Journal articles: 'Viral testing'

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McCulloh, Russell J., Michael Koster, and Kimberle Chapin. "Respiratory viral testing." Virulence 4, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.22788.

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Sacher, Ronald A., Stephen M. Peters, FAAM, and John A. Bryan. "Testing for Viral Hepatitis." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 113, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/xhbk-c91t-y2c6-6l0b.

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Ben-Amotz, Dor. "Optimally pooled viral testing." Epidemics 33 (December 2020): 100413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2020.100413.

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Kane, Brigid. "Beyond HIV Viral Load Testing." Annals of Internal Medicine 131, no. 8 (October 19, 1999): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-8-199910190-00102.

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Harris, Kenneth R., and Anand S. Dighe. "Laboratory Testing for Viral Hepatitis." Pathology Patterns Reviews 118, suppl_1 (December 1, 2002): S18—S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/mauw-9059-dqa6-rmrj.

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Higgins, Geoff. "Pitfalls of viral load testing." Microbiology Australia 31, no. 3 (2010): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma10119.

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Viral load testing is the quantitative measurement of viral nucleic acid in body fluids or tissues. In medical practice, viral load assays are commonly performed for HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses. These assays are funded under the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) system (Item numbers 69378/81/82, 69482/3 and 69488 respectively).

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Clarke, John R., and Myra O. McClure. "HIV-1 viral load testing." Journal of Infection 38, no. 3 (May 1999): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-4453(99)90240-2.

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Ginocchio, Christine C. "HIV-1 Viral Load Testing." Laboratory Medicine 32, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/667g-ub9v-a78x-1rpp.

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Chernesky, M. "The Viral Diseases Laboratory Testing." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 4, suppl c (1993): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/526980.

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Domiati-Saad, Rana, and Richard H. Scheuermann. "Nucleic acid testing for viral burden and viral genotyping." Clinica Chimica Acta 363, no. 1-2 (January 2006): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cccn.2005.05.049.

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Schroeder, Alan R., and Shawn L. Ralston. "Viral Testing for Pediatric Respiratory Infections." JAMA 318, no. 5 (August 1, 2017): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.3985.

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Francis, Diane P., K. Michael Peddecord, Louise K. Hofherr, J. Rex Astles, and William O. Schalla. "Viral Load Test Reports." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 125, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 1546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2001-125-1546-vltr.

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Abstract Context.— Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA testing (viral load testing) is increasingly important in the care of patients infected with HIV-1 to determine when to initiate, monitor, and change antiretroviral therapy. Patient viral load testing information is communicated to the clinician through the laboratory test report. Objectives.—To examine the format and information used in reporting viral load testing results and determine the clarity of the information provided in these reports. Design.—Patient test reports with all personal identifiers removed were requested of viral load testing laboratories participating in a telephone survey of laboratory practices. Hospital, independent, health department, and “other type” laboratories identified as university-associated laboratories participated in the telephone survey. Results.—Thirty-seven unique test reports were collected. All laboratories reported results in copies/mL, while 14% also reported results as “log10 copies/mL.” The test kit was identified by only 24% of the laboratories. Reportable ranges were specified by 70% of the laboratories, but there was considerable variation in terminology. One laboratory reported a viral load copy number below the manufacturer's test kit lower limit of sensitivity. The layout and format differed among reports. Some results were expressed in log10, others contained nonsignificant integers, while others contained exponential numbers. Supplemental information in some reports included previous patient test results and significance of changes from baseline. The format of some reports made it difficult to read the report information and interpret the testing results. Conclusion.—This study emphasizes the importance of standardizing the reporting of HIV-1 viral load test results to minimize result misinterpretation and incorrect treatment.

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Shapiro, Daniel J., Christina E. Lindgren, Mark I. Neuman, and Andrew M. Fine. "Viral Features and Testing for Streptococcal Pharyngitis." Pediatrics 139, no. 5 (April 4, 2017): e20163403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-3403.

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Mears, Matthew J., Michael J. Wallace, Jacob S. Yount, Lorri A. Fowler, Penny S. Jones, Peter J. Mohler, and Loren E. Wold. "Viral transport media for COVID-19 testing." MethodsX 8 (2021): 101433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101433.

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Allain, J. P., I. Thomas, and S. Sauleda. "Nucleic acid testing for emerging viral infections." Transfusion Medicine 12, no. 4 (August 2002): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3148.2002.00386.x.

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Challine, Dominique, Fran??oise Roudot-Thoraval, Patrick Sabatier, Fabienne Dubernet, Patrick Larderie, Pierrette Rigot, and Jean-Michel Pawlotsky. "Serological Viral Testing of Cadaveric Cornea Donors." Transplantation 82, no. 6 (September 2006): 788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000236572.27197.08.

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Bradley, J. A., and L. Thrasher-Stallard. "Leading Laboratory Testing through a Viral Pandemic." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.287.

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Abstract Introduction/Objective In March, thrown into the 2019 Novel Coronavirus pandemic the first test result was returned on the first suspected of this virus. Since, we implemented numerous plans of action, control measures, test procedures and managed the flow of accurate information to the entire facility. Methods Control and leadership engagement were key to our success. Control of collection process, creating collection “kits”, methods of shipment, results reporting and regulated distribution. Key players maintained order and track all samples on a spreadsheet. The spreadsheet utilized was the most vital tool in weeks to come. Daily updates for both supplies and samples. Simultaneously, researching test capabilities with current analyzers. Daily huddles and group meetings to coordinate all efforts which included manning. Results Supply counts three times a day at the start and collection “kits” weekly. This measured the capabilities initially. Counting errors lead to numerous redundancies. This was a burden and abandoned. Reference laboratory instructions were verified for all transport media allowed and was as a starting point. Daily usage was subtracted. Patient management was populated with sample specificities, patient demographics and testing locations. Every result called to provider, public health, infectious disease, and a sanitized report to hospital management. This data became “the” source and used as a check against other methods. Later only positives were notified. In April, microbiology implemented Cepheid GeneXpert (Sunnyvale, Ca.). Protocols established changed rapidly. Confusion drove subpar test utilization this created processing errors. Multiple shifts were trained previously and no lag was noted. A back-up, BioFire Torch (Salt Lake City, Utah), was validated. Conclusion After eight weeks, over 900 tests, 800 patients and two systems brought online. Overall, a dedicated white board specific to COVID news was established. The “normalcy” phase has hit. Some early protocols have been established as working methods and new members were brought into the fold.

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Kelley, Violet A., and Angela M. Caliendo. "Successful Testing Protocols in Virology." Clinical Chemistry 47, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/47.8.1559.

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Abstract Molecular methods have had a significant impact on the diagnosis of viral infections because of their superior sensitivity and rapid turnaround time compared with conventional diagnostic methods. These characteristics have allowed molecular tests to play a central role in the use of testing protocols for managing viral infections. Several examples of such protocols are reviewed in this report, including the use of molecular testing for early disease detection to improve overall disease management and to direct antiviral therapy.

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Hofherr, Louise K., Diane P. Francis, J. Rex Astles, and William O. Schalla. "Results of a Physician Survey on Ordering Viral Load Testing." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 127, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2003-127-0446-roapso.

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Abstract Objective.—To profile physicians' practices, utilization, and understanding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA (viral load) testing and the laboratory's role in this testing. Design.—Cross sectional study using a 34-item self-report survey mailed to physicians identified as requesting viral load testing, with follow-up mailings to nonresponders. Participants.—A sampling of US physicians specializing in infectious diseases, internal medicine, and family practice associated with high, medium, and low human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome incidence areas. Results.—Most respondents using viral load results were infectious diseases specialists practicing in urban areas. The reasons most frequently given for requesting viral load testing were (1) to assist in patient follow-up or monitoring (75.4%), and (2) to initiate/guide therapy (62.5%). Respondents indicated that the interpretation and use of viral load results presented difficulty in the areas of patient treatment and in determining what change from baseline was clinically significant. Few respondents used the testing laboratory pathologist as a resource for interpreting viral load test results. Conclusions.—Our study indicates that physicians have questions about (1) the meaning of viral load tests, (2) how often to monitor the viral load, and (3) what change from baseline of the viral load is significant. Few physicians avail themselves of the expertise available in the laboratory for testing viral loads and interpreting such results.

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Nolte, Frederick S. "Impact of Viral Load Testing on Patient Care." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 123, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 1011–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/1999-123-1011-iovlto.

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Abstract Quantitative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 RNA tests have been essential tools in increasing our understanding of HIV pathogenesis and antiretroviral therapy. The plasma HIV RNA level is among the most powerful predictive tests in modern medicine for disease progression and has rapidly become the standard of practice for guiding clinicians in initiating, monitoring, and changing antiretroviral therapy. In this article the scientific rationale and clinical indications for viral load testing in HIV infection are reviewed.

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Cobo, Fernando. "Application of Molecular Diagnostic Techniques for Viral Testing." Open Virology Journal 5, no. 1 (November 30, 2012): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874357901206010104.

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Weikersheimer, Patricia Bereck. "Viral Load Testing for HIVBeyond the CD4 Count." Laboratory Medicine 30, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/30.2.102.

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Uzgiris, A. J. "Bayer molecular: viral load testing today and tomorrow." Journal of Clinical Virology 36 (January 2006): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80717-1.

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Boyd, Alan S. "Laboratory Testing in Patients with Morbilliform Viral Eruptions." Dermatologic Clinics 12, no. 1 (January 1994): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30202-x.

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Rawlinson, William. "Emerging viral illnesses – preparedness, testing and assuring safety." Pathology 49 (February 2017): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2016.12.058.

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Rawlinson, William. "Emerging viral illnesses – preparedness, testing and assuring safety." Pathology 49 (February 2017): S54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2016.12.134.

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Ginocchio, Christine C. "HIV testing: The next step beyond viral load." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 21, no. 11 (June 1999): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-4399(00)80044-6.

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Hall, C. B., and A. S. Lieberthal. "Viral Testing and Isolation of Patients With Bronchiolitis." PEDIATRICS 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 893–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1634.

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WalkerPeach, Cindy R., and Brittan L. Pasloske. "DNA Bacteriophage as Controls for Clinical Viral Testing." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 1970–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.039776.

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Hammami, Muhammad B., Kamran Hussaini, Hamza Khalid, Brent Neuschwander-Tetri, and Robin Chamberland. "Tu1664 Inappropriate Laboratory Utilization: Repetitive Viral Hepatitis Testing." Gastroenterology 150, no. 4 (April 2016): S1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(16)33921-x.

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Ciccone, Emily J., and Zachary I. Willis. "ED respiratory viral testing and antibiotic prescribing behavior." Journal of Pediatrics 251 (December 2022): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.08.057.

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Harlow, Alyssa F., Jacob Bor, Alana T. Brennan, Mhairi Maskew, William MacLeod, Sergio Carmona, Koleka Mlisana, and Matthew P. Fox. "Impact of Viral Load Monitoring on Retention and Viral Suppression: A Regression Discontinuity Analysis of South Africa’s National Laboratory Cohort." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 12 (July 10, 2020): 1492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa140.

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Abstract South African guidelines recommend repeat viral load testing within 6 months when human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral loads exceed 1,000 copies/mL. We assessed whether South African facilities follow viral load monitoring guidelines and whether guidelines improve HIV-related outcomes, using a regression discontinuity design in a national HIV cohort of 174,574 patients (2013–2015). We assessed whether patients with viral loads just above versus just below 1,000 copies/mL were more likely to receive repeat testing in 6 months, and we compared differences in clinic transfers, retention, and viral suppression. The majority (67%) of patients with viral loads of >1,000 copies/mL did not receive repeat testing within 6 months, and these patients were 8.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.2, 9.7) more likely to receive repeat testing compared with ≤1,000 copies/mL. Eligibility for repeat testing (>1,000 copies/mL) was associated with greater 12-month retention (risk difference = 2.9%, 95% CI: 0.6, 5.2) and combined suppression and retention (risk difference = 5.8%, 95% CI: 3.0, 8.6). Patients with viral loads of >1,000 copies/mL who actually received repeat testing were 85.2% more likely to be both retained and virally suppressed at 12 months (95% CI: 35.9, 100.0). Viral load monitoring might improve patient outcomes, but most patients with elevated viral loads do not receive monitoring within recommended timelines.

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Weston, Shiobhan R., and Paul Martin. "Serological and Molecular Testing in Viral Hepatitis: An Update." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 15, no. 3 (2001): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/390294.

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The routine serological diagnoses of the three major forms of viral hepatitis - A, B and C - as well as delta hepatitis, are important in the evaluation of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Increasingly, molecular virology is also being used to evaluate patients with chronic hepatitis C, with genotype and viral load testing to plan therapy.

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Huang, Maria Z., Kyung E. Rhee, Lauren Gist, and Erin S. Fisher. "Barriers to Minimizing Respiratory Viral Testing in Bronchiolitis: Physician Perceptions on Testing Practices." Hospital Pediatrics 9, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2018-0108.

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Antebi-Gruszka, Nadav, Ali J. Talan, Sari L. Reisner, and H. Jonathon Rendina. "Sociodemographic and behavioural factors associated with testing for HIV and STIs in a US nationwide sample of transgender men who have sex with men." Sexually Transmitted Infections 96, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2020-054474.

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ObjectivesTransgender men who have sex with men (TMSM) represent an understudied population in relation to screening for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We examined HIV and STI testing prevalence among TMSM along with the factors associated with testing in a diverse US nationwide sample of TMSM.MethodsData from a cross-sectional online convenience sample of 192 TMSM were analysed using multivariable binary logistic regression models to examine the association between sociodemographic and behavioural factors and lifetime testing for HIV, bacterial STIs and viral STIs, as well as past year testing for HIV.ResultsMore than two-thirds of TMSM reported lifetime testing for HIV (71.4%), bacterial STIs (66.7%), and viral STIs (70.8%), and 60.9% had received HIV testing in the past year. Engaging in condomless anal sex with a casual partner whose HIV status is different or unknown and having fewer than two casual partners in the past 6 months were related to lower odds of lifetime HIV, bacterial STI, viral STI and past year HIV testing. Being younger in age was related to lower probability of testing for HIV, bacterial STIs and viral STIs. Furthermore, TMSM residing in the South were less likely to be tested for HIV and viral STIs in their lifetime, and for HIV in the past year. Finally, lower odds of lifetime testing for viral STIs was found among TMSM who reported no drug use in the past 6 months.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that a notable percentage of TMSM had never tested for HIV and bacterial and viral STIs, though at rates only somewhat lower than among cisgender MSM despite similar patterns of risk behaviour. Efforts to increase HIV/STI testing among TMSM, especially among those who engage in condomless anal sex, are needed.

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Thorman, Johannes, Per Björkman, Fregenet Tesfaye, Asiya Jeylan, Taye Tolera Balcha, and Anton Reepalu. "Validation of the Viral Load Testing Criteria – an algorithm for targeted viral load testing in HIV‐positive adults receiving antiretroviral therapy." Tropical Medicine & International Health 24, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13201.

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Killingo, Bactrin M., Trisa B. Taro, and Wame N. Mosime. "Community-driven demand creation for the use of routine viral load testing: a model to scale up routine viral load testing." Journal of the International AIDS Society 20 (November 2017): e25009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25009.

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Laperche, S. "Blood safety and nucleic acid testing in Europe." Eurosurveillance 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.10.02.00516-en.

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Over the past two decades, a long series of specific and non-specific measures have been introduced into the screening of blood donations in order to reduce the residual risk of transmission of bloodborne viruses. The latest specific measure has been viral nucleic acid testing (NAT), introduced by the European plasma industry in 1995, and subsequently introduced for blood donations in several countries in Europe and elsewhere. NAT was implemented to reinforce the safety of the blood supply; it can detect acute viral infections during the ‘window period’, that were not being detected by the serological screening methods used at that time. To assess the impact of NAT on the safety of the blood supply, it is essential to estimate the residual risk of viral transmission. In this issue, six European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom) that have recently implemented NAT describe their experiences and the results of the evaluation of the residual risk of viral transmission in their blood supply [1-6].

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Siljan, William W., Dhanasekaran Sivakumaran, Christian Ritz, Synne Jenum, Tom HM Ottenhoff, Elling Ulvestad, Jan C. Holter, Lars Heggelund, and Harleen MS Grewal. "Host Transcriptional Signatures Predict Etiology in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Potential Antibiotic Stewardship Tools." Biomarker Insights 17 (January 2022): 117727192210991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11772719221099130.

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Background: Current approaches for pathogen identification in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remain suboptimal, leaving most patients without a microbiological diagnosis. If better diagnostic tools were available for differentiating between viral and bacterial CAP, unnecessary antibacterial therapy could be avoided in viral CAP patients. Methods: In 156 adults hospitalized with CAP classified to have bacterial, viral, or mixed viral-bacterial infection based on microbiological testing or both microbiological testing and procalcitonin (PCT) levels, we aimed to identify discriminatory host transcriptional signatures in peripheral blood samples acquired at hospital admission, by applying Dual-color-Reverse-Transcriptase-Multiplex-Ligation-dependent-Probe-Amplification (dc-RT MLPA). Results: In patients classified by microbiological testing, a 9-transcript signature showed high accuracy for discriminating bacterial from viral CAP (AUC 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.96), while a 10-transcript signature similarly discriminated mixed viral-bacterial from viral CAP (AUC 0.91, 95% CI 0.86-0.96). In patients classified by both microbiological testing and PCT levels, a 13-transcript signature showed excellent accuracy for discriminating bacterial from viral CAP (AUC 1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.00), while a 7-transcript signature similarly discriminated mixed viral-bacterial from viral CAP (AUC 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.98). Conclusion: Our findings support host transcriptional signatures in peripheral blood samples as a potential tool for guiding clinical decision-making and antibiotic stewardship in CAP.

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Arnaudova, K. Sh, A. L. Yasenyavskaya, G. A. Rostoshvili, M. A. Samotrueva, and O. A. Bashkina. "State-of-the-art molecular genetic testing for the diagnosis of viral infections." Russian Medical Inquiry 5, no. 7 (2021): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-7-497-502.

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High contagiousness and rapid spread of viral infections highlight the importance of their timely clinical diagnosis. There is a current need to gain in-depth knowledge of viral agents’ origin, routes, and evolution to predict and prevent viral diseases. The introduction of advanced molecular genetic testing made this possible. Laboratories worldwide develop and manufacture urgently needed test kits for rapidly detecting infections since asymptomatic cases favor further dissemination of these diseases. Over the last year, the active development of diagnostic kits for COVID-19 contributed to the improvement of molecular genetic testing, particularly for mass and screening testing. RT-PCR is widely applied to detect viral RNA. Meanwhile, other tests for nucleic acids, e.g., isothermal amplification, microarray hybridization, amplicon metagenome sequencing, and CRISPR, are now introduced into daily practice. KEYWORDS: viruses, diagnostics, molecular genetic testing, polymerase chain reaction, RNA. FOR CITATION: Arnaudova K.Sh., Yasenyavskaya A.L., Rostoshvili G.A. et al. State-of-the-art molecular genetic testing for the diagnosis of viral infections. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(7):497–502 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-7-497-502.

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YUSA, Keisuke, Yuzhe YUSA, and Kazuhisa UCHIDA. "Viral safety testing for biopharmaceuticals: Current and future prospects." Translational and Regulatory Sciences 2, no. 3 (2020): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33611/trs.2020-017.

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Jack, Kathryn, and William Lucien Irving. "Using dried blood spot testing for diagnosing viral hepatitis." British Journal of Nursing 29, no. 20 (November 12, 2020): 1155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.20.1155.

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The target set by the World Health Organization to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health problem by 2030 first requires methods of testing for hepatitis B and C virus that are acceptable to diverse populations. One such test is the dried blood spot sample method. This article explains what a dried blood spot sample is, how it is collected, and how it can help increase the viral hepatitis test uptake in prisons, drug and alcohol services, and other populations at risk of hepatitis B or C infection.

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O'Connell, T., L. Thornton, D. O'Flanagan, A. Staines, J. Connell, S. Dooley, and G. McCormack. "Oral fluid collection by post for viral antibody testing." International Journal of Epidemiology 30, no. 2 (April 2001): 298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.2.298.

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Vermeulen, M., N. Lelie, and R. Reddy. "Recent insights in testing for transfusion transmissible viral infections." ISBT Science Series 6, no. 1 (May 13, 2011): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2824.2011.01492.x.

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Małusecka, Ewa, Ewa Chmielik, Rafał Suwiński, Monika Giglok, Dariusz Lange, Tomasz Rutkowski, and Agnieszka M. Mazurek. "Significance of HPV16 Viral Load Testing in Anal Cancer." Pathology & Oncology Research 26, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 2191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12253-020-00801-7.

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Anderson, Evan J. "Viral PCR testing associated with decreased healthcare resource utilization." Journal of Pediatrics 178 (November 2016): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.08.071.

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Locarnini, Stephen. "Hepatitis viral load testing: what does it all mean?" Pathology 45 (2013): S49—S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pat.0000426836.41447.a6.

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Kappes, John C., Michael S. Saag, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, Paul Chopra, Shande Chen, Emilio A. Emini, et al. "Assessment of Antiretroviral Therapy by Plasma Viral Load Testing." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology 10, no. 2 (October 1995): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199510020-00005.

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Randhawa, Parmjeet S., Noush A. Farasati, Yuchen Huang, Markus Y. Mapara, and Ron Shapiro. "Viral Drug Sensitivity Testing Using Quantitative PCR: Table 1." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 134, no. 6 (December 2010): 916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/ajcp7jyhjn1pgqvc.

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Kulcsar, Gabor, Attila Farsang, and T. Soos. "Testing for viral contaminants of veterinary vaccines in Hungary." Biologicals 38, no. 3 (May 2010): 346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.01.007.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Viral testing'

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