Journal articles on the topic 'Viral movements'
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1
Leastro, Mikhail Oliveira, David Villar-Álvarez, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Elliot Watanabe Kitajima, Vicente Pallás, and Jesús Ángel Sánchez-Navarro. "Spontaneous Mutation in the Movement Protein of Citrus Leprosis Virus C2, in a Heterologous Virus Infection Context, Increases Cell-to-Cell Transport and Generates Fitness Advantage." Viruses 13, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13122498.
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Previous results using a movement defective alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) vector revealed that citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) movement protein (MP) generates a more efficient local movement, but not more systemic transport, than citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2) MP, MPs belonging to two important viruses for the citrus industry. Here, competition experiment assays in transgenic tobacco plants (P12) between transcripts of AMV constructs expressing the cilevirus MPs, followed by several biological passages, showed the prevalence of the AMV construct carrying the CiLV-C2 MP. The analysis of AMV RNA 3 progeny recovered from P12 plant at the second viral passage revealed the presence of a mix of progeny encompassing the CiLV-C2 MP wild type (MPWT) and two variants carrying serines instead phenylalanines at positions 72 (MPS72F) or 259 (MPS259F), respectively. We evaluated the effects of each modified residue in virus replication, and cell-to-cell and long-distance movements. Results indicated that phenylalanine at position 259 favors viral cell-to-cell transport with an improvement in viral fitness, but has no effect on viral replication, whereas mutation at position 72 (MPS72F) has a penalty in the viral fitness. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of a viral population may be correlated with its greater efficiency in cell-to-cell and systemic movements.
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Hirose, Shizuka, Kosuke Notsu, Satoshi Ito, Yoshihiro Sakoda, and Norikazu Isoda. "Transmission Dynamics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Hokkaido, Japan by Phylogenetic and Epidemiological Network Approaches." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080922.
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Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) caused by BVD virus (BVDV) leads to economic loss worldwide. Cattle that are persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are known to play an important role in viral transmission in association with the animal movement, as they shed the virus during their lifetime. In this research, the “hot spot” for BVD transmission was estimated by combining phylogenetic and epidemiological analyses for PI cattle and cattle that lived together on BVDV affected farms in Tokachi district, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. Viral isolates were genetically categorized into BVDV-1a, 1b, and 2a, based on the nucleotide sequence of the entire E2 region. In BVDV genotype 1, subgenotype b (BVDV-1b), cluster I was identified as the majority in Tokachi district. Network analysis indicated that 12 of the 15 affected farms had cattle movements from other facilities (PI-network) and farms affected with BVDV-1b cluster I consisted of a large network. It was implied that the number of cattle movements themselves would be a risk of BVD transmission, using the PageRank algorithm. Therefore, these results demonstrate that cattle movements would contribute to disease spread and the combination of virological and epidemiological analysis methods would be beneficial in determining possible virus transmission routes.
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Prentice, Jamie C., Glenn Marion, Michael R. Hutchings, Tom N. McNeilly, and Louise Matthews. "Complex responses to movement-based disease control: when livestock trading helps." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 126 (January 2017): 20160531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0531.
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Livestock disease controls are often linked to movements between farms, for example, via quarantine and pre- or post-movement testing. Designing effective controls, therefore, benefits from accurate assessment of herd-to-herd transmission. Household models of human infections make use of R * , the number of groups infected by an initial infected group, which is a metapopulation level analogue of the basic reproduction number R 0 that provides a better characterization of disease spread in a metapopulation. However, existing approaches to calculate R * do not account for individual movements between locations which means we lack suitable tools for livestock systems. We address this gap using next-generation matrix approaches to capture movements explicitly and introduce novel tools to calculate R * in any populations coupled by individual movements. We show that depletion of infectives in the source group, which hastens its recovery, is a phenomenon with important implications for design and efficacy of movement-based controls. Underpinning our results is the observation that R * peaks at intermediate livestock movement rates. Consequently, under movement-based controls, infection could be controlled at high movement rates but persist at intermediate rates. Thus, once control schemes are present in a livestock system, a reduction in movements can counterintuitively lead to increased disease prevalence. We illustrate our results using four important livestock diseases (bovine viral diarrhoea, bovine herpes virus, Johne's disease and Escherichia coli O157) that each persist across different movement rate ranges with the consequence that a change in livestock movements could help control one disease, but exacerbate another.
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Dawson, Paul. "Hashtag narrative: Emergent storytelling and affective publics in the digital age." International Journal of Cultural Studies 23, no. 6 (May 14, 2020): 968–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877920921417.
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This article investigates the role that narrative plays in the emergence of cultural movements from the networked interactions of users with the algorithmic structures of social media platforms. It identifies and anatomizes a new narrative phenomenon created by the technological affordances of Twitter, a phenomenon dubbed ‘emergent storytelling’. In doing so, it seeks to explain: (a) the multiple concepts of narrative that operate at different levels of hashtag movements emerging from the dynamic forces that circulate in and through Twitter; (b) the interplay of narrative cognition with stochastic viral activity and the invisible design of social media algorithms; and (c) the varying rhetorical purposes that narrative is put to in public discourse about viral movements. Using #MeToo as a case study in the generation and reception of ‘affective publics’, it clarifies how iterative appeals to the experiential truth of individual stories manifest as narratable social movements in the networked public sphere.
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Liu, Pengyu, Yexuan Song, Caroline Colijn, and Ailene MacPherson. "The impact of sampling bias on viral phylogeographic reconstruction." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 9 (September 28, 2022): e0000577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000577.
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Genomic epidemiology plays an ever-increasing role in our understanding of and response to the spread of infectious pathogens. Phylogeography, the reconstruction of the historical location and movement of pathogens from the evolutionary relationships among sampled pathogen sequences, can inform policy decisions related to viral movement among jurisdictions. However, phylogeographic reconstruction is impacted by the fact that the sampling and virus sequencing policies differ among jurisdictions, and these differences can cause bias in phylogeographic reconstructions. Here we assess the potential impacts of geographic-based sampling bias on estimated viral locations in the past, and on whether key viral movements can be detected. We quantify the effect of bias using simulated phylogenies with known geographic histories, and determine the impact of the biased sampling and of the underlying migration rate on the accuracy of estimated past viral locations. We find that overall, the accuracy of phylogeographic reconstruction is high, particularly when the migration rate is low. However, results depend on sampling, and sampling bias can have a large impact on the numbers and nature of estimated migration events. We apply these insights to the geographic spread of Ebolavirus in the 2014-2016 West Africa epidemic. This work highlights how sampling policy can both impact geographic inference and be optimized to best ensure the accuracy of specific features of geographic spread.
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Sorel, M., J. A. Garcia, and S. German-Retana. "The Potyviridae Cylindrical Inclusion Helicase: A Key Multipartner and Multifunctional Protein." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 3 (March 2014): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-11-13-0333-cr.
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A unique feature shared by all plant viruses of the Potyviridae family is the induction of characteristic pinwheel-shaped inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of infected cells. These cylindrical inclusions are composed of the viral-encoded cylindrical inclusion helicase (CI protein). Its helicase activity was characterized and its involvement in replication demonstrated through different reverse genetics approaches. In addition to replication, the CI protein is also involved in cell-to-cell and long-distance movements, possibly through interactions with the recently discovered viral P3N-PIPO protein. Studies over the past two decades demonstrate that the CI protein is present in several cellular compartments interacting with viral and plant protein partners likely involved in its various roles in different steps of viral infection. Furthermore, the CI protein acts as an avirulence factor in gene-for-gene interactions with dominant-resistance host genes and as a recessive-resistance overcoming factor. Although a significant amount of data concerning the potential functions and subcellular localization of this protein has been published, no synthetic review is available on this important multifunctional protein. In this review, we compile and integrate all information relevant to the current understanding of this viral protein structure and function and present a mode of action for CI, combining replication and movement.
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Ruder, Ludwig, and Silvia Arber. "Brainstem Circuits Controlling Action Diversification." Annual Review of Neuroscience 42, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050201.
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Neuronal circuits that regulate movement are distributed throughout the nervous system. The brainstem is an important interface between upper motor centers involved in action planning and circuits in the spinal cord ultimately leading to execution of body movements. Here we focus on recent work using genetic and viral entry points to reveal the identity of functionally dedicated and frequently spatially intermingled brainstem populations essential for action diversification, a general principle conserved throughout evolution. Brainstem circuits with distinct organization and function control skilled forelimb behavior, orofacial movements, and locomotion. They convey regulatory parameters to motor output structures and collaborate in the construction of complex natural motor behaviors. Functionally tuned brainstem neurons for different actions serve as important integrators of synaptic inputs from upstream centers, including the basal ganglia and cortex, to regulate and modulate behavioral function in different contexts.
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Miyashita, Shuhei, and Hirohisa Kishino. "Estimation of the Size of Genetic Bottlenecks in Cell-to-Cell Movement of Soil-Borne Wheat Mosaic Virus and the Possible Role of the Bottlenecks in Speeding Up Selection of Variations in trans-Acting Genes or Elements." Journal of Virology 84, no. 4 (December 2, 2009): 1828–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01890-09.
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ABSTRACT Genetic bottlenecks facilitate the fixation and extinction of variants in populations, and viral populations are no exception to this theory. To examine the existence of genetic bottlenecks in cell-to-cell movement of plant RNA viruses, we prepared constructs for Soil -b orne wheat mosaic virus RNA2 vectors carrying two different fluorescent proteins, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and cyan fluorescent protein (CFP). Coinoculation of host plant leaves with the two RNA2 vectors and the wild-type RNA1 showed separation of the two vector RNA2s, mostly within seven to nine cell-to-cell movements from individual initially coinfected cells. Our statistical analysis showed that the number of viral RNA genomes establishing infection in adjacent cells after the first cell-to-cell movement from an initially infected cell was 5.97 ± 0.22 on average and 5.02 ± 0.29 after the second cell-to-cell movement. These results indicate that plant RNA viruses may generally face narrow genetic bottlenecks in every cell-to-cell movement. Furthermore, our model suggests that, rather than suffering from fitness losses caused by the bottlenecks, the plant RNA viruses are utilizing the repeated genetic bottlenecks as an essential element of rapid selection of their adaptive variants in trans-acting genes or elements to respond to host shifting and changes in the growth conditions of the hosts.
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Kim, Younjung, Raphaëlle Métras, Laure Dommergues, Chouanibou Youssouffi, Soihibou Combo, Gilles Le Godais, Dirk U. Pfeiffer, et al. "The role of livestock movements in the spread of Rift Valley fever virus in animals and humans in Mayotte, 2018–19." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): e0009202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009202.
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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne viral disease of major animal and public health importance. In 2018–19, it caused an epidemic in both livestock and human populations of the island of Mayotte. Using Bayesian modelling approaches, we assessed the spatio-temporal pattern of RVF virus (RVFV) infection in livestock and human populations across the island, and factors shaping it. First, we assessed if (i) livestock movements, (ii) spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, and (iii) livestock density were associated with the temporal sequence of RVFV introduction into Mayotte communes’ livestock populations. Second, we assessed whether the rate of human infection was associated with (a) spatial proximity from and (b) livestock density of communes with infected animals. Our analyses showed that the temporal sequence of RVFV introduction into communes’ livestock populations was associated with livestock movements and spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, with livestock movements being associated with the best model fit. Moreover, the pattern of human cases was associated with their spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, with the risk of human infection sharply increasing if livestock in the same or close communes were infected. This study highlights the importance of understanding livestock movement networks in informing the design of risk-based RVF surveillance programs.
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Hopkins, Hannah K., Elizabeth M. Traverse, and Kelli L. Barr. "Viral Parkinsonism: An underdiagnosed neurological complication of Dengue virus infection." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): e0010118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010118.
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Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus that is a significant cause of human disease costing billions of dollars per year in medical and mosquito control costs. It is estimated that up to 20% of DENV infections affect the brain. Incidence of DENV infections is increasing, which suggests more people are at risk of developing neurological complications. The most common neurological manifestations of DENV are encephalitis and encephalopathy, and movement disorders such as parkinsonism have been observed. Parkinsonism describes syndromes similar to Parkinson’s Disease where tremors, stiffness, and slow movements are observed. Parkinsonism caused by viral infection is characterized by patients exhibiting at least two of the following symptoms: tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. To investigate DENV-associated parkinsonism, case studies and reports of DENV-associated parkinsonism were obtained from peer-reviewed manuscripts and gray literature. Seven reports of clinically diagnosed DENV-associated parkinsonism and 15 cases of DENV encephalitis, where the patient met the case criteria for a diagnosis of viral parkinsonism were found. Clinically diagnosed DENV-associated parkinsonism patients were more likely to be male and exhibit expressionless face, speech problems, and lymphocytosis. Suspected patients were more likely to exhibit tremor, have thrombocytopenia and low hemoglobin. Viral parkinsonism can cause a permanent reduction in neurons with consequential cognitive and behavior changes, or it can leave a latent imprint in the brain that can cause neurological dysfunction decades after recovery. DENV-associated parkinsonism is underdiagnosed and better adherence to the case definition of viral parkinsonism is needed for proper management of potential sequalae especially if the patient has an ongoing or potential to develop a neurodegenerative disease.
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Aldrete-Cortez, Vania, Liliana Bobadilla, Silvia A. Tafoya, Aline Gonzalez-Carpinteiro, Fernanda Nava, Carlos Viñals, Elsa Alvarado, et al. "Infants prenatally exposed to SARS-CoV-2 show the absence of fidgety movements and are at higher risk for neurological disorders: A comparative study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 4, 2022): e0267575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267575.
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Congenital viral infections are believed to damage the developing neonatal brain. However, whether neonates exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) show manifestations of such damage remains unclear. For neurodevelopment evaluation, general movement assessments have been shown to be effective in identifying early indicators of neurological dysfunction, including the absence of fidgety movements. This study compared the early motor repertoire by general movement assessment at three to five months of age in neonates who were or were not prenatally exposed to SARS-CoV-2 to determine whether infants prenatally exposed to SARS-CoV-2 are at risk of developing neurological disorders. Fifty-six infants, including 28 in the exposed group of mothers without vaccination who had no need for intensive care and likely had SARS-CoV-2 infection close to the time of pregnancy resolution and 28 infants in the nonexposed group, were videotaped to compare their detailed early motor repertoires, in which a motor optimality score-revised (MOS-R) was calculated using Prechtl’s method by using the chi-square or Mann–Whitney U tests. In the exposed group, 3 (11%) infants showed the absence of fidgety movements with a total MOS-R<14 points, and 3 (11%) other infants showed abnormal fidgety movements. Between groups, atypical body symmetry (p = 0.009) and MOS-R values were significantly lower (Z = -3.08, p = 0.002), with a large size effect (Cohen’s d = 0.97). The consequences of this new virus go beyond the health of the pregnant mother, and these consequences in some of the infants in the exposed group are likely not transitory because of the absence of fidgety movements between 3–5 months; thus, these babies are at increased risk of developing a serious neurological disorder.
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Belnap, David M., David J. Filman, Benes L. Trus, Naiqian Cheng, Frank P. Booy, James F. Conway, Stephen Curry, et al. "Molecular Tectonic Model of Virus Structural Transitions: the Putative Cell Entry States of Poliovirus." Journal of Virology 74, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 1342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.3.1342-1354.2000.
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ABSTRACT Upon interacting with its receptor, poliovirus undergoes conformational changes that are implicated in cell entry, including the externalization of the viral protein VP4 and the N terminus of VP1. We have determined the structures of native virions and of two putative cell entry intermediates, the 135S and 80S particles, at ∼22-Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy. The 135S and 80S particles are both ∼4% larger than the virion. Pseudoatomic models were constructed by adjusting the beta-barrel domains of the three capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 from their known positions in the virion to fit the 135S and 80S reconstructions. Domain movements of up to 9 Å were detected, analogous to the shifting of tectonic plates. These movements create gaps between adjacent subunits. The gaps at the sites where VP1, VP2, and VP3 subunits meet are plausible candidates for the emergence of VP4 and the N terminus of VP1. The implications of these observations are discussed for models in which the externalized components form a transmembrane pore through which viral RNA enters the infected cell.
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Prosser, Diann J., Jiani Chen, Christina A. Ahlstrom, Andrew B. Reeves, Rebecca L. Poulson, Jeffery D. Sullivan, Daniel McAuley, et al. "Maintenance and dissemination of avian-origin influenza A virus within the northern Atlantic Flyway of North America." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 6 (June 6, 2022): e1010605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010605.
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Wild waterbirds, the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses, undergo migratory movements each year, connecting breeding and wintering grounds within broad corridors known as flyways. In a continental or global view, the study of virus movements within and across flyways is important to understanding virus diversity, evolution, and movement. From 2015 to 2017, we sampled waterfowl from breeding (Maine) and wintering (Maryland) areas within the Atlantic Flyway (AF) along the east coast of North America to investigate the spatio-temporal trends in persistence and spread of influenza A viruses (IAV). We isolated 109 IAVs from 1,821 cloacal / oropharyngeal samples targeting mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and American black ducks (Anas rubripes), two species having ecological and conservation importance in the flyway that are also host reservoirs of IAV. Isolates with >99% nucleotide similarity at all gene segments were found between eight pairs of birds in the northern site across years, indicating some degree of stability among genome constellations and the possibility of environmental persistence. No movement of whole genome constellations were identified between the two parts of the flyway, however, virus gene flow between the northern and southern study locations was evident. Examination of banding records indicate direct migratory waterfowl movements between the two locations within an annual season, providing a mechanism for the inferred viral gene flow. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses provided evidence for virus dissemination from other North American wild birds to AF dabbling ducks (Anatinae), shorebirds (Charidriformes), and poultry (Galliformes). Evidence was found for virus dissemination from shorebirds to gulls (Laridae), and dabbling ducks to shorebirds and poultry. The findings from this study contribute to the understanding of IAV ecology in waterfowl within the AF.
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Genovés, Ainhoa, Jose Antonio Navarro, and Vicente Pallás. "The Intra- and Intercellular Movement of Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) Depends on an Active Secretory Pathway." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 3 (March 2010): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-3-0263.
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Plant viruses hijack endogenous host transport machinery to aid their intracellular spread. Here, we study the localization of the p7B, the membrane-associated viral movement protein (MP) of the Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV), and also the potential involvement of the secretory pathway on the p7B targeting and intra- and intercellular virus movements. p7B fused to fluorescent proteins was located throughout the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at motile Golgi apparatus (GA) stacks that actively tracked the actin microfilaments, and at the plasmodesmata (PD). Hence, the secretory pathway inhibitor, Brefeldin A (BFA), and the overexpression of the GTPase-defective mutant of Sar1p, Sar1[H74L], fully retained the p7B within the ER, revealing that the protein is delivered to PD in a BFA-sensitive and COPII-dependent manner. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with latrunculin B led to the accumulation of p7B in the ER, which strongly suggests that p7B is also targeted to the cell periphery in an actin-dependent manner. Remarkably, the local spread of the viral infection was significantly restricted either with the presence of BFA or under the overexpression of Sar1[H74L], thus revealing the involvement of an active secretory pathway in the intracellular movement of MNSV. Overall, these findings support a novel route for the intracellular transport of a plant virus led by the GA.
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Da Rold, Graziana, Federica Obber, Isabella Monne, Adelaide Milani, Silvia Ravagnan, Federica Toniolo, Sofia Sgubin, et al. "Clinical Tick-Borne Encephalitis in a Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus L.)." Viruses 14, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020300.
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Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a severe zoonosis occurring in the Palearctic region mainly transmitted through Ixodes ticks. In Italy, TBEV is restricted to the north-eastern part of the country. This report describes for the first time a case of clinical TBE in a roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.). The case occurred in the Belluno province, Veneto region, an area endemic for TBEV. The affected roe deer showed ataxia, staggering movements, muscle tremors, wide-base stance of the front limbs, repetitive movements of the head, persistent teeth grinding, hypersalivation and prolonged recumbency. An autopsy revealed no significant lesions to explain the neurological signs. TBEV RNA was detected in the brain by real-time RT-PCR, and the nearly complete viral genome (10,897 nucleotides) was sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene encoding the envelope protein revealed a close relationship to TBEV of the European subtype, and 100% similarity with a partial sequence (520 nucleotides) of a TBEV found in ticks in the bordering Trento province. The histological examination of the midbrain revealed lymphohistiocytic encephalitis, satellitosis and microgliosis, consistent with a viral etiology. Other viral etiologies were ruled out by metagenomic analysis of the brain. This report underlines, for the first time, the occurrence of clinical encephalitic manifestations due to TBEV in a roe deer, suggesting that this pathogen should be included in the frame of differential diagnoses in roe deer with neurologic disease.
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Ding, Huiling. "Transcultural Risk Communication and Viral Discourses: Grassroots Movements to Manage Global Risks of H1N1 Flu Pandemic." Technical Communication Quarterly 22, no. 2 (April 2013): 126–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572252.2013.746628.
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Mehta, Sanjay R., Davey M. Smith, Celia Boukadida, and Antoine Chaillon. "Comparative Dynamics of Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variants across and between California and Mexico." Viruses 14, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14071494.
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Evolutionary analysis using viral sequence data can elucidate the epidemiology of transmission. Using publicly available SARS-CoV-2 sequence and epidemiological data, we developed discrete phylogeographic models to interrogate the emergence and dispersal of the Delta and Omicron variants in 2021 between and across California and Mexico. External introductions of Delta and Omicron in the region peaked in early July (2021-07-10 [95% CI: 2021-04-20, 2021-11-01]) and mid-December (2021-12-15 [95% CI: 2021-11-14, 2022-01-09]), respectively, 3 months and 2 weeks after first detection. These repeated introductions coincided with domestic migration events with no evidence of a unique transmission hub. The spread of Omicron was most consistent with gravity centric patterns within Mexico. While cross-border events accounted for only 5.1% [95% CI: 4.3–6] of all Delta migration events, they accounted for 20.6% [95% CI: 12.4–29] of Omicron movements, paralleling the increase in international travel observed in late 2021. Our investigations of the Delta and Omicron epidemics in the California/Mexico region illustrate the complex interplay and the multiplicity of viral and structural factors that need to be considered to limit viral spread, even as vaccination is reducing disease burden. Understanding viral transmission patterns may help intra-governmental responses to viral epidemics.
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Lecellier, Charles-Henri, Wim Vermeulen, Françoise Bachelerie, Marie-Lou Giron, and Ali Saïb. "Intra- and Intercellular Trafficking of the Foamy Virus Auxiliary Bet Protein." Journal of Virology 76, no. 7 (April 1, 2002): 3388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.7.3388-3394.2002.
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ABSTRACT The Bet protein of foamy viruses (FVs) is an auxiliary protein encoded by the 3′ end of the viral genome. Although its function during the viral replication cycle is still unknown, Bet seems to play a key role in the establishment and/or maintenance of viral persistence, representing the predominant viral protein detected during chronic infection. To clarify the function of this viral protein, the subcellular distribution of Bet from the prototypic human foamy virus (HFV) was examined. We report here that this protein is distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of HFV-infected or Bet-transfected cells. The nuclear targeting results from the presence of a bipartite nuclear localization signal at the C-terminal region, sufficient to direct heterologous reporter proteins to the nucleus. Since HFV Bet spreads between cells, we show here that the secreted protein targets the nuclei of recipient cells. HFV Bet follows an unconventional route to exit the cell since its secretion is not affected by brefeldin A, a drug which disrupts the trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. Finally, these inter- and intracellular movements were also observed for the equine foamy virus Bet protein, strongly suggesting that these remarkable features are conserved among FVs.
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Portilho, Débora M., Roger Persson, and Nathalie Arhel. "Role of non-motile microtubule-associated proteins in virus trafficking." Biomolecular Concepts 7, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2016): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2016-0018.
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AbstractViruses are entirely dependent on their ability to infect a host cell in order to replicate. To reach their site of replication as rapidly and efficiently as possible following cell entry, many have evolved elaborate mechanisms to hijack the cellular transport machinery to propel themselves across the cytoplasm. Long-range movements have been shown to involve motor proteins along microtubules (MTs) and direct interactions between viral proteins and dynein and/or kinesin motors have been well described. Although less well-characterized, it is also becoming increasingly clear that non-motile microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), including structural MAPs of the MAP1 and MAP2 families, and microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs), can also promote viral trafficking in infected cells, by mediating interaction of viruses with filaments and/or motor proteins, and modulating filament stability. Here we review our current knowledge on non-motile MAPs, their role in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and in viral trafficking during the early steps of infection.
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Warame, Ibrahim Yussuf, and Margareta Steen. "Malignant catarrhal fever in wild Swedish moose (Alces alces L)." Rangifer 9, no. 2 (July 1, 1989): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.9.2.774.
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Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) was diagnosed in two moose (Alces alces L) from the county of Uppland, Sweden. The animals showed an abnormal behaviour e.g. nervous signs as circling movements, nodding of the head and lack of awareness. One of these two animals was shot. The other was found dead on the day after being observed. Gross and histologic findings revealed characteristic lesions of MCF. Serological investigation and viral isolation for BVD and IBR/IPV viruses were negative.
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Sibaweh, Nurdin, and Hafied Cangara. "MAKNA GERAKAN SOSIAL MEME “JOKOWI: THE KING OF LIP SERVICE” PADA AKUN INSTAGRAM BEM UI." Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi UHO : Jurnal Penelitian Kajian Ilmu Komunikasi dan Informasi 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.52423/jikuho.v6i4.19985.
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Along with the development of technology and the emergence of new media, the form of social movement has also developed into not only physical action and mass movements on the street, but it has turned into new kind of actions with more varied forms of movement. such as movement through social media and memes on Instagram. On June 26, 2021, BEM UI through @bemui_official instagram account, had brought up the meme "Jokowi: The King of Lip Service" which went viral in cyberspace, this meme managed to attract reactions from related parties and also gained a wide response from the public. This study aims to examine the meaning of the socio-political movement of the meme "Jokowi: The King of Lip Service" uploaded by the BEM UI Instagram account, using an interpretive paradigm and a qualitative-descriptive approach. Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic theory is used to analyze the case through its main model, the signifier and the signified. The results showed that the meme represented a student social movement to criticize President Jokowi for the inconsistent words, attitudes and policies issued. This inconsistency is shown, among others, in the case of weakening the KPK, the revision of the UU ITE, repressive actions against demonstrators, and the intercept of a lawsuit against the UU Cipta Kerja.Keywords: BEM UI, Social movement, Instagram, Jokowi.
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ORŁOWSKA, ANNA, MARCIN SMRECZAK, and JERZY ROLA. "Bluetongue in Europe – the risk of animal import from restricted zones." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 05 (2019): 6254–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6254.
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Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne viral disease effecting ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), transmitted mainly by bites from midges of the genus Culicoides. Since the end of 20th century, BTV is endemic in several European countries and the disease is caused mainly by BTV-8 and BTV-4 infections. Bluetongue virus is characterized by high genetic diversity. To date, over 29 BTV serotypes have been documented, including recently discovered atypical serotypes BTV (25–27). The disease has a high economic impact as it causes economic losses due to animal mortality, reduced productivity and restrictions on the movement of animals. Several reports and numerous observations indicate the contribution of animal movements to the spread of BTV infections. Thus, bluetongue surveillance that includes testing of sentinel animals as well as virological testing of animals susceptible to BTV infection imported from restricted zones due to the presence of BTV is a key factor in maintaining a BT-free status
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Purwati, Purwati, Eldi Mulyana, and Nuraly Masum Aprily. "Analisis Pola Penggunaan Tagar Viral sebagai Media Pendidikan Karakter Netizen (Studi Kritis pada Fenomena Global mengenai Tagar #dajjal di Twitter)." Journal Civics & Social Studies 5, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31980/civicos.v5i1.1071.
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ABSTRACTHashtag plays a role as the key to global social change while education plays a role as a tool to optimize it. A topic discussed in this study is that a research on viral hashtag has not been found as a medium for character education for netizens. The research problems formulated in this study are viral Twitter hashtags and the concept of viral hashtags as a medium for character education for netizens. This study aims to determine the patterns of viral hashtags on Twitter and to find out the concept of viral hashtags as a medium for character building for netizens. This study has the benefit of complementing the concept of character education in the technology era and helping people become netizens with character. The research used a qualitative approach with discourse analysis. The objects of this study are viral hashtags, while the subjects are netizens. The samples of this study are the hashtag #dajjal found on Twitter. The instruments used are observation and document notes. The data dealing with character education were analyzed and triangulated. The results of this study show that: 1) viral hashtags are used to share knowledge, pray, opinions, discussions, social movements, peace mediators, entertainment, and personal interests; 2) the concept of character education for netizens, namely viral hashtags as a medium for conveying knowledge, expression, declaration, clarification, action, and control values.Keywords: hashtags, media, character education, netizens, Twitter ABSTRAKTagar sebagai kunci perubahan sosial global dan pendidikan sebagai alat untuk mengoptimalnya. Masalah penelitian pada kajian ini yaitu belum ditemukan penelitian tagar viral sebagai media pendidikan karakter bagi netizen. Rumusan masalahnya adalah pola penggunaan tagar Twitter yang viral dan konsep tagar viral sebagai media pendidikan karakter bagi netizen. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui pola penggunaan tagar yang viral di media sosial Twitter dan juga untuk mengetahui konsep tagar viral sebagai media pembinaan karakter netizen. Penelitian ini memiliki manfaat untuk melengkapi konsep pendidikan karakter era teknologi dan membantu masyarakat menjadi netizen yang berkarakter. Penelitian menggunakan: pendekatan kualitatif; analisis wacana; objek penelitian berupa tagar viral; subjeknya adalah netizen; sampel berupa tagar #dajjal; observasi; catatan dokumen; analisis tinjauan pendidikan karakter; dan triangulasi teori. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu: 1) tagar viral digunakan untuk berbagi ilmu, berdoa, beropini, diskusi, gerakan sosial, mediator perdamaian, hiburan, dan kepentingan pribadi; 2) konsep pendidikan karakter bagi netizen yaitu tagar viral sebagai media penyampai pengetahuan nilai (values knowledge), ekspresi keyakinan nilai (values express), deklasari pilihan nilai (values declare), klarifikasi nilai (values clarification), aksi nilai (values action), dan pengontrol nilai (values control).Kata Kunci: Tagar, media, pendidikan karakter, netizen, Twitter
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Wang, Jiahao, Yunhong Wang, Nina Weng, Tianrui Chai, Annan Li, Faxi Zhang, and Sansi Yu. "Will You Ever Become Popular? Learning to Predict Virality of Dance Clips." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 18, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3477533.
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Dance challenges are going viral in video communities like TikTok nowadays. Once a challenge becomes popular, thousands of short-form videos will be uploaded within a couple of days. Therefore, virality prediction from dance challenges is of great commercial value and has a wide range of applications, such as smart recommendation and popularity promotion. In this article, a novel multi-modal framework that integrates skeletal, holistic appearance, facial and scenic cues is proposed for comprehensive dance virality prediction. To model body movements, we propose a pyramidal skeleton graph convolutional network (PSGCN) that hierarchically refines spatio-temporal skeleton graphs. Meanwhile, we introduce a relational temporal convolutional network (RTCN) to exploit appearance dynamics with non-local temporal relations. An attentive fusion approach is finally proposed to adaptively aggregate predictions from different modalities. To validate our method, we introduce a large-scale viral dance video (VDV) dataset, which contains over 4,000 dance clips of eight viral dance challenges. Extensive experiments on the VDV dataset well demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. Furthermore, we show that short video applications such as multi-dimensional recommendation and action feedback can be derived from our model.
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Chiang, Hao-Sen, Yun Zhao, Joo-Hye Song, Song Liu, Ninghai Wang, Cox Terhorst, Arlene Sharpe, Megha Basavappa, Kate Jeffrey, and Hans-Christian Reinecker. "Control of microtubule-dependent activation of nucleic acid sensors for antiviral host defenses (INM6P.419)." Journal of Immunology 192, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2014): 122.16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.122.16.
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Abstract Viral targeting of dynein-based transport mechanisms plays an important role for intracellular movements and replication of viral pathogens. We show that the activation of the microtubule and dynein motor complex-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1, encoded by Arhgef2, is essential for sensing of foreign RNA by RIG-I-like receptors. GEF-H1-deficient macrophages have a profound defect in the induction of IFN-β following detection of synthetic dsRNAs including HMW and LMW poly(I:C) and 5′ppp-dsRNA. The recognition of viral RNA and synthetic dsRNA in the MAVS pathway required the nucleotide exchange activity of GEF-H1. Furthermore, microtubule networks were required for the activation and interaction of GEF-H1 with TBK1 for IRF3 phosphorylation and subsequent induction of Ifnb1 gene expression. Generation of GEF-H1 deficient mice revealed a pronounced signaling defect that prevented antiviral host responses to encephalomyocarditis virus and influenza A virus. In conclusion, our findings identify GEF-H1 as an antiviral signaling component that directs utilization of TBK1 in the MAVS-dependent nucleic acid detection pathways for the sensing of ssRNA virus infection and induction of IFN-β expression and secretion.
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Ishikawa, Kazuya, Chihiro Miura, Kensaku Maejima, Ken Komatsu, Masayoshi Hashimoto, Tatsuya Tomomitsu, Misato Fukuoka, Akira Yusa, Yasuyuki Yamaji, and Shigetou Namba. "Nucleocapsid Protein from Fig Mosaic Virus Forms Cytoplasmic Agglomerates That Are Hauled by Endoplasmic Reticulum Streaming." Journal of Virology 89, no. 1 (October 15, 2014): 480–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02527-14.
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ABSTRACTAlthough many studies have demonstrated intracellular movement of viral proteins or viral replication complexes, little is known about the mechanisms of their motility. In this study, we analyzed the localization and motility of the nucleocapsid protein (NP) ofFig mosaic virus(FMV), a negative-strand RNA virus belonging to the recently established genusEmaravirus. Electron microscopy of FMV-infected cells using immunogold labeling showed that NPs formed cytoplasmic agglomerates that were predominantly enveloped by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, while nonenveloped NP agglomerates also localized along the ER. Likewise, transiently expressed NPs formed agglomerates, designated NP bodies (NBs), in close proximity to the ER, as was the case in FMV-infected cells. Subcellular fractionation and electron microscopic analyses of NP-expressing cells revealed that NBs localized in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, we found that NBs moved rapidly with the streaming of the ER in an actomyosin-dependent manner. Brefeldin A treatment at a high concentration to disturb the ER network configuration induced aberrant accumulation of NBs in the perinuclear region, indicating that the ER network configuration is related to NB localization. Dominant negative inhibition of the class XI myosins, XI-1, XI-2, and XI-K, affected both ER streaming and NB movement in a similar pattern. Taken together, these results showed that NBs localize in the cytoplasm but in close proximity to the ER membrane to form enveloped particles and that this causes passive movements of cytoplasmic NBs by ER streaming.IMPORTANCEIntracellular trafficking is a primary and essential step for the cell-to-cell movement of viruses. To date, many studies have demonstrated the rapid intracellular movement of viral factors but have failed to provide evidence for the mechanism or biological significance of this motility. Here, we observed that agglomerates of nucleocapsid protein (NP) moved rapidly throughout the cell, and we performed live imaging and ultrastructural analysis to identify the mechanism of motility. We provide evidence that cytoplasmic protein agglomerates were passively dragged by actomyosin-mediated streaming of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in plant cells. In virus-infected cells, NP agglomerates were surrounded by the ER membranes, indicating that NP agglomerates form the basis of enveloped virus particles in close proximity to the ER. Our work provides a sophisticated model of macromolecular trafficking in plant cells and improves our understanding of the formation of enveloped particles of negative-strand RNA viruses.
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Hanyong Choi, Sungho Sim,. "A Study On The Construction Of Virus Infection Area Information System Using Iomt Environment." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 5 (April 11, 2021): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i5.948.
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With the recent emergence of novel virus, the importance has been empathized on the epidemiologic investigation of the infection route and control of infected patients. Control system on the viral infections is required since the new virus expression cycle becomes faster which was not previously identified with the spread to other regions and countries. Viral infections cause multiple types of problems such as public health, economic and social ones. In addition, viruses can be spread fast beyond the regions and countries all over the world according to the movements of population. Although national quarantine systems have been established to solve these problems by countries, earlier actions on the novel virus were not satisfactory. IoT environment-based healthcare industry and IT convergence medical service industry have been continuously growing. Healthcare IT, which is the area to deal with information on the personal health and medical cares, devices, systems, and platforms, provides with personal healthcare services. In this article, information system on the virus infected territories is proposed using Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) environment. The proposed study is to establish the information system on the virus infected territories by IoMT-based monitoring of infection symptoms for early reactions against the viral infections. The system can be reacted proactively by detecting the risk factors of community spread from early detections of infected patients under the fast spread situation of viral diseases. The information system on the virus infected territories using IoMT environment can react to the spread of infectious diseases actively upon providing the information of infectious disease symptoms using user information. The proposed system can establish the integrative control system of viral diseases by the prediction module of community outbreak and spread of viral diseases.
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NADIN-DAVIS, S. A., M. I. SAMPATH, G. A. CASEY, R. R. TINLINE, and A. I. WANDELER. "Phylogeographic patterns exhibited by Ontario rabies virus variants." Epidemiology and Infection 123, no. 2 (October 1999): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899002885.
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A previous study on N gene variation of rabies viruses circulating in Ontario red foxes identified four viral variants. This study confirms the geographical localization of these variants and extends the analysis to the less conserved G gene of these viruses. A greater number of regionally localized variants was revealed and their phylogenetic relationships have been examined. Ongoing surveillance on recent disease outbreaks revealed that variants do not always persist in specific areas. The distribution of these variants did however appear to be influenced by topographical features of the study area likely to affect host animal movements and contacts. The majority of G gene base changes were synonymous and limited glycoprotein sequence variation predominantly to the C-terminal transmembrane and endo-domains. These data are most readily explained by random appearance of genetic viral variants followed by their spread throughout sub-populations of the fox host according to the easiest routes of transmission.
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Mullen, Robert T., Andrew W. McCartney, C. Robb Flynn, and Graham S. T. Smith. "Peroxisome biogenesis and the formation of multivesicular peroxisomes during tombusvirus infection: a role for ESCRT?This review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 4 (April 2006): 551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-005.
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Peroxisomes are highly dynamic organelles with regard to their metabolic functions, shapes, distribution, movements, and biogenesis. They are also important as sites for the development of some viral pathogens. It has long been known that certain members of the tombusvirus family recruit peroxisomes for viral RNA replication and that this process is accompanied by dramatic changes in peroxisome morphology, the most remarkable of which is the extensive inward vesiculation of the peroxisomal boundary membrane leading to the formation of a peroxisomal multivesicular body (pMVB). While it is unclear how the internal vesicles of a pMVB form, they appear to serve in effectively concentrating viral membrane-bound replication complexes and protecting nascent viral RNAs from host-cell defences. Here, we review briefly the biogenesis of peroxisomes and pMVBs and discuss recent studies that have begun to shed light on how components of the tombusvirus replicase exploit the molecular mechanisms involved in peroxisome membrane protein sorting. We also address the question of what controls invagination and vesicle formation at the peroxisomal membrane during pMVB biogenesis. We propose that tombusviruses exploit protein constituents of the class E vacuolar protein-sorting pathway referred to as ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) in the formation of pMVBs. This new pMVB–ESCRT hypothesis reconciles current paradigms of pMVB biogenesis with the role of ESCRT in endosomal multivesicular body formation and the ability of enveloped RNA viruses, including HIV, to appropriate the ESCRT machinery to execute their budding programme from cells.
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Cosentino, Gina, Katherine Marougka, Aurore Desquesnes, Nicolas Welti, Delphine Sitterlin, Elyanne Gault, and Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti. "Respiratory syncytial virus ribonucleoproteins hijack microtubule Rab11 dependent transport for intracellular trafficking." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): e1010619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010619.
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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of severe respiratory infection in infants worldwide. Replication of RSV genomic RNA occurs in cytoplasmic inclusions generating viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs). vRNPs then reach assembly and budding sites at the plasma membrane. However, mechanisms ensuring vRNPs transportation are unknown. We generated a recombinant RSV harboring fluorescent RNPs allowing us to visualize moving vRNPs in living infected cells and developed an automated imaging pipeline to characterize the movements of vRNPs at a high throughput. Automatic tracking of vRNPs revealed that around 10% of the RNPs exhibit fast and directed motion compatible with transport along the microtubules. Visualization of vRNPs moving along labeled microtubules and restriction of their movements by microtubule depolymerization further support microtubules involvement in vRNPs trafficking. Approximately 30% of vRNPs colocalize with Rab11a protein, a marker of the endosome recycling (ER) pathway and we observed vRNPs and Rab11-labeled vesicles moving together. Transient inhibition of Rab11a expression significantly reduces vRNPs movements demonstrating Rab11 involvement in RNPs trafficking. Finally, Rab11a is specifically immunoprecipitated with vRNPs in infected cells suggesting an interaction between Rab11 and the vRNPs. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that RSV RNPs move on microtubules by hijacking the ER pathway.
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Pandey, K. R., and J. Shrestha. "Status of PPR and Sero-conversion of PPR Vaccines in Goats and Sheep of Midwestern Region of Nepal." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 35 (December 31, 2018): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v35i0.25215.
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Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a common, acute, highly contagious and infectious viral epidemic disease of small ruminants which has caused significant economic losses in Nepal. Total of 247 suspected serum samples from 13 outbreaks from 8 districts of the Midwestern region of Nepal in 2015 were confirmed by using antibody ELISA test and in case of dead animals, the tissue samples were further confirmed by using antigen ELISA test. Out of 247 serum samples, 153 (61.9%) samples showed PPR antibody positive. The Ecozone wise distribution of PPR showed that the PPR outbreak were reported the highest in mountain followed by hills and the lowest in Terai. The highest outbreaks in mountain may be due to excessive movements of nomadic herd of sheep and goat, common pasture, low vaccine coverage in mountain whilst in hill region due to geographic difficulty and low sero-conversion of vaccine. Hence, strategic vaccination campaigns, proper biosecurity, movement control, risk analysis and early diagnosis need to be implemented for the control of PPR in the country.
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Sampaio, Kerstin Laib, Yolaine Cavignac, York-Dieter Stierhof, and Christian Sinzger. "Human Cytomegalovirus Labeled with Green Fluorescent Protein for Live Analysis of Intracellular Particle Movements." Journal of Virology 79, no. 5 (March 1, 2005): 2754–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.5.2754-2767.2005.
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ABSTRACT Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replicates in the nuclei of infected cells. Successful replication therefore depends on particle movements between the cell cortex and nucleus during entry and egress. To visualize HCMV particles in living cells, we have generated a recombinant HCMV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fused to the C terminus of the capsid-associated tegument protein pUL32 (pp150). The resulting UL32-EGFP-HCMV was analyzed by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, immunoblotting, confocal microscopy, and time-lapse microscopy to evaluate the growth properties of this virus and the dynamics of particle movements. UL32-EGFP-HCMV replicated similarly to wild-type virus in fibroblast cultures. Green fluorescent virus particles were released from infected cells. The fluorescence stayed associated with particles during viral entry, and fluorescent progeny particles appeared in the nucleus at 44 h after infection. Surprisingly, strict colocalization of pUL32 and the major capsid protein pUL86 within nuclear inclusions indicated that incorporation of pUL32 into nascent HCMV particles occurred simultaneously with or immediately after assembly of the capsid. A slow transport of nuclear particles towards the nuclear margin was demonstrated. Within the cytoplasm, most particles performed irregular short-distance movements, while a smaller fraction of particles performed centripetal and centrifugal long-distance movements. Although numerous particles accumulated in the cytoplasm, release of particles from infected cells was a rare event, consistent with a release rate of about 1 infectious unit per h per cell in HCMV-infected fibroblasts as calculated from single-step growth curves. UL32-EGFP-HCMV will be useful for further investigations into the entry, maturation, and release of this virus.
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Chang, Ho-Chun Herbert, Allissa Richardson, and Emilio Ferrara. "#JusticeforGeorgeFloyd: How Instagram facilitated the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): e0277864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277864.
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We present and analyze a database of 1.13 million public Instagram posts during the Black Lives Matter protests of 2020, which erupted in response to George Floyd’s public murder by police on May 25. Our aim is to understand the growing role of visual media, focusing on a) the emergent opinion leaders and b) the subsequent press concerns regarding frames of legitimacy. We perform a comprehensive view of the spatial (where) and temporal (when) dynamics, the visual and textual content (what), and the user communities (who) that drove the social movement on Instagram. Results reveal the emergence of non-institutional opinion leaders such as meme groups, independent journalists, and fashion magazines, which contrasts with the institutionally reinforcing nature of Twitter. Visual analysis of 1.69 million photos show symbols of injustice are the most viral coverage, and moreover, actual protest coverage is framed positively, in contrast with combatant frames traditionally found from legacy media. Together, these factors helped facilitate the online movement through three phases, culminating with online international solidarity in #BlackOutTuesday. Through this case study, we demonstrate the precarious nature of protest journalism, and how content creators, journalists, and everyday users co-evolved with social media to shape one of America’s largest-ever human rights movements.
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Amorim, João Pedro. "From Velázquez to Bloomberg 2020: The Portrait as a Representation of Power." Master, Vol. 5, no. 2 (2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m9.088.art.
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When one visits the rooms dedicated to Velásquez in the Museum of Prado, it is extraordinary how portraits of kings and those of jesters and peasants are laid side-by-side. The nobility and dignity given to the lower members of the court exemplifies an early example of a revolution in the politics of representation. In the antipodes of this example, we analyse how the campaign of the millionaire Michael Bloomberg to be the Democratic Candidate for the 2020 elections hired companies to produce nonsense memes and digital propaganda. Our hypothesis is that on the center of its strategy the goal was to create an image of Bloomberg that besides viral would be relatable and humorous. The article overviews the evolution of the portrait as an element of political of representation and reflects on how the development of modern and contemporary art transformed the art of political portraiture. Furthermore it deliberates on the two-way appropriation of representation techniques between art movements and political movements. Keywords: Politics of representation, digital propaganda, Diego Velázquez, Michael Bloomberg, aestheticization of politics
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Sobala, Łukasz F., Pearl Z. Fernandes, Zalihe Hakki, Andrew J. Thompson, Jonathon D. Howe, Michelle Hill, Nicole Zitzmann, et al. "Structure of human endo-α-1,2-mannosidase (MANEA), an antiviral host-glycosylation target." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 47 (November 5, 2020): 29595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013620117.
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Mammalian protein N-linked glycosylation is critical for glycoprotein folding, quality control, trafficking, recognition, and function. N-linked glycans are synthesized from Glc3Man9GlcNAc2precursors that are trimmed and modified in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus by glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases. Endo-α-1,2-mannosidase (MANEA) is the soleendo-acting glycoside hydrolase involved in N-glycan trimming and is located within the Golgi, where it allows ER-escaped glycoproteins to bypass the classical N-glycosylation trimming pathway involving ER glucosidases I and II. There is considerable interest in the use of small molecules that disrupt N-linked glycosylation as therapeutic agents for diseases such as cancer and viral infection. Here we report the structure of the catalytic domain of human MANEA and complexes with substrate-derived inhibitors, which provide insight into dynamic loop movements that occur on substrate binding. We reveal structural features of the human enzyme that explain its substrate preference and the mechanistic basis for catalysis. These structures have inspired the development of new inhibitors that disrupt host protein N-glycan processing of viral glycans and reduce the infectivity of bovine viral diarrhea and dengue viruses in cellular models. These results may contribute to efforts aimed at developing broad-spectrum antiviral agents and help provide a more in-depth understanding of the biology of mammalian glycosylation.
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GREIG, J. D., and M. B. LEE. "Enteric outbreaks in long-term care facilities and recommendations for prevention: a review." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 2 (May 12, 2008): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808000757.
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SUMMARYOutbreaks of enteric illness in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) were reviewed to identify preventative recommendations. Systematic review methodology identified outbreak reports of gastrointestinal illness in LTCFs either published or that occurred from January 1997 to June 2007. The inclusion criteria captured 75 outbreaks; 23 (31%) associated with bacterial agents and 52 (69%) with viral agents. Transmission was mainly foodborne (52%) for those of bacterial origin and person-to-person (71%) for viral outbreaks. Norovirus infection was associated with 58% of hospitalizations. Sixty deaths were reported, about half from Salmonella infections. Recommendations for foodborne outbreaks emphasized appropriate sourcing and preparation of eggs, staff training, and temperature control during food preparation. Recommendations from outbreaks transmitted person-to-person centred on controlling residents' movements, effective environmental cleaning and disinfection, cancelling social events and restricting visitors, excluding ill staff, encouraging effective hand hygiene, and preventing cross-contamination through gloving and gowning. In none of the 75 published outbreak reports were the suggested recommendations evaluated for effectiveness in controlling the outbreak. Applied research of this type could greatly help in the acceptance of prevention and control strategies.
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Titus, Sanna Eriksson, Stuart Patterson, Joanna Prince-Wright, Akbar Dastjerdi, and Fieke Marije Molenaar. "Effects of between and within Herd Moves on Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) Recrudescence and Shedding in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)." Viruses 14, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020229.
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Haemorrhagic disease associated with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (Elephantid herpesvirus, EEHV) infections is the leading cause of death for Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) calves. This study assessed the effect of captive herd management on EEHV shedding, as evidence of latent infection reactivation, focusing on: (1) the influence of social change on the odds of recrudescence; (2) the respective effects of between and within herd moves; and (3) characteristics of recrudescent viral shedding. Trunk and conjunctival swabs (n = 165) were obtained from six elephants at an EAZA-accredited zoo, collected during a period of social stability, and at times of social change. Longitudinal sampling took place at times of moving two bulls out of the collection and one new bull into an adjacent enclosure to the cow herd (between herd moves), and during a period of mixing this new bull with the cow herd to facilitate mating (within herd moves). Quantitative PCR was employed to detect EEHV 1a/b, 4a/b, and EF–1–α (housekeeping gene). Generalised estimating equations determined EEHV recrudescence odds ratios (OR) and relative viral DNA load. Sixteen EEHV 1a/b shedding events occurred, but no EEHV 4a/b was detected. All management-derived social changes promoted recrudescence (social change OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 0.412–26, p = 0.262; and between herd moves OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 0.178−14.4, p = 0.675), though within herd movements posed the most significant increase of EEHV reactivation odds (OR = 6.86, 95% CI = 0.823−57.1, p = 0.075) and demonstrated the strongest relative influence (post hoc Tukey test p = 0.0425). Shedding onset and magnitude ranged from six to 54 days and from 3.59 to 11.09 ΔCts. Differing challenges are associated with between and within herd movements, which can promote recrudescence and should be considered an exposure risk to naïve elephants.
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Milićević, Vesna, Vladimir Radosavljević, Ljubiša Veljović, Jelena Maksimović-Zorić, and Sonja Radojičić. "EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL SITUATION OF АFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN EUROPE." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 10, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v10i2.67.
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African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. Due to the very serious socioeconomic consequences, the disease isone of the most important ones nowadays. African swine fever is an enzootic disease in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, in Sardinia, and TransCaucasus countries. Aft er its occurrence in Georgia in 2007, ASF spread to Armenia and Russian Federation, and in 2008. to Azerbaijan. Since then,its progressive moving toward the west has been recorded. Despite the number of undertaken preventive and control measures in the EuropeanUnion (EU), ASF has been still spreading. During 2017, the disease has been reported in domestic pigs in Estonia, Italy-Sardinia, Latvia, Lithuania,Poland, Romania, and Ukraine. ASF cases in domestic pigs have also been reported in Moldova in 2017. Th e number of diagnosed cases in wild boarin 2017 is much higher than in domestic pigs. ASF outbreak in wild boar in the Czech Republic well describes the possible viral „jump“ into a newregion. Th e source of infection hasn’t been confi rmed yet, but it is common that such leaps are due to either swill feeding or improperly disposal of food rather than to the animal movements. Since the lack of eff ective vaccine makes eradication even more diffi cult, the prevention of viral entry into the new areas is of the most importance. With the same aim, since 2011. the surveillance of ASF has been implemented in Serbia.
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Hutoran, Marina, Ariel Ronen, Ayana Perelberg, Maya Ilouze, Arnon Dishon, Izhak Bejerano, Nissim Chen, and Moshe Kotler. "Description of an as Yet Unclassified DNA Virus from Diseased Cyprinus carpio Species." Journal of Virology 79, no. 4 (February 15, 2005): 1983–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.4.1983-1991.2005.
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ABSTRACT Numerous deaths of koi and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were observed on many farms throughout Israel, resulting in severe financial losses. The lethal viral disease observed is highly contagious and extremely virulent, but morbidity and mortality are restricted to koi and common carp populations. Diseased fish exhibit fatigue and gasping movements in shallow water. Infected fish had interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis as well as petechial hemorrhages in the liver and other symptoms that were not consistent with viral disease, suggesting a secondary infection. Here we report the isolation of carp nephritis and gill necrosis virus (CNGV), which is the etiologic agent of this disease. The virus propagates and induces severe cytopathic effects by 5 days postinfection in fresh koi or carp fin cell cultures (KFC and CFC, respectively), but not in epithelioma papillosum cyprini cells. The virus harvested from KFC cultures induced the same clinical signs, with a mortality of 75 to 95%, upon inoculation into naive koi and common carp. Using PCR, we provide final proof that the isolated virus is indeed the etiologic agent of food and ornamental carp mortalities in fish husbandry. Electron microscopy revealed viral cores with icosahedral morphology of 100 to 110 nm that resembled herpesviruses. Electron micrographs of purified pelleted CNGV sections, together with viral sensitivities to ether and Triton X-100, suggested that it is an enveloped virus. However, the genome of the isolated virus is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule of 270 to 290 kbp, which is larger than known herpesviruses. The viral DNA seems highly divergent and bears only small fragments (16 to 45 bp) that are similar to the genomes of several DNA viruses. Nevertheless, amino acid sequences encoded by CNGV DNA fragments bear similarities primarily to members of the Poxviridae and Herpesviridae and to other large dsDNA viruses. We suggest, therefore, that the etiologic agent of this disease may represent an as yet unclassified virus species that is endemic in C. carpio (carp).
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Hill, Nichola J., Mary Anne Bishop, Nídia S. Trovão, Katherine M. Ineson, Anne L. Schaefer, Wendy B. Puryear, Katherine Zhou, et al. "Ecological divergence of wild birds drives avian influenza spillover and global spread." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): e1010062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010062.
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The diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) is primarily hosted by two highly divergent avian orders: Anseriformes (ducks, swans and geese) and Charadriiformes (gulls, terns and shorebirds). Studies of IAV have historically focused on Anseriformes, specifically dabbling ducks, overlooking the diversity of hosts in nature, including gull and goose species that have successfully adapted to human habitats. This study sought to address this imbalance by characterizing spillover dynamics and global transmission patterns of IAV over 10 years at greater taxonomic resolution than previously considered. Furthermore, the circulation of viral subtypes in birds that are either host-adapted (low pathogenic H13, H16) or host-generalist (highly pathogenic avian influenza—HPAI H5) provided a unique opportunity to test and extend models of viral evolution. Using Bayesian phylodynamic modelling we uncovered a complex transmission network that relied on ecologically divergent bird hosts. The generalist subtype, HPAI H5 was driven largely by wild geese and swans that acted as a source for wild ducks, gulls, land birds, and domestic geese. Gulls were responsible for moving HPAI H5 more rapidly than any other host, a finding that may reflect their long-distance, pelagic movements and their immuno-naïve status against this subtype. Wild ducks, long viewed as primary hosts for spillover, occupied an optimal space for viral transmission, contributing to geographic expansion and rapid dispersal of HPAI H5. Evidence of inter-hemispheric dispersal via both the Pacific and Atlantic Rims was detected, supporting surveillance at high latitudes along continental margins to achieve early detection. Both neutral (geographic expansion) and non-neutral (antigenic selection) evolutionary processes were found to shape subtype evolution which manifested as unique geographic hotspots for each subtype at the global scale. This study reveals how a diversity of avian hosts contribute to viral spread and spillover with the potential to improve surveillance in an era of rapid global change.
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Turnsek, Maja, and Petr Janecek. "“America First, the Netherlands Second” on YouTube: “spoofing” destination marketing with political satire." European Journal of Humour Research 7, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2019.7.3.janecek.
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This study attempts to provide first tentative insights into the audience reception of intertwining of political satire and destination marketing imagery by analysing the “America First, the Netherlands Second” video and a student sample audience response. In 2017, a series of YouTube videos named “America First” went viral. The video that started the viral phenomenon was “America First, the Netherlands Second”, responding in a satirical manner to the “America First” message of the inaugural speech of U.S. president Donald J. Trump. They reached extreme popularity both in number of views and in number of new memetic videos with similar satirical messages. These videos were a form of political expression and at first sight did not seem to have much in common with communication in tourism. However, the videos included typical destination marketing imagery, intertwined with satirical representations and thus representing a humorous “spoof” on destination marketing. Currently, not much is known on how political satire affects the process of destination image formation. The study analyses participants’ memory recall, eye-tracking movements and focus group responses in order to provide first conclusions on how the audiences respond to intertwining of satirical political expression and destination marketing imagery
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Abdul-Ghani, Rashad, Mohammed A. K. Mahdy, Samira M. A. Al-Eryani, Florence Fouque, Audrey E. Lenhart, Abdulsamad Alkwri, Abdulsalam M. Al-Mikhlafi, André B. B. Wilke, Ahmed A. Q. Thabet, and John C. Beier. "Impact of population displacement and forced movements on the transmission and outbreaks of Aedes-borne viral diseases: Dengue as a model." Acta Tropica 197 (September 2019): 105066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105066.
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Gates, M. C., M. E. J. Woolhouse, G. J. Gunn, and R. W. Humphry. "Relative associations of cattle movements, local spread, and biosecurity with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) seropositivity in beef and dairy herds." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 112, no. 3-4 (November 2013): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.017.
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Young, Mykaila. "Digital Trauma: The Reality and The Mean World. Media Coverage of Black Lives Matter Protests during Covid-19 Pandemic in the USA." Zeszyty Prasoznawcze 63, no. 4 (244) (2020): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996362pz.20.034.12700.
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This article seeks to establish to what extent does eyewitness user generated content influence social movements and feelings associated with vicarious/secondary trauma. Working with a sample of perspectives from activists, reporters, nurse practitioners, literary texts, and media articles this article explores the working hypothesis that eyewitness news and media narratives both play a role in cultivating environments of fear, mistrust, etc. that lead to vicarious/secondary trauma with a focus on the recent #BlackLivesMatter protests in the USA in June 2020. This article builds upon previous research facilitated by the Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma within the theoretical framework of George Gerbner’s Mean World Syndrome that focused on the influence of effects of violent media on individuals’ attitudes. This article explores the similar effects that the digital eyewitness uncensored viral video of George Floyd’s death had in producing feelings associated with vicarious/secondary trauma among a sample of viewers that were directly involved in the nationwide protests during the global pandemic in America. The value of the article is twofold: it presents up to date research material obtained while conducting interviews with journalists who covered the protests and activists involved with the current social movements in America; it highlights the challenges to broadcasting for reporters and newsroom workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the interviews show that nearly all the respondents associated distressing content with feelings and emotions related to trauma induced anxieties and fears as a result of eyewitness media. Positive news coverage was reported as having a positive effect that encouraged people to understand the historical context of the Black Lives Matter movement. Most of my interviewees found distressing images “numbing” or too familiar. The article shows the media consumers’ feelings developed as a result of “virtually inescapable” graphic content.
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BIDJEH Kebkiba. "Epidemiology and risk factors of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Republic of Chad." International Journal of Life Science Research Archive 2, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijlsra.2022.2.2.0032.
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Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is a bacterial infection of goats. It is caused by a bacterium belonging to the Mycoplasmataceae family and the Mycoplasma genus. Causative agent of the disease is Mycplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp). This disease causes significant economic losses in Asia and Africa. Because of the very high morbidity and mortality and its socio-economic impact, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is on the OIE list of notifiable diseases. This disease affects mainly goats and occasionally sheep, but also wild ruminants. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is characterized by cough, dyspnoea and very high mortality and morbidity, fibrinous pleuropneumonia, unilateral lung hepatization and accumulation of pleural fluid in the thoracic cavity. Animals are infected by inhalation of dropes expelled by sick animals. Direct contact is essential for infection to occur. The porosity of borders shared with other countries and the lack of financial resources allocated to the national animal disease surveillance system make it difficult to control cross-border livestock movements. This exposes the national herd to various infectious diseases, including contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. Cross-border movements linked to the international trade in animals, to transhumance, as well as to insecurity due to existing hotbeds of tension in African countries, lead to massive movements of herders and animals in search of pastures and water. All of this constitutes risk factors for the introduction and spread of viral and bacterial infections in the countries. The objective of this manuscript is to summarize the epidemiology and risk factors of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Chad based on bibliographical data.
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He, Yao, Sakar Shivakoti, Ke Ding, Yanxiang Cui, Polly Roy, and Z. Hong Zhou. "In situ structures of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inside bluetongue virus before and after uncoating." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 33 (July 26, 2019): 16535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905849116.
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Bluetongue virus (BTV), a major threat to livestock, is a multilayered, nonturreted member of the Reoviridae, a family of segmented dsRNA viruses characterized by endogenous RNA transcription through an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). To date, the structure of BTV RdRp has been unknown, limiting our mechanistic understanding of BTV transcription and hindering rational drug design effort targeting this essential enzyme. Here, we report the in situ structures of BTV RdRp VP1 in both the triple-layered virion and double-layered core, as determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) and subparticle reconstruction. BTV RdRp has 2 unique motifs not found in other viral RdRps: a fingernail, attached to the conserved fingers subdomain, and a bundle of 3 helices: 1 from the palm subdomain and 2 from the N-terminal domain. BTV RdRp VP1 is anchored to the inner surface of the capsid shell via 5 asymmetrically arranged N termini of the inner capsid shell protein VP3A around the 5-fold axis. The structural changes of RdRp VP1 and associated capsid shell proteins between BTV virions and cores suggest that the detachment of the outer capsid proteins VP2 and VP5 during viral entry induces both global movements of the inner capsid shell and local conformational changes of the N-terminal latch helix (residues 34 to 51) of 1 inner capsid shell protein VP3A, priming RdRp VP1 within the capsid for transcription. Understanding this mechanism in BTV also provides general insights into RdRp activation and regulation during viral entry of other multilayered, nonturreted dsRNA viruses.
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Yoon, Sang Hoon, Joonhyuk Choi, Won Ji Lee, and Jeong Tae Do. "Genetic and Epigenetic Etiology Underlying Autism Spectrum Disorder." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9040966.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, language development delays, repeated body movements, and markedly deteriorated activities and interests. Environmental factors, such as viral infection, parental age, and zinc deficiency, can be plausible contributors to ASD susceptibility. As ASD is highly heritable, genetic risk factors involved in neurodevelopment, neural communication, and social interaction provide important clues in explaining the etiology of ASD. Accumulated evidence also shows an important role of epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA, in ASD etiology. In this review, we compiled the research published to date and described the genetic and epigenetic epidemiology together with environmental risk factors underlying the etiology of the different phenotypes of ASD.
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Therizols, Pierre, Robert S. Illingworth, Celine Courilleau, Shelagh Boyle, Andrew J. Wood, and Wendy A. Bickmore. "Chromatin decondensation is sufficient to alter nuclear organization in embryonic stem cells." Science 346, no. 6214 (December 4, 2014): 1238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1259587.
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During differentiation, thousands of genes are repositioned toward or away from the nuclear envelope. These movements correlate with changes in transcription and replication timing. Using synthetic (TALE) transcription factors, we found that transcriptional activation of endogenous genes by a viral trans-activator is sufficient to induce gene repositioning toward the nuclear interior in embryonic stem cells. However, gene relocation was also induced by recruitment of an acidic peptide that decondenses chromatin without affecting transcription, indicating that nuclear reorganization is driven by chromatin remodeling rather than transcription. We identified an epigenetic inheritance of chromatin decondensation that maintained central nuclear positioning through mitosis even after the TALE transcription factor was lost. Our results also demonstrate that transcriptional activation, but not chromatin decondensation, is sufficient to change replication timing.
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Kalenzi Atuhaire, David, Sylvester Ochwo, Mathias Afayoa, Frank Norbert Mwiine, Ikwap Kokas, Eugene Arinaitwe, Rose Anna Ademun-Okurut, et al. "Epidemiological Overview of African Swine Fever in Uganda (2001–2012)." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2013 (August 12, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/949638.
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African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease, which can cause up to 100% mortality among domestic pigs. In Uganda there is paucity of information on the epidemiology of the disease, hence a study was carried out to elucidate the patterns of ASF outbreaks. Spatial and temporal analyses were performed with data collected monthly by the district veterinary officers (DVOs) and sent to the central administration at MAAIF from 2001 to 2012. Additionally, risk factors and the associated characteristics related to the disease were assessed based on semistructured questionnaires sent to the DVOs. A total of 388 ASF outbreaks were reported in 59 districts. Of these outbreaks, 201 (51.8%) were reported in districts adjacent to the national parks while 80 (20.6%) were adjacent to international borders. The number of reported ASF outbreaks changed over time and by geographical regions; however, no outbreak was reported in the North-Eastern region. ASF was ranked as second most important disease of pigs, and it occurred mostly during the dry season (P=0.01). Pig movements due to trade (OR 15.5, CI 4.9–49.1) and restocking (OR 6.6, CI 2.5–17.3) were the major risk factors. ASF control strategies should focus on limiting pig movements in Uganda.
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Marton, T., B. Hargitai, K. Hunter, M. Pugh, and P. Murray. "Massive Perivillous Fibrin Deposition and Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis a Complication of SARS-CoV-2 Infection." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 24, no. 5 (June 3, 2021): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10935266211020723.
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An emerging complication of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is reported. A 23-year-old patient presented with high temperature and reduced fetal movements at 25 + 5/40 weeks of gestation. RT-PCR proved maternal COVID-19 infection. Ultrasound examination confirmed intrauterine death. Placenta histology showed necrosis of the villous trophoblast, associated with Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis (CHI) and Massive Perivillous Fibrin Deposition (MPFD) with up to 90% - of the intervillous spaces being involved. Immunohistochemistry showed CD68 positive histiocytes in the intervillous spaces and the villous trophoblast was positive for the COVID-19 spike protein. RNA scope signal was indicative of the presence of the viral genome and active viral replication in the villous trophoblastic cells, respectively. MPFD is a gradually developing end-stage disease with various etiology, including autoimmune and alloimmune maternal response to antigens expressed at the feto-maternal interface and frequently accompanies chronic alloimmune villitis or histiocytic intervillositis. Covid-19 infection is associated with similar pattern of histological changes of the placenta leading to placental insufficiency and fetal death. This case report supports maternal- fetal vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus leading to placental insufficiency and fetal demise. MPFD and CHI appear to be the typical placental histology for SARS-CoV-2 virus infection associated fetal demise.