARS-CoV-2 in Egypt. Methods We interviewed the index case and contacts. Results The 36-year old man was healthy when he traveled on business to Wuhan, China in January 2020. Upon his return to Cairo, he became ill, went to work, and subsequent autochthonous viral spread occurred. Conclusion We linked SARS-CoV-2 importation to global business travel. The extent to which physical distancing, hand/face/surface hygiene, mask use, viral testing/contact tracing, restricted travel, small gatherings, and/or stay-in-residence mandates will be implemented and limit further spread in the Middle East and North Africa remains to be seen.

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