Academic literature on the topic 'Viral market penetration'
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Journal articles on the topic "Viral market penetration"
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Al-Refai, Nevin. "The role of viral advertising in increasing market penetration and building consumer awareness of products and brands." International Design Journal 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/idj.2022.210349.
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Hernández-Sánchez, Brenda, Ericka Santacruz-Juárez, David Moore, and Carmen Sánchez. "Bioactive compounds from fungi with antiviral activities: Mechanism of action and biosynthetic pathways." Mexican journal of biotechnology 6, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 165–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2021.6.1.165.
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Viral infections have affected human health, causing critical pandemics and mortality worldwide. Viruses can also cause enormous economic problems for society globally. Bioactive compounds isolated from fungi (both edible and nonedible) have shown potential activity against viruses. In this review, we describe the fungal natural compounds that have exhibited capability to inhibit some human pathogenic viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, bovine herpes virus, influenza virus, respiratory syndrome virus, hepatitis virus among others. We focused on the biosynthetic pathways of fungal bioactive compounds and addressed the current knowledge about their antiviral mechanisms of action and specific targets. Fungal bioactive compounds are able to inhibit viral reproduction, blocking viral penetration, replication or translation as well as integrase or protease action. Fungal compounds able to inhibit protease such as. ganodermatriol, ergosterol, terpenoids, ganoderic acid GS-2, ganoderiol, sterigmatocystin, emericellin, cordycepin, ergosterol peroxide, myristic acid among others, may have a significant value to society at present, as they may have the potential to treat severe viral respiratory infections. Fungi represent a potential natural source of bioactive molecules that can be exploited for treating viral infections, which represent one of the main causes of disease worldwide. However, extensive investigations on clinical trials are required for the introduction of new antiviral agents into the market.
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Domingues, Joana M., Marta O. Teixeira, Marta A. Teixeira, David Freitas, Samira F. da Silva, Shafagh D. Tohidi, Rui D. V. Fernandes, et al. "Inhibition of Escherichia Virus MS2, Surrogate of SARS-CoV-2, via Essential Oils-Loaded Electrospun Fibrous Mats: Increasing the Multifunctionality of Antivirus Protection Masks." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020303.
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One of the most important measures implemented to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission has been the use of face masks. Yet, most mask options available in the market display a passive action against the virus, not actively compromising its viability. Here, we propose to overcome this limitation by incorporating antiviral essential oils (EOs) within polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun fibrous mats to be used as intermediate layers in individual protection masks. Twenty EOs selected based on their antimicrobial nature were examined for the first time against the Escherichia coli MS2 virus (potential surrogate of SARS-CoV-2). The most effective were the lemongrass (LGO), Niaouli (NO) and eucalyptus (ELO) with a virucidal concentration (VC) of 356.0, 365.2 and 586.0 mg/mL, respectively. PCL was processed via electrospinning, generating uniform, beadless fibrous mats. EOs loading was accomplished via two ways: (1) physisorption on pre-existing mats (PCLaEOs), and (2) EOs blending with the polymer solution prior to fiber electrospinning (PCLbEOs). In both cases, 10% v/v VC was used as loading concentration, so the mats’ stickiness and overwhelming smell could be prevented. The EOs presence and release from the mats were confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy (≈5257–631 µg) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry evaluations (average of ≈14.3% EOs release over 4 h), respectively. PCLbEOs mats were considered the more mechanically and thermally resilient, with LGO promoting the strongest bonds with PCL (PCLbLGO). On the other hand, PCLaNO and PCLaELO were deemed the least cohesive combinations. Mats modified with the EOs were all identified as superhydrophobic, capable of preventing droplet penetration. Air and water-vapor permeabilities were affected by the mats’ porosity (PCL < PCLaEOs < PCLbEOs), exhibiting a similar tendency of increasing with the increase of porosity. Antimicrobial testing revealed the mats’ ability to retain the virus (preventing infiltration) and to inhibit its action (log reduction averaging 1). The most effective combination against the MS2 viral particles was the PCLbLGO. These mats’ scent was also regarded as the most pleasant during sensory evaluation. Overall, data demonstrated the potential of these EOs-loaded PCL fibrous mats to work as COVID-19 active barriers for individual protection masks.
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Chung, Che-Sheng, Cheng-Yen Huang, and Wen Chang. "Vaccinia Virus Penetration Requires Cholesterol and Results in Specific Viral Envelope Proteins Associated with Lipid Rafts." Journal of Virology 79, no. 3 (February 1, 2005): 1623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.3.1623-1634.2005.
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ABSTRACT Vaccinia virus infects a wide variety of mammalian cells from different hosts, but the mechanism of virus entry is not clearly defined. The mature intracellular vaccinia virus contains several envelope proteins mediating virion adsorption to cell surface glycosaminoglycans; however, it is not known how the bound virions initiate virion penetration into cells. For this study, we investigated the importance of plasma membrane lipid rafts in the mature intracellular vaccinia virus infection process by using biochemical and fluorescence imaging techniques. A raft-disrupting drug, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, inhibited vaccinia virus uncoating without affecting virion attachment, indicating that cholesterol-containing lipid rafts are essential for virion penetration into mammalian cells. To provide direct evidence of a virus and lipid raft association, we isolated detergent-insoluble glycolipid-enriched membranes from cells immediately after virus infection and demonstrated that several viral envelope proteins, A14, A17L, and D8L, were present in the cell membrane lipid raft fractions, whereas the envelope H3L protein was not. Such an association did not occur after virions attached to cells at 4°C and was only observed when virion penetration occurred at 37°C. Immunofluorescence microscopy also revealed that cell surface staining of viral envelope proteins was colocalized with GM1, a lipid raft marker on the plasma membrane, consistent with biochemical analyses. Finally, mutant viruses lacking the H3L, D8L, or A27L protein remained associated with lipid rafts, indicating that the initial attachment of vaccinia virions through glycosaminoglycans is not required for lipid raft formation.
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Sinzger, C., M. Kahl, K. Laib, K. Klingel, P. Rieger, B. Plachter, and G. Jahn. "Tropism of human cytomegalovirus for endothelial cells is determined by a post-entry step dependent on efficient translocation to the nucleus." Journal of General Virology 81, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 3021–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-12-3021.
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Marked interstrain differences in the endothelial cell (EC) tropism of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) isolates have been described. This study aimed to define the step during the replicative cycle of HCMV that determines this phenotype. The infection efficiency of various HCMV strains in EC versus fibroblasts was quantified by immunodetection of immediate early (IE), early and late viral antigens. Adsorption and penetration were analysed by radiolabelled virus binding assays and competitive HCMV-DNA-PCR. The translocation of penetrated viral DNA to the nucleus of infected cells was quantified by competitive HCMV-DNA-PCR in pure nuclear fractions. The intracytoplasmic translocation of capsids that had penetrated was followed by immunostaining of virus particles on a single particle level; this was correlated with the initiation of viral gene expression by simultaneous immunostaining of viral IE antigens. The infectivity of nonendotheliotropic HCMV strains in EC was found to be 100–1000-fold lower when compared to endotheliotropic strains. The manifestation of this phenotype at the level of IE gene expression indicated the importance of initial replication events. Surprisingly, no interstrain differences were detected during virus entry. However, dramatic interstrain differences were found regarding the nuclear translocation of penetrated viral DNA. With nonendotheliotropic strains, the content of viral DNA in the cell nucleus was 100–1000-fold lower in EC when compared to endotheliotropic strains, thereby reflecting the strain differences in IE gene expression. Simultaneous staining of viral particles and viral IE antigen revealed that interstrain differences in the transport of penetrated capsids towards the nucleus of endothelial cells determine the EC tropism of HCMV.
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Kaufman, Gil, Benjamin A. Horwitz, Ruthi Hadar, Yehuda Ullmann, and Israela Berdicevsky. "Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a vital marker for pathogenic development of the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes." Microbiology 150, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 2785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27094-0.
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Skin infections by dermatophytes of the genus Trichophyton are widespread, but methods to investigate the molecular basis of pathogenicity are only starting to be developed. The initial stages of growth on the host can only be studied by electron microscopy, which requires fixing the tissue. This paper shows that restriction-enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) provides stable expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a clinical isolate of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Under control of a constitutively active fungal promoter, GFP renders the hyphae fluorescent both in culture and in a recently developed model using human skin explants. Stages of infection and penetration into the skin layers were visualized by confocal microscopy. The stages of infection can thus be followed using GFP as a vital marker, and this method will also provide, for the first time, a means to follow gene expression during infection of skin by dermatophyte fungi.
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Bisseneva, Anar Kazbekovna, Gayane Pogossyan, Konstantin Li, and Michael Danilenko. "Analysis of the interaction of ACE2, TMPRSS2 genes and their polymorphisms with the SARS-CoV-2 virus." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 105, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022bmg1/42-48.
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Host genes act as a factor related to susceptibility and resistance to viral infections. The article provides a description of modern scientific studies devoted to the study of the role of the ACE2, TMPRSS2 genes, and their single-nucleotide polymorphisms in infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SNPs of the ACE2 gene, TMPRSS2 can affect the penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into the cell. In addition, the study of these polymorphisms will determine the predisposition of an individual to the disease COVID–19, or the nature of its course. Based on the literature sources, the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane proteases in the participation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus penetration process with the body cells is noted. Other functions that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors perform in the human body are also described. The characteristics of two genes and their fairly well-known polymorphisms are given. The tissues and organs in which genes are expressed are marked. Information on the frequency of alleles of genetic variants of genes in different populations is shown. In addition to describing the relationship of gene polymorphisms with the disease caused by SARSCoV-2, information is provided on the association of these genetic variations with diseases of the blood vascular system and oncological diseases.
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Gerdts, Volker, Jörg Beyer, Béla Lomniczi, and Thomas C. Mettenleiter. "Pseudorabies Virus Expressing Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Glycoprotein B Exhibits Altered Neurotropism and Increased Neurovirulence." Journal of Virology 74, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.2.817-827.2000.
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ABSTRACT Herpesvirus glycoproteins play dominant roles in the initiation of infection of target cells in culture and thus may also influence viral tropism in vivo. Whereas the relative contribution of several nonessential glycoproteins to neurovirulence and neurotropism ofPseudorabies virus (PrV), an alphaherpesvirus which causes Aujeszky's disease in pigs, has recently been uncovered in studies using viral deletion mutants, the importance of essential glycoproteins is more difficult to assess. We isolated an infectious PrV mutant, PrV-9112C2, which lacks the gene encoding the essential PrV glycoprotein B (gB) but stably carries in its genome and expresses the homologous gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) (A. Kopp and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 66:2754–2762, 1992). Apart from exhibiting a slight delay in penetration kinetics, PrV-9112C2 was similar in its growth characteristics in cell culture to wild-type PrV. To analyze the effect of the exchange of these homologous glycoproteins in PrV's natural host, swine, 4-week-old piglets were intranasally infected with 106 PFU of either wild-type PrV strain Kaplan (PrV-Ka), PrV-9112C2, or PrV-9112C2R, in which the PrV gB gene was reinserted instead of the BHV-1 gB gene. Animals infected with PrV-Ka and PrV-9112C2R showed a similar course of disease, i.e., high fever, marked respiratory symptoms but minimal neurological disorders, and excretion of high amounts of virus. All animals survived the infection. In contrast, animals infected with PrV-9112C2 showed no respiratory symptoms and developed only mild fever. However, on day 5 after infection, all piglets developed severe central nervous system (CNS) symptoms leading to death within 48 to 72 h. Detailed histological analyses showed that PrV-9112C2R infected all regions of the nasal mucosa and subsequently spread to the CNS preferentially by the trigeminal route. In contrast, PrV-9112C2 primarily infected the olfactory epithelium and spread via the olfactory route. In the CNS, more viral antigen and significantly more pronounced histological changes resulting in more severe encephalitis were found after PrV-9112C2 infection. Thus, our results demonstrate that replacement of PrV gB by the homologous BHV-1 glycoprotein resulted in a dramatic increase in neurovirulence combined with an alteration in the route of neuroinvasion, indicating that the essential gB is involved in determining neurotropism and neurovirulence of PrV.
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Chu, J. J. H., and M. L. Ng. "Infectious Entry of West Nile Virus Occurs through a Clathrin-Mediated Endocytic Pathway." Journal of Virology 78, no. 19 (October 1, 2004): 10543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.19.10543-10555.2004.
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ABSTRACT The pathway of West Nile flavivirus early internalization events was mapped in detail in this study. Overexpression of dominant-negative mutants of Eps15 strongly inhibits West Nile virus (WNV) internalization, and pharmacological drugs that blocks clathrin also caused a marked reduction in virus entry but not caveola-dependent endocytosis inhibitory agent, filipin. Using immunocryoelectron microscopy, WNV particles were seen within clathrin-coated pits after 2 min postinfection. Double-labeling immunofluorescence assays and immunoelectron microscopy performed with anti-WNV envelope or capsid proteins and cellular markers (EEA1 and LAMP1) revealed the trafficking pathway of internalized virus particles from early endosomes to lysosomes and finally the uncoating of the virus particles. Disruption of host cell cytoskeleton (actin filaments and microtubules) with cytochalasin D and nocodazole showed significant reduction in virus infectivity. Actin filaments are shown to be essential during the initial penetration of the virus across the plasma membrane, whereas microtubules are involved in the trafficking of internalized virus from early endosomes to lysosomes for uncoating. Cells treated with lysosomotropic agents were largely resistant to infection, indicating that a low-pH-dependent step is required for WNV infection. In situ hybridization of DNA probes specific for viral RNA demonstrated the trafficking of uncoated viral RNA genomes to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Pikuza, O. I., R. A. Fayzullina, A. M. Zakirova, Z. Ya Suleymanova, E. L. Rashitova, and E. V. Volyanyuk. "Bactericidal capacity of oral neutrophils as a marker for clinical course of inflammatory respiratory diseases in children." Kazan medical journal 101, no. 5 (October 27, 2020): 740–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2020-740.
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Aim. To study the number of neutrophils in the oral cavity, their bactericidal potential, to assess as an indicator for predicting the course of recurrent bronchitis (J40) and community-acquired focal pneumonia in children.
Methods. 87 children between 5 and 10 years old, including 52 children with recurrent bronchitis and 35 with focal community-acquired pneumonia were observed. The control group consisted of 37 conditionally healthy children of a similar age. Viral antigens were studied by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Oral neutrophil counts and functional activity were determined. Antibacterial antibodies were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results. 70.11% of patients had a viral antigen, and 57.47% had immunoglobulins M and G against bacterial pathogens. Oral neutrophil counts increased in the main group compared to the control group: up to 163.826.5 cells (p 0.001) in recurrent bronchitis, to 110.925.5 (p 0.05) in community-acquired pneumonia. By the recovery period, the number of oral neutrophils counts decreased in recurrent bronchitis (1.7 times higher compared to the control group, p 0.01) and remained practically unchanged in community-acquired pneumonia (115.026.9, p 0.05). Myeloperoxidase level had opposite changes for the groups compared to the control group: with recurrent bronchitis, it was 1.610.09 to the level in the control group (p 0.05), with community-acquired pneumonia 0.730.09 to the level in the control group (p 0.001). The level of lysosomal cationic proteins decreased to 0.770.09 to the level in the control group (p 0.05) in recurrent bronchitis, and to 0.800.09 (p 0.05) in pneumonia.
Conclusion. In inflammation of the respiratory tract, neutrophil migration to the oral cavity, as well as myeloperoxidase level, increases, indicators of spontaneous luminol-dependent chemiluminescence are activated, and a deficiency of lysosomal cationic proteins occurs; this prevents the penetration of the pathogen into the lower respiratory tract.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Viral market penetration"
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Archana, B. A. "Measurement of the viral phenomenon: New methodological exploration." Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5393.
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Viral phenomenon in marketing refers to the rapid growth and adoption pattern of a product, akin to a biological virus. Viral phenomenon can be defined as “a word-of-mouth diffusion process wherein a message is actively forwarded from person to person, within and between multiple weakly linked personal networks, and is marked by a period of exponential growth in the number of people who are exposed to the message”. The success of Hotmail, a free web-based e-mail, and an Indian movie song ‘Kolavari Di’, are examples of viral phenomenon. Today, business commonly accepts mention of viral market penetration with reference to online videos, product, technology, information, an event or an idea. The need for attaining viral phenomenon is most critical in present times due to the dynamic market environment, the shrinking window of product lifecycle and multitude of competing products in the market.
However, the measurement of viral success remains under explored in literature. The challenges and research gaps are: (i) The current studies are mostly case summaries without reliable metrics and lack empirical investigation. (ii) The scant empirical studies focus on a single measure of viral phenomenon, thereby do not capture the viral phenomenon in entirety. (iii) In the present time we are inundated with the term ‘viral phenomenon’ with no distinction between hype, popularity and what can be termed as a truly viral phenomenon. Moreover, the diversity of the occurrence of viral phenomenon across different mediums, for example product, online videos, an idea, further adds to the challenge of measuring the viral phenomenon. Researchers are yet to understand the viral phenomenon in its entirety and comprehensively.
This thesis addresses these research gaps by defining the following research aims:
1) Research aim 1: Growth measurement of viral phenomenon – Development of a new viral phenomenon growth measurement methodology and to test and validate the proposed methodology for freely available online videos and purchased physical products.
2) Research aim 2: Viral phenomenon performance measures – Explore valid indicators to measure the viral phenomenon.
3) Research aim 3: Emotion measurement of viral phenomenon – Explores the emotion triggers that drive viral phenomenon thereby involves the development of a viral phenomenon emotion measurement methodology.
This research makes three significant contributions to literature. (i) A new methodological framework is developed to comprehensively measure and characterize a viral phenomenon thereby eliminating the existing limitations of a single measure. (ii) This study is a first of its kind to empirically measure viral phenomenon of purchased physical products (i.e., non-online products purchased with monetary value). (iii) The methodology develops a viral emotion score to identify the viral emotions that trigger viral phenomenon.
Books on the topic "Viral market penetration"
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Казачинская, Е. И. ВИРУС ДЕНГЕ. Академическое изд-во «Гео», 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21782/b978-5-6043022-6-2.
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The review is devoted to the analysis of literature data on the history research of dengue fever, the discovery of the etiological infectious agent of this disease-dengue virus and its serotypes. A taxonomic overview of the }lavivirus family, genome organization, structure and function of viral proteins, mosquito species-viral vectors and virus transmission cycles, theories of its origin are presented. As well as the evolution, characteristics and epidemiology of viral serotypes, cellular receptors for dengue virus penetration, pathogenicity for human and factors for the development of severe disease, induced immunity, applied methods and markers for diagnosis, principles of disease treatment and drug development (more information about monoclonal antibodies-potential therapeutic drugs), vaccine options and their effectiveness are considered. The book is intended for students, graduate students, employees of research institutions and universities, as well as doctors involved in the study of }laviviruses and the problem of differential diagnosis of flavivirus infections.
Book chapters on the topic "Viral market penetration"
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Shanmugam, Karthikeyan, and Vijayabanu C. "Understanding Generational Impact on Online Business." In Strategies and Tools for Managing Connected Consumers, 116–29. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9697-4.ch007.
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In today's age of technology and exploding internet penetration, customers are rapidly moving toward continuous connectivity across every facet of their lives. Similarly, business is also changing in response to this digital boom. This chapter analyzes digital tools such as virtual communities, social collaboration, and its impact on the multiple generations in managing connected customers for organizations. The technological tools make it simple for customers to be connected at all times, which has become the major challenge for organizations to formulate strategies and be competent in the market. The major types of virtual communities that can be associated with businesses were discussed in detail. This chapter proposes a model for organization to manage their customers effectively. The above-mentioned digital tools are playing vital role in retaining customers and strategies can be formulated to manage the connected customers successfully. Thus, the chapter analyzed the major areas that are important to the organizations in order to succeed in formulating competitive strategy.
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Shanmugam, Karthikeyan, and Vijayabanu C. "Understanding Generational Impact on Online Business." In Research Anthology on Strategies for Using Social Media as a Service and Tool in Business, 1686–99. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9020-1.ch082.
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In today's age of technology and exploding internet penetration, customers are rapidly moving toward continuous connectivity across every facet of their lives. Similarly, business is also changing in response to this digital boom. This chapter analyzes digital tools such as virtual communities, social collaboration, and its impact on the multiple generations in managing connected customers for organizations. The technological tools make it simple for customers to be connected at all times, which has become the major challenge for organizations to formulate strategies and be competent in the market. The major types of virtual communities that can be associated with businesses were discussed in detail. This chapter proposes a model for organization to manage their customers effectively. The above-mentioned digital tools are playing vital role in retaining customers and strategies can be formulated to manage the connected customers successfully. Thus, the chapter analyzed the major areas that are important to the organizations in order to succeed in formulating competitive strategy.
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Lee, Cheon-Pyo, and Merrill Warkentin. "Mobile Banking Systems and Technologies." In Mobile Computing, 1246–55. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-054-7.ch103.
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The last decade has witnessed the rapid growth of mobile communication devices and wireless technologies across the globe. The convergence of mobile devices and wireless technologies has not only changed the way many activities are conducted, but has also provided a foundation for a new type of technology-aided commerce called mobile commerce (m-commerce). As e-commerce’s next evolutionary stage, m-commerce opens up new business opportunities in business-to-consumer (B2C) markets in addition to extending current operations in e-commerce and traditional brick-and-mortar businesses (Varshney & Vetter, 2002). The significant power of m-commerce is primarily a result of the anytime- anywhere connectivity of wireless devices, which provides unique experiences and services (Figge, 2004; Zwass, 2003). One of the most promising and value-added m-commerce services is mobile banking (Lee, McGoldrick, Keeling, & Doherty, 2003; Mallat, Rossi, & Tuunainen, 2004). Mobile banking is the newest electronic delivery channel to be offered by banks in which technology has become an increasingly vital element, and it provides convenience and enhanced value to both banks and customers. With its clear benefits, mobile banking is now gaining rapid popularity in European and Asian countries with the significant market penetration of mobile handsets and the optimally designed marketing tactics of service providers (Suoranta & Mattila, 2004). However, mobile banking is still marginally adopted across the globe, and especially in the U.S., the growth appears much slower than anticipated (Mallat et al., 2004). In the United States, there are only a small number of banks that have actually introduced mobile banking services, and most other mobile banking efforts are in small-scale trials (Charny, 2001). Therefore, the technology which will be employed in the United States market has been of interest not only to financial institutions, but also to mobile technology developers and future users.
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Shaikh, Nissar, Narges Quyyum, Arshad Chanda, Muhammad Zubair, Muhsen Shaheen, Shajahan Idayatulla, Sumayya Aboobacker, et al. "Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients: Facts and Figures." In Pulmonary Embolism [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99942.
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COVID-19 infection affects many systems in the body including the coagulation mechanisms. Imbalance between pro-coagulant and anticoagulant activities causes a roughly nine times higher risk for pulmonary embolism (PE) in COVID-19 patients. The reported incidence of PE in COVID-19 patients ranges from 3 to 26%. There is an increased risk of PE in hospitalized patients with lower mobility and patients requiring intensive care therapy. Obesity, atrial fibrillation, raised pro-inflammatory markers, and convalescent plasma therapy increases the risk of PE in COVID-19 patients. Endothelial injury in COVID-19 patients causes loss of vasodilatory, anti-adhesion and fibrinolytic properties. Viral penetration and load leads to the release of cytokines and von Willebrand factor, which induces thrombosis in small and medium vessels. D-dimers elevation gives strong suspicion of PE in COVID-19 patients, and normal D-dimer levels effectively rule it out. Point of care echocardiogram may show right heart dilatation, thrombus in heart or pulmonary arteries. DVT increases the risk of developing PE. The gold standard test for the diagnosis of PE is CTPA (computerized tomographic pulmonary angiography) which also gives alternative diagnosis in the absence of PE. Therapeutic anticoagulation is the corner stone in the management of PE and commonly used anticoagulants are LMWH (low molecular weight heparin) and UFH (unfractionated heparin). Mortality in COVID-19 patients with PE is up to 43% compared to COVID patients without PE being around 3%.
Conference papers on the topic "Viral market penetration"
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Ancona, M. A., M. Bianchi, L. Branchini, F. Catena, A. De Pascale, F. Melino, and A. Peretto. "Off-Design Performance Evaluation of a LNG Production Plant Coupled With Renewables." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90495.
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Abstract In the last years, the increased demand of the energy market has led to the increasing penetration of renewable energies, in order to achieve the primary energy supply. Simultaneously, natural gas is predicted to play a vital and strategic role in the energy market, on account of its lower environmental impact than other fossil fuels, both as gaseous fuel for stationary energy generation and as liquefied fuel. In particular, the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is becoming interesting in transports as an alternative to diesel fuel, allowing a decrease in pollutant emissions and a reduction in fuel’s costs for the users. As a consequence, in this context, the LNG production process can be seen as an electrical storage system by the integration with renewables, becoming an interesting solution to avoid the issues related to intermittency and unpredictability of renewables. The aim of the paper is the development of a calculation code and the evaluation of the off-design operation of a LNG production plant coupled with wind renewable energy sources. With this purpose, on the basis of mathematical models from literature, a dedicated calculation code has been developed, able to thermodynamically analyze both design and off-design operation of the integrated process. In addition, in this study the proposed model is employed to investigate the correct integration between renewables and LNG generation, in order to define the optimal choice of the wind size for a given LNG production plant. With this purpose, the LNG plant size of a real prototype has been considered and an economic analysis has been carried out, accounting for the revenue of the LNG sale, the costs for NG purchase, for operation and maintenance and for the initial investment costs, but also with the aim to minimize the electricity introduction into the grid, considered in this study as a penalty.