Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Viral movements'
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1
Lin, Jun. "Structures of Poliovirus and Antibody Complexes Reveal Movements of the Capsid Protein VP1 During Cell Entry." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3047.
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In the infection process, native poliovirus (160S) first converts to a cell-entry intermediate (135S) particle, which causes the externalization of capsid proteins VP4 and the N-terminus of VP1 (residues 1-53). The externalization of these entities is followed by release of the RNA genome, leaving an empty (80S) particle. Three antibodies were utilized to track the location of VP1 residues in different states of poliovirus by cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). "P1" antibody binds to N-terminal residues 24-40 of VP1. Three-dimensional reconstruction of 135S-P1 showed that P1 binds to a prominent capsid peak known as the "propeller tip". In contrast, our initial 80S-P1 reconstruction showed P1 Fabs also binding to a second site, ~60 Å distant, at the icosahedral twofold axes. Analysis of 80S-P1 reconstructions showed that the overall population of 80S-P1 particles consisted of three kinds of capsids: those with P1 Fabs bound only at the propeller tips; only at the twofold axes; or simultaneously at both positions. Our results indicate that, in 80S particles, a significant fraction of VP1 can deviate from icosahedral symmetry. Similar deviations from icosahedral symmetry may be biologically significant during other viral transitions. "C3" antibody binds to 93-103 residues (BC loop) of VP1. The C3 epitope shifts outwards in radius by 4.5% and twists through 15° in the 160S-to-135S transition, but appears unchanged in the 135S-to-80S transition. In addition, binding of C3 to either 160S or 135S particles causes residues of the BC loop to move an estimated 5 (±2) Å, indicating flexibility. The flexibility of BC loop may play a role in cell-entry interactions. At 37°C, the structure of poliovirus is dynamic, and internal polypeptides VP4 and the N-terminus of VP1 externalize reversibly. An antibody, binding to the residues 39-55 of VP1, was utilized to track the location of the N-terminus of VP1 in 160S particle in the "breathing" state. The resulting reconstruction showed the capsid expands similarly to the irreversibly altered 135S particle, but the N-terminus of VP1 is located near the twofold axes, instead of the propeller tip as in 135S particles.
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Herent, Coralie. "Respiratory Adaption to Running Exercise : A Behavioral and Neuronal Circuits Study in Mice Absent Phasing of Respiratory and Locomotor Rhythms in Running Mice Control of Orienting Movements and Locomotion by Projection-Defined Subsets of Brainstem V2a Neurons Afadin Signaling at the Spinal Neuroepithelium Regulates Central Canal Formation and Gait Selection." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL001.
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Pendant la course, la ventilation augmente pour compenser la demande énergétique accrue. Le substrat, soupçonné neuronal, de cette hyperpnée à l'exercice est néanmoins toujours méconnu. Pour le caractériser, nous avons, chez la souris, examiné les interactions entre i) mouvements des membres et cycles respiratoires, et ii) réseaux neuronaux locomoteur et respiratoire. Tout d’abord, en combinant enregistrements électromyographiques (EMG) du diaphragme combinés au suivi vidéo des membres pendant la course, nous montrons que, pour une large gamme de vitesses sur un tapis roulant, la fréquence respiratoire augmente jusqu'à une valeur fixe, indépendante des vitesses de course. Surtout, les inspirations ne sont pas temporellement synchronisées avec les foulées, indiquant que l'hyperpnée à l'exercice peut opérer sans signaux phasiques provenant des retours sensoriels des membres. Nous avons ensuite cherché à identifier, au sein des centres locomoteurs, les neurones déclencheurs de cette hyperpnée, ainsi que leurs cibles dans les centres respiratoires. En combinant enregistrements EMG, traçages viraux et interférences fonctionnelles, nous montrons d’une part que le principal centre de l'initiation locomotrice (la région locomotrice mésencéphalique, MLR) peut réguler à la hausse la respiration, pendant, et même avant, la course. Cet effet repose sur des projections directes de la MLR vers le générateur inspiratoire principal, le complexe préBötzinger. D'autre part, nous montrons que les circuits locomoteurs de la moelle épinière lombaire ont également une action excitatrice sur l'activité respiratoire. Cette voie ascendante cible néanmoins un autre groupe respiratoire, le noyau rétrotrapézoïde. Ce travail met ainsi en évidence la nature multifonctionnelle des centres locomoteurs, et souligne l'existence de multiples voies neuronales capables d’augmenter la respiration pendant, voire avant, la courseDuring running, ventilation increases to match the augmented energetic demand. Yet the presumed neuronal substrates for this running hyperpnea have remained elusive. To fill this gap, we have, in mice, examined the interactions between i) limb movements and respiratory cycles, and ii) locomotor and respiratory neural networks. First, by combining electromyographic recordings (EMG) of the diaphragm with limb video-tracking in running mice, we show that, for a wide range of trotting speeds on a treadmill, breathing rate increases to a fixed value, irrespective of running speeds. Importantly, breaths are never temporally synchronized to strides, highlighting that exercise hyperpnea can operate without phasic signals from limb sensory feedbacks. We next sought to identify candidate trigger neurons in the locomotor central network, and their partners in respiratory centers. Combining EMG recordings, viral tracing, and activity interference tools, we first show that the prime supraspinal center for locomotor initiation (the mesencephalic locomotor region, MLR) can upregulate breathing during, and even before, running. Indeed, the MLR contacts directly and modulates the main inspiratory generator, the preBötzinger complex. We show that the lumbar locomotor circuits also have an excitatory action onto respiratory activity, but that this ascending drive targets another essential respiratory group, the retrotrapezoid nucleus. This work highlights the multifunctional nature of locomotor command and executive centers, and points to multiple neuronal pathways capable of upregulating breathing during, or possibly even prior to, running
3
Seaberg, Bonnie Lee. "Host factors involved in viral movement through plants." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3282.
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Edge, David. "Identification of host factors controlling plant viral movement." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398793.
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Pivo, Trevor Raye. "Movement of a Viral Surrogate from Restrooms to Public Areas in a Hospital." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613369.
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Contaminated fomites are a cause of concern for the spread of health care-associated infections (HAI's). Previous research has placed emphasis on fomites in patient rooms and patient bathrooms with limited focus on the spread of microorganisms on fomites in non-patient care areas. The present study monitored surrogate virus tracer (MS2 coliphage) spread from public restrooms (used by staff and visitors) to waiting areas in a surgical ward in a Level I Trauma Center. The coliphage (virus) MS2 was added onto the entrance door handle of male and female public restrooms. Four hours later, various surfaces in the restroom and waiting area were sampled. Sampling periods were conducted in duplicate consisting of before cleaning, cleaning with the current cleaning product and procedure and cleaning with an intervention (inclusion of a bleach based disinfectant wipe) in addition to the current cleaning product and procedures. Before cleaning took place, the virus tracer was detected on all 21 of the sites sampled in the restrooms and 5/9 sites within the hallway ranging from 15-50 feet from the restroom. These results indicated that a virus could spread from public restrooms to other sites in the restroom and to locations in the surgical ward. The addition of a bleach based disinfectant wipe reduced the virus by another 90% compared to current disinfecting and cleaning procedures. Coliphage MS2 has been used as a model virus for norovirus and rhinovirus since they exhibit similar survival on fomites and resistance to disinfectants. The data generated can be used in quantitative microbial risk assessment models to assess the risk of pathogens spreading from restrooms to patient waiting areas and patient care areas in healthcare settings. Based on this study, facilities should consider broadening their cleaning and disinfection protocols to include both patient care and non-patient care areas.
6
Germundsson, Anna. "Transgenic resistance to PMTV and PVA provides novel insights to viral long-distance movement /." Uppsala : Dept. of Plant Biology And Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005105.pdf.
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Peiró, Morell Ana. "Proteínas de movimiento de la familia 30K:interacción con membranas biológicas y factores proteicos y su implicación en el transporte viral." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/48471.
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Para que el proceso infeccioso de un virus de plantas tenga éxito la progenie
viral tiene que propagarse desde las primeras células infectadas al resto de la planta;
inicialmente se moverá célula a célula a través de los plasmodesmos (PDs) hasta
alcanzar el sistema vascular, lo cual le permitirá invadir las partes distales de la planta.
En este proceso, las proteínas de movimiento (MPs), junto con la colaboración de otros
actores secundarios, desempeñan un papel relevante. El conocimiento de la posible
asociación de las MPs con estructuras u orgánulos celulares así como de la interacción
con factores del huésped es de vital importancia para poder desarrollar estrategias
antivirales que permitan una mejora en la producción de los cultivos. Además, este tipo
de estudios no sólo han posibilitado un mayor conocimiento de las respuestas al estrés
en plantas sino que han sido pioneros en desentrañar los mecanismos de translocación
intercelular de factores celulares implicados en los procesos de desarrollo de las
plantas.
Las MPs virales se clasifican en familias/grupos en función de su grado de
similitud. Los virus, cuyas MPs pertenecen a la Superfamilia 30K, expresan una única MP
encargada de orquestar el movimiento intra- e intercelular de genoma viral. En el
Capítulo 1 de la presente Tesis se ha caracterizado la asociación de la MP del Virus del
mosaico del tabaco (TMV), miembro tipo de la familia 30K, al sistema de
endomembranas. Mediante el uso de aproximaciones in vivo se ha estudiado la
eficiencia de inserción de sus regiones hidrofóbicas (HRs) en la membrana del retículo
endoplasmático (ER). Nuestros resultados demuestran que ninguna de las dos HRs de la
MP es capaz de atravesar las membranas biológicas y que la alteración de la
hidrofobicidad de la primera HR es suficiente para modificar su asociación a la
membrana. En base a los resultados obtenidos, proponemos un modelo topológico en
el cual la MP del TMV se encontraría fuertemente asociada a la cara citosólica de la
membrana del ER, sin llegar a atravesarla. La observación de que i), el modelo
propuesto es compatible con otros motivos, previamente caracterizados, de la MP de
TMV y ii), concuerda con la topología descrita para otras MPs de la familia 30K, permite
cuestionar el modelo establecido desde el año 2000 para la MP de TMV así como
predecir, en base a la conservada estructura secundaria de las MPs de esta familia, una
topología similar para todos sus componentes.
Para el transporte intercelular de los virus de plantas se han descrito tres
modelos en base a la capacidad de transportar complejos ribonucloeprotéicos, a través
de PD modificados, formados por el RNA viral y la MP (ej. MP de TMV) más la proteína
de cubierta (ej. MP del virus del mosaico del pepino, CMV) o la capacidad de transportar
viriones a través estructuras tubulares formadas por la MP (ej. MP del Virus del mosaico
del caupí, CPMV). A pesar de las diferencias observadas entre los tres modelos, las MPs
representativas de cada uno de ellos pertenecen a la misma familia 30K y son
funcionalmente intercambiables (MPs de TMV, CMV, CPMV, Virus del mosaico del
Bromo -BMV- o Virus de los anillos necróticos de los prunus -PNRSV-) por la MP del Virus
del mosaico de la alfalfa (AMV), para el transporte a corta distancia. Con el objeto de
comprender la versatilidad que presentan las MPs en cuanto al movimiento viral,
hemos analizado la capacidad de estas MPs heterólogas de transportar sistémicamente
el genoma quimérico del AMV. El estudio ha revelado que todas las MPs analizadas
permiten el transporte del genoma quimera a las partes distales de la planta,
independientemente del modelo descrito para el transporte a corta distancia, aunque
requieren la extensión de los 44 aminoácidos C-terminales de la MP del AMV. Además,
para todas las ellas, excepto para la MP del TMV, se ha establecido una relación entre la
capacidad de movimiento local y la presencia del virus en las hojas no inoculadas de la
planta, indicando la existencia de un umbral de transporte célula a célula, por debajo
del cual, el virus es incapaz de invadir sistémicamente la planta.
Durante el proceso de infección viral, las MPs interaccionan tanto con otras
proteínas de origen viral como de la planta huésped. La interacción entre las MPs y
dichos factores de la planta afectan a la patogénesis viral, facilitando u obstaculizando
el movimiento intra- o intercelular del virus. En el Capítulo 3 del presente trabajo hemos
demostrado la interacción entre la MP del AMV y dos miembros de la familia de
Patellinas de arabidopsis, Patellin 3 (atPATL3) y Patellin 6 (atPATL6), mediante el
sistema de los dos híbridos de levadura y ensayos de reconstitución bimolecular de la
fluorescencia. Nuestros resultados, en general, demuestran que la interacción entre la
MP-PATLs obstaculizaría un correcto direccionamiento de la MP al PD, dando lugar a un
movimiento intracelular menos eficiente de los complejos virales, que forma la MP, y
disminuyendo el movimiento célula a célula del virus. Podríamos estar hablando de un
posible mecanismo de defensa de la planta, dirigido a evitar la invasión sistémica del
huésped. En este sentido, las MPs virales pueden ser buenos candidatos para el
desarrollo de estrategias antivirales dado que cualquier respuesta de defensa de la
planta que, a priori, reduzca el transporte célula a célula del virus, puede representar la
diferencia entre una infección local o sistémica, como hemos observado en el Capítulo 2
del presente trabajo. Los virus, a su vez, también son capaces de evolucionar hacia
variantes más eficaces, que permitan superar las diferentes barreras defensivas de la
planta huésped. En este contexto hemos identificado a la MP del Virus del bronceado
del tomate (TSWV) como determinante de avirulencia en la resistencia mediada por el
gen Sw-5. Del mismo modo, comprobamos que el cambio de 1-2 residuos de amino
ácidos de la MP de TSWV fue suficiente para superar la resistencia pero que a la vez, y
posiblemente debido a las altas restricciones que conlleva el reducido genoma de un
virus, afectaron a la eficiencia de la MP.Peiró Morell, A. (2014). Proteínas de movimiento de la familia 30K:interacción con membranas biológicas y factores proteicos y su implicación en el transporte viral [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48471
TESIS
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Dall'Ara, Mattia. "RNA/RNA interactions involved in the regulation of Benyviridae viral cicle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ019/document.
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Pour préserver l’intégrité de leur génome, les virus multipartite à ARN nécessitent une forte multiplicité d’infection qui représente un coût biologique inapproprié en terme de réplication virale. Dans cette étude, un réseau d’interaction entre ARN génomiques (ARNg), constitué d’au moins un type de chaque ARNg est proposé. Un tel réseau permet de réduire les coûts biologiques liés à la réplication en assurant une reconnaissance intermoléculaire et une mobilisation d’un complexe RNP modulaire maintenant l’intégrité du génome. Un tel complexe est considéré comme l’unité infectieuse mobile assurant la dissémination du virus dans la plante entière. Le but de cette thèse a été de démontrer l’existence d’interactions entre les ARNg du beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) et de déterminer l’incidence de ces interactions sur le cycle viral. Une formule génomique a été déterminée pour différentes plantes et tissus. Les ARNg ont tous été co-détectés dans des cellules isolées issues de tissus infectés. Un domaine d’interaction entre l’ARN1 et 2 a été identifié in vitro et in silico puis évaluée in vivo par des approches de mutagenèse et de complémentationMultipartite RNA virus condition to provide a complete set of genomic segments in each infected cell implies a high level of MOI that results in an unsustainable biological cost in terms of viral replication. In the proposed model, to minimize the cost of the genome integrity preservation, a network of RNA/RNA interactions determines the recognition and the mobilization of at least one of each genomic RNAs in a modular RNP complex. Such complex must be considered as the mobile infectious unit of the segmented genome during viral spread in the plant. The Aim of this thesis was to experimentally determine the existence of RNA/RNA interactions between BNYVV RNAs and their implication in the viral cycle. BNYVV genomic segments have been co-detected within isolated single cells from systemic tissues where they accumulate to reach set point genome formulas. In the model where vRNAs interact each other to form the minimal mobile infective unit, RNA1 and RNA2 interaction domain has been identified in silico and in vitro. The rationale of such an interaction has been provided in vivo using BNYVV and Beet soil-borne mosaic virus chimeras
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Fernandes, Nelson Horta. "The effect of habitat encroochment by roads on space use and movement patterns of an endangered vole." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/25598.
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Nesta dissertação pretendo avaliar como a redução do habitat devido à presença de estradas afecta o uso do espaço e padrões de movimento de um roedor ameaçado. A espécie alvo é o rato de Cabrera (Microtus cabrerae), um endemismo Ibérico com estatuto Nacional de “Vulnerável”. Foram selecionadas duas parcelas de habitat com diferentes níveis de influência de estradas: uma mais pequena e exposta a estradas (a Berma) e outra maior e menos exposta a estas infra-estruturas (Prado). Os resultados mostraram que os indivíduos da Berma tiveram áreas vitais mais reduzidas e menos complexas que as dos indivíduos do Prado. Os padrões de movimento foram influenciados pelo período do dia apenas na Berma. Os dados mostraram um efeito barreira das estradas em ambas as parcelas de habitat, embora mais forte na Berma. Este estudo mostra que o uso do espaço e os padrões de movimento poderão ser afectados pela redução de habitat causada pela presença das estradas; Abstract
In this dissertation I intend to assess how the habitat encroachment by roads affects the space use and movement patterns of an endangered vole. The target species is the Cabrera vole (Microtus cabrerae), an Iberian endemism considered “Vulnerable” at the national level. Two habitat patches with different degrees of encroachment by roads were selected: one more encroached (Verge) and one less encroached (Meadow). Results showed that individuals from the Verge had smaller and less complex home ranges than those of individuals from the Meadow. Movement patterns were influenced by the day period only in the Verge patch. The data showed a barrier effect on both habitat patches, although stronger in the Verge. The present study shows that space use and movement patterns might be affected by the habitat encroachment by roads.
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Hipper, Clémence. "Nature du complexe viral impliqué dans le mouvement à longue distance du virus de la jaunisse du navet." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ063/document.
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Le projet de thèse consistait à étudier le mouvement du Virus de la jaunisse du navet (TuYV) dans le système vasculaire. Le premier objectif était d’identifier la nature du complexe viral cheminant dans les tubes criblés : virions et/ou complexes ribonucléoprotéiques. L’analyse du mouvement de mutants viraux dans différentes espèces végétales, en absence ou en présence de protéines de capside de type sauvage apportées en trans, a permis de démontrer une étroite relation entre la formation de virions et le transport à longue distance. Le second objectif de cette étude portait sur l’identification de partenaires cellulaires de la protéine P4 du TuYV. Deux protéines ont été identifiées par un criblage de banques d’ADNc d’A. thaliana par le système du double hybride dans la levure, et l’analyse de leur implication dans le cycle viral a été amorcée par des expériences de localisation subcellulaire et de validation fonctionnelle in plantaIn the project, Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) transport in the phloem was analysed. The first objective was to identify the nature of the viral complex involved in vascular movement: virions and/or ribonucleoprotein complexes. Mutant viruses were modified in the capsid protein gene to inhibit formation of virions. By analyzing their movement in different host plants, in the absence or in the presence of the wild-type capsid proteins brought in trans, we demonstrated a strong relation between virion formation and virus long-distance movement. The second objective was to identify cellular partners of the TuYV-P4 protein, a putative movement protein which is host-specific. Two proteins were identified by screening a cDNA library of A. thaliana using the yeast two hybrid technique, and their function in the virus cycle was assessed by performing sub-cellular localizations and infection of A. thaliana KO mutants
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Li, Changzhi. "Doppler phase modulation effect for non-contact accurate measruement [sic] of vital signs and other periodic movements from theory to CMOS system on chip integrations /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024294.
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Flobinus, Alyssa. "Rôle de la protéine p14 du BNYVV et de l'ARN-3 viral dans la suppression de l'interférence par l'ARN et le mouvement à longue distance." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ045/document.
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Le beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) est un phytovirus qui possède un génome segmenté à ARN de polarité positive. L’ARN3 viral renferme le domaine « core » qui contient une séquence de 20 nucléotides appelée « coremin », indispensable au mouvement systémique du virus chez Beta macrocarpa. L’ARN3 subit un processus de dégradation qui conduit à la formation d’un ARN non codant (ncRNA3) correspondant à son extrémité 3’. Ce dernier est stabilisé par la séquence « coremin » à son extrémité 5’. Grâce à l’outil génétique levure, l’exoribonucléase Xrn1 puis l’exoribonucléase XRN4 de plante ont été identifiées comme étant responsable de l’accumulation du ncRNA3 à partir d’ARN3. Nous avons démontré in vitro que l’accumulation de ncRNA3 est liée au blocage de Xrn1 par « coremin ». La protéine virale p14, un suppresseur du RNA silencing codée par l’ARN2, est aussi nécessaire au mouvement systémique du virus et interagit avec la séquence « coremin ». Nos travaux confirment que l’ARN3 est capable de complémenter partiellement un mutant allélique de p14 dans l’infection locale et systémique. Nos résultats mettent en évidence un effet de la protéine p14 sur la systémie du RNA silencing et sur une éventuelle cible cellulaire RDR6The beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a multipartite positive-stranded RNA phytovirus. The RNA3 contains a « core » sequence in which resides the « coremin » motif of 20 nucleotides absolutely required for the viral systemic movement in Beta macrocarpa. The RNA3 undergoes a process that produces a noncoding RNA3 (ncRNA3), stabilized by « coremin » at its 5’ end. Using a yeast genetic approach, the exoribonuclease Xrn1 and plant XRN4 have been identified as being responsible for the ncRNA3 accumulation from RNA3 processing. In vitro, we showed that the ncRNA3 accumulation is due to the stalling of Xrn1 by “coremin”. The viral p14 protein, an RNA silencing suppressor encoded by the RNA2, is also required for the systemic movement and interacts with the “coremin” sequence. Our studies demonstrated the ability of RNA3 to partially complement an allelic p14 mutant in local and systemic infections. Our data highlighted an effect of the p14 protein on the RNA silencing movement and on the potential cellular target RDR6
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Boissinot, Sylvaine. "Partenaires et rôle dans le cycle viral des différentes formes de la protéine RT du Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998392.
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Les polérovirus infectent de nombreuses plantes d'intérêt économique telles que la pomme de terre, la betterave à sucre et les cucurbitacées. Ces virus icosaédriques renferment un ARN simple brin et leur capside est constituée d'une protéine majeure (CP) et d'un composant mineur (RT*) localisé à la surface des virions. Ces virus sont restreints aux cellules du phloème dans lesquelles ils se multiplient et se déplacent. Les protéines CP et RT sont essentielles à la dissémination du virus par le puceron vecteur et à son mouvement dans la plante. L'objectif de cette étude a consisté à identifier dans les cellules du phloème, les protéines associées aux virions susceptibles d'intervenir dans le cycle viral en criblant une banque d'ADNc de cellules compagnes (CC) d'A. thaliana avec les protéines de structure ou des domaines protéiques du CABYV. Quatre gènes codant pour une protéine Heat Shock (HSP), la profiline 3 (PRF3) une glysosyl hydrolase ; et la protéine " Response to low sulfur 3 " ont été identifiés. Tous ces gènes candidats interagissent avec le domaine RTC-ter du CABYV et avec la protéine RT* pour la protéine HSP. En plus de ces gènes candidats, je me suis intéressée à la protéine ALY, identifiée au laboratoire, au cours du criblage d'une banque d'ADNc de puceron entier avec les deux protéines de structure du Turnip yellows virus (un autre polérovirus). Cette protéine possède quatre orthologues chez Arabidopsis susceptibles d'être impliquées dans le mécanisme de gene silencing mis en place contre le Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus. Les protéines ALY sont donc des candidats intéressants et j'ai montré une interaction entre les protéines de structure du CABYV et du TuYV et les quatre orthologues d'Arabidopsis. L'implication de ces gènes candidats n'a pas pu être confirmée à ce jour dans des mutants knock-out d'arabidopsis. Les résultats complexes obtenus pour le candidat PRF3 au cours des analyses de validation fonctionnelle, m'a conduit à étudier l'interaction entre ce candidat et le domaine RTC-ter du CABYV in planta par FLIM mais aucune interaction n'a pu être confirmée à ce jour. Tous les candidats isolés lors du criblage de la banque d'ADNc de CC interagissant avec le domaine RTC-ter du CABYV, ce travail m'a conduit à analyser le rôle dans le cycle viral de ce domaine et de la protéine RT (sous sa forme complète ou dépourvue du domaine RTC-ter), en étudiant l'accumulation de ces mutants dans les plantes et le clivage de la protéine RT. Tout d'abord, afin de localiser précisément le site de clivage de la protéine RT, des mutants ponctuels dans la zone de clivage ont été réalisés ce qui a permis de montrer que la structure secondaire de la protéine est importante pour son clivage. Puis, afin d'analyser le rôle du domaine RTC-ter dans le cycle viral, j'ai obtenu par délétion, un mutant n'exprimant plus ce domaine. Ce mutant synthétise uniquement la protéine RT tronquée, forme des particules virales semblables au virus sauvage et est transmissible par puceron. Par contre, de façon surprenante, ce mutant est incapable d'envahir les feuilles non-inoculées d'une plante. Ce résultat suggère que les deux formes de la protéine RT (complète et tronquée) sont indispensables au mouvement à longue distance du virus et nous proposons un modèle dans lequel le domaine C-terminal de la protéine RT agit en trans sur la particule virale pour promouvoir le mouvement du CABYV à longue distance.
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Linhares, José Carlos Tarrio. "Clínica e cirurgia em bovinos de aptidão leiteira." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/17548.
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O presente relatório descreve as atividades desenvolvidas durante o estagio curricular na
ANAVET Serviços Veterinários e na Segalab S.A., com uma duração de 6 meses. Numa
primeira parte será abordada a casuistica acompanhada durante o estagio, e na segunda parte
apresenta-se a revisão bibliográfica referente a diarreia viral bovina (BVD), seguida da
apresentação do estudo realizado no âmbito da referida afeçao. A BVD e uma doença bovina
com expressao a nivel mundial. Os animais persistentemente infetados (PI) constituem a
principal fonte de disseminação e manutenção do virus e não existem limitações a sua
comercialização ou troca entre explorações. Temos como objetivo mostrar a dinâmica de 85
animais PI, com uma prevalência de 0,9%, desde o nascimento e deteção até a morte, abate
ou venda. Estes permaneceram nas explorações de origem em media 7,3 meses, tendo 48,2%
sido vendidos a outras explorações, comprometendo esforços para o controlo e erradicação da
doença. Abstract:
Dairy cattle medicine and surgery
The following report describes the activities developed during the internship at ANAVET
Serviços Veterinários and Segalab S.A., with duration of 6 months. In the first part will be
described the assisted case load during the internship, while the second part consists on the
literature review on bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), followed by a study on the disease.
BVD is a worldwide spread cattle disease. Persistently infected (PI) animals are the main
source of virus spread and maintenance, and there are no restrictions for their trade or
exchange between herds. Our study evaluated the movement dynamics of 85 PI animals, with a
prevalence of 0,9%, since their birth and detection until they were sold, slaughtered or died from
natural causes. They were kept in the herd in average during 7,3 months and 48,2% of them
were sold to other herds putting at risk the efforts to control and eradicate the disease.
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Poignavent, Vianney. "Relations structure-fonctions chez la protéine multi-fonctionnelle P1 du virus de la panachure jaune du riz." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS024.
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Le virus de la panachure jaune du riz (virus RYMV pour Rice Yellow Mottle Virus) infecte principalement le genre Oryza et provoque d'importants dégâts sur les cultures de riz en Afrique. Bien que son génome soit rudimentaire, ce virus code des protéines essentielles pour son maintien chez l’hôte en dépit des mécanismes de défense de la plante. Les travaux récents de l’équipe ont permis d’identifier la protéine P1 codée par ce virus comme une protéine qui pourrait, grâce à sa propriété de suppresseur de RNA silencing, permettre au virus de contourner un mécanisme de défense essentiel de l’hôte et permettre au virus de perpétuer son cycle viral. Peu de données concernant les mécanismes d’action de la protéine P1 sont disponibles à ce jour. Le travail entrepris au cours de ma thèse a donc consisté à compléter les connaissances sur la biochimie de cette protéine, à définir sa structure tridimensionnelle et à mettre à jour sa localisation sub cellulaire afin de révéler des propriétés qui pourraient nous permettre non seulement de mieux comprendre comment cette protéine opère ses fonctions mais également de définir des méthodes de lutte adéquates contre ce virus. Ainsi, je montre que la protéine P1 constitue une nouvelle famille de protéine à doigt de zinc possédant une structure 3D inédite composée d’un premier domaine impliqué dans la dimérisation de la protéine et dans des interactions avec des ligands dont certains pourraient provenir de la plante hôte. Mon travail permet également d’identifier un deuxième domaine senseur de l’état redox au sein de la protéine qui lui permet probablement de sonder l’état de la plante pendant l’infection virale et d’adapter ses conformations pour assurer ses fonctions. Finalement, une approche par mutagénèse sur la protéine P1 assistée par la nouvelle structure 3D démontre qu’il est désormais possible d’identifier les résidus essentiels à la protéine pour sa participation dans l’infection virale. Ce travail ouvre donc de nombreuses perspectives pour de futures études de mécanistique sur ces domaines-clé de la protéine, ainsi que pour des études sur sa diversité génétique au sein des très nombreux isolats du virus RYMV en AfriqueThe virus of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV for Rice Yellow Mottle Virus) mainly infects the genus Oryza and causes significant damage to rice crops in Africa. Although its genome is rudimentary, this virus code essential proteins for its maintenance in the host despite the defense mechanisms of the plant. Recent work by the team has identified the P1 protein encoded by the virus as a protein that could, through its ownership of RNA silencing suppressor, allow the virus to bypass an essential defense mechanism of the host and allow the virus to perpetuate its viral cycle. Little data on the mechanisms of action of the P1 protein is available to date. The work undertaken during my thesis was therefore to supplement the knowledge of the biochemistry of this protein, to define its three-dimensional structure and update its sub cellular localization to reveal properties that could enable us not only to understand how this protein works its functions but also to define methods of adequate response against the virus. Thus, I show that the P1 protein is a new zinc finger protein family having a unique 3D structure consisting of a first domain involved in the dimerization of the protein and in interactions with ligands some of which may originate from the plant host. My work also identifies a second sensor field in the redox state of the protein that probably allows him to probe the state of the plant during viral infection and adapt its conformation to conduct their duties. Finally, a mutagenesis approach to P1 assisted by the new 3D protein structure shows that it is now possible to identify critical residues in the protein for its participation in the viral infection. This work thus opens up many possibilities for future mechanistic studies on these key areas of the protein, as well as for studies of genetic diversity within many RYMV isolates of virus in Africa
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Soares, Elizângela Teixeira. "Quando a leste vira centro: o desenvolvimento econômico da Zona Leste na perspectiva dos atores do Fórum para o Desenvolvimento da Zona Leste." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19012.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The East Zone of the city of São Paulo has been put in evidence on national and international news, with an increasing in 2010, when the district of Itaquera was chosen to host the opening of the World Cup soccer games 2014. The history of this region shows that it has been considered a commuter region, as it is opposed to the West Zone, the most developed zone of São Paulo and where the private and public investments are destined. Hosting the World Cup openings not only boosted roads, urban interventions, and the implementation of social facilities, but has also put in evidence again the struggle of the development of the East Zone. The present study was created in order to identify how the social characters of the region have organized on the face of such development process and how they have mobilized to take ownership of it. It was decided to start the study by the Forum for the East Zone Development (FDZL) and, from the network analysis methodology, questioning what kind of development are suitable for the region. The initial hypothesis stated that the Forum was articulating as a cohesive group, helping the development of the East Zone. However, the study showed that the Forum is a heterogeneous network, which on the moment of the competition for development was disjointed. The reorganization of the network intended to find the characters and identify exactly if it can demonstrate what I pointed out in relation to networks, that they are different players disputing for the same social space. The network shows that they do. Thus, the study revealed that the present conflict over the East Zone development is a dispute between organizations and social movements, such as the Forum organization, and what is on dispute is whether or not the East Zone will be constituted as a centrality
A Zona Leste de São Paulo ganhou evidência nos noticiários nacionais e internacionais, principalmente a partir de 2010, quando Itaquera foi o distrito escolhido para sediar o estádio de abertura da Copa do Mundo de 2014. A história da região demonstra que ela tem sido relegada à condição de cidade dormitório por oposição à Zona Oeste, a mais desenvolvida da cidade de São Paulo e para onde têm sido destinados os investimentos públicos e privados. Sediar o estádio de abertura da Copa não impulsionou apenas as intervenções viárias e urbanas e a implantação de equipamentos sociais, mas também recolocou em evidência a disputa pelo desenvolvimento da Zona Leste. Assim, o presente estudo foi elaborado com o objetivo de identificar como os atores sociais dessa região se organizaram diante desse processo de desenvolvimento e como se mobilizaram para dele se apropriarem. Optou-se por iniciar o estudo por meio do Fórum para o Desenvolvimento da Zona Leste (FDZL) e, a partir da metodologia de análise de redes, questionar que tipo de desenvolvimento desejam para a região. A hipótese inicial indicava que o Fórum era grupo articulador coeso, articulado em função do desenvolvimento da ZL. No entanto, o estudo demonstrou que o Fórum é uma rede heterogênea que, no momento em que a disputa pelo desenvolvimento foi recolada em evidência, estava desarticulada. A reorganização da rede pretendeu, portanto, localizar os atores e identificar, exatamente, se ela consegue demonstrar aquilo que evidenciei em relação às redes, ou seja, que são atores distintos em disputa pelo mesmo espaço social. A rede mostra que sim. Desse modo, o estudo revelou que o conflito presente em torno do desenvolvimento da Zona Leste é uma disputa entre organizações como os movimentos sociais e organizações como o Fórum, e o que está em disputa é constituir ou não a Zona Leste uma centralidade
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Mealor, Michael A. "Spatial heterogeneity in ecology." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/53.
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This project predominantly investigated the implications of spatial heterogeneity in the ecological processes of competition and infection. Empirical analysis of spatial heterogeneity was carried out using the lepidopteran species Plodia interpunctella. Using differently viscous food media, it was possible to alter the movement rate of larvae. Soft Foods allow the movement rate of larvae to be high, so that individuals can disperse through the environment and avoid physical encounters with conspecifics. Harder foods lower the movement rate of larvae, restricting the ability of individuals to disperse away from birth sites and avoid conspecifics encounters. Increasing food viscosity and lowering movement rate therefore has the effect of making uniform distributed larval populations more aggregated and patchy. Different spatial structures changed the nature of intraspecific competition, with patchy populations characterised by individuals experiencing lower growth rates and greater mortality because of the reduced food and space available within densely packed aggregations. At the population scale, the increased competition for food individuals experience in aggregations emerges as longer generational cycles and reduced population densities. Aggregating individuals also altered the outcome of interspecific competition between Plodia and Ephestia cautella. In food media that allowed high movement rates, Plodia had a greater survival rate than Ephestia because the larger movement rate of Plodia allowed it to more effectively avoid intraspecific competition. Also the faster growth rate, and so larger size, of Plodia allowed it to dominate interspecific encounters by either predating or interfering with the feeding of Ephestia. In food that restricts movement, the resulting aggregations cause Plodia to experience more intraspecific encounters relative to interspecific, reducing its competitive advantage and levelling the survival of the two species. Spatial structure also affected the dynamics of a Plodia-granulosis virus interaction and the evolution of virus infectivity. Larval aggregation forced transmission to become limited to within host patches, making the overall prevalence of the virus low. However potentially high rates of cannibalism and multiple infections within overcrowded host aggregations caused virus-induced mortality to be high, as indicated by the low host population density when virus is presented. Also aggregated host populations cause the evolution of lower virus infectivity, where less infective virus strains maintain more susceptible hosts within the aggregation and so possess a greater transmission rate. The pattern of variation in resistance of Plodia interpunctella towards its granulosis virus was found using two forms of graphical analysis. There was a bimodal pattern of variation, with most individuals exhibiting either low or high levels of resistance. This pattern was related to a resistance mechanism that is decreasingly costly to host fitness.
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Valls, Jimena Paola Hochmann. "Análise do impacto das proteínas E6/E7 de diferentes variantes moleculares de HPV-16 sobre as vias de transdução de sinal mediadas por MAPK." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5155/tde-21092016-084921/.
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A infecção persistente por HPV-16 está fortemente associada ao risco de desenvolvimento de neoplasias do colo do útero, vagina, vulva, pênis, canal anal e orofaringe. O estudo detalhado da variabilidade nucleotídica intra-típica de HPV-16 resultou em importantes achados no que concerne à filogenia e evolução viral, e à história natural das infecções. Variantes Asiático-Americanas (AA) e E-350G de HPV-16 foram associadas com maior risco de persistência da infecção viral e desenvolvimento de câncer de colo de útero quando comparadas à variante Européia protótipo (E-P ou E-350T), embora esta ainda apresente alto risco quando comparada aos outros tipos virais. Mais recentemente, diferenças funcionais entre as proteínas E6/E7 das distintas variantes moleculares de HPV- 16 estão sendo descritas, a fim de explicar as diferenças nas associações epidemiológicas observadas. Dados do nosso grupo apontaram para a transcrição aumentada do gene MEK2 especificamente em queratinócitos humanos primários (PHKs) transduzidos com E6/E7 da variante E-350G. Pelo exposto, objetivou-se: (1) Analisar os níveis de ativação de proteínas efetoras das vias de transdução de sinal mediadas por MAPK e PI3K/AKT em queratinócitos imortalizados por E6/E7 de três variantes moleculares de HPV-16 (AA, E-P, E-350G); (2) Analisar os efeitos das proteínas E6/E7 dessas variantes sob as vias de MAPK quanto à indução de fatores de transcrição; (3) Analisar o potencial transformante de PHKs imortalizados pelas diferentes variantes, e em cooperação com a proteína celular c-MYC; (4) Analisar o potencial de migração e invasão em PHKs imortalizados pelas diferentes variantes de HPV-16, e em cooperação com a proteína celular c-MYC. Neste estudo observou-se que a variante AA de HPV-16 induziu a maior ativação das vias de sinalização estudadas (MAPK, e PI3K/AKT). Ademais, PHKs imortalizados por esta variante apresentaram maior capacidade de migração, de invasão através de uma matriz de colágeno, além de maior potencial transformante. Adicionalmente, as células imortalizadas pela variante AA apresentaram maior expressão da proteína mesenquimal vimentina e diminuição dos níveis da proteína epitelial E-caderina, sugerindo ativação parcial de Transição Epitélio Mesênquima (EMT) nestes queratinócitos. Ademais, quando o oncogene c-MYC foi co-transduzido nas diferentes linhagens infectadas por E6/E7 de HPV-16, foi observado que em PHKs imortalizados pela variante AA também houve maior ativação da via de MAPK-ERK, maior migração, e um potencial transformante semelhante, em relação às células co-transduzidas pela variante E-350G e c-MYC. Em conjunto, estes dados sugerem que a variante AA de HPV-16 possui vantagem seletiva sob as outras variantes em promover transformação celular, migração e invasão, e isto poderia explicar, ao menos em parte, a maior prevalência desta variante no câncer cervical. Os resultados gerados neste estudo são de extrema relevância para avaliar o impacto da variabilidade intra-típica de HPV-16 sobre o potencial oncogênico observado em estudos epidemiológicosPersistent infection with HPV-16 is strongly associated with risk of developing neoplasia in the uterine cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anal canal and oropharynx. The detailed study of HPV-16 intra-typical nucleotide variability resulted in important findings regarding phylogeny and viral evolution, and the natural history of infections. Asian-American (AA) and E-350G variants of HPV-16 were associated with increased risk of persistent viral infection and development of cervical cancer compared to the European prototype (E-P or E-350T), although this variant still presents higher risk when compared to other viral types. More recently, functional differences between the E6/E7 proteins of distinct molecular variants of HPV-16 are being described, in order to explain the differences in the epidemiological associations observed. Data from our group pointed to increased transcription of the MEK2 gene specifically in primary human keratinocytes (PHKs) transducing E6/E7 of the E-350G variant. Consequently, the aims of this study were: 1) To examine the activation levels of effector proteins of the signal transduction pathways mediated by MAPK and PI3K/AKT in PHKs immortalized by E6/E7 of three different molecular variants of HPV-16 (AA, E-P, E-350G); (2) To analyze the effects of E6/E7 of different molecular variants of HPV-16 upon MAPK pathways concerning the induction of transcription factors; (3) To analyze the transforming potential of PHKs immortalized by different molecular variants of HPV-16, and in cooperation with the cellular protein c- MYC; (4) To analyze the potential of migration and invasion in PHKs immortalized by different molecular variants of HPV-16, and in cooperation with the cellular protein c- MYC. In this study we observed that the AA variant of HPV-16 induced higher activation of both signaling pathways studied (MAPK, and PI3K/AKT). Furthermore, this variant presented increased migration capacity, higher invasion through a collagen matrix, and greater transforming potential. Moreover, cells immortalized by the AA variant showed higher expression of the mesenchymal protein vimentin and a decrease of the epithelial protein E-cadherin, suggesting partial activation of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). In addition, when the c-MYC oncogene was co-transduced in the different cells lines infected with HPV-16 E6/E7, we observed that in PHKs immortalized by the AA variant there was also an enhanced activation of the MAPK-ERK pathway, a higher ability to migrate, and similar transformation potential in comparison with cells co-transduced with the E-350G variant and c-MYC. Taken together, this data suggest that the AA molecular variant of the HPV-16 has a selective advantage over the other variants to promote cell transformation, migration and invasion, and this could partly explain the higher prevalence of this variant in cervical cancer. The results generated in this study are very important to assess the impact of intra-typical variability of HPV-16 on the oncogenic potential observed in epidemiological studies
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Agustina, VIra [Verfasser], Kerstin [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Martens, and Michael [Gutachter] Dobbins. "PISA, Public Participation and Policy Making in Education : the Impact of Online Social Movements and the Shift in Public Involvement in the Basic and Secondary Education Decision Making Processes in Indonesia / VIra Agustina ; Gutachter: Kerstin Martens, Michael Dobbins ; Betreuer: Kerstin Martens." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1143765699/34.
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Riotte-Lambert, Louise. "Se souvenir et revenir : approche théorique et méthodologique des stratégies de déplacement récursif et de leurs conséquences populationnelles." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT169.
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Les patrons récursifs de déplacement, où l’individu revient à des sites déjà visités, sont très répandus. L’utilisation de la mémoire, supposée être avantageuse lorsque l’environnement est prévisible, pourrait être sous-jacente à l’émergence de ces patrons. Cependant, notre compréhension de l’interface mémoire-déplacement a jusqu'à présent été limitée par un manque de méthodes adaptées et d’investigation théorique des avantages de l’utilisation de la mémoire et des patrons qui en émergent. Au cours de cette thèse j’ai cherché à combler en partie ces manques. Je propose ici trois nouveaux cadres d'analyse des patrons récursifs de déplacement. Le premier délimite les zones les plus fréquemment revisitées par un individu, le deuxième détecte la périodicité dans les revisites de sites connus, et le troisième définit formellement et quantifie la routine de déplacement en termes de répétitivité de la séquence de déplacement, et propose un algorithme pour détecter les sous-séquences répétées. A l'aide d'un modèle individu-centré, nous montrons que l'utilisation de la mémoire dans un environnement prévisible est très avantageuse énergétiquement comparée à une stratégie de recherche sans mémoire, y compris en situation de compétition, et qu'elle mène à l'émergence de domaines vitaux stables et à la ségrégation spatiale entre individus. L'utilisation de la mémoire invalide plusieurs hypothèses très courantes faites par les études populationnelles, en menant à une forte déplétion de l’environnement, à une augmentation de la taille de la population à l’équilibre, et à une relation non linéaire entre la taille de population totale et l’intensité de compétition localement ressentie par les individus. Ainsi, ma thèse contribue à une meilleure compréhension des conséquences de la mémoire sur la valeur sélective des individus, sur les patrons de déplacement, et sur la démographie des populations. Elle propose des méthodes innovantes pour quantifier et caractériser les patrons récursifs de déplacement pouvant émerger de son utilisation. Ces méthodes devraient ouvrir de nouvelles opportunités de comparaisons entre individus de différentes populations ou espèces qui permettront le test d'hypothèses sur les pressions de sélection favorisant l'utilisation de la mémoireRecursive movement patterns, by which an individual returns to already visited sites, are very common. Memory use, hypothesized to be advantageous when the environment is predictable, could underlie the emergence of these patterns. However, our understanding of the memory-movement interface has been limited by two knowledge gaps. We still lack appropriate methodologies and theoretical knowledge of the advantages of memory use and of the patterns that emerge from it. During this PhD project, I aimed at filling in some of these gaps. I present here three new frameworks for the analysis of recursive movement patterns. The first one delimits the areas most frequently revisited by an individual, the second one detects periodic revisit patterns, and the third one formally defines and quantifies routine movement behaviour in terms of movement sequence repetitiveness, and presents an algorithm that detects the sub-sequences that are repeated. Using an individual-based model, we show that memory use, when the environment is predictable, is very energetically advantageous compared to foraging strategies that do not use memory, including in a situation of competition, and that it leads to the emergence of stable Home Ranges and spatial segregation between individuals. Memory use invalidates several hypotheses very commonly made in population studies, by leading to a stronger environmental depletion, to a higher equilibrium population size, and to a nonlinear relationship between the total population size and the individually-experienced intensity of competition. Therefore, my PhD thesis contributes to a better understanding of the consequences of memory use for the fitness of individuals, for movement patterns, and for population dynamics. It offers innovative methodologies that quantify and characterize recursive movement patterns that can emerge from its use. These methods should open new opportunities for the comparison of the movements of individuals from different populations and species, and thus the testing of hypotheses about the pressures that select for memory use
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Arduini, Guilherme Ramalho 1983. "Em busca da Idade Nova : Alceu Amoroso Lima e os projetos catolicos de organização social (1928-1945)." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/282068.
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Orientador: Jefferson CanoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Este estudo trata de um intelectual brasileiro chamado Alceu Amoroso Lima, também conhecido como Tristão do Ataíde. Em 1928, ele assumiu publicamente a fé católica, tornando-se uma das vozes mais importantes da Igreja no Brasil durante as décadas seguintes. Em outras palavras, ele envolveu-se indiretamente em política, tornando-se o representante oficioso da Igreja para assuntos ligados à política e escreveu muitos livros e artigos. Entre as décadas de 1920 e 1940 ele demonstrava uma mentalidade reacionária, mas gradativamente tornou-se um defensor ardoroso da liberdade de imprensa e outros direitos civis, especialmente após a II Guerra Mundial. Nosso objetivo é compreender as causas desta mudança, assim como as conseqüências que isto trouxe para suas ações e escritos sobre o problema da organização das classes trabalhadoras de acordo a Doutrina Social da Igreja.
Abstract: This study is about a Brazilian intellectual called Alceu Amoroso Lima, also known as "Tristão do Ataíde". In 1928, he publicly adopted Catholicism, becoming one of the most important voices of the Church in Brazil throughout the following decades. In other words, he got indirectly involved in politics by becoming the semi-official delegate for political affairs and wrote several articles and books. In the late 1920s and 1930s he expressed a very conservative mindset; nevertheless especially after the II World War he gradually became a champion of freedom of speech and other civil rights. Our aim is to understand the causes of this change as well as the consequences it brought to his actions and writings on the problem of organizing the working classes according to the Catholic Social Doctrine.
Mestrado
Historia
Mestre em História
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Saeed, Muhammad. "The role of a geminiviral DNA β satellite in viral pathogenicity and movement." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37886.
Full textAbstract:
Geminiviruses ( family Geminiviridae ) have circular single - stranded genomes encapsidated in twinned quasi - isometric particles and are responsible for major crop losses worldwide. The largest genus, Begomovirus, comprises viruses transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Most begomoviruses have bipartite genomes, termed DNA A and DNA B. The DNA A component encodes proteins required for viral DNA replication and encapsidation whereas the DNA B encodes two proteins that are essential for systemic movement. A small number of begomoviruses have a monopartite DNA genome that resembles the DNA A of bipartite begomoviruses. This DNA carries all gene functions for replication and pathogenesis. Specific small circular single - stranded DNA satellites containing a single open reading frame ( ORF ), termed DNA β, have recently been found in association with certain monopartite begomovirus infections. They comprise about 1350 nucleotides and require a helper begomovirus for replication and encapsidation. DNA β contributes to the production of symptoms and enhanced helper virus accumulation in certain hosts. This study examines the role of DNA β satellite in viral pathogenicity and movement in the host plant. Infectivity analysis of Tomato leaf curl virus and DNA β having mutation in the C1 and V1 ORF indicated that the complementary - sense ORF, βC1, is responsible for inducing disease symptoms in Nicotiana tabacum. An ORF present on the plus strand, βV1, appeared to have no role in pathogenesis. Tobacco plants transformed with the βC1 ORF under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, or with a dimeric DNA β exhibited severe disease - like phenotypes, while plants transformed with a mutated version of βC1 appeared normal. Northern blot analysis of RNA from the transgenic plants using strand - specific probes identified a single complementary - sense transcript. The transcript carried the full βC1 ORF encoding a 118 amino acids product. It mapped to the DNA β nucleotide ( nt ) position 186 - 563 and contained a polyadenylation signal 18 nt upstream of the stop codon. A TATA box was located 43 nt upstream of the start codon. These results indicate that βC1 protein is responsible for DNA β induced disease symptoms. Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus ( ToLCNDV ) is a bipartite begomovirus in which both DNA A and DNA B are required for systemic infection. Inoculation of tomato plants with ToLCNDV DNA A alone induced local but not systemic infection whereas co - inoculation with DNA A and the DNA β resulted in systemic infection. The presence of both DNA A and the DNA β in systemically infected tissues and the absence of DNA B was confirmed by probe hybridization. DNA β containing a disrupted βC1 ORF did not mobilize the DNA A for systemic infection. Co - inoculation of plants with DNA A and a construct of βC1 ORF, under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, resulted in the systemic movement of the DNA A. βC1 fused to GFP accumulated around and inside the nucleus, at the periphery of tobacco and onion epidermis cells and co - localized with the endoplasmic reticulum. This distribution would be consistent with βC1 mediating intra cellular transport from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. These results showed that the βC1 protein can replace the functions of DNA B in allowing the systemic movement of a bipartite geminivirus DNA A.Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2006.
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Saeed, Muhammad. "The role of a geminiviral DNA β satellite in viral pathogenicity and movement." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37886.
Full textAbstract:
Geminiviruses ( family Geminiviridae ) have circular single - stranded genomes encapsidated in twinned quasi - isometric particles and are responsible for major crop losses worldwide. The largest genus, Begomovirus, comprises viruses transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Most begomoviruses have bipartite genomes, termed DNA A and DNA B. The DNA A component encodes proteins required for viral DNA replication and encapsidation whereas the DNA B encodes two proteins that are essential for systemic movement. A small number of begomoviruses have a monopartite DNA genome that resembles the DNA A of bipartite begomoviruses. This DNA carries all gene functions for replication and pathogenesis. Specific small circular single - stranded DNA satellites containing a single open reading frame ( ORF ), termed DNA β, have recently been found in association with certain monopartite begomovirus infections. They comprise about 1350 nucleotides and require a helper begomovirus for replication and encapsidation. DNA β contributes to the production of symptoms and enhanced helper virus accumulation in certain hosts. This study examines the role of DNA β satellite in viral pathogenicity and movement in the host plant. Infectivity analysis of Tomato leaf curl virus and DNA β having mutation in the C1 and V1 ORF indicated that the complementary - sense ORF, βC1, is responsible for inducing disease symptoms in Nicotiana tabacum. An ORF present on the plus strand, βV1, appeared to have no role in pathogenesis. Tobacco plants transformed with the βC1 ORF under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, or with a dimeric DNA β exhibited severe disease - like phenotypes, while plants transformed with a mutated version of βC1 appeared normal. Northern blot analysis of RNA from the transgenic plants using strand - specific probes identified a single complementary - sense transcript. The transcript carried the full βC1 ORF encoding a 118 amino acids product. It mapped to the DNA β nucleotide ( nt ) position 186 - 563 and contained a polyadenylation signal 18 nt upstream of the stop codon. A TATA box was located 43 nt upstream of the start codon. These results indicate that βC1 protein is responsible for DNA β induced disease symptoms. Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus ( ToLCNDV ) is a bipartite begomovirus in which both DNA A and DNA B are required for systemic infection. Inoculation of tomato plants with ToLCNDV DNA A alone induced local but not systemic infection whereas co - inoculation with DNA A and the DNA β resulted in systemic infection. The presence of both DNA A and the DNA β in systemically infected tissues and the absence of DNA B was confirmed by probe hybridization. DNA β containing a disrupted βC1 ORF did not mobilize the DNA A for systemic infection. Co - inoculation of plants with DNA A and a construct of βC1 ORF, under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, resulted in the systemic movement of the DNA A. βC1 fused to GFP accumulated around and inside the nucleus, at the periphery of tobacco and onion epidermis cells and co - localized with the endoplasmic reticulum. This distribution would be consistent with βC1 mediating intra cellular transport from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. These results showed that the βC1 protein can replace the functions of DNA B in allowing the systemic movement of a bipartite geminivirus DNA A.Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2006.
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Chen, Jao-Shien, and 陳昭賢. "A microtubule-associated protein, NbMAP90, is involved in viral movement in Nicotiana benthamiana plants." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46002523882021435449.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立中興大學
生物科技學研究所
98
During reproduction, plant viruses need many host factors to assist their transcription, translation, replication, encapsidation and movement etc. In order to investigate the interaction between hosts and viruses, we used Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) as the material to screen the genes of Nicotiana benthamiana meaningful for viruses. BaMV belongs to the genus Potexvirus and is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. We isolated the differentially expressed genes of N. benthamiana after virus infection by cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) technique. Among the up-regulated candidates a gene fragment and its full length cDNA were cloned. The sequence was predicted to encode a 90-kDa microtubule-associated protein product and designated NbMAP90. Immunolocalization assay by confocal microscopy also showed colocalization of NbMAP90 and microtubules. On the other hand, NbMAP90 was predicted to contain a TBC (Tre-2, Bub2p, Cdc16) functional domain, suggesting its possible role in the regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking. For further understanding the roles of NbMAP90 in BaMV replication, we reduced the NbMAP90 mRNA by gene silencing strategy, infected the NbMAP90-knockdown protoplasts and leaves with virus, and assessed viral accumulation by measuring the amount of viral coat protein. There was no significant difference in BaMV coat protein accumulation between the NbMAP90-knockdown protoplasts and the control cells, indicating the viral replication was not interfered by reduction of NbMAP90. However, at 7 days post-inoculation, BaMV coat protein accumulation in the NbMAP90-knockdown leaves was 50% of that in control leaves; however, coat protein in knockdown leaves was 2% of that in control leaves in systemic leaves. Additionally, once the NbMAP90 was knocked down, the viral spreading efficiency was reduced than in the control leaves. We also infected the NbMAP90-knockdown leaves with Potato virus X (PVX) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and the results also showed coat protein reduction, indicating that effects of this gene on the population accumulation of plant viruses exhibits no species-specificity. By means of these results we suggest that NbMAP90 could be involved in BaMV cell-to-cell movement. The possible mechanism of this protein involved in BaMV life cycle in plants is discussed.
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Wang, Chao-Wen, and 王昭雯. "Viral RNA Distribution and Movement of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus and Cucumber Necrosis Virus in Spinach." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95629431729218508166.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
植物病蟲害學系
85
Systemic infection of plants by viruses requires compatible interactions between viral and cellular factors. Virus must first replicate in the initially inoculated cell and then move to adjacent cells through plasmodesmata. Cell-to-cell movement to phloem, followed by entry into sieve elements, is required for long distance transport to other organs and tissues. Except of virus replication and movement, plant active defense response also determine the viral host range. Two viruses, tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and cucumber necrosis virus (CNV), both belong to tombusvirus group and have highly sequence similarity. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the possible reasons why TBSV systemic infected and CNV localized in spinach plants. Firstly, we prepared spinach protoplast and detect time-course viral RNA accumulation in it. We found that TBSV replication faster than CNV about 2hr. Secondly, in the plant tissue level, we detect viral RNA accumulation by northern hybridization. The data showed that botus (TBSV) and cucumber necrosis virus (CNV), both belong to tombusvirus group and have highly sequence similarity. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the possible reasons why TBSV systemic infected and CNV localized in spinach plants. Firstly, we prepared spinach protoplast and detect time-course viral RNA accumulation in it. We found that TBSV replication faster than CNV about 2hr. Secondly, in the plant tissue level, we detect viral RNA accumulation by northern hybridization. The data showed that both TBSV and CNV RNA can be detected on the day before symptom showing. Thirdly, we use dot blot and tissue print hybridization to show the time-course RNA distribution with tip-inoculation or lateral-inoculation methods. The data showed that TBSV move into vascular bundle and region of the plants. Although CNV is localized in inoculated leaf, and necrotic local lesion formation. However, CNV RNA signals can always be detected outside the necrotic regions. To illustrate the potential application of green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene in viral movement studies, TBSV-GFP and CNV*-GFP were constructed in which near 3'' region of the coat protein gene of wild type viruses were inserted by GFP. Blue light fluorescent microscopy of the inoculated spinach, Nicotiana benthamiana and Chenopodium quinoa plant showed that TBSV-GFP has better fluorescent expression than CNV*-GFP has. In C. quinoa plant. TBSV-GFP showed especially evident green fluorescence, we concluded that in this plant, GFP has most potential to viral movement studies. We tried paraffin sections, and used RNA in situ hybridization method to analyze the two virus distribution in spinach inoculated leaves. The data showed that TBSV signals had ever been seen in every kinds of cells. CNV signals can be detected outside the necrotic lesions and unable to move into the vascular region. According to these dataes, we concluded that why CNV is localized in spinach is because the virus can''t move into the vascular bundle for systemic infections.
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Wun, Da-Cian, and 温達乾. "Ipsilateral Dual SIL-Radar System for Vital Sign Detection with Random Body Movement Cancellation." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44533297795176692810.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
104
This thesis studies a vital-sign detection system based on a dual self-injection-locked (SIL) radar to resolve the interference due to random body motion, which is one of the challenging issues in this field. The system creates the 180 degrees phase difference between the two different paths in the dual SIL radar to achieve the random body motion cancellation condition in detecting vital signs such as respiration and heart rates. The system architecture and experimental setup are constructed through a step-by-step procedure. Firstly, a random object motion is generated by shaking a metal plate. Secondly, the phase shifter is tuned to cancel the Doppler shift caused by the motion of the object under a well-balanced system architecture. Finally, the dual SIL radar is used to detect vital signs under random body motion with comparison to the signal SIL radar. Only the dual SIL radar can successfully detect the normal and high respiration and heart rates of a human before and after exercise, respectively, with random body motion.
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Hung, Wei-Ping, and 洪偉玶. "Real-Time and Noncontact Impulse Radio Radar System for um Movement Accuracy and Vital-Sign Monitoring Applications." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rw9bsy.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立交通大學
電信工程研究所
106
In this dissertation, a real-time, contactless pulse-based ultra-wideband (UWB) radar sensor was used to precisely detect the movement of the robotic arm, heartbeats, and respiration activities. To increase the object tracking resolution, an algorithm using adaptive and digitalized post-calibration techniques were proposed and tested. Both the radiated and reflected analog pulses were converted to digital signals by a low-noise comparator and its buffer for the time interval and distance detection. Moreover, the dynamic and calibrated tracking mechanism was incorporated into the algorithm for improving tracking accuracy and to continuously localize an object’s vibration. The measured performance revealed that the proposed method successfully achieved m movement precision, thus providing its excellent tracking ability. We performed three different experimental tests to demonstrate the UWB radar’s viability. First, the radar was employed to detect the undesired structural vibration of a delta robotic arm, which was subjected to high acceleration and structural flexibility. The measured results indicated that the accuracy of 100 m can be achieved at a 10 Hz vibration frequency. Next, the apnea alarm was tested, which included an embedded sensitive sensor in the smart mattress in order to execute long-term physiological monitoring. The apnea was mitigated by auto-adjusting the patient’s sleeping posture on the mattress when the UWB sensor detected the apnea condition. The final experiment using the radar sensor was to monitor human vital signs, such as heart and breathing rates, simultaneously. In comparison with a commercial electrocardiography (ECG) instrument, this radar sensor measured 73.2 beats per minutes (bpm) with only 1.2% deviation. Our results showed that the contactless UWB sensor performs superbly and is well-suited for monitoring physiological parameters.
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Wu, Wan-Chen, and 吳婉禎. "Phosphorylation of Triple Gene Block Protein 1 (TGBp1) of Bamboo Mosaic Virus Affects Viral Accumulation and Cell-to-Cell Movement in Nicotiana Benthamiana." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ne8zq7.
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Wang, Zheng-Cheng, and 王政承. "The replicase’s helicase-like domain of Foxtail mosaic virus interacts with the viral coat protein and this interaction affects the virus cell-to-cell movement." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94403726090277144580.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
生物科技學研究所
100
Foxtail mosaic virus, a member of potexvirus genus, has a single-strand RNA genome which consists of five open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a ~152 kDa replicase responsible for replication, transcription and 5’ cap formation, while ORF5 encodes a ~ 24 kDa viral coat protein (CP) responsible for genome encapsidation and participating into viral movement within host. Previous studies on Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), also a potexvirus, found that there is an interaction between the replicase’s helicase-like domain (HLD) and CP, and weakness of the interaction, through mutation at A209 and N210 of CP, limits the spread out of the virus within Nicotiana benthamiana and Chenopodium quinoa, implicating that replicase is an essential component of the ribonucleoprotein complex passing through plasmodesmata. To explore whether this is a general event in potexviruses, I repeated similar experiments on FoMV in this study. The interaction between replicase’s HLD and CP of FoMV was confirmed by pull down assay. The mutations at the corresponding position on CP of FoMV (A230G and A231G) were generated on a CP-expression plasmid and infectious clones (pCF and pCFG). Pull down assay showed that the mutant coat proteins have weaker interaction with the HLD. Inoculation of N. benthamiana and C. quinoa with the infectious clones found that A230G and A231G mutations reduced the viral movement in both hosts. By trasformating protoplast, the mutaions had no influence on replication in plant cell. Based on the results, we speculate that the viral RNA of potexviruses is transported cell to cell along with the replicase to enable immediate replication once deposited in the adjacent cell.
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Wang, Lan-Hui, and 王蘭蕙. "The Effect of Phosphorylation of Triple Gene Block Protein 1 (TGBp1) on Viral Replication and Cell-to-Cell Movement of Bamboo Mosaic Virus in Nicotiana benthamiana." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90265907350259181577.
Full textAbstract:
碩士慈濟大學
生命科學系碩士班
102
Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) belongs to the genus Potexvirus which contains five open reading frames (ORFs). Three of the five ORFs are triple gene block protein 1, 2, 3 (TGBp1, 2, 3) which involved in the viral movement between plant cells. To investigate the effect of phosphorylation of BaMV TGBp1 on cell-to-cell movement in Nicotiana benthamiana, we first used NetPhos 2.0 to predict the potential phosphorylation positions and BaMV infectious clone which expresses GFP was used to create the TGBp1 mutants. Threonine-58 and Threonine-111 were changed into Aspartate (T58D and T111D, respectively) or Alanine (T58A and T111A), and Serine-15, 18, and 247 were changed into Aspartate (S15D, S18D and S247D). In Planta experiments, we transfected the plasmid which contains wild type or mutant TGBp1 sequences into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. By measuring fluorescent area, mutants S15D and S18D as well as T58D and T111D with mimicking constant phosphorylation or T111A which cannot be phosphorylated have reduced GFP foci area and intensity. I further studied whether these TGBp1 mutants influence BaMV replication by protoplast assays. By measuring the coat protein accumulation, S15D was significantly reduced comparing to the wild type, whereas which of T111D was not. These results indicate that mimicking constant phosphorylation on Serine-15 affects replication of BaMV and constant phosphorylation on Threonine-111 dramatically reduces the cell-to-cell movement of BaMV since its replication efficiency in the protoplasts was not affected. In summary, this study resolves the phosphorylation status on several amino acids of BaMV TGBp1 which play important roles for BaMV replication and cell-to-cell movement in N. benthamiana.