Relevant bibliographies by topics / Violet-blue light

Academic literature on the topic 'Violet-blue light'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Violet-blue light"

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Choi, Won Chel, Ho Nyung Lee, Eun Kyu Kim, Yong Kim, Chong-Yun Park, Hong Seung Kim, and Jeong Yong Lee. "Violet/blue light-emitting cerium silicates." Applied Physics Letters 75, no. 16 (October 18, 1999): 2389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125023.

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Felix Gomez, Grace Gomez, Frank Lippert, Masatoshi Ando, Andrea F. Zandona, George J. Eckert, and Richard L. Gregory. "Photoinhibition of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm-Induced Lesions in Human Dentin by Violet-Blue Light." Dentistry Journal 7, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj7040113.

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This in vitro study determined the effectiveness of violet-blue light on Streptococcus mutans (UA159) biofilm induced dentinal lesions. Biofilm was formed on human dentin specimens in a 96-well microtiter plate and incubated for 13 h in the presence of tryptic soy broth (TSB) or TSB supplemented with 1% sucrose (TSBS). Violet-blue light (405 nm) from quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLFTM) was used to irradiate the biofilm. Supernatant liquid was removed, and the biofilm was irradiated continuously with QLF for 5 min twice daily with an interval of 6 h for 5 d, except with one treatment on the final day. Colony forming units (CFU) of the treated biofilm, changes in fluorescence (∆F; QLF-Digital BiluminatorTM), lesion depth (L), and integrated mineral loss (∆Z; both transverse microradiography) were quantified at the end of the fifth day. Statistical analysis used analysis of variance (ANOVA), testing at a 5% significance level. In the violet-blue light irradiated groups, there was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of bacterial viability (CFU) of S. mutans with TSB and TSBS. Violet-blue light irradiation resulted in the reduction of ∆F and L of the dentinal surface with TSBS. These results indicate that violet-blue light has the capacity to reduce S. mutans cell numbers.
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Awad, Doaa, Joanna Wilińska, Dimitra Gousia, Xiaoye Shi, Jnina Eddous, Arne Müller, Veit Wagner, et al. "Toxicity and phototoxicity in human ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelium cells of dyes commonly used in retinal surgery." European Journal of Ophthalmology 28, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118766446.

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Purpose: To compare, for the first time, systematically the toxicity and phototoxicity of dyes and dye combinations used in vitreoretinal surgery. The dyes were trypan blue, brilliant blue G, trypan blue + brilliant blue G, indocyanine green, bromophenol blue, bromophenol blue + brilliant blue G, and acid violet 17, in clinically used concentrations. Methods: Human ARPE retinal pigment epithelium cells were exposed to the dyes for 30 min. For phototoxicity, the cells were exposed for 15 min to high-intensity light from a light emitting diode source with an intensity similar to surgical conditions. Toxicity was assayed either directly after exposure to either dye alone or dye and light, or with a delay of 24 h. Results: None of the dyes or their combinations was toxic when cells were exposed to them at ambient light. Acid violet led to a reduction viability by 90% already immediately after light exposure. Bromophenol blue and its combination with brilliant blue G showed strong phototoxicity (reduction of viability by 83%) when assayed with delay. Indocyanine green with different agents to adjust osmolarity (balanced salt solution, glucose, and mannitol) was not found to be toxic. Conclusion: The strong immediate phototoxicity of acid violet reflects its clinical toxicity. Bromophenol blue might also be disadvantageous for patient outcome because of its delayed phototoxicity. The other dyes (trypan blue, brilliant blue g, and indocyanine green) were not found to be toxic neither with exposure to ambient light nor after exposure to light of intensities used in surgery.
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Tung, Ha Thanh, Huu Phuc Dang, and Phung Ton That. "The impacts of green LaBSiO<sub>5</sub>: Tb<sup>3+</sup>, Ce<sup>3+</sup> phosphor on lumen output of white LEDs." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 1458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i3.4772.

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The traditional solid-state technique was used to create LaBSiO5 phosphors doped with Ce3+ and Tb3+ at 1,100 °C. These phosphors' phase purity and luminous characteristics are looked at. Under ultraviolet (UV) light stimulation, LaBSiO5: Tb3+ phosphors emit bright green light, whereas LaBSiO5 samples incorporated with Ce3+ emit blue-violet light. With UV ray stimulation, LaBSiO5 samples incorporated with Ce3+ as well as Tb3+ emit blue-violet as well as green illumination. The 5d-4f shift for Ce3+ is responsible for the blue-violet radiation, while the 5D4→7F5 transition of Tb3+ is responsible for the green radiation. The mechanism for power conversion between Ce3+ and Tb3+ was examined since there is a spectral overlap among the stimulation line for Tb3+ and the emitting line for Ce3+.
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Veleska-Stevkoska, Daniela, and Filip Koneski. "Haemostasis in Oral Surgery with Blue-Violet Light." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 4 (April 3, 2018): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.181.

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BACKGROUND: The invasive dental procedures usually result in wounds accompanied by physiological bleeding. Even though the bleeding is easily manageable, it is still one of the major concerns of the patients and a reason for their subjective discomfort. Recently, a novel approach with light-emitting diode (LED) was introduced to control the bleeding. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the irradiation with blue-violet light LEDs on the haemostasis.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 40 patients with an indication for tooth extraction, divided into two groups: examination group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 10). The site of the extraction socket in the examination group was irradiated with LED (410 nm) until the bleeding stopped. The patients from the control group were treated by conventional gauze pressure to stop the bleeding (control group). The duration of irradiation and gauze pressure was measured and compared. The statistical analysis was performed with Student T-test.RESULTS: The examination group showed the shorter duration of bleeding compared to the control group for 13.67 seconds and 156 seconds, respectively. The most of the cases in the examination group were irradiated in 10 seconds (70%), followed by irradiation of 20 seconds (23.3%) and 30 seconds (6.6%). In the control group, the average time to stop the bleeding by the conventional method was 156 second.CONCLUSION: The blue-violet LED light shortens the bleeding time from the extraction socket after tooth extraction and may be a promising method for achieving haemostasis.
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Sasaki, Kentaro, Norikazu Kawamura, Haruki Tokumaru, and Yasuhiro Kuwana. "Blue-Violet Four-Beam Light Source Using Waveguides." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 46, no. 6B (June 22, 2007): 3729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.46.3729.

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Qiu, Chengfeng, Haiying Chen, Man Wong, and Hoi S. Kwok. "Efficient blue-to-violet organic light-emitting diodes." Synthetic Metals 140, no. 1 (January 2004): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(03)00359-x.

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Dmitriev, V. A., Ya V. Morozenko, B. V. Tzarenkov, and V. E. Chelnokov. "Silicon carbide blue and violet light-emitting diodes." Displays 13, no. 2 (January 1992): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-9382(92)90104-y.

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Brgoch, Jakoah, and Shruti Hariyani. "(Invited) Advancing Human-Centric Lighting." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 51 (October 9, 2022): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02511958mtgabs.

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The concept of human-centric lighting stems from the evolution of sunlight’s intensity and color temperature throughout the course of a day. This natural progression of bright cold-white light during the middle of the day to a softer warm-white light in the evening stimulates intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells that control our circadian rhythm. The blue-hue of daylight activates these cells to produce dopamine and cortisol while suppressing melatonin, the sleep hormone, to keep humans awake and alert. The current generation of energy-efficient LED lights reproduce daylight by converting a blue-emitting LED into a broad-spectrum white light using inorganic phosphors. Unfortunately, the resulting intense blue-hue generated by cheap LED bulbs and the underlying blue light from even the most expensive bulbs have been shown to cause macular degeneration, cataract formation, mood disorders, and circadian disruption, resulting in insomnia and fatigue. This talk will investigate the production of a ‘human-centric’ light that minimizes blue light by using a violet LED chip and inorganic phosphors. We report a new phosphor, Na2MgPO4F:Eu2+, which can be readily excited by violet light to produce a bright blue emission. This material possesses all the necessary requirements for LED lighting, including a high quantum yield, thermally robust emission, and impressive chemical stability. Incorporating this material into a prototype device demonstrates our ability produce a warm-white light with a higher color rendering index than a commercially purchased LED light bulb while significantly reducing the blue component.
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Sandall, Sharon K., and R. Daniel Lineberger. "Stabilization of Chimeral African Violet Clones by In Vitro Inflorescence Culture." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 593D—593. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.593d.

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The pinwheel-flowering African violet `Silver Summit', apericlinal chimera, has bicolor flowers with violet-blue corolla segment margins and white central stripes. Several off types were produced during in vitro culture of `Silver Summit'—solid violet-blue flowering from leaf or petiole explants, solid white flowering from petiole core explants, and two reverse pinwheel flowering types. The reverse pinwheel types varied in color; one had deep violet-blue stripes (DR, dark reverse) and the other had lighter stripes of the same color (LR, light reverse). Plantlets derived from inflorescence culture (Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0.1 mg/1 NAA, 0.1 mg/1 BA) were grown on to flowering. Of 55 plants from LR inflorescences, 51 were true-to-type. The remainder were solid violet-blue flowering. Of 64 plants from DR inflorescences, only 8 were true-to-type, 17 were solid violet-blue flowering, one was white flowering, and 38 were mixed flowering. In vitro inflorescence culture can be used to clone pinwheel flowering African violets; however, chimeral stability of the plant produced varies between clones.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Violet-blue light"

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Valzano, Felice. "Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of drug combinations and violet-blue light against clinically relevant bacterial pathogens causing airway infections." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1223115.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Staphylococcus aureus lung colonization is critical in cystic fibrosis (CF) and other chronic lung diseases, contributing to disease progression. Biofilm growth and a propensity to evolve multidrug resistance phenotypes drastically limit the available therapeutic options. In this perspective, there has been growing interest in evaluating both combination therapies, especially for drugs administrable by nebulization allowing to achieve high lung concentrations while reducing systemic toxicity, and non-antibiotic therapies based on the using of visible light capable of generating reactive oxygen species leading to bacterial killing. In this doctoral thesis, the potential synergism of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (a mucolytic agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties) in combination with colistin (among the last-resort agents for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria) against S. maltophilia grown in planktonic and biofilm phase, and P. aeruginosa biofilms was investigated. The transcriptomic response of a P. aeruginosa CF strain to NAC exposure was also studied. A wide collection of S. maltophilia and P. aeruginosa clinical isolates (comprising strains isolated from CF patients and colistin-resistant strains) was included in the study. On the other hand, the potential in vitro activity of violet-blue light (415 nm wavelength) against planktonic and biofilm cultures of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus strains (including strains isolated from CF patients) was investigated. The potentiation of the antimicrobial activity of light at 415 nm in the presence of potassium iodide (KI) against planktonic cultures was also evaluated. The latter investigations were part of the follow-up activities of the European project Light4Lungs aimed at develops a novel antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of chronic lung infections using inhalable light sources. Checkerboard assays carried out with S. maltophilia strains showed a synergism of NAC-colistin combinations against the strains exhibiting colistin Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) >2 mg/L (n=13), suggesting that NAC could antagonize the mechanisms involved in colistin resistance. Nonetheless, time-kill assays revealed that NAC might potentiate colistin activity also in case of lower colistin MICs. A dose-dependent potentiation of colistin activity by NAC was clearly observed against S. maltophilia biofilms, also at sub-MIC concentrations. Biofilm susceptibility testing performed against P. aeruginosa showed a limited and strain-dependent antibiofilm activity of NAC alone (8,000 mg/L). However, a relevant antibiofilm synergism of NAC-colistin combinations was observed with the majority of the P. aeruginosa strains tested. Synergism was also confirmed with the artificial sputum medium model. RNA sequencing of NAC-exposed planktonic cultures revealed that NAC (8,000 mg/L) mainly induced (i) a Zn2+ starvation response (known to induce attenuation of P. aeruginosa virulence), (ii) downregulation of genes of the denitrification apparatus, and (iii) downregulation of flagellar biosynthesis pathway. NAC-mediated inhibition of P. aeruginosa denitrification pathway and flagellum-mediated motility were confirmed experimentally. A potential antimicrobial activity of the light at 415 nm against all the tested strains (n=4) was observed. A dose-dependent effect was detected against P. aeruginosa strains grown in planktonic phase, while only a scant or no effect was observed against S. aureus cultures. Nevertheless, the addition of KI to the planktonic cultures potentiated the photokilling activity of 415 nm LED light leading to eradication of starting inocula in three out of four cases, confirming the involvement of KI in the bacterial cell death. An antibiofilm activity of the light at 415 nm was observed against both P. aeruginosa strains and S. aureus strains, with the major effects evident against clinical isolates compared to the reference strains, underlining the differences of response to oxidative stress between diverse physiological states of growth. NAC-colistin combinations, at concentrations likely achievable by topical administration, might represent a valid option for the treatment of infections caused by biofilm-associated pathogens, such as S. maltophilia and P. aeruginosa, while potentially reducing the risk of in vivo selection of colistin resistance. NAC might also have a role in reducing P. aeruginosa virulence, which could be relevant in the very early stages of lung colonization. The antibiofilm activity of violet-blue light would deserve further investigation to consolidate the obtained data for the potential clinical application of this approach, especially in biofilm-associated chronic infections. The potentiation of photokilling activity of antimicrobial light mediated by KI should be further examined.
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Felix, Gomez Grace Gomez. "Violet-blue light and streptococcus mutans biofilm-induced carious lesions." Diss., 2018. https://doi.org/10.7912/C2W944.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Dental caries is a continuum of disease process. Early carious lesions are reversible and preventable. The primary etiological factor of dental caries is oral biofilm also known as dental plaque. It is an aggregate of oral bacteria, and one of the principal cariogenic bacteria is a facultative anaerobic microbe, Streptococcus mutans, which is indispensable for the initiation of caries. Management of prevention of carious lesions at the microbial level begins with reducing, eliminating and inhibiting the attachment of oral biofilm. Non-invasive phototherapy is widely studied to control oral biofilm as an alternative method to overcome the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains. In vitro studies demonstrated that Violet-Blue light with a peak wavelength of 405 nm had an inhibitory effect on S. mutans biofilm cells irradiated for 5 min. Metabolic activity of S. mutans cells was significantly reduced immediately after treatment with some recovery at 2 and 6 hrs. An in vitro translational study was conducted to determine the inhibitory effect of Violet-Blue light with twice daily treatments for 5 min over a period of 5 days on S. mutans biofilm cells grown on human enamel and dentin specimens. Bacterial viability was significantly reduced in the Violet-Blue light treated group for both dentin and enamel. Lesion depth, obtained by imaging fluorescence loss through Quantitative Light Induced Fluorescence (QLF-D) Biluminator and through transverse microradiography (TMR), was significantly reduced in S. mutans grown in tryptic soy broth with 1% sucrose (TSBS) for dentin. Mineral loss obtained through TMR in the absence of sucrose (TSB) was significant with enamel. However, all the parameters in the Violet-Blue treated groups were numerically reduced, albeit some being not significant. Accurate Mass Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry was used to identify Protoporphyrin IX (PP-IX) in S. mutans biofilm that may play a role in the photoinactivation and emission of fluorescence within specific wavelengths of the visible spectrum namely Violet-Blue light.
2020-08-09
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Horng, Syuan-Huei, and 洪暄惠. "Numerical Studies on Blue-violet InGaN Light-Emitting Diodes and Laser Diodes." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88554176115633006818.

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碩士
國立彰化師範大學
光電科技研究所
96
The nitride-based light-emitting diodes and laser diodes have attracted much attention due to high lighting efficiency. The specific applications of nitride-besed lighting devices include full color display, solid lighting source, high efficient traffic light, back light of liquid crystal displays, and light source of high-definition digital versatile disk (HD-DVD) system. However, for the nitride-besed device, the strong built-in electrostatic field resulted from the piezoelectric effect is an essential effect and can not be neglected. In this thesis, I study the influence of piezoelectric effect on the optical performance of the light-emiting diodes and laser diodes. In chapter 1, firstly, I introduce the development of the light-emiting diodes and laser diodes. Then, the development of Ga-face and N-face films is introduced. In addition, the physical parameters used in the simulation program and the method for the calculation of polarization charge density are included. In chapter 2, the influences of Ga-face and N-face films for the blue-violet light-emitting diodes are compared and analyized. In addition, the optical performance of the devices with different numbers of quantum wells is also discussed. Besides, the physical origins for the interesting simulation results are demonstrated. In chapter 3, based on the same method as introduced in chapter 2, the influence of Ga-face and N-face films on the violet-ultraviolet laser diodes is investigated. The simulation results and the relavent physical explanations are provided. In chapter 4, a brief summary related to the discussions presented in the previous chapters is given here.
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Book chapters on the topic "Violet-blue light"

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Sanchez-Ramos, C., J. A. Vega, M. E. del Valle, A. Fernandez-Balbuena, C. Bonnin-Arias, and J. M. Benitez-del Castillo. "Role of Metalloproteases in Retinal Degeneration Induced by Violet and Blue Light." In Retinal Degenerative Diseases, 159–64. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1399-9_19.

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Al-Awadhi, Safaa, and Mustafa Al-Shemali. "Spectro Absorption." In Atlas of Fallen Dust in Kuwait, 206–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66977-5_9.

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Abstract Ultraviolet–visible UV-VIS. Varian Bio Cary 100 UV–VIS instrument was used for measuring the spectrum of dust samples. The certified materials according to Lab sphere SRS. 99–020 were used and the dust samples were placed in a cuvette (10 mm) and placed on the diffuse reflectance accessory. Measurement was done with respect to the reference. The UV–VIS spectra cover the regions from 900 to 190 nm which includes the near-infrared region, visible light regions, and ultraviolet regions. The FT-IR data shows the different chemical content of dust in the scanning of what possible compounds can be found in dust particles for required further analysis. The dust absorption of the light spectrum in Kuwait was revealed in maps according to seasons showing higher and lower concentrations of light absorption of ultraviolet, violet, blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange, red, infrared.
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"Blue and Violet Vertical Cavity Light Emitters and Multielement Arrays." In Compound Semiconductors 2001, 189–96. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482268980-32.

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Sherratt, Thomas N., and David M. Wilkinson. "Why is the Sea Blue?" In Big Questions in Ecology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199548606.003.0012.

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One answer to this chapter’s question is straightforward and based on high-school physics. The early SCUBA divers quickly discovered that if they took underwater colour photographs, even if they were only a few metres down, their pictures had a strong blue cast to them. However, if they illuminated their subjects with a flash, then a more colourful world emerged in their pictures—especially if they were photographing the rich diversity of highly coloured fish that can be found in some parts of the tropics. The reason for the blueness is that as sunlight passes through water the colours of the spectrum are absorbed at different rates, with the long wavelengths (e.g. red) absorbed first and the higher-energy shorter wavelengths (e.g. blue) penetrating deeper into the depths. It follows that underwater available light is predominantly blue and that any light reflected from within the water body is more likely to be from the bluer end of the spectrum of visible light. So, light coming from the sea to our eyes is mainly blue because these wavelengths are least absorbed; indeed oceanographers who have studied some of the cleanest waters describe them as looking ‘violet blue’. As biologists we are interested in a more ecological answer to the question, ‘Why is the sea blue’? The physics explanation only works if seawater is reasonably clear, and it is this clarity that biologists need to explain. Consider our opening quotation, which comes from Peter Matthiessen’s book describing early attempts to film the great white shark in its natural habitat. It raises an interesting ecological question—why can a SCUBA diver or snorkeler see where they are going in the ocean? Put another way, why is the sea blue rather than green? The upper layer of the ocean with enough light for photosynthesis is called the euphotic zone (defined as extending down to the point where only 1% of photosynthetically usable light is present compared with surface light levels); this is often only a few tens of metres deep, but in extremely clear water near Easter Island in the Pacific it has recently been found to extend down to 170 m depth.
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Weintraub, David A. "Misty Mars." In Life on Mars, 55–69. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691209258.003.0005.

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This chapter considers the invented craft of spectroscopy as one of the important research techniques used by mid-nineteenth-century astronomers to the study of Mars. It details how the tools of spectroscopy led to the discovery of proof for the presence of water on the surface and in the atmosphere of Mars. It also discusses that the knowledge that water exists on Mars made astronomers believe they had proof that Mars had an Earth-like climate and that the red patches on Mars were vegetation. The chapter explains that spectroscopy involves channeling a beam of light from any source through a prism or a grating, which spreads the light out into its constituent colors, allowing scientists to study the details of brightness and faintness of the different colors. It mentions William Huggins and William Allen Miller, who suggested that the Mars's red color is a consequence of its inability to reflect violet and blue light.
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Chandra Neupane, Anil. "Food Detection and Feeding Behavior of Three Species of Household Cockroaches, Blatella germanica (L.), Periplaneta americana (L.), and Supella longipalpa (F.)." In Arthropods - New Advances and Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108499.

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German cockroaches (Blatella germanica L.), American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana L.,) and brown-banded cockroaches (Supella longipapla F.) are the most important urban insect pests. The food detection and feeding behavior of these cockroaches are varied and depend on different factors. German cockroach starts feeding between 7:00–10:00 pm and 4:00–5:00 am, whereas the American cockroach starts within the first few hours of darkness followed by an inactive period in the latter part, and throughout the light period. The calling in females of brown-banded cockroaches followed periodicity and peak calling occurs in the scotophase. Likewise, the behavioral response of male brown-banded cockroaches was at a peak in the scotophase. German cockroach compound eye is sensitive to blue-green portion of the spectrum (major) and ultraviolet (UV) (minor). The compound eye of the American cockroach received the blue-green and violet (or ultraviolet) regions of the spectrum. Information on the compound eye sensitivity of brown-banded cockroaches is limited. The possession of specific hygroreceptors could play an important role in both German and American cockroaches. The German cockroach preferred carbohydrates food and consumed more containing starch, glucose, sucrose, mannitol, maltose, sorbitol, or glycerol. Very limited studies were carried out to determine the food detection ability and the feeding behavior of the brown-banded cockroach. Future studies should be directed toward the color preferences of the brown-banded cockroach.
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Wilk, Stephen R. "Brown." In Sandbows and Black Lights, 79–81. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197518571.003.0017.

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Purples and pinks and variations of these colors, which are not part of the spectrum, can be made by combining colors from the blue and the red end of the spectrum. All the other colors – blue, violet, indigo, green, yellow, orange, and red and the transitions between them -- ought to be represented, at some degree of saturation, by the spectrum itself. White, of course, is the combination of all spectal colors, and black is the complete absence of them. But if that’s the case, then where does one find brown on the spectrum? What color is brown? What colors must be combined to produce it?
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Cox, Timothy M. "The porphyrias." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Timothy M. Cox, 2032–54. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0231.

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The porphyrias are a remarkable family of metabolic disorders characterized biochemically by overproduction of haem precursors, principally in the liver and bone marrow. The acute porphyrias are inborn errors of varying penetrance that affect enzymatic steps in a tightly regulated biosynthetic pathway for haem; nonacute acquired forms also occur in genetically predisposed individuals. Clinical presentation of acute porphyria—life-threatening neurovisceral attacks occur in four of the porphyrias: acute intermittent porphyria, variegate porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, and Doss’ porphyria (5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase deficiency). These present with abdominal pain, psychiatric symptoms, and signs of sympathetic and hypothalamic autonomic overactivity, sometimes accompanied by convulsions and motor and sensory deficits. Diagnosis of acute porphyria—this is key to survival of an acute attack of porphyria, which can be suspected on the basis of the past history, in particular of photosensitivity or the intermittent discoloration of urine, and family history, and is confirmed by finding excess water-soluble haem precursors in urine. Management of acute porphyria—treatment of an acute porphyric attack mandates immediate withdrawal of inappropriate drugs and other precipitating factors; infusions of haem arginate or other licensed preparations of haem shorten life-threatening episodes and may be effective prophylaxis for recurrent porphyria in women with periodic attacks. The nonacute porphyrias are photosensitivity syndromes caused by excess photoactive macrocyclic porphyrins triggered especially by visible light in the blue–violet range. In the most severe form, manifestations are of severe blistering lesions on sun-exposed skin, particularly of the hands and face, with the formation of vesicles and bullae that may become infected. Healing may lead to loss of digits, scarring of the eyelids, nose, lips, and scalp, and occasionally blindness due to corneal scarring.
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Conference papers on the topic "Violet-blue light"

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Lu, Ya-Lin, Yan-qing Lu, Cheng-cheng Xue, Xiangfei Chen, Jian-jun Zhen, and Naiben Ming. "Violet and blue light SHG in optical superlattice LiNbO3." In Photonics China '96, edited by Manfred Eich, Bruce H. T. Chai, and Minhua Jiang. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.252957.

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Amano, H., I. Akasaki, K. Itoh, and H. Murakami. "Perspective of GaN/GaAIN based ultra-violet/blue lasers." In Compact Blue-Green Lasers. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cbgl.1992.thc4.

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In order to realize compact and high density optical and electro-optical storage system, the demand for the fabrication of compact short wavelength light emitting devices such as light emitting diode(LED) or laser diode(LD), especially compact ultra-vioIet(UV)-LD or blue-LD is increasing.
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Ming, N. B., and Y. L. Lu. "SHG of Green, Blue and Violet Light in LN Optical Superlattices." In Compact Blue-Green Lasers. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cbgl.1994.pd.3.

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It has been demonstrated that the enhancement of SHG can be realized by QPM1 in an Optical superlattice of LiNbO3 crystal, a LN single crystal with periodic laminar ferroelectric domains2,3, and the blue light were obtained by this method4,5.
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Jin, Jie, Shuguang Guo, Fuyun Lu, Qiang Jiao, Jianquan Yao, and Guangyin Zhang. "Blue-violet light by direct frequency doubling of laser diode." In Symposium on High-Power Lasers and Applications, edited by Jeffrey W. Pierce. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.379923.

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Ali, Ahmad Hadi, Ahmad Shuhaimi bin Abu Bakar, and Zainuriah Hassan. "InGaN-based multi-quantum well blue-violet light emitting diode." In 2012 International Conference on Enabling Science and Nanotechnology (ESciNano). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/escinano.2012.6149695.

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Chao, Szu Han, and Shih-Chieh Hsu. "Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of methylene blue and crystal violet on the novel sensor." In Biomedical Applications of Light Scattering XIII, edited by Adam Wax and Vadim Backman. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2665507.

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Takano, Kunihiko, Shinzaburo Iwanaga, Kentaro Sakai, Koki Sato, and Kikuo Asai. "On the colored holographic moving pictures employing the blue-violet color light source." In International Workshop on Advanced Imaging Technology (IWAIT 2022), edited by Shogo Muramatsu, Masayuki Nakajima, Jae-Gon Kim, Jing-Ming Guo, and Qian Kemao. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2625812.

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Jiang, M. H., D. R. Yuan, N. Zhang, X. T. Tao, and D. Xu. "Generation of violet-blue light by SHG of infrared laser diode in New Organic crystal -MHBA." In Compact Blue-Green Lasers. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cbgl.1994.pd.2.

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Abstract:
As a compact solid-state coherent source operating from the near UV to the green regions of the spectrum , laser diode-based second-harmonic generation (SHG) device hold much promise for use in optical storage and laser printer devices.
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Hashimoto, K., F. Kannari, Y. Okazaki, Y. Teramura, and A. Ikesue. "Luminescence spectroscopy of Ho3+-Pr3+ co-doped YAG ceramics pumped by blue-violet light." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2004.ftug21.

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Takano, Kunihiko, Kazumi YOKOTA, Yuhki KASAI, Koki Sato, and Kikuo ASAI. "A basic study of holographic image reconstruction in colors using blue-violet laser light." In International Workshop on Advanced Image Technology 2021, edited by Wen-Nung Lie, Qian Kemao, Jae-Gon Kim, and Masayuki Nakajima. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2590721.

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