Academic literature on the topic 'Viral movements'
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Journal articles on the topic "Viral movements"
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Leastro, Mikhail Oliveira, David Villar-Álvarez, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Elliot Watanabe Kitajima, Vicente Pallás, and Jesús Ángel Sánchez-Navarro. "Spontaneous Mutation in the Movement Protein of Citrus Leprosis Virus C2, in a Heterologous Virus Infection Context, Increases Cell-to-Cell Transport and Generates Fitness Advantage." Viruses 13, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13122498.
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Previous results using a movement defective alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) vector revealed that citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) movement protein (MP) generates a more efficient local movement, but not more systemic transport, than citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2) MP, MPs belonging to two important viruses for the citrus industry. Here, competition experiment assays in transgenic tobacco plants (P12) between transcripts of AMV constructs expressing the cilevirus MPs, followed by several biological passages, showed the prevalence of the AMV construct carrying the CiLV-C2 MP. The analysis of AMV RNA 3 progeny recovered from P12 plant at the second viral passage revealed the presence of a mix of progeny encompassing the CiLV-C2 MP wild type (MPWT) and two variants carrying serines instead phenylalanines at positions 72 (MPS72F) or 259 (MPS259F), respectively. We evaluated the effects of each modified residue in virus replication, and cell-to-cell and long-distance movements. Results indicated that phenylalanine at position 259 favors viral cell-to-cell transport with an improvement in viral fitness, but has no effect on viral replication, whereas mutation at position 72 (MPS72F) has a penalty in the viral fitness. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of a viral population may be correlated with its greater efficiency in cell-to-cell and systemic movements.
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Hirose, Shizuka, Kosuke Notsu, Satoshi Ito, Yoshihiro Sakoda, and Norikazu Isoda. "Transmission Dynamics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Hokkaido, Japan by Phylogenetic and Epidemiological Network Approaches." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080922.
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Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) caused by BVD virus (BVDV) leads to economic loss worldwide. Cattle that are persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are known to play an important role in viral transmission in association with the animal movement, as they shed the virus during their lifetime. In this research, the “hot spot” for BVD transmission was estimated by combining phylogenetic and epidemiological analyses for PI cattle and cattle that lived together on BVDV affected farms in Tokachi district, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. Viral isolates were genetically categorized into BVDV-1a, 1b, and 2a, based on the nucleotide sequence of the entire E2 region. In BVDV genotype 1, subgenotype b (BVDV-1b), cluster I was identified as the majority in Tokachi district. Network analysis indicated that 12 of the 15 affected farms had cattle movements from other facilities (PI-network) and farms affected with BVDV-1b cluster I consisted of a large network. It was implied that the number of cattle movements themselves would be a risk of BVD transmission, using the PageRank algorithm. Therefore, these results demonstrate that cattle movements would contribute to disease spread and the combination of virological and epidemiological analysis methods would be beneficial in determining possible virus transmission routes.
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Prentice, Jamie C., Glenn Marion, Michael R. Hutchings, Tom N. McNeilly, and Louise Matthews. "Complex responses to movement-based disease control: when livestock trading helps." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 126 (January 2017): 20160531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0531.
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Livestock disease controls are often linked to movements between farms, for example, via quarantine and pre- or post-movement testing. Designing effective controls, therefore, benefits from accurate assessment of herd-to-herd transmission. Household models of human infections make use of R * , the number of groups infected by an initial infected group, which is a metapopulation level analogue of the basic reproduction number R 0 that provides a better characterization of disease spread in a metapopulation. However, existing approaches to calculate R * do not account for individual movements between locations which means we lack suitable tools for livestock systems. We address this gap using next-generation matrix approaches to capture movements explicitly and introduce novel tools to calculate R * in any populations coupled by individual movements. We show that depletion of infectives in the source group, which hastens its recovery, is a phenomenon with important implications for design and efficacy of movement-based controls. Underpinning our results is the observation that R * peaks at intermediate livestock movement rates. Consequently, under movement-based controls, infection could be controlled at high movement rates but persist at intermediate rates. Thus, once control schemes are present in a livestock system, a reduction in movements can counterintuitively lead to increased disease prevalence. We illustrate our results using four important livestock diseases (bovine viral diarrhoea, bovine herpes virus, Johne's disease and Escherichia coli O157) that each persist across different movement rate ranges with the consequence that a change in livestock movements could help control one disease, but exacerbate another.
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Dawson, Paul. "Hashtag narrative: Emergent storytelling and affective publics in the digital age." International Journal of Cultural Studies 23, no. 6 (May 14, 2020): 968–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877920921417.
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This article investigates the role that narrative plays in the emergence of cultural movements from the networked interactions of users with the algorithmic structures of social media platforms. It identifies and anatomizes a new narrative phenomenon created by the technological affordances of Twitter, a phenomenon dubbed ‘emergent storytelling’. In doing so, it seeks to explain: (a) the multiple concepts of narrative that operate at different levels of hashtag movements emerging from the dynamic forces that circulate in and through Twitter; (b) the interplay of narrative cognition with stochastic viral activity and the invisible design of social media algorithms; and (c) the varying rhetorical purposes that narrative is put to in public discourse about viral movements. Using #MeToo as a case study in the generation and reception of ‘affective publics’, it clarifies how iterative appeals to the experiential truth of individual stories manifest as narratable social movements in the networked public sphere.
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Liu, Pengyu, Yexuan Song, Caroline Colijn, and Ailene MacPherson. "The impact of sampling bias on viral phylogeographic reconstruction." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 9 (September 28, 2022): e0000577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000577.
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Genomic epidemiology plays an ever-increasing role in our understanding of and response to the spread of infectious pathogens. Phylogeography, the reconstruction of the historical location and movement of pathogens from the evolutionary relationships among sampled pathogen sequences, can inform policy decisions related to viral movement among jurisdictions. However, phylogeographic reconstruction is impacted by the fact that the sampling and virus sequencing policies differ among jurisdictions, and these differences can cause bias in phylogeographic reconstructions. Here we assess the potential impacts of geographic-based sampling bias on estimated viral locations in the past, and on whether key viral movements can be detected. We quantify the effect of bias using simulated phylogenies with known geographic histories, and determine the impact of the biased sampling and of the underlying migration rate on the accuracy of estimated past viral locations. We find that overall, the accuracy of phylogeographic reconstruction is high, particularly when the migration rate is low. However, results depend on sampling, and sampling bias can have a large impact on the numbers and nature of estimated migration events. We apply these insights to the geographic spread of Ebolavirus in the 2014-2016 West Africa epidemic. This work highlights how sampling policy can both impact geographic inference and be optimized to best ensure the accuracy of specific features of geographic spread.
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Sorel, M., J. A. Garcia, and S. German-Retana. "The Potyviridae Cylindrical Inclusion Helicase: A Key Multipartner and Multifunctional Protein." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 3 (March 2014): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-11-13-0333-cr.
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A unique feature shared by all plant viruses of the Potyviridae family is the induction of characteristic pinwheel-shaped inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of infected cells. These cylindrical inclusions are composed of the viral-encoded cylindrical inclusion helicase (CI protein). Its helicase activity was characterized and its involvement in replication demonstrated through different reverse genetics approaches. In addition to replication, the CI protein is also involved in cell-to-cell and long-distance movements, possibly through interactions with the recently discovered viral P3N-PIPO protein. Studies over the past two decades demonstrate that the CI protein is present in several cellular compartments interacting with viral and plant protein partners likely involved in its various roles in different steps of viral infection. Furthermore, the CI protein acts as an avirulence factor in gene-for-gene interactions with dominant-resistance host genes and as a recessive-resistance overcoming factor. Although a significant amount of data concerning the potential functions and subcellular localization of this protein has been published, no synthetic review is available on this important multifunctional protein. In this review, we compile and integrate all information relevant to the current understanding of this viral protein structure and function and present a mode of action for CI, combining replication and movement.
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Ruder, Ludwig, and Silvia Arber. "Brainstem Circuits Controlling Action Diversification." Annual Review of Neuroscience 42, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050201.
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Neuronal circuits that regulate movement are distributed throughout the nervous system. The brainstem is an important interface between upper motor centers involved in action planning and circuits in the spinal cord ultimately leading to execution of body movements. Here we focus on recent work using genetic and viral entry points to reveal the identity of functionally dedicated and frequently spatially intermingled brainstem populations essential for action diversification, a general principle conserved throughout evolution. Brainstem circuits with distinct organization and function control skilled forelimb behavior, orofacial movements, and locomotion. They convey regulatory parameters to motor output structures and collaborate in the construction of complex natural motor behaviors. Functionally tuned brainstem neurons for different actions serve as important integrators of synaptic inputs from upstream centers, including the basal ganglia and cortex, to regulate and modulate behavioral function in different contexts.
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Miyashita, Shuhei, and Hirohisa Kishino. "Estimation of the Size of Genetic Bottlenecks in Cell-to-Cell Movement of Soil-Borne Wheat Mosaic Virus and the Possible Role of the Bottlenecks in Speeding Up Selection of Variations in trans-Acting Genes or Elements." Journal of Virology 84, no. 4 (December 2, 2009): 1828–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01890-09.
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ABSTRACT Genetic bottlenecks facilitate the fixation and extinction of variants in populations, and viral populations are no exception to this theory. To examine the existence of genetic bottlenecks in cell-to-cell movement of plant RNA viruses, we prepared constructs for Soil -b orne wheat mosaic virus RNA2 vectors carrying two different fluorescent proteins, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and cyan fluorescent protein (CFP). Coinoculation of host plant leaves with the two RNA2 vectors and the wild-type RNA1 showed separation of the two vector RNA2s, mostly within seven to nine cell-to-cell movements from individual initially coinfected cells. Our statistical analysis showed that the number of viral RNA genomes establishing infection in adjacent cells after the first cell-to-cell movement from an initially infected cell was 5.97 ± 0.22 on average and 5.02 ± 0.29 after the second cell-to-cell movement. These results indicate that plant RNA viruses may generally face narrow genetic bottlenecks in every cell-to-cell movement. Furthermore, our model suggests that, rather than suffering from fitness losses caused by the bottlenecks, the plant RNA viruses are utilizing the repeated genetic bottlenecks as an essential element of rapid selection of their adaptive variants in trans-acting genes or elements to respond to host shifting and changes in the growth conditions of the hosts.
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Kim, Younjung, Raphaëlle Métras, Laure Dommergues, Chouanibou Youssouffi, Soihibou Combo, Gilles Le Godais, Dirk U. Pfeiffer, et al. "The role of livestock movements in the spread of Rift Valley fever virus in animals and humans in Mayotte, 2018–19." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): e0009202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009202.
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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne viral disease of major animal and public health importance. In 2018–19, it caused an epidemic in both livestock and human populations of the island of Mayotte. Using Bayesian modelling approaches, we assessed the spatio-temporal pattern of RVF virus (RVFV) infection in livestock and human populations across the island, and factors shaping it. First, we assessed if (i) livestock movements, (ii) spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, and (iii) livestock density were associated with the temporal sequence of RVFV introduction into Mayotte communes’ livestock populations. Second, we assessed whether the rate of human infection was associated with (a) spatial proximity from and (b) livestock density of communes with infected animals. Our analyses showed that the temporal sequence of RVFV introduction into communes’ livestock populations was associated with livestock movements and spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, with livestock movements being associated with the best model fit. Moreover, the pattern of human cases was associated with their spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, with the risk of human infection sharply increasing if livestock in the same or close communes were infected. This study highlights the importance of understanding livestock movement networks in informing the design of risk-based RVF surveillance programs.
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Hopkins, Hannah K., Elizabeth M. Traverse, and Kelli L. Barr. "Viral Parkinsonism: An underdiagnosed neurological complication of Dengue virus infection." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): e0010118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010118.
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Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus that is a significant cause of human disease costing billions of dollars per year in medical and mosquito control costs. It is estimated that up to 20% of DENV infections affect the brain. Incidence of DENV infections is increasing, which suggests more people are at risk of developing neurological complications. The most common neurological manifestations of DENV are encephalitis and encephalopathy, and movement disorders such as parkinsonism have been observed. Parkinsonism describes syndromes similar to Parkinson’s Disease where tremors, stiffness, and slow movements are observed. Parkinsonism caused by viral infection is characterized by patients exhibiting at least two of the following symptoms: tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. To investigate DENV-associated parkinsonism, case studies and reports of DENV-associated parkinsonism were obtained from peer-reviewed manuscripts and gray literature. Seven reports of clinically diagnosed DENV-associated parkinsonism and 15 cases of DENV encephalitis, where the patient met the case criteria for a diagnosis of viral parkinsonism were found. Clinically diagnosed DENV-associated parkinsonism patients were more likely to be male and exhibit expressionless face, speech problems, and lymphocytosis. Suspected patients were more likely to exhibit tremor, have thrombocytopenia and low hemoglobin. Viral parkinsonism can cause a permanent reduction in neurons with consequential cognitive and behavior changes, or it can leave a latent imprint in the brain that can cause neurological dysfunction decades after recovery. DENV-associated parkinsonism is underdiagnosed and better adherence to the case definition of viral parkinsonism is needed for proper management of potential sequalae especially if the patient has an ongoing or potential to develop a neurodegenerative disease.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Viral movements"
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Lin, Jun. "Structures of Poliovirus and Antibody Complexes Reveal Movements of the Capsid Protein VP1 During Cell Entry." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3047.
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In the infection process, native poliovirus (160S) first converts to a cell-entry intermediate (135S) particle, which causes the externalization of capsid proteins VP4 and the N-terminus of VP1 (residues 1-53). The externalization of these entities is followed by release of the RNA genome, leaving an empty (80S) particle. Three antibodies were utilized to track the location of VP1 residues in different states of poliovirus by cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). "P1" antibody binds to N-terminal residues 24-40 of VP1. Three-dimensional reconstruction of 135S-P1 showed that P1 binds to a prominent capsid peak known as the "propeller tip". In contrast, our initial 80S-P1 reconstruction showed P1 Fabs also binding to a second site, ~60 Å distant, at the icosahedral twofold axes. Analysis of 80S-P1 reconstructions showed that the overall population of 80S-P1 particles consisted of three kinds of capsids: those with P1 Fabs bound only at the propeller tips; only at the twofold axes; or simultaneously at both positions. Our results indicate that, in 80S particles, a significant fraction of VP1 can deviate from icosahedral symmetry. Similar deviations from icosahedral symmetry may be biologically significant during other viral transitions. "C3" antibody binds to 93-103 residues (BC loop) of VP1. The C3 epitope shifts outwards in radius by 4.5% and twists through 15° in the 160S-to-135S transition, but appears unchanged in the 135S-to-80S transition. In addition, binding of C3 to either 160S or 135S particles causes residues of the BC loop to move an estimated 5 (±2) Å, indicating flexibility. The flexibility of BC loop may play a role in cell-entry interactions. At 37°C, the structure of poliovirus is dynamic, and internal polypeptides VP4 and the N-terminus of VP1 externalize reversibly. An antibody, binding to the residues 39-55 of VP1, was utilized to track the location of the N-terminus of VP1 in 160S particle in the "breathing" state. The resulting reconstruction showed the capsid expands similarly to the irreversibly altered 135S particle, but the N-terminus of VP1 is located near the twofold axes, instead of the propeller tip as in 135S particles.
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Herent, Coralie. "Respiratory Adaption to Running Exercise : A Behavioral and Neuronal Circuits Study in Mice Absent Phasing of Respiratory and Locomotor Rhythms in Running Mice Control of Orienting Movements and Locomotion by Projection-Defined Subsets of Brainstem V2a Neurons Afadin Signaling at the Spinal Neuroepithelium Regulates Central Canal Formation and Gait Selection." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL001.
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Pendant la course, la ventilation augmente pour compenser la demande énergétique accrue. Le substrat, soupçonné neuronal, de cette hyperpnée à l'exercice est néanmoins toujours méconnu. Pour le caractériser, nous avons, chez la souris, examiné les interactions entre i) mouvements des membres et cycles respiratoires, et ii) réseaux neuronaux locomoteur et respiratoire. Tout d’abord, en combinant enregistrements électromyographiques (EMG) du diaphragme combinés au suivi vidéo des membres pendant la course, nous montrons que, pour une large gamme de vitesses sur un tapis roulant, la fréquence respiratoire augmente jusqu'à une valeur fixe, indépendante des vitesses de course. Surtout, les inspirations ne sont pas temporellement synchronisées avec les foulées, indiquant que l'hyperpnée à l'exercice peut opérer sans signaux phasiques provenant des retours sensoriels des membres. Nous avons ensuite cherché à identifier, au sein des centres locomoteurs, les neurones déclencheurs de cette hyperpnée, ainsi que leurs cibles dans les centres respiratoires. En combinant enregistrements EMG, traçages viraux et interférences fonctionnelles, nous montrons d’une part que le principal centre de l'initiation locomotrice (la région locomotrice mésencéphalique, MLR) peut réguler à la hausse la respiration, pendant, et même avant, la course. Cet effet repose sur des projections directes de la MLR vers le générateur inspiratoire principal, le complexe préBötzinger. D'autre part, nous montrons que les circuits locomoteurs de la moelle épinière lombaire ont également une action excitatrice sur l'activité respiratoire. Cette voie ascendante cible néanmoins un autre groupe respiratoire, le noyau rétrotrapézoïde. Ce travail met ainsi en évidence la nature multifonctionnelle des centres locomoteurs, et souligne l'existence de multiples voies neuronales capables d’augmenter la respiration pendant, voire avant, la courseDuring running, ventilation increases to match the augmented energetic demand. Yet the presumed neuronal substrates for this running hyperpnea have remained elusive. To fill this gap, we have, in mice, examined the interactions between i) limb movements and respiratory cycles, and ii) locomotor and respiratory neural networks. First, by combining electromyographic recordings (EMG) of the diaphragm with limb video-tracking in running mice, we show that, for a wide range of trotting speeds on a treadmill, breathing rate increases to a fixed value, irrespective of running speeds. Importantly, breaths are never temporally synchronized to strides, highlighting that exercise hyperpnea can operate without phasic signals from limb sensory feedbacks. We next sought to identify candidate trigger neurons in the locomotor central network, and their partners in respiratory centers. Combining EMG recordings, viral tracing, and activity interference tools, we first show that the prime supraspinal center for locomotor initiation (the mesencephalic locomotor region, MLR) can upregulate breathing during, and even before, running. Indeed, the MLR contacts directly and modulates the main inspiratory generator, the preBötzinger complex. We show that the lumbar locomotor circuits also have an excitatory action onto respiratory activity, but that this ascending drive targets another essential respiratory group, the retrotrapezoid nucleus. This work highlights the multifunctional nature of locomotor command and executive centers, and points to multiple neuronal pathways capable of upregulating breathing during, or possibly even prior to, running
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Seaberg, Bonnie Lee. "Host factors involved in viral movement through plants." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3282.
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Edge, David. "Identification of host factors controlling plant viral movement." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398793.
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Pivo, Trevor Raye. "Movement of a Viral Surrogate from Restrooms to Public Areas in a Hospital." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613369.
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Contaminated fomites are a cause of concern for the spread of health care-associated infections (HAI's). Previous research has placed emphasis on fomites in patient rooms and patient bathrooms with limited focus on the spread of microorganisms on fomites in non-patient care areas. The present study monitored surrogate virus tracer (MS2 coliphage) spread from public restrooms (used by staff and visitors) to waiting areas in a surgical ward in a Level I Trauma Center. The coliphage (virus) MS2 was added onto the entrance door handle of male and female public restrooms. Four hours later, various surfaces in the restroom and waiting area were sampled. Sampling periods were conducted in duplicate consisting of before cleaning, cleaning with the current cleaning product and procedure and cleaning with an intervention (inclusion of a bleach based disinfectant wipe) in addition to the current cleaning product and procedures. Before cleaning took place, the virus tracer was detected on all 21 of the sites sampled in the restrooms and 5/9 sites within the hallway ranging from 15-50 feet from the restroom. These results indicated that a virus could spread from public restrooms to other sites in the restroom and to locations in the surgical ward. The addition of a bleach based disinfectant wipe reduced the virus by another 90% compared to current disinfecting and cleaning procedures. Coliphage MS2 has been used as a model virus for norovirus and rhinovirus since they exhibit similar survival on fomites and resistance to disinfectants. The data generated can be used in quantitative microbial risk assessment models to assess the risk of pathogens spreading from restrooms to patient waiting areas and patient care areas in healthcare settings. Based on this study, facilities should consider broadening their cleaning and disinfection protocols to include both patient care and non-patient care areas.
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Germundsson, Anna. "Transgenic resistance to PMTV and PVA provides novel insights to viral long-distance movement /." Uppsala : Dept. of Plant Biology And Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005105.pdf.
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Peiró, Morell Ana. "Proteínas de movimiento de la familia 30K:interacción con membranas biológicas y factores proteicos y su implicación en el transporte viral." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/48471.
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Para que el proceso infeccioso de un virus de plantas tenga éxito la progenie
viral tiene que propagarse desde las primeras células infectadas al resto de la planta;
inicialmente se moverá célula a célula a través de los plasmodesmos (PDs) hasta
alcanzar el sistema vascular, lo cual le permitirá invadir las partes distales de la planta.
En este proceso, las proteínas de movimiento (MPs), junto con la colaboración de otros
actores secundarios, desempeñan un papel relevante. El conocimiento de la posible
asociación de las MPs con estructuras u orgánulos celulares así como de la interacción
con factores del huésped es de vital importancia para poder desarrollar estrategias
antivirales que permitan una mejora en la producción de los cultivos. Además, este tipo
de estudios no sólo han posibilitado un mayor conocimiento de las respuestas al estrés
en plantas sino que han sido pioneros en desentrañar los mecanismos de translocación
intercelular de factores celulares implicados en los procesos de desarrollo de las
plantas.
Las MPs virales se clasifican en familias/grupos en función de su grado de
similitud. Los virus, cuyas MPs pertenecen a la Superfamilia 30K, expresan una única MP
encargada de orquestar el movimiento intra- e intercelular de genoma viral. En el
Capítulo 1 de la presente Tesis se ha caracterizado la asociación de la MP del Virus del
mosaico del tabaco (TMV), miembro tipo de la familia 30K, al sistema de
endomembranas. Mediante el uso de aproximaciones in vivo se ha estudiado la
eficiencia de inserción de sus regiones hidrofóbicas (HRs) en la membrana del retículo
endoplasmático (ER). Nuestros resultados demuestran que ninguna de las dos HRs de la
MP es capaz de atravesar las membranas biológicas y que la alteración de la
hidrofobicidad de la primera HR es suficiente para modificar su asociación a la
membrana. En base a los resultados obtenidos, proponemos un modelo topológico en
el cual la MP del TMV se encontraría fuertemente asociada a la cara citosólica de la
membrana del ER, sin llegar a atravesarla. La observación de que i), el modelo
propuesto es compatible con otros motivos, previamente caracterizados, de la MP de
TMV y ii), concuerda con la topología descrita para otras MPs de la familia 30K, permite
cuestionar el modelo establecido desde el año 2000 para la MP de TMV así como
predecir, en base a la conservada estructura secundaria de las MPs de esta familia, una
topología similar para todos sus componentes.
Para el transporte intercelular de los virus de plantas se han descrito tres
modelos en base a la capacidad de transportar complejos ribonucloeprotéicos, a través
de PD modificados, formados por el RNA viral y la MP (ej. MP de TMV) más la proteína
de cubierta (ej. MP del virus del mosaico del pepino, CMV) o la capacidad de transportar
viriones a través estructuras tubulares formadas por la MP (ej. MP del Virus del mosaico
del caupí, CPMV). A pesar de las diferencias observadas entre los tres modelos, las MPs
representativas de cada uno de ellos pertenecen a la misma familia 30K y son
funcionalmente intercambiables (MPs de TMV, CMV, CPMV, Virus del mosaico del
Bromo -BMV- o Virus de los anillos necróticos de los prunus -PNRSV-) por la MP del Virus
del mosaico de la alfalfa (AMV), para el transporte a corta distancia. Con el objeto de
comprender la versatilidad que presentan las MPs en cuanto al movimiento viral,
hemos analizado la capacidad de estas MPs heterólogas de transportar sistémicamente
el genoma quimérico del AMV. El estudio ha revelado que todas las MPs analizadas
permiten el transporte del genoma quimera a las partes distales de la planta,
independientemente del modelo descrito para el transporte a corta distancia, aunque
requieren la extensión de los 44 aminoácidos C-terminales de la MP del AMV. Además,
para todas las ellas, excepto para la MP del TMV, se ha establecido una relación entre la
capacidad de movimiento local y la presencia del virus en las hojas no inoculadas de la
planta, indicando la existencia de un umbral de transporte célula a célula, por debajo
del cual, el virus es incapaz de invadir sistémicamente la planta.
Durante el proceso de infección viral, las MPs interaccionan tanto con otras
proteínas de origen viral como de la planta huésped. La interacción entre las MPs y
dichos factores de la planta afectan a la patogénesis viral, facilitando u obstaculizando
el movimiento intra- o intercelular del virus. En el Capítulo 3 del presente trabajo hemos
demostrado la interacción entre la MP del AMV y dos miembros de la familia de
Patellinas de arabidopsis, Patellin 3 (atPATL3) y Patellin 6 (atPATL6), mediante el
sistema de los dos híbridos de levadura y ensayos de reconstitución bimolecular de la
fluorescencia. Nuestros resultados, en general, demuestran que la interacción entre la
MP-PATLs obstaculizaría un correcto direccionamiento de la MP al PD, dando lugar a un
movimiento intracelular menos eficiente de los complejos virales, que forma la MP, y
disminuyendo el movimiento célula a célula del virus. Podríamos estar hablando de un
posible mecanismo de defensa de la planta, dirigido a evitar la invasión sistémica del
huésped. En este sentido, las MPs virales pueden ser buenos candidatos para el
desarrollo de estrategias antivirales dado que cualquier respuesta de defensa de la
planta que, a priori, reduzca el transporte célula a célula del virus, puede representar la
diferencia entre una infección local o sistémica, como hemos observado en el Capítulo 2
del presente trabajo. Los virus, a su vez, también son capaces de evolucionar hacia
variantes más eficaces, que permitan superar las diferentes barreras defensivas de la
planta huésped. En este contexto hemos identificado a la MP del Virus del bronceado
del tomate (TSWV) como determinante de avirulencia en la resistencia mediada por el
gen Sw-5. Del mismo modo, comprobamos que el cambio de 1-2 residuos de amino
ácidos de la MP de TSWV fue suficiente para superar la resistencia pero que a la vez, y
posiblemente debido a las altas restricciones que conlleva el reducido genoma de un
virus, afectaron a la eficiencia de la MP.Peiró Morell, A. (2014). Proteínas de movimiento de la familia 30K:interacción con membranas biológicas y factores proteicos y su implicación en el transporte viral [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48471
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Dall'Ara, Mattia. "RNA/RNA interactions involved in the regulation of Benyviridae viral cicle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ019/document.
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Pour préserver l’intégrité de leur génome, les virus multipartite à ARN nécessitent une forte multiplicité d’infection qui représente un coût biologique inapproprié en terme de réplication virale. Dans cette étude, un réseau d’interaction entre ARN génomiques (ARNg), constitué d’au moins un type de chaque ARNg est proposé. Un tel réseau permet de réduire les coûts biologiques liés à la réplication en assurant une reconnaissance intermoléculaire et une mobilisation d’un complexe RNP modulaire maintenant l’intégrité du génome. Un tel complexe est considéré comme l’unité infectieuse mobile assurant la dissémination du virus dans la plante entière. Le but de cette thèse a été de démontrer l’existence d’interactions entre les ARNg du beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) et de déterminer l’incidence de ces interactions sur le cycle viral. Une formule génomique a été déterminée pour différentes plantes et tissus. Les ARNg ont tous été co-détectés dans des cellules isolées issues de tissus infectés. Un domaine d’interaction entre l’ARN1 et 2 a été identifié in vitro et in silico puis évaluée in vivo par des approches de mutagenèse et de complémentationMultipartite RNA virus condition to provide a complete set of genomic segments in each infected cell implies a high level of MOI that results in an unsustainable biological cost in terms of viral replication. In the proposed model, to minimize the cost of the genome integrity preservation, a network of RNA/RNA interactions determines the recognition and the mobilization of at least one of each genomic RNAs in a modular RNP complex. Such complex must be considered as the mobile infectious unit of the segmented genome during viral spread in the plant. The Aim of this thesis was to experimentally determine the existence of RNA/RNA interactions between BNYVV RNAs and their implication in the viral cycle. BNYVV genomic segments have been co-detected within isolated single cells from systemic tissues where they accumulate to reach set point genome formulas. In the model where vRNAs interact each other to form the minimal mobile infective unit, RNA1 and RNA2 interaction domain has been identified in silico and in vitro. The rationale of such an interaction has been provided in vivo using BNYVV and Beet soil-borne mosaic virus chimeras
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Fernandes, Nelson Horta. "The effect of habitat encroochment by roads on space use and movement patterns of an endangered vole." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/25598.
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Nesta dissertação pretendo avaliar como a redução do habitat devido à presença de estradas afecta o uso do espaço e padrões de movimento de um roedor ameaçado. A espécie alvo é o rato de Cabrera (Microtus cabrerae), um endemismo Ibérico com estatuto Nacional de “Vulnerável”. Foram selecionadas duas parcelas de habitat com diferentes níveis de influência de estradas: uma mais pequena e exposta a estradas (a Berma) e outra maior e menos exposta a estas infra-estruturas (Prado). Os resultados mostraram que os indivíduos da Berma tiveram áreas vitais mais reduzidas e menos complexas que as dos indivíduos do Prado. Os padrões de movimento foram influenciados pelo período do dia apenas na Berma. Os dados mostraram um efeito barreira das estradas em ambas as parcelas de habitat, embora mais forte na Berma. Este estudo mostra que o uso do espaço e os padrões de movimento poderão ser afectados pela redução de habitat causada pela presença das estradas; Abstract
In this dissertation I intend to assess how the habitat encroachment by roads affects the space use and movement patterns of an endangered vole. The target species is the Cabrera vole (Microtus cabrerae), an Iberian endemism considered “Vulnerable” at the national level. Two habitat patches with different degrees of encroachment by roads were selected: one more encroached (Verge) and one less encroached (Meadow). Results showed that individuals from the Verge had smaller and less complex home ranges than those of individuals from the Meadow. Movement patterns were influenced by the day period only in the Verge patch. The data showed a barrier effect on both habitat patches, although stronger in the Verge. The present study shows that space use and movement patterns might be affected by the habitat encroachment by roads.
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Hipper, Clémence. "Nature du complexe viral impliqué dans le mouvement à longue distance du virus de la jaunisse du navet." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ063/document.
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Le projet de thèse consistait à étudier le mouvement du Virus de la jaunisse du navet (TuYV) dans le système vasculaire. Le premier objectif était d’identifier la nature du complexe viral cheminant dans les tubes criblés : virions et/ou complexes ribonucléoprotéiques. L’analyse du mouvement de mutants viraux dans différentes espèces végétales, en absence ou en présence de protéines de capside de type sauvage apportées en trans, a permis de démontrer une étroite relation entre la formation de virions et le transport à longue distance. Le second objectif de cette étude portait sur l’identification de partenaires cellulaires de la protéine P4 du TuYV. Deux protéines ont été identifiées par un criblage de banques d’ADNc d’A. thaliana par le système du double hybride dans la levure, et l’analyse de leur implication dans le cycle viral a été amorcée par des expériences de localisation subcellulaire et de validation fonctionnelle in plantaIn the project, Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) transport in the phloem was analysed. The first objective was to identify the nature of the viral complex involved in vascular movement: virions and/or ribonucleoprotein complexes. Mutant viruses were modified in the capsid protein gene to inhibit formation of virions. By analyzing their movement in different host plants, in the absence or in the presence of the wild-type capsid proteins brought in trans, we demonstrated a strong relation between virion formation and virus long-distance movement. The second objective was to identify cellular partners of the TuYV-P4 protein, a putative movement protein which is host-specific. Two proteins were identified by screening a cDNA library of A. thaliana using the yeast two hybrid technique, and their function in the virus cycle was assessed by performing sub-cellular localizations and infection of A. thaliana KO mutants
Books on the topic "Viral movements"
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Warren, Bird, ed. Viral churches: Helping church planters become movement makers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.
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Stetzer, Ed. Viral churches: Helping church planters become movement makers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.
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Azadpour-Keeley, Ann. Movement and longevity of viruses in the subsurface. [Cincinnati, OH]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 2003.
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Vital ecumenical concerns: Sixteen documentary surveys. Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1986.
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Arquitetura do Instituto Vital Brazil: Um patrimônio modernista da saúde : 90 anos de história. Niterói, Rio de Janeiro: Rio Books : IVB, 2009.
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(Organization), Hope is Vital, ed. Theatre for community, conflict & dialogue: The Hope is Vital training manual. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998.
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Téllez, Antonio. The anarchist pimpernel: Francisco Ponzán Vidal (1936-1944) : the anarchists in the Spanish Civil War and the escape networks in World War II. Hastings, East Sussex: Meltzer Press, 1997.
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Social movements for good: How companies and causes create viral change. 2016.
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Feldmann, Derrick. Social Movements for Good: How Companies and Causes Create Viral Change. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2016.
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Feldmann, Derrick. Social Movements for Good: How Companies and Causes Create Viral Change. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2016.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Viral movements"
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Bennett, Jeffrey. "Viral Mythologies." In The Rhetoric of Social Movements, 271–83. New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429436291-21.
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Heinlein, Manfred. "Microtubules and Viral Movement." In Plant Microtubules, 141–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7089_2007_147.
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Lyne, Raphael. "Shakespeare’s Vital Signs." In Movement in Renaissance Literature, 189–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69200-5_10.
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Owens, Robert A., and Rosemarie W. Hammond. "Mutational Analysis of Viroid Pathogenicity and Movement." In Viral Genes and Plant Pathogenesis, 165–76. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3424-1_17.
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Atabekov, J. G., M. E. Taliansky, S. I. Malyshenko, A. R. Mushegian, and O. A. Kondakova. "The Cell to Cell Movement of Viruses in Plants." In Viral Genes and Plant Pathogenesis, 53–55. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3424-1_5.
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Dawson, William O. "Relationship of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Gene Expression to Movement Within the Plant." In Viral Genes and Plant Pathogenesis, 39–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3424-1_4.
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McLean, B. Gail, and Patricia C. Zambryski. "Interactions Between Viral Movement Proteins and the Cytoskeleton." In Actin: A Dynamic Framework for Multiple Plant Cell Functions, 517–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9460-8_29.
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Bracciale, Roberta, Massimiliano Andretta, and Antonio Martella. "Does populism go viral? How Italian leaders engage citizens through social media." In Understanding Movement Parties Through their Communication, 151–68. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003369363-9.
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Trutnyeva, Kateryna, Pia Ruggenthaler, and Elisabeth Waigmann. "Movement Profiles: A Tool for Quantitative Analysis of Cell-to-Cell Movement of Plant Viral Movement Proteins." In Plant Virology Protocols, 317–29. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-102-4_22.
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Horký, Josef, Prokop Nekovář, and Pavel Březina. "A Diffusion Model for Describing Sodium Chloride Movement During Salting of Cheese in Brine." In MILK the vital force, 85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3733-8_68.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Viral movements"
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Nur Indra, Latif, Filosa Gita Sukmono, and Danang Kurniawan. "The Function of Social Media in Creating Participatory Based Government Policies in Indonesia." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002761.
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Public participation is not only limited to direct movements such as demonstrations, the use of social media in the community has proven to be effective in escorting changes in government policies. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the "digital movement of opinion" on twitter social media through the hashtag "Percuma Lapor Polisi" in improving Indonesian Police services. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with the data source of social media twitter on #percumalaporpolisi. The #Percumalaporpolisi movement is a form of public disillusionment through social media twitter, towards the services of the Indonesian Police for the period 1 February – 1 March 2022. The data analysis phase of this research uses the “Social Network Analysis” method, to identify the social structure and explain the position of the main or affected stakeholders. can be called a vital player. In analyzing the data, the author is assisted by using tools based on the Netray.id website. The results of data analysis and visualization show that there are social networks of several key actors in the spread of #Percumalaporpolisi. The main actor plays a role in driving public opinion through conflicting information on social and economic cases that are not in favor of the community. Stimulating opinion is considered very effective in creating public support through the #Percumalaporpolisi movement on social media. Indonesians people are quicker to support movements that are oriented towards violence and blasphemy. The #Percumalaporpolisi movement focuses on the issue of agrarian conflicts between Wadas Village Residents and the government involving the military and police officers and the issue of alleged blasphemy. The incident created a tremendous digital opinion movement on the social media platform twitter. Social media can play an important role in overseeing the policy process at the national level, through leading opinion on social media.
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Park, Young-Jin, and Hui-Sup Cho. "Detecting Human Movement during Vital Sign Measurement using Heterogeneous Sensors." In 2019 34th International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computers and Communications (ITC-CSCC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itc-cscc.2019.8793461.
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Paradiso, Rita, and Danilo De Rossi. "Advances in textile technologies for unobtrusive monitoring of vital parameters and movements." In Conference Proceedings. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2006.259307.
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Paradiso, Rita, and Danilo De Rossi. "Advances in textile technologies for unobtrusive monitoring of vital parameters and movements." In Conference Proceedings. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2006.4397419.
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Ali Masoomi, Morteza, Mazyar Salmanzadeh, and Goodarz Ahmadi. "Dispersion of Particles Coming Out of the Mouth While Speaking in a Ventilated Indoor Environment." In ASME 2021 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2021-65837.
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Abstract Breathing air that contains virus-infected droplets is the leading cause of Covid-19 transmission. Sneezing, coughing, breathing, and talking of an infected person would generate aerosolized droplets that carry the coronavirus. Earlier research efforts have focused on sneezing and coughing as the primary transmission sources. New experiments and field studies have shown that breathing and talking are also effective mechanisms in spreading viruses. In this article, the dispersion of particles/droplets during speaking is studied. COVID-19 virus is about 120 nanometers and is suspended in saliva or mucus droplets emitted by an injected person. These droplets evaporate in a fraction of a second as they enter the environment and reduce in size. However, the droplets’ viral content remains the same as they move by the room’s airflow. The particles from sneezing and coughing are larger than those released by speaking. As the particles/droplets are small, the effect of gravity is small, and they remain suspended in the air for a long time. Also, being small makes them more easily penetrate the respiratory passages. Using the computational fluid dynamics method in conjunction with the ANSYS-Fluent software, the particle transport and dispersion were simulated. The Eulerian approach modeled the airflow (continuous phase), and the Lagrangian approach modeled the particle (discrete phase) movements. This study also investigated the ventilation system’s effects on the distribution of particles in the indoor environment. The displacement and mixing air distribution systems were considered. Simulation results showed that droplets remain suspended in the room for a relatively long time after evaporation. Large particles were deposited quickly, and a significant percentage of smaller particles were removed by the ventilation system. The concentration of particles in the upper half of the room was also quite low for the mixing ventilation system. This was due to the fact that the room air mixing system is relatively uniform; this uniformity of airflow caused the particles to get trapped quickly. Also, for the displacement system, the room airflow was not uniform; these particles were then dispersed in the room and spent more time in the indoor environment.
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Munoz-Ferreras, Jose-Maria, Zhengyu Peng, Roberto Gomez-Garcia, and Changzhi Li. "Random body movement mitigation for FMCW-radar-based vital-sign monitoring." In 2016 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biowireless.2016.7445551.
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Shang, Hui, Xiongkui Zhang, Yihao Ma, Zichen Li, and Cheng Jin. "Random Body Movement Cancellation Method for FMCW Radar Vital Sign Detection." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Signal, Information and Data Processing (ICSIDP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsidp47821.2019.9173434.
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Sadhukhan, Soumya, Shubhadip Paul, and M. Jaleel Akhtar. "Microwave Doppler Radar for Monitoring of Vital Sign and Rotational Movement." In 2021 IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apmc52720.2021.9661592.
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Liu, Luyao, Sen Zhang, and Wendong Xiao. "Non-Contact Vital Signs Detection Using mm-Wave Radar During Random Body Movements." In 2021 IEEE 16th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea51954.2021.9516249.
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Robles Robles, Dimas, and Einstein Castillo Martínez. "Case of Geotechnical Instrumentation of Pipelines in Unstable Zones: Real Time Readings and its Development in Uncommunicated Zones." In ASME 2017 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2017-2526.
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Oil pipelines and gas pipelines usually go through geotechnically unstable areas for different reasons. These can go from situations related to the engineering stage (trace), to environmental and social aspects during the construction process. Due to these aspects, the ducts go through geotechnically undesirable areas. Usually, the geotechnical instabilities, according to the kind of movement, are low speed (cm/year), medium (m/year) and very quick processes that generate movements of tens to hundreds of meters per day. Most of Mass Removal Phenomenon (MRF) are triggered by rain and/or earthquakes and are translated into land movements which at the same time involve, occasionally, important deformations in pipelines or its breaking, depending on the movement speed and the possibility of making works before the pipeline breaking. To get to know the pipeline tensional state from the beginning of the pipeline operation, in this unstable zones, is an essential task, which depends on the early identification of the said land movements and the possibility to do measurements on the pipelines using tools such as In-line inspection running (ILI) or the installation of strain gauges. This situation makes the task of monitoring in unstable zones a vital one. The current paper is based on a breaking pipeline case due to soil movement, “monitored by inclinometers”, with the purpose to show the importance of a geotechnical and mechanical instrumentation that offers useful results. The instrumentation allows to model the interaction soil-pipeline to accomplish relevant tasks, that avoid the pipeline breaking and at the same time allow to stablish deformation thresholds of soil or pipeline, which will become early warnings to avoid breakings. Furthermore, the soil and pipeline’s deformation thresholds are documented, based on a system transport by pipelines (STP) breaking cases, to stablish threat classifications to a specific pipeline. The called instrument reading in real time implies: detection, measurement and data broadcasting that allows the user to have daily records of the movements or required associated variables, with no need to depend on other communication systems that might be inexistent in some areas. This paper also shows the development and operation of a monitoring station that includes: inclinometers, piezometers, strain gauges and rain gauges, among others. These broadcast their data to a server that the user has access to, from any place with a Wi-Fi network, here the user will be able to display information from each one of the instruments, emphasizing the measured variables or magnitudes (displacement, water level, micro strain mm/day) into graphics. The station has a limitation over battery length of 6 months, when it’s problematic to install a recharge solar cell system.
Reports on the topic "Viral movements"
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Bercovier, Herve, and Ronald P. Hedrick. Diagnostic, eco-epidemiology and control of KHV, a new viral pathogen of koi and common carp. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695593.bard.
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Original objectives and revisions-The proposed research included these original objectives: field validation of diagnostic tests (PCR), the development and evaluation of new sensitive tools (LC-PCR/TaqManPCR, antibody detection by ELISA) including their use to study the ecology and the epidemiology of KHV (virus distribution in the environment and native cyprinids) and the carrier status of fish exposed experimentally or naturally to KHV (sites of virus replication and potential persistence or latency). In the course of the study we completed the genome sequence of KHV and developed a DNA array to study the expression of KHV genes in different conditions. Background to the topics-Mass mortality of koi or common carp has been observed in Israel, USA, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have reduced exports of koi from Israel and have created fear about production, import, and movements of koi and have raised concerns about potential impacts on native cyprinid populations in the U.S.A. Major conclusions-A suite of new diagnostic tools was developed that included 3 PCR assays for detection of KHV DNA in cell culture and fish tissues and an ELISA assay capable of detecting anti-KHV antibodies in the serum of koi and common carp. The TKPCR assay developed during the grant has become an internationally accepted gold standard for detection of viral DNA. Additionally, the ELISA developed for detecting serum anti-KHV antibodies is now in wide use as a major nonlethal screening tool for evaluating virus status of koi and common carp populations. Real time PCR assays have been able to detect viral DNA in the internal organs of survivors of natural and wild type vaccine exposures at 1 and 10³ genome equivalents at 7 months after exposure. In addition, vaccinated fish were able to transmit the virus to naive fish. Potential control utilizing hybrids of goldfish and common carp for production demonstrated they were considerably more resistant than pure common carp or koi to both KHV (CyHV-3). There was no evidence that goldfish or other tested endemic cyprinids species were susceptible to KHV. The complete genomic sequencing of 3 strains from Japan, the USA, and Israel revealed a 295 kbp genome containing a 22 kbp terminal direct repeat encoding clear gene homologs to other fish herpesviruses in the family Herpesviridae. The genome encodes156 unique protein-coding genes, eight of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. Four to seven genes are fragmented and the loss of these genes may be associated with the high virulence of the virus. Viral gene expression was studies by a newly developed chip which has allowed verification of transcription of most all hypothetical genes (ORFs) as well as their kinetics. Implications, both scientific and agricultural- The results from this study have immediate application for the control and management of KHV. The proposal provides elements key to disease management with improved diagnostic tools. Studies on the ecology of the virus also provide insights into management of the virus at the farms that farmers will be able to apply immediately to reduce risks of infections. Lastly, critical issues that surround present procedures used to create “resistant fish” must be be resolved (e.g. carriers, risks, etc.). Currently stamping out may be effective in eradicating the disease. The emerging disease caused by KHV continues to spread. With the economic importance of koi and carp and the vast international movements of koi for the hobby, this disease has the potential for even further spread. The results from our studies form a critical component of a comprehensive program to curtail this emerging pathogen at the local, regional and international levels.
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Cookmeyer, Donna M., and Steven A. Lommel. A Genetic Approach to the Identification of Plant Genes Involved in Viral Movement. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada392689.
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Gafni, Yedidya, and Vitaly Citovsky. Molecular interactions of TYLCV capsid protein during assembly of viral particles. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587233.bard.
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Tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV) is a major pathogen of cultivated tomato, causing up to 100% crop loss in many parts of the world. The present proposal, a continuation of a BARD-funded project, expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which CP molecules, as well as its pre-coat partner V2, interact with each other (CP), with the viral genome, and with cellular proteins during assembly and movement of the infectious virions. Specifically, two major objectives were proposed: I. To study in detail the molecular interactions between CP molecules and between CP and ssDNA leading to assembly of infectious TYLCV virions. II. To study the roles of host cell factors in TYLCV assembly. Our research toward these goals has produced the following major achievements: • Characterization of the CP nuclear shuttling interactor, karyopherin alpha 1, its pattern of expression and the putative involvement of auxin in regulation of its expression. (#1 in our list of publication, Mizrachy, Dabush et al. 2004). • Identify a single amino acid in the capsid protein’s sequence that is critical for normal virus life-cycle. (#2 in our list of publications, Yaakov, Levy et al. in preparation). • Development of monoclonal antibodies with high specificity to the capsid protein of TYLCV. (#3 in our list of publications, Solmensky, Zrachya et al. in press). • Generation of Tomato plants resistant to TYLCV by expressing transgene coding for siRNA targeted at the TYLCV CP. (#4 in our list of publications, Zrachya, Kumar et al. in press). •These research findings provided significant insights into (i) the molecular interactions of TYLCV capsid protein with the host cell nuclear shuttling receptor, and (ii) the mechanism by which TYLCV V2 is involved in the silencing of PTGS and contributes to the virus pathogenicity effect. Furthermore, the obtained knowledge helped us to develop specific strategies to attenuate TYLCV infection, for example, by blocking viral entry into and/or exit out of the host cell nucleus via siRNA as we showed in our publication recently (# 4 in our list of publications). Finally, in addition to the study of TYLCV nuclear import and export, our research contributed to our understanding of general mechanisms for nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of proteins and nucleic acids in plant cells. Also integration for stable transformation of ssDNA mediated by our model pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens led to identification of plant specific proteins involved.
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Timm, Eliane, Julia Vieregg, and Ursula Wolf. Movement based mindfulness therapies in patients with multiple sclerosis – a systematic review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0102.
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Review question / Objective: The aim is to review the clinical benefits of mindful moving techniques for persons with multiple sclerosis. Condition being studied: Multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (Gholamzad et al., 2019; Oh, Vidal-Jordana, & Montalban, 2018). It has shown to be increasing since 2013, and as of 2020 the estimated number of people with MS is 2.8 million worldwide (Walton et al., 2020). Due accumulation of relapses or gradual progression, disability from MS is worsening over time (Cameron & Nilsagard, 2018), which results in common symptoms like pain, imbalance, weakness, motor disorders, fatigue, depression, and more (Cameron & Nilsagard, 2018; Guicciardi et al., 2019).
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Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger, and J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.
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Palukaitis, Peter, Amit Gal-On, Milton Zaitlin, and Victor Gaba. Virus Synergy in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573074.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Transgenic plants expressing viral genes offer novel means of engendering resistance to those viruses. However, some viruses interact synergistically with other viruses and it is now known that transgenic plants expressing particular genes of one virus may also mediate synergy with a second virus. Thus, our specific objectives were to (1) determine if transgenic plants resistant to one virus showed synergy with another virus; (2) determine what viral sequences were essential for synergy; and (3) determine whether one of more mechanisms were involved i synergy. This project would also enable an evaluation of the risks of synergism associated with the use of such transgenic plants. The conclusion deriving from this project are as follows: - There is more than one mechanism of synergy. - The CMV 2b gene is required for synergistic interactions. - Synergy between a potyvirus and CMV can break natural resistance limiting CMV movement. - Synergy operates at two levels - increase in virus accumulation and increase in pathology - independently of each other. - Various sequences of CMV can interact with the host to alter pathogenicity and affect virus accumulation. - The effect of synergy on CMV satellite RNA accumulatio varies in different systems. - The HC-Pro gene may only function in host plant species to induce synergy. - The HC-Pro is a host range determinant of potyviruses. - Transgenic plants expressing some viral sequences showed synergy with one or more viruses. Transgenic plants expressing CMV RNA 1, PVY NIb and the TMV 30K gene all showed synergy with at least one unrelated virus. - Transgenic plants expressing some viral sequences showed interference with the infection of unrelated viruses. Transgenic plants expressing the TMV 30K, 54K and 126K genes, the PVY NIb gene, or the CMV 3a gene all showed some level of interference with the accumulation (and in some cases the pathology) of unrelated viruses. From our observations, there are agricultural implications to the above conclusions. It is apparent that before they are released commercially, transgenic plants expressing viral sequences for resistance to one virus need to be evaluated fro two properties: - Synergism to unrelated viruses that infect the same plant. Most of these evaluations can be made in the greenhouse, and many can be predicted from the known literature of viruses known to interact with each other. In other cases, where transgenic plants are being generated from new plant species, the main corresponding viruses from the same known interacting genera (e.g., potexviruses and cucumoviruses, potyviruses and cucumoviruses, tobamoviruses and potexviruses, etc.) should be evaluated. - Inhibition or enhancement of other resistance genes. Although it is unlikely that plants to be released would be transformed with HC-Pro or 2b genes, there may be other viral genes that can affect the expression of plant genes encoding resistance to other pathogens. Therefore, transgenic plants expressing viral genes to engender pathogen-derived resistance should be evaluated against a spectrum of other pathogens, to determine whether those resistance activities are still present, have been lost, or have been enhanced!
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Epel, Bernard, and Roger Beachy. Mechanisms of intra- and intercellular targeting and movement of tobacco mosaic virus. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695874.bard.
Full textAbstract:
To cause disease, plant viruses must replicate and spread locally and systemically within the host. Cell-to-cell virus spread is mediated by virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs), which modify the structure and function of plasmodesmata (Pd), trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels that interconnect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) employ a single MP for cell- cell spread and for which CP is not required. The PIs, Beachy (USA) and Epel (Israel) and co-workers, developed new tools and approaches for study of the mechanism of spread of TMV that lead to a partial identification and molecular characterization of the cellular machinery involved in the trafficking process. Original research objectives: Based on our data and those of others, we proposed a working model of plant viral spread. Our model stated that MPᵀᴹⱽ, an integral ER membrane protein with its C-terminus exposed to the cytoplasm (Reichel and Beachy, 1998), alters the Pd SEL, causes the Pd cytoplasmic annulus to dilate (Wolf et al., 1989), allowing ER to glide through Pd and that this gliding is cytoskeleton mediated. The model claimed that in absence of MP, the ER in Pd (the desmotubule) is stationary, i.e. does not move through the Pd. Based on this model we designed a series of experiments to test the following questions: -Does MP potentiate ER movement through the Pd? - In the presence of MP, is there communication between adjacent cells via ER lumen? -Does MP potentiate the movement of cytoskeletal elements cell to cell? -Is MP required for cell-to-cell movement of ER membranes between cells in sink tissue? -Is the binding in situ of MP to RNA specific to vRNA sequences or is it nonspecific as measured in vitro? And if specific: -What sequences of RNA are involved in binding to MP? And finally, what host proteins are associated with MP during intracellular targeting to various subcellular targets and what if any post-translational modifications occur to MP, other than phosphorylation (Kawakami et al., 1999)? Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. A new quantitative tool was developed to measure the "coefficient of conductivity" of Pd to cytoplasmic soluble proteins. Employing this tool, we measured changes in Pd conductivity in epidermal cells of sink and source leaves of wild-type and transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) plants expressing MPᵀᴹⱽ incubated both in dark and light and at 16 and 25 ᵒC (Liarzi and Epel, 2005 (appendix 1). To test our model we measured the effect of the presence of MP on cell-to-cell spread of a cytoplasmic fluorescent probe, of two ER intrinsic membrane protein-probes and two ER lumen protein-probes fused to GFP. The effect of a mutant virus that is incapable of cell-to-cell spread on the spread of these probes was also determined. Our data shows that MP reduces SEL for cytoplasmic molecules, dilates the desmotubule allowing cell-cell diffusion of proteins via the desmotubule lumen and reduces the rate of spread of the ER membrane probes. Replicase was shown to enhance cell-cell spread. The data are not in support of the proposed model and have led us to propose a new model for virus cell-cell spread: this model proposes that MP, an integral ER membrane protein, forms a MP:vRNAER complex and that this ER-membrane complex diffuses in the lipid milieu of the ER into the desmotubule (the ER within the Pd), and spreads cell to cell by simple diffusion in the ER/desmotubule membrane; the driving force for spread is the chemical potential gradient between an infected cell and contingent non-infected neighbors. Our data also suggests that the virus replicase has a function in altering the Pd conductivity. Transgenic plant lines that express the MP gene of the Cg tobamovirus fused to YFP under the control the ecdysone receptor and methoxyfenocide ligand were generated by the Beachy group and the expression pattern and the timing and targeting patterns were determined. A vector expressing this MPs was also developed for use by the Epel lab . The transgenic lines are being used to identify and isolate host genes that are required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV/tobamoviruses. This line is now being grown and to be employed in proteomic studies which will commence November 2005. T-DNA insertion mutagenesis is being developed to identify and isolate host genes required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV.
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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.
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Czosnek, Henryk Hanokh, Dani Zamir, Robert L. Gilbertson, and Lucas J. William. Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus by Combining Expression of a Natural Tolerance Gene and a Dysfunctional Movement Protein in a Single Cultivar. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573079.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Background The tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCV) has been a major deterrent to tomato production in Israel for the last 20 years. This whitefly-transmitted viral disease has been found in the Caribbean Island in the early 1990s, probably as an import from the Middle East. In the late 1990s, the virus has spread to the US and is now conspicuous in Florida and Georgia. Objectives Because of the urgency facing the TYLCV epidemics, there was a compelling need to mobilize scientists to develop tomato variety resistant to TYLCV. The major goal was to identify the virus movement protein (MP) and to express a defective from of MP in a cultivar that contained the natural Ty-1 resistance gene. The research included 1. cloning of the TYLCV isolate from the Dominican Republic (DR) which is (or a close variant) also present in the continental USA; 2. ddefining the role of the MP; 3. mutating the putative MP gene; 4. introducing the modified gene into an advance Ty-1 line; 5. testing the transgenic plants in the field. The pressing threat to tomato production in the US resulted in an extension of the objectives: more emphasis was placed on characterization of TYLCV i the DR, on determination of the epidemiology of the virus in the DR, and on using new TYLCV resistance sources for tomato breeding. Achievements and signification 1. The characterization of TYLCV-DR allowed for more effective TYLCV management strategies that are now implemented in the DR. 2. The identification of the TYLCV MPs and, more importantly, insight into their function has provided a model for how these proteins function in TYLCV movement and support the targeting of one or more of these proteins in a dominant lethal strategy to engineer plants for TYLCV resistance. 3. The transgenic plants that are being generated with wild-type and mutated TYLCV MPs will serve to test the hypothesis that interference with one or more of the TYLCV movement proteins will be a strategy for generating TYLCV-resistant plants. 4. The fine mapping of the resistance Ty-1 gene allowed eliminating deleterious chromosome segments from the wild tomato genitor L. chilense. It may in a near future allow the cloning of the first geminivirus resistance gene. 5. Another resistance source from the wild tomato species L. hirsitum was introgressed into the domesticated tomato, resulting in the production of resistant breeding lines. Implications 1. The monitoring of TYLCV in whiteflies has been applied in the DR. These tools are presently being used to assist in the evaluation of the host-free period and to help select the appropriate locations for growing tomatoes in the DR. 2. An overall strategy to obtain resistance against TYLCV has been used. The expression of wild-type or mutated TYLCV MPs in transgenic tomato is another addition to the arsenal used to fight TYLCV, together with marker assisted breeding and mobilization of additional resistant genes from the wild.
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Idris, Iffat. Increasing Birth Registration for Children of Marginalised Groups in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.102.
Full textAbstract:
This review looks at approaches to promote birth registration among marginalised groups, in order to inform programming in Pakistan. It draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, in particular reports by international development organizations. While there is extensive literature on rates of birth registration and the barriers to this, and consensus on approaches to promote registration, the review found less evidence of measures specifically aimed at marginalised groups. Gender issues are addressed to some extent, particularly in understanding barriers to registration, but the literature was largely disability-blind. The literature notes that birth registration is considered as a fundamental human right, allowing access to services such as healthcare and education; it is the basis for obtaining other identity documents, e.g. driving licenses and passports; it protects children, e.g. from child marriage; and it enables production of vital statistics to support government planning and resource allocation. Registration rates are generally lower than average for vulnerable children, e.g. from minority groups, migrants, refugees, children with disabilities. Discriminatory policies against minorities, restrictions on movement, lack of resources, and lack of trust in government are among the ‘additional’ barriers affecting the most marginalised. Women, especially unmarried women, also face greater challenges in getting births registered. General approaches to promoting birth registration include legal and policy reform, awareness-raising activities, capacity building of registration offices, integration of birth registration with health services/education/social safety nets, and the use of digital technology to increase efficiency and accessibility.