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1
Njeumi, Felix, Dalan Bailey, Jean Jacques Soula, Bouna Diop, and Berhe G. Tekola. "Eradicating the Scourge of Peste Des Petits Ruminants from the World." Viruses 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12030313.
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Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of both domestic (goats and sheep) and wild ruminants. Caused by a morbillivirus, that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. The disease is clinically and pathologically similar to rinderpest of cattle and human measles. PPR is one of the most economically devastating viral diseases of small ruminants. In April 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) launched the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (PPR GCES) with the vision for global eradication by 2030. There is a strong and lasting international consensus to eradicate the disease in order to protect the livelihoods of the world’s poorest populations. As with any disease, eradication is feasible when, policy, scientific and technical challenges are addressed. Ten majors challenges are described in this paper namely: understanding small ruminant production, facilitating research to support eradication, refining laboratory testing, improving epidemiological understanding of the virus, defining infection of wildlife and other species, optimizing vaccine delivery and novel vaccines, developing better control of animal movement, heightening serological monitoring, understanding socio-economic impact, and garnering funding and political will.
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Reczyńska, Daria, Magdalena Zalewska, Michał Czopowicz, Jarosław Kaba, Lech Zwierzchowski, and Emilia Bagnicka. "Acute Phase Protein Levels as An Auxiliary Tool in Diagnosing Viral Diseases in Ruminants—A Review." Viruses 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10090502.
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We examined acute phase protein (APP) concentrations in viral infections of dairy ruminants and assessed the potential role of characteristic patterns of APP changes in auxiliary diagnosing viral diseases. All viruses reviewed are common causes of farm animal diseases. APPs are among the first agents of immunity, and their concentrations could be diagnostically relevant. In the most common ruminant viral diseases, elevated serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) levels in blood serum have been observed. However, since these proteins are the main APPs in many viral infections, it is impossible to use their levels for diagnosing particular infections. Decreased Cp and albumin expression could help differentiate the bluetongue virus infection from other diseases. Lastly, analysis of SAA levels in blood serum and milk could be helpful in diagnosing small ruminant lentivirus infection. While promising, APP levels can only be considered as an auxiliary tool in diagnosing viral diseases in ruminants.
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Baksi, S., H. Dave, N. Rao, P. Malsaria, M. Khan, and P. Chauhan. "EVALUATION OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) CELL CULTURE VACCINE IN GOATS AND SHEEP IN INDIA." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 16, no. 1 (July 12, 2018): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v16i1.37377.
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Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of ruminants. The disease has high impact on small ruminants market, especially in Africa and Middle East. India has a large population of sheep and goats, having significant part in world ruminant population. Prevention and control programs by vaccines are necessary parts of ruminants business. PPR vaccines are successfully used by small and large farmers in various parts of India. Researches have been done to investigate the efficacy of PPR vaccines on sheep and goats, but few data are available on sero-conversion in the bodies. In present study, sheep and goats were vaccinated with Sungri/96 strain and serum collection was done up to one year. Antibodies levels were measured with competitive ELISA. Antibody levels reached to protective levels within 21 days of vaccination, which continued up to one year. Sheep responded to vaccine slightly better than goats. Further studies are required to investigate total duration of protection by PPR vaccine in small ruminants.
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Endalew, Abaineh, Bonto Faburay, William Wilson, and Juergen Richt. "Schmallenberg Disease—A Newly Emerged Culicoides-Borne Viral Disease of Ruminants." Viruses 11, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11111065.
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First appearing in 2011 in Northern Europe, Schmallenberg virus (SBV), an Orthobunyavirus of the Simbu serogroup, is associated with clinical disease mainly in ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats. The clinical signs are characterized by abortion and congenital deformities in newborns. The virus is transmitted by Culicoides midges of the Obsoletus complex. SBV infection induces a solid protective immunity that persists for at least 4 or 6 years in sheep and cattle, respectively. SBV infection can be diagnosed directly by real-time RT-qPCR and virus isolation or indirectly by serological assays. Three vaccines are commercially available in Europe. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on this emerging disease regarding pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, control and prevention. This review also highlights that although much has been learned since SBV’s first emergence, there are still areas that require further study to devise better mitigation strategies.
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Meher, M. M., M. Afrin, and S. Sarker. "Clinical Incidence of Diseases in Cattle and Goat at Different Area of Bera Upzilla in Pabna District of Bangladesh." Journal of Scientific Research 13, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v13i2.49777.
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Ruminant, especially cattle and goats constitute the major portion of the livestock which are usually suffered from a wide range of diseases. Hence, this study was designed to determine clinical cases of cattle and goat in relation to different parameter. A total of 106 sick ruminants (cattle = 56, goat = 50) in different area of Bera upzilla, Pabna were investigated during March to September, 2016. The parasitic infestation (32.1%) in cattle and viral diseases (36%) in goat were higher. In relation to sex, the disease frequencies were higher in female goat of 56.0% and reproductive diseases in female cattle of 66.7%. Among the clinical case, 70% was in black bangle goat. On the other side, the vaccination and grazing system had strong significant (p<0.01) association with disease frequencies having the chi-square value of 36.036 and 35.617, p<0.01, with Phi (φ) coefficient of 0.583 and -0.580 respectively. Besides this, the male owner of clinically sick animal was higher of 71.40% for cattle and 52% for goat with chi-square value, (N=106) = 4.244, p<0.05, φ coefficient of 0.20 indicating a significantly moderate association. However, these two ruminants (cattle and goat) are mostly vulnerable to parasitic infestation and viral diseases.
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Fournié, Guillaume, Agnès Waret-Szkuta, Anton Camacho, Laike M. Yigezu, Dirk U. Pfeiffer, and François Roger. "A dynamic model of transmission and elimination of peste des petits ruminants in Ethiopia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 33 (July 27, 2018): 8454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711646115.
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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), a devastating viral disease of sheep and goats, has been targeted by the global community for eradication within the next 15 years. Although an efficacious attenuated live vaccine is available, the lack of knowledge about the transmission potential of PPR virus (PPRV) may compromise eradication efforts. By fitting a metapopulation model simulating PPRV spread to the results of a nationwide serological survey in Ethiopia, we estimated the level of viral transmission in an endemic setting and the vaccination coverage required for elimination. Results suggest that the pastoral production system as a whole acts as a viral reservoir, from which PPRV spills over into the sedentary production system, where viral persistence is uncertain. Estimated levels of PPRV transmission indicate that viral spread could be prevented if the proportion of immune small ruminants is kept permanently above 37% in at least 71% of pastoral village populations. However, due to the high turnover of these populations, maintaining the fraction of immune animals above this threshold would require high vaccine coverage within villages, and vaccination campaigns to be conducted annually. Adapting vaccination strategies to the specific characteristics of the local epidemiological context and small ruminant population dynamics would result in optimized allocation of limited resources and increase the likelihood of PPR eradication.
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Lancelot, Renaud, Marina Béral, Vincent Michel Rakotoharinome, Soa-Fy Andriamandimby, Jean-Michel Héraud, Caroline Coste, Andrea Apolloni, et al. "Drivers of Rift Valley fever epidemics in Madagascar." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 5 (January 17, 2017): 938–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607948114.
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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne viral disease widespread in Africa. The primary cycle involves mosquitoes and wild and domestic ruminant hosts. Humans are usually contaminated after contact with infected ruminants. As many environmental, agricultural, epidemiological, and anthropogenic factors are implicated in RVF spread, the multidisciplinary One Health approach was needed to identify the drivers of RVF epidemics in Madagascar. We examined the environmental patterns associated with these epidemics, comparing human and ruminant serological data with environmental and cattle-trade data. In contrast to East Africa, environmental drivers did not trigger the epidemics: They only modulated local Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) transmission in ruminants. Instead, RVFV was introduced through ruminant trade and subsequent movement of cattle between trade hubs caused its long-distance spread within the country. Contact with cattle brought in from infected districts was associated with higher infection risk in slaughterhouse workers. The finding that anthropogenic rather than environmental factors are the main drivers of RVF infection in humans can be used to design better prevention and early detection in the case of RVF resurgence in the region.
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Pawaiya, RVS, and VK Gupta. "A review on Schmallenberg virus infection: a newly emerging disease of cattle, sheep and goats." Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 10 (November 21, 2013): 516–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7083-vetmed.
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Schmallenberg virus (SBV) infection is an emerging infectious disease of ruminants first described in Germany in November, 2011. Since then it has spread very rapidly to several European countries. The disease is characterised by fever, reduced milk production and diarrhoea in cattle and abortions, stillbirths and foetal abnormalities in sheep and goats. SBV is an enveloped, negative-sense, segmented, single-stranded RNA virus, classified in the genus Orthobunyavirus of the Bunyaviridae family, and is closely related to Akabane, Ainoa and Shamonda viruses. As of now there is no vaccine available for SBV, which poses a serious threat to naive ruminant population. Owing to its recent discovery, our understanding of Schmallenberg viral disease and its pathology and pathogenesis is limited. This article reviews the data reported so far on this emerging disease with regard to aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis and control and discusses the future scenario and implications of the disease.
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STAMPOULIS (Δ. ΣΤΑΜΠΟΥΛΗΣ), D., N. D. GIADINIS (N.Δ. ΓΙΑΔΙΝΗΣ), M. PAPANASTASSOPOULOU (Μ. ΠΑΠΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), and S. K. KRITAS (Σ.Κ. ΚΡΗΤΑΣ). "Νεότερες απόψεις στη θεραπεία και πρόληψη του λοιμώδους εκθΰματος των μικρών μηρυκαστικών: με έμφαση του νοσολογικού προβλήματος που αντιμετωπίζει η ελληνική αιγοπροβατοτροφία εξαιτίας του." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 61, no. 4 (March 22, 2018): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.16102.
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Contagious ecthyma (orf) is a viral disease that affects mainly the young small ruminants, while the virus can be transmitted to other animal species, as well as humans. The disease in neonatal lambs and goat kids causes lesions around the mouth and the nostrils, while in serious cases it causes stomatitis. Mild cases are self-limited, but complications (i.e.bronchopneumonia) and high mortality can be observed in severe cases. Most studies focus on the prevention of this disease, using hygiene measures and vaccines. Immune mechanisms have also been studied for this purpose. During the last decade some trials have been conducted for the treatment of orf infections in small ruminants and humans by using anti-viral drugs. Despite the advantages of these anti-viral drugs (high efficacy, specificity and safety for the epithelia), these efforts were mostly ineffective and remained at the experimental level for the veterinary practice. The aim of the present paper is to review the use of vaccines for the prevention of orf infection in small ruminants and to report experimental therapeutic protocols that could be useful forthe treatment of the disease in future. Also, the article emphasizes upon the special problems from this disease in Greek sheep and goat flocks.
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Rahal, Anu, Abul Hasan Ahmad, Atul Prakash, Rajesh Mandil, and Aruna T. Kumar. "Environmental Attributes to Respiratory Diseases of Small Ruminants." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/853627.
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Respiratory diseases are the major disease crisis in small ruminants. A number of pathogenic microorganisms have been implicated in the development of respiratory disease but the importance of environmental factors in the initiation and progress of disease can never be overemphasized. They irritate the respiratory tree producing stress in the microenvironment causing a decline in the immune status of the small ruminants and thereby assisting bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections to break down the tissue defense barriers. Environmental pollutants cause acute or chronic reactions as they deposit on the alveolar surface which are characterized by inflammation or fibrosis and the formation of transitory or persistent tissue manifestation. Some of the effects of exposures may be immediate, whereas others may not be evident for many decades. Although the disease development can be portrayed as three sets of two-way communications (pathogen-environment, host-environment, and host-pathogen), the interactions are highly variable. Moreover, the environmental scenario is never static; new compounds are introduced daily making a precise evaluation of the disease burden almost impossible. The present review presents a detailed overview of these interactions and the ultimate effect on the respiratory health of sheep and goat.
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Hidayat, W., H. Wuryastuty, and R. Wasito. "Detection of Pestivirus in small ruminants in Central Java, Indonesia." Veterinary World 14, no. 4 (April 24, 2021): 996–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.996-1001.
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Background and Aim: Globally, pestiviruses are among the most economically important viral pathogens of livestock. The genus Pestivirus comprises four species, including bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2), which infect cattle, border disease virus and classical swine fever virus which infect small ruminants and pigs, respectively. Accumulating evidence suggests that pestiviruses are no longer species-specific, creating new challenges for disease control. In Indonesia, investigations related to pestiviruses remain focused on cattle as the primary host and no research has been conducted on small ruminants (sheep and goats). Therefore, the present study aimed to study the possible occurrence of pestivirus (BVDV or BVD) infections in small ruminants in Indonesia, particularly in Central Java. Materials and Methods: We used 46 blood samples consisting of 26 sheep's blood and 20 goat's blood. Samples were selected from 247 small ruminant blood collected between July and October 2020 in Central Java, Indonesia, which met the following criteria: Female, local species, approximately 1-2 years old, never been pregnant, raised in the backyard, and had no close contact with cattle in either shelter or grazing area. We tested plasma samples from sheep and goats using competitive antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect specific antibodies against pestivirus followed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for all positive samples to differentiate the species of pestivirus. Results: Two of the 20 samples collected from goats were positive for pestivirus at the serological and molecular levels, whereas 2 of 26 samples collected from sheep were doubtful but tested negative by RT-PCR. The genotyping test results obtained using nested PCR revealed that the positive samples collected from goats had a BVDV-1 genotype. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated that BVDV-1 can infect species other than bovines, in Central Java, Indonesia. Further studies involving a larger number of samples are required to: (1) Determine the actual seroprevalence of pestiviruses in small ruminants and (2) Determine the potency of small ruminants as reservoirs for pestiviruses, both of which are important for the identification of the appropriate control program for pestiviruses in Indonesia.
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Partin, Teagen G., Mark D. Schrenzel, Josephine Braun, Carmel L. Witte, Steven V. Kubiski, Justin Lee, and Bruce A. Rideout. "Herpesvirus surveillance and discovery in zoo-housed ruminants." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): e0246162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246162.
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Gammaherpesvirus infections are ubiquitous in captive and free-ranging ruminants and are associated with a variety of clinical diseases ranging from subclinical or mild inflammatory syndromes to fatal diseases such as malignant catarrhal fever. Gammaherpesvirus infections have been fully characterized in only a few ruminant species, and the overall diversity, host range, and biologic effects of most are not known. This study investigated the presence and host distribution of gammaherpesviruses in ruminant species at two facilities, the San Diego Zoo and San Diego Zoo Safari Park. We tested antemortem (blood, nasal or oropharyngeal swabs) or postmortem (internal organs) samples from 715 healthy or diseased ruminants representing 96 species and subspecies, using a consensus-based herpesvirus PCR for a segment of the DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene. Among the 715 animals tested, 161 (22.5%) were PCR and sequencing positive for herpesvirus, while only 11 (6.83%) of the PCR positive animals showed clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever. Forty-four DPOL genotypes were identified of which only 10 have been reported in GenBank. The data describe viral diversity within species and individuals, identify host ranges of potential new viruses, and address the proclivity and consequences of interspecies transmission during management practices in zoological parks. The discovery of new viruses with wide host ranges and presence of co-infection within individual animals also suggest that the evolutionary processes influencing Gammaherpesvirus diversity are more complex than previously recognized.
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Sendow, I., P. W. Daniels, D. H. Cybinski, P. L. Young, and P. Ronohardjo. "Antibodies against certain bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viral serotypes in Indonesian ruminants." Veterinary Microbiology 28, no. 1 (June 1991): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(91)90103-m.
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Hasib, F. M. Yasir, and Sharmin Chowdhury. "Review and Meta-Analysis of PPR in Goat and Sheep of Bangladesh from 2000 to 2019." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2020): 2099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i10.2099-2104.3557.
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Peste des petits ruminant (PPR), considered as goat plague is the most fatal infectious viral disease for small ruminants. This disease is endemic in many parts of the world including Bangladesh causes extensive loss on livestock and economy. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of PPR and this is the first meta-analysis on PPR as per authors knowledge in Bangladesh. Articles published during the years 2000 to 2019 on the topic PPR within three electronic databases were used for prevalence estimation by random effect meta-analysis model. A total of 39 articles were finally included in the model for prevalence estimation of goat and sheep. 1589784 goat and 142036 sheep were included in the study for analysis. Analysis showed prevalence of PPR was 15.17% (95% CI: 15.11-15.22) and 9.17% (95% CI: 9.02-9.32), respectively for goat and sheep. As PPR is affecting small ruminants in variable percentage in different districts of Bangladesh, this study estimates the cumulative prevalence of Bangladesh. This study may act as a baseline for taking effective control strategy of PPR in Bangladesh through proper allocation of resources on a priority basis.
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GIADINIS (Ν.Δ. ΓΙΑΔΙΝΗΣ), N. D., Z. S. POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ.Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), and G. C. FTHENAKIS (Γ.Χ. ΦΘΕΝΑΚΗΣ). "Differential diagnosis of neurological diseases of small ruminants." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 64, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15507.
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Objective of the present review is the description of diagnostic approach in neurological cases in small ruminants. To improve description purposes in the present paper, neurological disorders of small ruminants are classified as follows: (a) congenital neurological disorders (vitamin A deficiency, copper deficiency, disorders of viral aetiology [including border disease and Schmallenberg disease], disorders with a genetic background), (b) acquired neurological disorders with an acute course (acute coenurosis, Aujeszky’s disease, bacterial meningoencephalitis, botulism, copper deficiency, copper poisoning, disorders following injury, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, listeriosis, louping-ill, rare disorders of parasitic aetiology, pregnancy toxaemia, rabies, tetanus, tick paralysis, toxicoses, type D enterotoxaemia, vitamin B1 deficiency) and (c) acquired neurological disorders with a long-standing course (caprine arthritis-encephalitis, central nervous system abscesses, chronic coenurosis, neoplastic disorders, ovine lentiviral encephalomyelitis, scrapie).
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Frölich, K. "Viral diseases of northern ungulates." Rangifer 20, no. 2-3 (March 1, 2000): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.20.2-3.1505.
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This paper describes viral diseases reported in northern ungulates and those that are a potential threat to these species. The following diseases are discussed: bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD), alphaherpesvirus infections, malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), poxvirus infections, parainfluenza type 3 virus infection, Alvsborg disease, foot-and-mouth disease, epizootic haemorrhage disease of deer and bluetongue disease, rabies, respiratory syncytial virus infection, adenovirus infection, hog-cholera, Aujeszky's disease and equine herpesvirus infections. There are no significant differences in antibody prevalence to BVDV among deer in habitats with high, intermediate and low density of cattle. In addition, sequence analysis from the BVDV isolated from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) showed that this strain was unique within BVDV group I. Distinct BVDV strains might circulate in free-ranging roe deer populations in Germany and virus transmission may be independent of domestic livestock. Similar results have been obtained in a serological survey of alpha-herpesviruses in deer in Germany. Malignant catarrhal fever was studied in fallow deer (Cervus dama) in Germany: the seroprevalence and positive PCR results detected in sheep originating from the same area as the antibody-positive deer might indicate that sheep are the main reservoir animals. Contagious ecthyma (CE) is a common disease in domestic sheep and goats caused by the orf virus. CE has been diagnosed in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), Dall sheep (Ovis dalli), chamois (Rupkapra rupi-capra), muskox {Ovibos moschatus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Most parainfluenza type 3 virus infections are mild or clinically undetectable. Serological surveys in wildlife have been successfully conducted in many species. In 1985, a new disease was identified in Swedish moose (Alces alces), designated as Alvsborg disease. This wasting syndrome probably has a multi-factorial etiology. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can infect deer and many other wild artiodactyls. Moose, roe deer and the saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) are the main hosts of FMDV in the Russian Federation. In addition, serological evidence of a FMD infection without clinical disease was detected in red deer in France. Epizootic haemorrhage disease of deer (EHD) and bluetongue (BT) are acute non-contagious viral diseases of wild ruminants characterised by extensive haemorrhage. Culicoides insects are the main vectors. EHD and BT only play a minor role in Europe but both diseases are widespread in North America.
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Câmara, Antônio Carlos L., Mariana C. Gonzaga, Thaís M. Ziober, Cintia Regina R. Queiroz, Tayná C. M. Fino, Márcio B. Castro, José Renato J. Borges, and Benito Soto-Blanco. "Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in 58 ruminants showing neurological disorders." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 40, no. 5 (May 2020): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6540.
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ABSTRACT: Ruminants may be affected by a wide variety of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis forms the basis for ante mortem diagnostic evaluation of ruminants with clinical signs involving the CNS. Despite its importance as a tool to aid diagnosis, data regarding CSF examinations in spontaneous cases of CNS diseases in ruminants from Brazil are limited, and most reports involve experimental studies. Therefore, this study aimed to report the results of CSF analysis in 58 ruminants showing signs of neurological disorders. CSF samples for analysis were obtained from 32 cattle, 20 sheep, and 6 goats by cerebello-medullary cistern (n=54) or lumbosacral space (n=4) puncture. These ruminants showed neurological signs related to viral (n=13), mycotic (n=3), or bacterial (n=15) infections, and toxic (n=21), traumatic (n=4), or congenital disorders (n=2). CSF analysis from ruminants with viral infections presented lymphocytic pleocytosis, even though CSF showed no changes in several cases of rabies. Neutrophilic pleocytosis, cloudiness, presence of fibrin clots, and abnormal coloration were evident in the CSF of most cases of CNS bacterial infection, such as meningoencephalitis, meningitis, abscesses, myelitis, and a case of conidiobolomycosis. On the other hand, CSF was unchanged in most cases of toxic disorders, as botulism and hepatic encephalopathy. Elevated CSF density was observed in 60% of ruminants diagnosed with polioencephalomalacia. Our findings show that evaluation of CSF is a valuable diagnostic tool when used in association with epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings for diagnosis of CNS diseases in ruminants.
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Tirumurugaan, Krishnaswamy, Rahul Pawar, Gopal Dhinakar Raj, Arthanari Thangavelu, John Hammond, and Satya Parida. "RNAseq Reveals the Contribution of Interferon Stimulated Genes to the Increased Host Defense and Decreased PPR Viral Replication in Cattle." Viruses 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12040463.
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Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is known to replicate in a wide variety of ruminants causing very species-specific clinical symptoms. Small ruminants (goats and sheep) are susceptible to disease while domesticated cattle and buffalo are dead-end hosts and do not display clinical symptoms. Understanding the host factors that influence differential pathogenesis and disease susceptibility could help the development of better diagnostics and control measures. To study this, we generated transcriptome data from goat and cattle peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) experimentally infected with PPRV in-vitro. After identifying differentially expressed genes, we further analyzed these immune related pathway genes using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) and selected candidate genes were validated using in-vitro experiments. Upon PPRV infection, we identified 12 and 22 immune related genes that were differentially expressed in goat and cattle respectively. In both species, this included the interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) IFI44, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, ISG15, Mx1, Mx2, OAS1X, RSAD2, IRF7, DDX58 and DHX58 that were transcribed significantly higher in cattle. PPRV replication in goat PBMCs significantly increased the expression of phosphodiesterase 12 (PDE12), a 2′,5′-oligoadenylate degrading enzyme that contributes to the reduced modulation of interferon-regulated gene targets. Finally, a model is proposed for the differential susceptibility between large and small ruminants based on the expression levels of type-I interferons, ISGs and effector molecules.
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Iliev, P. T., and T. M. Georgieva. "Acute phase biomarkers of diseases in small ruminants: an overview." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 22, no. 1 (2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/10.15547/bjvm.1051.
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Acute phase proteins (APPs) are a large group of proteins synthesised mainly by the liver. Their production is stimulated in response to disturbances in the systemic homeostasis. It is known that each species has a specific set of APPs. Serum amyloid A and haptoglobin are the main APPs in small ruminants and their plasma concentration is changed most significantly in comparison with minor APPs such as ceruloplasmin. In general, APPs could provide valuable information on the general condition of the organism but cannot point at the exact disease. Therefore, APPs should be included as an additional indicator in clinical diagnosis. Knowledge of APPs behaviour in disease states has a remarkable potential for detecting animals with subclinical infections, determining the prognosis of clinical infection, differentiation between viral and bacterial disease, treatment monitoring, vaccine effectiveness and stress conditions. The aim of this review is to present data on APPs behaviour during some parasitic and infectious diseases as well as pathological conditions leading to aseptic inflammation and stress in sheep and goats.
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Cichon, Nicole, Martin Eiden, Jana Schulz, Anne Günther, Patrick Wysocki, Cora M. Holicki, Joachim Borgwardt, Wolfgang Gaede, Martin H. Groschup, and Ute Ziegler. "Serological and Molecular Investigation of Batai Virus Infections in Ruminants from the State of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, 2018." Viruses 13, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030370.
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Arthropod-borne Batai virus (BATV) is an Orthobunyavirus widely distributed throughout European livestock and has, in the past, been linked to febrile diseases in humans. In Germany, BATV was found in mosquitoes and in one captive harbor seal, and antibodies were recently detected in various ruminant species. We have, therefore, conducted a follow-up study in ruminants from Saxony-Anhalt, the most affected region in Eastern Germany. A total of 325 blood samples from apparently healthy sheep, goats, and cattle were tested using a BATV-specific qRT-PCR and SNT. Even though viral RNA was not detected, the presence of antibodies was confirmed in the sera of all three species: sheep (16.5%), goats (18.3%), and cattle (41.4%). Sera were further analyzed by a glycoprotein Gc-based indirect ELISA to evaluate Gc-derived antibodies as a basis for a new serological test for BATV infections. Interestingly, the presence of neutralizing antibodies was not directly linked to the presence of BATV Gc antibodies. Overall, our results illustrate the high frequency of BATV infections in ruminants in Eastern Germany.
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Dundon, William G., Adama Diallo, and Giovanni Cattoli. "Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: a review of currently available molecular epidemiological data, 2020." Archives of Virology 165, no. 10 (July 11, 2020): 2147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04732-1.
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Abstract Small ruminants (e.g., sheep and goats) contribute considerably to the cash income and nutrition of small farmers in most countries in Africa and Asia. Their husbandry is threatened by the highly infectious transboundary viral disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) caused by peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). Given its social and economic impact, PPR is presently being targeted by international organizations for global eradication by 2030. Since its first description in Côte d’Ivoire in 1942, and particularly over the last 10 years, a large amount of molecular epidemiological data on the virus have been generated in Africa. This review aims to consolidate these data in order to have a clearer picture of the current PPR situation in Africa, which will, in turn, assist authorities in global eradication attempts.
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Hananeh, Wael, Myassar El-Ekish, Rami Mukbel, Zuhair Bani Ismail, and Mousa Daradka. "Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma in small ruminants in Jordan." Veterinarska stanica 51, no. 2 (March 27, 2020): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46419/vs.51.2.12.
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Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) is a viral-associated tumor of the secretory epithelium of the nasal passages of small ruminants. The tumor is locally invasive but not metastatic. Although disease prevalence (up to 15%) and geographic distribution have been reported in the literature throughout most of the world (except Australia and New Zealand), the disease has until now remained unreported in Jordan. In this report, we describe the occurrence, clinical signs, radiographic signs and pathological features of the disease in a series of cases in Awassi sheep (3 cases) and Damascus breed goats (2 cases) for the first time in Jordan. Overall, the affected animals were adults (3-5 years of age), all females, with variable degrees of facial and nasal deformities resulting in difficulty in respiration. Radiographic examination of the skull revealed soft tissue density mass originating in the nasal turbinate and invading the surrounding nasal structures. Cytological examination of fine needle aspirate indicated low-grade carcinoma. All animals were humanely euthanized and the nasal passages were explored. Variable size masses were removed and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma.
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Suda, Yuto, Daisuke Yamane, Muhammad Atif Zahoor, Yassir Mahgoub Mohamed, Shin Murakami, Kentaro Kato, Taisuke Horimoto, and Hiroomi Akashi. "Unique Localization of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Non-Structural NS4B Protein in Infected Cells." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 6, no. 1 (July 20, 2016): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v6i1.5396.
Full textAbstract:
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), an important pathogen infecting ruminants, has 2 biotypes: cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp), which are related to the onset of disease. The viral replication complex is composed of viral non-structural (NS) proteins, raising the possibility that NS protein(s) play a role in viral biotypes. To gain insight into this possible role, we analysed the intracellular localization of each NS protein in both cp and ncp virus-infected cells, and found that NS4B protein, a possible anchor protein of the viral replication complex, showed a unique dotted localization pattern that markedly merged with an endoplasmic reticulum marker, unlike other NS proteins, although there was no difference in the localization of NS4B protein between the 2 biotypes.Â
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Chernykh, Oleg Yu, Aleksey V. Mishchenko, Vladimir A. Mishchenko, Anton K. Karaulov, Olga N. Petrova, and Roman A. Krivonos. "Features of sheep border disease." Veterinaria Kubani, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33861/2071-8020-2020-2-13-16.
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Border sheep disease - viral congenital disease of sheep and goats that occurs during infection of pregnant ewes, characterized by lesions of the reproductive organs (abortions, stillbirths, infertility, birth of nonviable, mummified, undeveloped and ugly lambs) and organs of the immune system, growth retardation of newborn lambs, pathology of myelogenesis. The name of the disease was determined by the place of registration of the disease in 1959, in the border zone between England and Wales. Sheep border disease is considered to be one of the most common infections, causing great economic damage to cattle breeding worldwide. Infection of susceptible animals can proceed after the use of Pestivirus contaminated modified live virus vaccines. Border disease causative agent spreads with persistently infected animals. Border disease virus transmission can occur in mixed grazing of large horned cattle with infected sheep and goats and vice versa. Border disease virus was also isolated from deer, roe deer and other wild ruminants. 70-80% of lymphocytes in experimentally infected sheep contain the virus. Immunodeficiency state is detected in ruminants infected with border disease. The survival rate of offspring ranged from 59% to 88% during experimental infection with the border disease virus of pregnant ewes. The causative agent of border disease has negligible pathogenicity for pigs, but is highly pathogenic for large horned cattle, and cause potentially serious disorders of reproduction.
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Baszler, T. V., J. F. Evermann, P. S. Kaylor, T. C. Byington, and P. M. Dilbeck. "Diagnosis of Naturally Occurring Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections in Ruminants Using Monoclonal Antibody-based Immunohistochemistry." Veterinary Pathology 32, no. 6 (November 1995): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589503200601.
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Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 50 spontaneous cases (39 bovine, nine ovine, two caprine) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection diagnosed by virus isolation were retrospectively examined for BVDV antigen by immunohistochemistry using anti-BVDV gp-43 monoclonal antibody (Mab 15C5). The cases were separated into enteric disease syndrome, respiratory disease syndrome, and abortion/weak calf syndrome based upon clinical disease. The purposes of the study were to 1) compare routine virus isolation with immunohistochemistry in determining BVDV infection and 2) define tissue and cellular distribution of BVDV in various clinical manifestations of infection. In bovids, there was 100% concordance of virus isolation and immunohistochemistry using Mab 15C5 in cases of enteric disease (mucosal disease, acute and chronic diarrhea, neonatal diarrhea), respiratory disease, and abortion. When laboratory tests were restricted to gastrointestinal tissue and/or feces, virus isolation detected BVDV in only 65% of cattle, whereas immunohistochemistry detected BVDV antigen in 100% of cattle. Immunohistochemical detection of pestivirus was poor in cases of ovine abortion, ovine hairy shaker syndrome, and caprine abortion. The tissue distribution of BVDV antigen was widespread in individual cattle with all clinical forms of BVDV infection. Viral antigen accumulation was spatially correlated with tissue lesions (in the absence of other pathogens) only in the gastrointestinal tract, lymphoid tissue, lung, placenta, and eye. This study demonstrates the utility of immunohistochemistry using Mab 15C5 to diagnose BVDV infections in cattle with a broad spectrum of clinical disease.
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Zaghawa, A. "Prevalence of Antibodies to Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus and/or Border Disease Virus in Domestic Ruminants." Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 45, no. 1-10 (January 12, 1998): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1998.tb00803.x.
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Deng, Yu, Silu Wang, Runxia Liu, and Guiying Hao. "Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Goats in Southwestern China." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2018 (November 18, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8274397.
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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) affects cows, pigs, sheep, goats, and other ruminants, as well as some wild animals. BVDV causes considerable economic losses every year and many countries have developed programs aimed at the eradication of this disease. The genetic diversity of BVDV in diseased goats has never been described in southwestern China. Thus, in this study, we applied antigen-capture ELISA and RT-PCR to survey the infection rate of BVDV in diseased goats in this region. Our results demonstrated that the average BVDV infection rate in goats was 17.51%, with all positive samples indicating infection by BVDV-1 and not BVDV-2, BVDV-3, or Border disease virus. The molecular characteristics of the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of BVDV-1 were recognized as belonging predominantly to the BVDV-1a, 1b, 1c, 1m, and 1p subtypes. BVDV-1b and 1m were the most abundant subtypes identified in this region, similar to the BVDV epidemics in cattle in other regions of China. This is the first study that describes the genetic characterization of BVDV in sick goats from southwestern China and is important for future studies and control programs.
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Dunowska, Magdalena, Geoffrey J. Letchworth, James K. Collins, and James C. DeMartini. "Ovine herpesvirus-2 glycoprotein B sequences from tissues of ruminant malignant catarrhal fever cases and healthy sheep are highly conserved." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 2785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2785.
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Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OHV-2) infection has been associated with malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in susceptible ruminants. In order to further investigate whether OHV-2 is an aetiological agent for sheep-associated (SA) MCF in cattle and bison, the entire sequences of OHV-2 glycoprotein B (gB) from different sources of viral DNA were compared. Target DNA was derived from tissues of bovine and bison cases of SA-MCF, from a lymphoblastoid cell line established from another bovine case of SA-MCF, and from a healthy sheep. The divergence between deduced amino acid sequences of OHV-2 gB ranged from 0·5 to 1·2%. The high degree of similarity between gB sequences from a healthy sheep and clinical cases of SA-MCF in cattle and bison suggests that OHV-2 is an ovine virus that is occasionally transmitted to other ruminant species, in which it can cause severe disease.
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Terasaki, Kaori, and Shinji Makino. "Interplay between the Virus and Host in Rift Valley Fever Pathogenesis." Journal of Innate Immunity 7, no. 5 (2015): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000373924.
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Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) belongs to the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae, and carries single-stranded tripartite RNA segments. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and has caused large outbreaks among ruminants and humans in sub-Saharan African and Middle East countries. The disease is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, photophobia, and weakness. In most cases, patients recover from the disease after a period of weeks, but some also develop retinal or macular changes, which result in vision impairment that lasts for an undefined period of time, and severe disease, characterized by hemorrhagic fever or encephalitis. The virus also causes febrile illness resulting in a high rate of spontaneous abortions in ruminants. The handling of wild-type RVFV requires high-containment facilities, including biosafety level 4 or enhanced biosafety level 3 laboratories. Nonetheless, studies clarifying the mechanisms of the RVFV-induced diseases and preventing them are areas of active research throughout the world. By primarily referring to recent studies using several animal model systems, protein expression systems, and specific mutant viruses, this review describes the current knowledge about the mechanisms of pathogenesis of RVF and biological functions of various viral proteins that affect RVFV pathogenicity.
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Bingham, John, and Petrus Jansen van Vuren. "Rift Valley fever: a review." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 1 (2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20008.
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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease, principally of ruminants, that is endemic to Africa. The causative Phlebovirus, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), has a broad host range and, as such, also infects humans to cause primarily a self-limiting febrile illness. A small number of human cases will also develop severe complications, including haemorrhagic fever, encephalitis and visual impairment. In parts of Africa, it is a major disease of domestic ruminants, causing epidemics of abortion and mortality. It infects and can be transmitted by a broad range of mosquitos, with those of the genus Aedes and Culex thought to be the major vectors. Therefore, the virus has the potential to become established beyond Africa, including in Australia, where competent vector hosts are endemic. Vaccines for humans have not yet been developed to the commercial stage. This review examines the threat of this virus, with particular reference to Australia, and assesses gaps in our knowledge that may benefit from research focus.
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Nishiyama, Shoko, Nandadeva Lokugamage, and Tetsuro Ikegami. "The L, M, and S Segments of Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Vaccine Independently Contribute to a Temperature-Sensitive Phenotype." Journal of Virology 90, no. 7 (January 27, 2016): 3735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02241-15.
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ABSTRACTRift Valley fever (RVF) is endemic to Africa, and the mosquito-borne disease is characterized by “abortion storms” in ruminants and by hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and blindness in humans. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; familyBunyaviridae, genusPhlebovirus) has a tripartite negative-stranded RNA genome (L, M, and S segments). A live-attenuated vaccine for RVF, the MP-12 vaccine, is conditionally licensed for veterinary use in the United States. MP-12 is fully attenuated by the combination of the partially attenuated L, M, and S segments. Temperature sensitivity (ts) limits viral replication at a restrictive temperature and may be involved with viral attenuation. In this study, we aimed to characterize the ts mutations for MP-12. The MP-12 vaccine showed restricted replication at 38°C and replication shutoff (100-fold or greater reduction in virus titer compared to that at 37°C) at 39°C in Vero and MRC-5 cells. Using rZH501 reassortants with either the MP-12 L, M, or S segment, we found that all three segments encode a temperature-sensitive phenotype. However, the ts phenotype of the S segment was weaker than that of the M or L segment. We identified Gn-Y259H, Gc-R1182G, L-V172A, and L-M1244I as major ts mutations for MP-12. The ts mutations in the L segment decreased viral RNA synthesis, while those in the M segment delayed progeny production from infected cells. We also found that a lack of NSs and/or 78kD/NSm protein expression minimally affected the ts phenotype. Our study revealed that MP-12 is a unique vaccine carrying ts mutations in the L, M, and S segments.IMPORTANCERift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease endemic to Africa, characterized by high rates of abortion in ruminants and severe diseases in humans. Vaccination is important to prevent the spread of disease, and a live-attenuated MP-12 vaccine is currently the only vaccine with a conditional license in the United States. This study determined the temperature sensitivity (ts) of MP-12 vaccine to understand virologic characteristics. Our study revealed that MP-12 vaccine contains ts mutations independently in the L, M, and S segments and that MP-12 displays a restrictive replication at 38°C.
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Fathelrahman, Eihab M., Aaron Reeves, Meera S. Mohamed, Yassir M. Eltahir Ali, Adil I. El Awad, Oum-Keltoum Bensalah, and Afra A. Abdalla. "Epidemiology and Cost of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Eradication in Small Ruminants in the United Arab Emirates—Disease Spread and Control Strategies Simulations." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 2649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092649.
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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important infectious viral disease of domestic small ruminants that threatens the food security and sustainable livelihood of farmers across Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The objective of this research is to analyze the disease’s spread and its impacts on direct government costs through conducting three simulations of different control strategies to reduce and quickly eradicate PPR from the United Arab Emirates in the near future. A Modified Animal Disease Spread Model was developed in this study to suit the conditions of the United Arab Emirates. The initial scenario represents when mass vaccination is ceased, and moderate movement restrictions are applied. The second scenario is based on mass vaccination and stamping out the disease, whereas the third simulation scenario assumes mass and ring vaccination when needed, very strict movement control, and stamping out. This study found that the third scenario is the most effective in controlling and eradicating PPR from the UAE. The outbreak duration in days was reduced by 57% and the number of infected animals by 77% when compared to the other scenarios. These results are valuable to the country’s animal health decision-makers and the government’s efforts to report to the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) regarding the progress made towards declaration of the disease’s eradication. They are also useful to other concerned entities in other Middle Eastern, North African, and Asian countries where the disease is spreading.
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Bataille, Arnaud, Habib Salami, Ismaila Seck, Modou Moustapha Lo, Aminata Ba, Mariame Diop, Baba Sall, et al. "Combining viral genetic and animal mobility network data to unravel peste des petits ruminants transmission dynamics in West Africa." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): e1009397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009397.
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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a deadly viral disease that mainly affects small domestic ruminants. This disease threaten global food security and rural economy but its control is complicated notably because of extensive, poorly monitored animal movements in infected regions. Here we combined the largest PPR virus genetic and animal mobility network data ever collected in a single region to improve our understanding of PPR endemic transmission dynamics in West African countries. Phylogenetic analyses identified the presence of multiple PPRV genetic clades that may be considered as part of different transmission networks evolving in parallel in West Africa. A strong correlation was found between virus genetic distance and network-related distances. Viruses sampled within the same mobility communities are significantly more likely to belong to the same genetic clade. These results provide evidence for the importance of animal mobility in PPR transmission in the region. Some nodes of the network were associated with PPRV sequences belonging to different clades, representing potential “hotspots” for PPR circulation. Our results suggest that combining genetic and mobility network data could help identifying sites that are key for virus entrance and spread in specific areas. Such information could enhance our capacity to develop locally adapted control and surveillance strategies, using among other risk factors, information on animal mobility.
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Passler, Thomas, and Paul H. Walz. "Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in heterologous species." Animal Health Research Reviews 11, no. 2 (November 3, 2009): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252309990065.
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AbstractInfections with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are not limited to cattle, but may be detected in various species in the mammalian order Artiodactyla. Despite epidemiological evidence of BVDV infections in species other than cattle, current knowledge regarding the impact of BVDV on heterologous species is incomplete. In heterologous hosts, BVDV infections with clinical signs analogous to those in cattle have been described and include disease of multiple organ systems, most notably the reproductive tract and immune system. Clinical infections may negatively impact the health and well-being of heterologous species, including camelids and captive and free-ranging wildlife. Of additional importance are BVDV infections in small ruminants and swine where difficulties arise in laboratory testing for Border disease virus (BDV) and Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), respectively. Pestiviruses are antigenically closely related and their cross-reactivity requires additional efforts in virological testing. In cattle populations, persistently infected animals are considered the main source of BVDV transmission. This phenomenon has also been detected in heterologous species, which could facilitate reservoirs for BVDV that may be of great importance where control programs are in progress. This review summarizes the current epidemiological and clinical knowledge on heterologous BVDV infections and discusses their implications.
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NIEDBALSKI, WIESŁAW. "Eradication of peste des petits ruminants: Application of new research to guide and facilitate the global elimination of the disease." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 03 (2020): 6380–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6380.
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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild small ruminants caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), which belongs to the genus Morbilivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. The PPRV causes disease in goats and sheep, as well as in wild ruminants, such as gazelle, deer, antelope, Nubian ibex, gemsbok and others. PPR was first recorded in early 1942 in Ivory Coast, West Africa, and spread to around 70 countries in Africa, the Middle East and Asia – regions that are home to over 80% of the world’s sheep and goats. Until 2018, PPR had never been detected in Europe. On 24th June 2018, however, the Bulgarian authorities reported cases of PPR in sheep in the village of Voden, Bolyarovo municipality of Yambol region, on the border with the Thrace region of Turkey. It was the first occurrence of PPR in Bulgaria and in the European Union (EU). The control and eventual eradication of PPR is now one of the top priorities for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). In 2015, the international community agreed on a global strategy for PPR eradication, setting 2030 as a target date for elimination of the disease. The aim of this paper was to highlight future research that could be performed to guide and facilitate the PPR eradication programme. Such research includes studies on PPR transmission and epidemiology, as well as the development and application of new-generation PPR vaccines capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Moreover, there is a need for research to improve and adapt existing diagnostic techniques as well as to develop novel PPRV recognition methods, such as a lateral flow device for in-field use, that accelerate decisions about the implementation of control measures.
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Indran, Sabarish V., Olga A. Lihoradova, Inaia Phoenix, Nandadeva Lokugamage, Birte Kalveram, Jennifer A. Head, Bersabeh Tigabu, et al. "Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 vaccine encoding Toscana virus NSs retains neuroinvasiveness in mice." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.051250-0.
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Rift Valley fever is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) causes high rates of abortion and fetal malformation in pregnant ruminants, and haemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders or blindness in humans. The MP-12 strain is a highly efficacious and safe live-attenuated vaccine candidate for both humans and ruminants. However, MP-12 lacks a marker to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. In this study, we originally aimed to characterize the efficacy of a recombinant RVFV MP-12 strain encoding Toscana virus (TOSV) NSs gene in place of MP-12 NSs (rMP12-TOSNSs). TOSV NSs promotes the degradation of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and inhibits interferon-β gene up-regulation without suppressing host general transcription. Unexpectedly, rMP12-TOSNSs increased death in vaccinated outbred mice and inbred BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry showed diffusely positive viral antigens in the thalamus, hypothalamus and brainstem, including the medulla. No viral antigens were detected in spleen or liver, which is similar to the antigen distribution of moribund mice infected with MP-12. These results suggest that rMP12-TOSNSs retains neuroinvasiveness in mice. Our findings demonstrate that rMP12-TOSNSs causes neuroinvasion without any hepatic disease and will be useful for studying the neuroinvasion mechanism of RVFV and TOSV.
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GIADINIS (Ν. Δ. ΓΙΑΔΙΝΗΣ), N. D., and M. N. SARIDOMICHELAKIS (Μ.Ν. ΣΑΡΙΔΟΜΙΧΕΛΑΚΗΣ). "The most important skin diseases of the sheep and the goat." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 51, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15666.
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Skin diseases of small ruminants may have an economical impact, apart from the fact that some of them can be transmitted to humans. In this review article, the most important environmental, nutritional, parasitic, bacterial, fungal, viral, immune-mediated and neoplastic skin diseases of the goat and sheep are presented, emphasising on the clinical features, the diagnosis and the treatment.
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Chowdhury, MGA, MA Habib, MZ Hossain, UK Rima, PC Saha, MS Islam, S. Chowdhury, KM Kamaruddin, SMZH Chowdhury, and MAHNA Khan. "Passive surveillance on occurrence of deadly infectious, noninfectious and zoonotic diseases of livestock and poultry in Bangladesh and remedies." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 16, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i1.37429.
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Passive surveillance system was designed with the data (102,613 case records) collected from the Government Veterinary Hospitals, Bangladesh and frequency distribution of diseases was calculated during July 2010 to June 2013. Frequently occurring diseases/ disease conditions reported in livestock were fascioliasis (10.66%), diarrhoea (7.92%), mastitis (7.42%), foot and mouth disease (6.42%), parasitic gastroenteritis (6.31%), coccidiosis (5.5%), Peste des petits ruminants (PPR,5.32%), anthrax (4.19%) and black quarter (3.74%). Diarrhoea and coccidiosis were reported to occur throughout the year. The frequency of fascioliasis appeared higher in buffaloes (34%) followed by sheep (22%), goats (13%) and cattle (11%). PPR is a deadly infectious disease of goats and sheep, accounted for 20% and 13% infectivity in respective species. In chicken the most frequently occurring diseases reported were Newcastle disease (28%), fowl cholera (19%) and coccidiosis (11%). In ducks, duck viral enteritis (28%), duck viral hepatitis (17%), diarrhoea (15%), coccidiosis (10%) and intestinal helminthiasis (10%) were the commonest diseases reported in Bangladesh. Few other endemic diseases of livestock and poultry like Tuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, duck anatipestifer, Marek’s disease, Gumboro disease, avian tuberculosis, mycoplasmosis, dermatophilosis etc. were not included in the hospital data sheet. Financial hurdles persist in a country like Bangladesh, imposing difficulties onto the surveillance and early reporting of the disease outbreaks; these diseases are, therefore, stubbornly prevalent. Development of technological and knowledgeable man power, in time surveillance and early warning of disease outbreak are the key to protect animal and public health and produce safe food of animal origin.SAARC J. Agri., 16(1): 129-144 (2018)
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Chukwudi, Ijeoma Chekwube, Kenneth Ikejiofor Ogbu, Pam Dachung Luka, Refiloe Petunia Malesa, Livio Edward Heath, Emmanuel Ikenna Ugochukwu, and Kennedy Foinkfu Chah. "Comparison of colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification kit and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in Southeast Nigeria." November-2020 13, no. 11 (2020): 2358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2358-2363.
Full textAbstract:
Background and Aim: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, extremely contagious transboundary viral disease of small ruminants with severe economic consequences, caused by PPR virus. Cost-effective and rapid diagnosis of the disease is essential for prompt management and control. This study aimed to compare the application of a commercial colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (cLAMP) kit and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the diagnosis of PPR in sheep and goats in Southeast Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Nasal swab samples were collected from West African Dwarf sheep and goats showing clinical signs suggestive of PPR (n=80) and those without any clinical signs (n=140) of the disease. The diagnosis was achieved through detection of PPR viral genome in the samples using a cLAMP kit and RT-PCR. cLAMP assay was done directly on nasal swab samples without ribosomal nucleic acid extraction. A set of six primers targeting the matrix gene protein was used for the cLAMP assay. Results: PPR viral genome was detected by both cLAMP and RT-PCR in 51 (63.8%) of the 80 samples from sheep and goats with signs suggestive of PPR while 14 (10%) of those without signs tested positive for PPR by both assay methods. There was a 100% agreement in the cLAMP and RT-PCR results. However, cLAMP was a faster, easier, and less expensive method compared to RT-PCR. Conclusion: The cLAMP assay demonstrates the potential for a point of care diagnosis in the field and a valuable diagnostic tool in areas with poor electricity supply as well as in a less equipped diagnostic laboratory. Since the reagents are affordable, cLAMP can be a diagnostic tool of choice in the detection and surveillance of PPR virus in countries with limited resources.
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Wildi, Nicole, and Torsten Seuberlich. "Neurotropic Astroviruses in Animals." Viruses 13, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071201.
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Astrovirus infections are among the main causes of diarrhea in children, but their significance for animal health has remained underestimated and largely unknown. This is changing due to the increasing amount of newly identified neurotropic astroviruses in cases of nonsuppurative encephalitis and neurological disease in humans, pigs, ruminant species and minks. Neurological cases in ruminants and humans usually occur sporadically and as isolated cases. This contrasts with the situation in pigs and minks, in which diseases associated with neurotropic astroviruses are endemic and occur on the herd level. Affected animals show neurological signs such as mild ataxia to tetraplegia, loss of orientation or trembling, and the outcome is often fatal. Non-suppurative inflammation with perivascular cuffing, gliosis and neuronal necrosis are typical histological lesions of astrovirus encephalitis. Since astroviruses primarily target the gastrointestinal tract, it is assumed that they infect the brain through the circulatory system or retrograde following the nerves. The phylogenetic analysis of neurotropic astroviruses has revealed that they are genetically closely related, suggesting the presence of viral determinants for tissue tropism and neuroinvasion. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on neurotropic astrovirus infections in animals and propose future research activities.
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PAPANASTASOPOULOU (Μ. ΠΑΠΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), M. "Persistent viral infections in farm and companion animals: mechanisms of establishment and maintenance of viral persistence." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 55, no. 4 (December 6, 2017): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15146.
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In persistent viral infections the responsible virus is not eliminated by the host's immune system, but it is maintained in infected cells for months, years or lifetime and it is excreted periodically or continuously. The carrier animal may either appear healthy or show clinical signs. The epizootiologic importance of persistent infections is of compelling interest, since the asymptomatic carriers become a permanent source of viral dissemination that can transport the virus across long-distances and reintroduce it into a given herd, region or country, where the disease had been eliminated. Moreover, a persistent viral infection may be reactivated and cause recrudescent episodes of disease, may lead to immunopathologic or neoplastic disease in the individual host and yet may be transmitted to other animals or to the humans via contaminated materials of animal origin. The economic losses are significant at both farm and national level. Fifty four RNA or DNA viruses induce persistent infections in farm and companion animals. In particular, 14 viruses cause persistent infections in bovines, 7 in small ruminants, 9 in swine, 11 in equines, 8 in cats and 5 in dogs. The majority of these infections are caused by retroviruses and herpesviruses. For a virus to establish and maintain persistent infection, it should have limited cytolytic action, it should be able to maintain its genome within host cells over time and to evade the immune defence mechanisms of the host. The preventive measures are largely based either on the immunization of susceptible animals or on the eradication of the disease by stamping-out policy. The currendy available vaccines are inactivated or live attenuated. Most of them are prepared by conventional methods, but they also exist those that are biotechnologicaUy engineered, such as vector vaccines marker vaccines or subunit vaccines. A major advantage related to the use of marker vaccines is that vaccinated animals can potentially be differentiated from the naturally infected ones by this process.
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Ahmed, Sahar, Wafaa Abd El Wahab Hosny, Mervat Mahmoud, and Mohammed Abd El-Fatah Mahmoud. "Isolation and identification of peste des petits ruminants virus from goats in Egyptian governorates." Veterinary World 14, no. 4 (April 17, 2021): 926–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.926-932.
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Background and Aim: The peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants which negatively affects animal production and the socioeconomic status of farmers. Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) encodes eight proteins, with the viral fusion protein (F) playing a role in virus virulence and stimulating an effective protective immune response. This study aimed to isolate and complete the identification of PPRV circulating in goats in different Egyptian governorates and perform molecular characterization of the PPRV F gene. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from unvaccinated animals with clinical signs suggestive of PPR. A total of 256 sera were tested for the detection of PPRV antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) kit, while 214 samples of blood buffy coat preparation, animal swabs (nasal, ocular, and saliva), and fecal and tissue samples were tested for the detection of the PPRV antigen using an antigen-capture ELISA kit. Molecular diagnosis, gene cloning, blast analysis, and phylogenetic analysis were performed for the molecular characterization of PPRV. Results: The seroprevalence results of PPRV antibodies in the tested sera showed a total of 67.9% positive samples. The rates of PPR antigen recorded by the antigen-capture ELISA in the swabs (nasal and ocular) and tissue samples were 44.3%, 46.8%, and 43.5%, respectively, with saliva swabs having the highest rate of PPRV positivity (76.4%) and fecal samples having the lowest (33.3%). Molecular characterization of the PPRV Vero cell culture revealed that the circulating PPRV strain belongs to the IV lineage. Blast analysis of the PPRV F gene showed 96.7% identity with the PPRV strain Egypt-2014 fusion protein (F) gene, KT006589.1, differing by 43 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the emerging PPRV belongs to the IV lineage among small ruminant animals. The findings also indicate the need for an innovative strategy to control and eliminate this disease based on a regularly administered and effective vaccine, a test to distinguish between infected and vaccinated animals, and the need for further study on the protein structure and PPRV F gene expression, which should help us to understand the molecular evolution of the virus and control and eliminate PPR disease.
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Yang, Jia-Ling, Yi-Chia Li, Shu-Chia Hu, Fan Lee, and Fun-In Wang. "RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS SEROTYPES 2 AND 12 INFECTION BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION LOOP-MEDIATED ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION." Taiwan Veterinary Journal 41, no. 03 (September 2015): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1682648515500092.
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Bluetongue (BT), an arthropod-borne viral disease, is caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), belonging to the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. Most species of ruminants are susceptible to BTV, but most infections go subclinical. These 'reservoir hosts' may potentially further increase the viral transmission and expansion of the disease; thus, detection of subclinical infection is important. To detect the BTV, a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed using primers targeted to six regions of the segment 5 (NS1) gene of the BTV2/KM/2003. The assay was completed in 1 h at a temperature 65°C, and the products were specifically digested with MboII enzyme presented in the target region. The in vitro sensitivity of the RT-LAMP was 100 copies, characterized by a qRT-PCR. The RT-LAMP did not cross-react with four tested common ruminant infectious agents, namely foot and mouth disease virus, goat pox virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, and Clostridium perfrigens. The RT-LAMP was applied to whole blood samples from 15 clinically healthy dairy cattle, and was able to detect BTV from 3/15 animals, and in particular 1 of the 3 animals was seronegative by cELISA. Positive RT-LAMP samples were reproducible. This RT-LAMP provides a simple, efficient, and sensitive method to specifically detect BTV and is suitable for the screening of field samples with a potential to pick up subclinical infection. The alignments of the outer primer region indicated matches of > 85% with 18 out of 26 BTV serotypes, implying its potential as universal primers.
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Yousuf, Md Abu, Md Mostafizur Rahman, Md Alauddin, SM Badier Rahman, SM Shariful Islam, Md Rafiqul Islam, and Md Ershaduzzaman. "Sero-surveillance of peste des petits ruminant viral antibody in goats at different areas of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 3 (November 28, 2017): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i3.34524.
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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a devastating and killer disease of domesticated small ruminants particularly goats. The present study was conducted on the serosurveillance of PPR in goats in different areas of Bangladesh. Blood samples were collected apparently from different years of age of goats in different areas of Bangladesh. All sera were subjected to serological test by competitive ELISA. For sero-surveillance of PPR virus total 200 serum samples were collected at different areas of Bangladesh such as Bogra18/60 (30%), Sirajganj 26/30 (86.67%), Mymensingh 5/50 (10%) and Rangpur 7/60 (11.67%). Among those 56 were seropositive and 144 were seronegative. The mean positive antibody titer ±SD of goat serum samples was 26.03 and the mean negative antibody titer was 77.76 The highest antibodies was detected in Sirajganj that was vaccinated flock whereas the lowest antibodies was found Mymensingh that was non vaccinated goat. It may be concluded that, in absence of vaccination, the presence of PPRV antibodies indicated that PPR viruses were circulating among the goats population but the vaccinated goat’s have protective level of antibodies against PPRV. So that preventive measures should be taken in goats against PPR virus by vaccination with proper maintain of cool chain.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2017, 3(3): 347-351
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Abendaño, Naiara, Aitor Esparza-Baquer, Irantzu Bernales, Ramsés Reina, Damián de Andrés, and Begoña M. Jugo. "Gene Expression Profiling Reveals New Pathways and Genes Associated with Visna/Maedi Viral Disease." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061785.
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Visna/Maedi virus (VMV) is a lentivirus that infects the cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage in sheep, goats and wild ruminants. Infection with VMV causes a multisystemic inflammatory disorder, which includes pneumonia, encephalitis, mastitis or arthritis. The immune response to VMV infection is complex, and the infection and pathogenesis of this virus are not totally characterized yet. In this work, a gene expression microarray was used to identify the differentially expressed genes in VMV infection and disease development by comparing sheep with different serologic status and with presence of VM-characteristic clinical lesions. The expression profile analysis has revealed many interesting genes that may be associated with the viral infection process. Among them, the OXT gene appeared significantly up-regulated, so the oxytocin-secreting system could play an essential role in VM disease. Moreover, some of the most significantly enriched functions in up-regulated genes appeared the complement pathway, which (in combination with the Toll-like receptor signaling network) could compose a mechanism in the VMV pathogenesis. Identifying the host genetic factors associated with VMV infection can be applied to develop strategies for preventing infection and develop effective vaccines that lead to therapeutic treatments.
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Zientara, Stéphan, and Claire Ponsart. "Viral emergence and consequences for reproductive performance in ruminants: two recent examples (bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd14367.
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Viruses can emerge unexpectedly in different regions of the world and may have negative effects on reproductive performance. This paper describes the consequences for reproductive performance that have been reported after the introduction to Europe of two emerging viruses, namely the bluetongue (BTV) and Schmallenberg (SBV) viruses. Following the extensive spread of BTV in northern Europe, large numbers of pregnant cows were infected with BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) during the breeding season of 2007. Initial reports of some cases of abortion and hydranencephaly in cattle in late 2007 were followed by quite exhaustive investigations in the field that showed that 10%–35% of healthy calves were infected with BTV-8 before birth. Transplacental transmission and fetal abnormalities in cattle and sheep had been previously observed only with strains of the virus that were propagated in embryonated eggs and/or cell culture, such as vaccine strains or vaccine candidate strains. After the unexpected emergence of BTV-8 in northern Europe in 2006, another arbovirus, namely SBV, emerged in Europe in 2011, causing a new economically important disease in ruminants. This new virus, belonging to the Orthobunyavirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family, was first detected in Germany, in The Netherlands and in Belgium in 2011 and soon after in the UK, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain, Denmark and Switzerland. Adult animals show no or only mild clinical symptoms, whereas infection during a critical period of gestation can lead to abortion, stillbirth or the birth of severely malformed offspring. The impact of the disease is usually greater in sheep than in cattle. The consequences of SBV infection in domestic ruminants and more precisely the secondary effects on off-springs will be described.
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Maksimović-Zorić, Jelena, Vesna Milićević, Ljubiša Veljović, Ivan Pavlović, Vladimir Radosavljević, Miroslav Valčić, and Mileva Glišić. "BLUETONGUE DISEASE - EPIZOOTIOLOGY SITUATION IN SERBIA IN 2015, DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 9, no. 1 (November 17, 2016): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v9i1.93.
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Bluetongue disease is non-contagious, vector borne, viral disease mainly of sheep but also of other domestic and wild ruminants. Bluetongue virus (BTV) belongs to the family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus and is characterized by segmented double-stranded RNA. Virus is transmitted from one to another susceptible animal by hematophagous insects of the genus Culicoides. According to offi cial data, between 2002 and 2014, Serbia has belonged to BTV free countries. Aft er that, the fi rst outbreak occurred in August 2014. Th e last case was reported in December of the same year. During 2015, 74 samples were examined for exclusion of bluetongue disease: 8 in cattle, 65 in sheep and one in goat. In order to detect viral genome, 73 blood samples and one tissue sample were examined by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). None of tested samples was confi rmed to be BTV positive. Following the Instruction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection - Veterinary Directorate, monitoring program for Bluetongue disease in Serbia started from October 2015. The program consists of insect identifi cation and detection of viral genome in Culicoides spp. by RT-PCR assay. Of the 80 samples that were received during the program realization in 2015, only four, which were collected during late autumn, have contained insects of Culicoides spp. In none of them, BTV was detected. For diff erential diagnosis, 65 ovine blood samples were examined for the presence of viruses of contagious ecthyma, sheep and goat pox as well as eight bovine blood samples were tested for viruses of bovine viral diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis / pustular vulvovaginitis and malignant catarrhal fever. Th e samples were analyzed using molecular methods (PCR and RT-PCR). Only two bovine blood samples gave positive reaction for the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus.
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Wolff, Janika, Jacqueline King, Tom Moritz, Anne Pohlmann, Donata Hoffmann, Martin Beer, and Bernd Hoffmann. "Experimental Infection and Genetic Characterization of Two Different Capripox Virus Isolates in Small Ruminants." Viruses 12, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12101098.
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Capripox viruses, with their members “lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)”, “goatpox virus (GTPV)” and “sheeppox virus (SPPV)”, are described as the most serious pox diseases of production animals. A GTPV isolate and a SPPV isolate were sequenced in a combined approach using nanopore MinION sequencing to obtain long reads and Illumina high throughput sequencing for short precise reads to gain full-length high-quality genome sequences. Concomitantly, sheep and goats were inoculated with SPPV and GTPV strains, respectively. During the animal trial, varying infection routes were compared: a combined intravenous and subcutaneous infection, an only intranasal infection, and the contact infection between naïve and inoculated animals. Sheep inoculated with SPPV showed no clinical signs, only a very small number of genome-positive samples and a low-level antibody reaction. In contrast, all GTPV inoculated or in-contact goats developed severe clinical signs with high viral genome loads observed in all tested matrices. Furthermore, seroconversion was detected in nearly all goats and no differences concerning the severity of the disease depending on the inoculation route were observed. Conclusively, the employed SPPV strain has the properties of an attenuated vaccine strain, consistent with the genetic data, whereas the GTPV strain represents a highly virulent field strain.
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Pandey, K. R., and J. Shrestha. "Status of PPR and Sero-conversion of PPR Vaccines in Goats and Sheep of Midwestern Region of Nepal." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 35 (December 31, 2018): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v35i0.25215.
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Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a common, acute, highly contagious and infectious viral epidemic disease of small ruminants which has caused significant economic losses in Nepal. Total of 247 suspected serum samples from 13 outbreaks from 8 districts of the Midwestern region of Nepal in 2015 were confirmed by using antibody ELISA test and in case of dead animals, the tissue samples were further confirmed by using antigen ELISA test. Out of 247 serum samples, 153 (61.9%) samples showed PPR antibody positive. The Ecozone wise distribution of PPR showed that the PPR outbreak were reported the highest in mountain followed by hills and the lowest in Terai. The highest outbreaks in mountain may be due to excessive movements of nomadic herd of sheep and goat, common pasture, low vaccine coverage in mountain whilst in hill region due to geographic difficulty and low sero-conversion of vaccine. Hence, strategic vaccination campaigns, proper biosecurity, movement control, risk analysis and early diagnosis need to be implemented for the control of PPR in the country.
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Zhao, Hang, Felix Njeumi, Satya Parida, and Camilla T. O. Benfield. "Progress towards Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants through Vaccination." Viruses 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010059.
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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary viral disease that threatens more than 1.74 billion goats and sheep in approximately 70 countries globally. In 2015, the international community set the goal of eradicating PPR by 2030, and, since then, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) have jointly developed and implemented the Global Control and Eradication Strategy for PPR. Here, data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database (FAOSTAT), the OIE World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS), Regional Roadmap Meetings, and countries’ responses to PPR Monitoring and Assessment Tool (PMAT) questionnaires were analyzed to inform on current progress towards PPR eradication. OIE recorded the use of over 333 million doses of vaccine in 12 countries from 2015 to 2018, 41.8% of which were used in Asia and 58.2% in Africa. Between 2015 and 2019, a total of 12,757 PPR outbreaks were reported to OIE: 75.1% in Asia, 24.8% in Africa, and 0.1% in Europe. The number of global outbreaks in 2019 fell to 1218, compared with 3688 in 2015. Analysis of vaccine use and PPR outbreaks in countries indicates that disease control strategies, particularly vaccination campaigns and vaccine distribution strategies, still require scientific evaluation. It is imperative that vaccination is undertaken based on the epidemiology of the disease in a region and is coordinated between neighboring countries to restrict transboundary movements. Strengthening surveillance and post-vaccination sero-monitoring at the national level is also essential. The PPR vaccine stock/bank established by FAO, OIE, and other partners have improved the quality assurance and supply of vaccines. However, to achieve PPR eradication, filling the funding gap for vaccination campaigns and other program activities will be critical.