Relevant bibliographies by topics / Violent crimes – United States

Academic literature on the topic 'Violent crimes – United States'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Violent crimes – United States"

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Feinberg, Ayal K. "Homeland Violence and Diaspora Insecurity: An Analysis of Israel and American Jewry." Politics and Religion 13, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048319000099.

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AbstractJews and Jewish institutions have suffered the majority of reported religion-motivated hate crimes in the United States for nearly two decades. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in 2014 the 609 reported anti-Semitic incidents made up 59% of all religious bias hate crimes alone. Rates of reported anti-Semitic hate crimes vary considerably over the course of a year. Yet, little scholarly attention has been given to what factors cause reported anti-Semitic hate crimes to fluctuate so substantially in the United States. This paper hypothesizes that violent Israeli military engagements are critical in explaining weekly surges of reported anti-Semitic hate crimes. Utilizing FBI hate crime data from 2001 to 2014 and fixed effects negative binomial regression models, consistent findings underscore that violent Israeli military engagements significantly increase the likelihood of a state reporting anti-Semitic hate crime. Most dramatically, their occurrence increases the likelihood of reported hate crime intimidating individuals or characterized as violent by nearly 35%. This paper underscores that homeland perpetrated violence can directly impact the security of diaspora communities.
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Clery, Michael, Daniel Dworkis, Tolulope Sonuyi, Joneigh Khaldun, and Mahshid Abir. "Location of Violent Crime Relative to Trauma Resources in Detroit: Implications for Community Interventions." WestJEM 21.2 March Issue 21, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2019.9.44264.

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Introduction: Detroit, Michigan, is among the leading United States cities for per-capita homicide and violent crime. Hospital- and community-based intervention programs could decrease the rate of violent-crime related injury but require a detailed understanding of the locations of violence in the community to be most effective. Methods: We performed a retrospective geospatial analysis of all violent crimes reported within the city of Detroit from 2009-2015 comparing locations of crimes to locations of major hospitals. We calculated distances between violent crimes and trauma centers, and applied summary spatial statistics. Results: Approximately 1.1 million crimes occurred in Detroit during the study period, including approximately 200,000 violent crimes. The distance between the majority of violent crimes and hospitals was less than five kilometers (3.1 miles). Among violent crimes, the closest hospital was an outlying Level II trauma center 60% of the time. Conclusion: Violent crimes in Detroit occur throughout the city, often closest to a Level II trauma center. Understanding geospatial components of violence relative to trauma center resources is important for effective implementation of hospital- and community-based interventions and targeted allocation of resources.
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Medina, Richard M., Emily A. Nicolosi, Simon Brewer, and Erin Moore. "A Geographical Analysis of Socioeconomic and Ideological Drivers of Hate Crime in the United States." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 12, no. 2 (April 2021): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2021040103.

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Criminal activities motivated by hate are the most extreme form of bias against people. While hating a class of people and organizing in hate groups to express feelings against those people are not illegal, hate crimes, violent and non-violent, are illegal. However, there remains much to be learned about geographic patterns of hate crimes and facilitating environments. This exploratory research examines hate crime occurrences aggregated to counties in the conterminous United States and attempts to explain resulting patterns using socioeconomic and ideological correlates with traditional and spatial statistics. Geographical patterns of hate crimes in the Unites States are found to be a complicated phenomenon.
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Shin, Jaehun. "A Study on Influence of Different Systems in Foreigner’s Home Country on Crime." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 1177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.10.44.10.1177.

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This paper examined the crimes committed by the foreigners, explored how the foreigners living in Korea commit crimes due to the different systems in their own countries, and tried to come up with corresponding measures. To achieve the purpose, this paper referred to the related preceding researches and statistical data. Among the crimes committed by foreigners, the violent crimes showed difference depending on the systems of the criminal’s home country. The foreigners from the countries including the United States, Japan, Taiwan, Canada, and Philippines that adopted the liberal market economy system showed relatively higher violent crime rate compared to the foreigners from the countries including China, Mongolia, Vietnam, and Russia that adopted socialist market economy system. In addition, the foreigners from Uzbekistan showed higher violent crime rate among the Islamic countries aside from the system.
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Galdamez, Gerson, and Zach Gassoumis. "CRIME-RELATED PHYSICAL INJURIES AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES: FINDINGS FROM 2015 NIBRS DATA." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S449—S450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1686.

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Abstract Approaches to addressing crimes within the justice system typically do not differentiate between younger and older adults. However, approaches to addressing elder abuse cases—which involve older adult victims exclusively—often rely on the preconception that abuse can only occur if a visible physical injury exists. This preconception is driven in part by perceptions of frailty and ease-of-injury in older, vulnerable victims. We aimed to quantify the prevalence of physical injuries among older victims of violent crimes. We used data reported by the U.S. National Incidence-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) in 2015 to quantify the frequency of reported crimes which resulted in visible, physical injuries to victims aged 60+. Logistic regression was used to determine effects of age, race/ethnicity, type of crime, relationship to offender, and victim locality on physical injury from crime. Among 1,373,417 crime victims, 80.63% of older adults (60+) sustained an injury, as opposed to 65.17% of younger adults (<60). The proportion of individuals who showed physical injuries consistently increased with age until age 90. Knowing the offender was associated with higher odds of sustaining a visible injury (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.38-1.58). Although older adults show higher risk of visible physical injuries from violent crimes than younger adults, it is possible for a crime against an older adult to have occurred without a visible injury. Medical and criminal justice practitioners should utilize this evidence on elder crime victimization to aid in expert witness testimony and other activities related to justice in crimes against older adults.
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Chang, Yu Sang, Hann Earl Kim, and Seongmin Jeon. "Do Larger Cities Experience Lower Crime Rates? A Scaling Analysis of 758 Cities in the U.S." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (June 2, 2019): 3111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113111.

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Do larger cities still suffer from higher crime rates? The scaling relationship between the number of crimes and the population size for the maximum of 758 cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants in the United States from 1999 to 2014 was analyzed. For the total group of cities, the relationship is superlinear for both violent and property crimes. However, for the subgroups of the top 12, top 24, and top 50 largest cities, the relationship changes to sublinear for both violent and property crimes. Results from the panel data analysis are in support of these findings. Along with population size, income per capita and population density also influence the outcome of crime counts. Implications from these findings will be discussed.
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Markowitz, Sara, Eileen Poe-Yamagata, Tracy Andrews, Partha Deb, Erik Nesson, Curtis Florence, and Sarah Beth L. Barnett. "Estimating the Relationship between Alcohol Policies and Criminal Violence and Victimization." German Economic Review 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 416–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2012.00574.x.

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Abstract Violence is one of the leading social problems in both Europe and the United States. The development of appropriate public policies to curtail violence is confounded by the relationship between alcohol and violence. In this article, we estimate the propensity of alcohol control policies to reduce the perpetration and victimization of criminal violence. We measure violence with data on individual-level victimizations from the U.S. National Crime Victimization Survey. We examine the effects of a number of different alcohol control policies in reducing violent crime. These policies include the retail price of beer, drunk driving laws and penalties, keg laws and serving and selling laws. We find some evidence of a negative relationship between alcohol prices and the probability of alcohol- or drug-related assault victimizations. However, we find no strong evidence that other alcohol policies are effective in reducing violent crimes.
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Lamari, Yasmine, Bartol Freskura, Anass Abdessamad, Sarah Eichberg, and Simon de Bonviller. "Predicting Spatial Crime Occurrences through an Efficient Ensemble-Learning Model." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9110645.

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While the use of crime data has been widely advocated in the literature, its availability is often limited to large urban cities and isolated databases that tend not to allow for spatial comparisons. This paper presents an efficient machine learning framework capable of predicting spatial crime occurrences, without using past crime as a predictor, and at a relatively high resolution: the U.S. Census Block Group level. The proposed framework is based on an in-depth multidisciplinary literature review allowing the selection of 188 best-fit crime predictors from socio-economic, demographic, spatial, and environmental data. Such data are published periodically for the entire United States. The selection of the appropriate predictive model was made through a comparative study of different machine learning families of algorithms, including generalized linear models, deep learning, and ensemble learning. The gradient boosting model was found to yield the most accurate predictions for violent crimes, property crimes, motor vehicle thefts, vandalism, and the total count of crimes. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets of crimes reported in 11 U.S. cities demonstrated that the proposed framework achieves an accuracy of 73% and 77% when predicting property crimes and violent crimes, respectively.
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Flores, Andrew R., Rebecca L. Stotzer, Ilan H. Meyer, and Lynn L. Langton. "Hate crimes against LGBT people: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017-2019." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 21, 2022): e0279363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279363.

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We estimate the prevalence and characteristics of violent hate crime victimization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the United States, and we compare them to non-LGBT hate crime victims and to LGBT victims of violent non-hate crime. We analyze pooled 2017-2019 data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (n persons = 553, 925;n incidents = 32, 470), the first nationally representative and comprehensive survey on crime that allows identification of LGBT persons aged 16 or older. Descriptive and bivariate analysis show that LGBT people experienced 6.6 violent hate crime victimizations per 1,000 persons compared with non-LGBT people’s 0.6 per 1,000 persons (odds ratio = 8.30, 95% confidence interval = 1.94, 14.65). LGBT people were more likely to be hate crime victims of sexual orientation or gender bias crime and less likely to be victims of race or ethnicity bias crimes compared to non-LGBT hate crime victims. Compared to non-LGBT victims, LGBT victims of hate crime were more likely to be younger, have a relationship with their assailant, and have an assailant who is white. Compared to LGBT victims of non-hate violence, more LGBT hate crime victims reported experiencing problems in their social lives, negative emotional responses, and physical symptoms of distress. Our findings affirm claims that hate crimes have adverse physical and psychological effects on victims and highlight the need to ensure that LGBT persons who experience hate crime get necessary support and services in the aftermath of the crime.
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Baker, Scott R. "Effects of Immigrant Legalization on Crime." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151041.

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I examine the effects that the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), which legalized almost 3 million immigrants, had on crime in the United States. I exploit the IRCA's quasi-random timing as well as geographic variation in the intensity of treatment to isolate causal impacts. I find decreases in crime of 3-5 percent, primarily due to decline in property crimes, equivalent to 120,000-180,000 fewer violent and property crimes committed each year due to legalization. I calibrate a labor market model of crime, finding that much of the drop in crime can be explained by greater labor market opportunities among applicants.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Violent crimes – United States"

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Parisi, Joel A. "The United States department of housing and urban development, office of inspector general, office of investigation an examination into why the agency should create a separate division to investigate gun and drug related violent crime in and around public and assisted housing developments /." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 2004. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

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Thesis (M.P.A. )--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 2004
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2955. Typescript. Abstract precedes thesis as 4 preliminary leaves (ii- v). Includes bibliographical references ( leaves 108-111).
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Kabia, Victor Sylvester. "The Relationship Between Increased Police Patrols and Violent Crime Rates in Seven United States Cities." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2317.

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Large, metropolitan areas across the nation have experienced high rates of violent crime over the past 2 decades. As a consequence, law enforcement agencies have increased patrol efforts, but little is known about whether the decrease in violent crime rates was correlated to increased police patrols or to the economic variables of unemployment, inflation, level of education, unemployment compensation, and homeownership. The purpose of this non-experimental, correlational study was to examine the nature of the relationship between increased police patrols, the 5 economic variables, and violent crime rates in 7 large US cities for a 10-year period. The theoretical framework for this study was based on Paternoster's deterrence theory and Becker's economic theory of crime causation. Data were acquired from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and used a sample of 114 cases of reported violent crimes for each city included in the study for the years 2000 - 2010 (n = 798). A multiple regression analysis was initially performed with inconclusive results. Spearman's correlations between each of the independent and dependent variables of violent crime indicated that all the independent variables except for homeownership had statistically significant inverse correlations with violent crime rates. The findings of this study may be used by law enforcement agencies and policy makers to develop crime prevention interventions that address those economic factors associated with violent crime, thereby promoting positive social change through creating safer communities.
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Hall, Dennis H. H. "Impact of the Clery Act: An Examination of the Relationship between Clery Act Data and Recruitment at Private Colleges and Universities." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984250/.

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The problem this study addressed is the relationship between Clery Act crime data and student recruitment at private colleges and universities. For this quantitative study, I used secondary data from the Department of Education and the Delta Cost Project (2013) to conduct ordinary least squares regression analyses to determine the predictive ability of institutional characteristics, specifically the total number of crime incidents reported in compliance with the Clery Act, on the variance in number of applications and applicant yield rate at private four-year institutions in the United States. Findings showed that the total number of reported incidents was a significant positive predictor of the total number of applications. Conversely, findings also showed that the total number of incidents had a significant negative impact on institutional yield rates. An implication of this study is that although crime statistics required by the Clery Act may not serve as variables used in the student application process, they are part of numerous variables used in the student's decision to enroll at a particular school. The findings highlight the importance of prioritizing and investing in safety and security measures designed to reduce rates of crime; especially for private, enrollment-driven institutions of higher education.
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Cosand, Kalistah Quilla. "Black and Blue and Read All Over: News Framing and the Coverage of Crime." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1793.

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This study explores the representation of crime in the news in relation to expressed emotion and intention for future action. Episodic and thematic framing (Iyengar, 1991) and narrative processing (Singer & Bluck, 2001) served as the theoretical foundations of this study and helped examine how scripted news stories involving crime influence levels of fear, anger, and empathy in individuals, and how these emotions subsequently affect behaviors. To measure these framing effects, an experimental manipulation was employed using three conceptually different news stories all involving gun-related crimes. One news story utilized an episodic format, while the other two stories used a thematic format (one positive and one negative). Emotional responses, levels of narrative engagement, policy support, perceived risk of victimization, and pro-social behavioral intentions were measured, all based on exposure to the specific type of news frame. The results of this study indicated that while types of news frames did not have a direct effect on readers' emotions, there was a significant relationship between emotions and future actions. For example, fear, anger, and empathy were significant predictors of perceived risk of victimization, policy support, and pro-social behavioral intentions, respectively. These findings contribute to the understanding of the role emotions play in predicting behavior, both within and beyond the scope of message framing.
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Epps, Kristen Kimberly. "Treasonous Patriots: The Secret Committee of Six and Violent Abolitionism." W&M ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626494.

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Brown, Christopher J. "Countering radicalization: refocusing responses to violent extremism within the United States." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10746.

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The Obama Administration designated the local community as the first line of defense against violent extremist radicalization in the United States. In doing so, they called on communities to utilize existing structures such as community policing and to draw on successful models such as the Justice's Comprehensive Gang Model. Research to date, however, has not shown how this model should be adjusted at the local level to address the specific mechanics of radicalization within the United States. Insufficient attention has been paid to the specific mechanics of recruitment at the individual level within vulnerable communities at the front end of the radicalization cycle. The purpose of this thesis is to identify strategy options for community policing within Muslim populations to counter radicalization before individuals turn to violent means. Prevention programs need to act in the same way and at the same level as the violent extremist activists within the target population to be successful. In a time of budget cuts and reduced resources these options can allow the community to be a force multiplier in the creation and effectiveness of counter radicalization programs. This paper attempts to provide a strategy and framework upon which to base future counter radicalization efforts.
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Nwabueze, Christian. "Investigating the Association between Adolescent Polysubstance Use, Crime, and Violence in the United States." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3918.

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The lifetime prevalence of alcohol in the United States is 8% and lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use is about 2-3%. Substance use is common among adolescents and polysubstance use is becoming a public health threat. The prevalence of adolescent physical dating violence was 8.2%, the prevalence of adolescent sexual violence was also 8.2% while the prevalence of dual adolescent physical and sexual violence was 2.6%. Compared to those who used only single substances, adolescents who did not use any substance were 60% less likely (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.24 – 0.74) to experience physical dating violence, 50% less likely (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.31 – 0.66) to experience sexual dating violence and 70% less likely (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.16– 0.69) to have experienced both physical and sexual dating violence. The prevalence of adolescent criminal arrests was 17.2%. Adolescents who combined select illicit drugs with alcohol were 1.7 times more likely to be arrested (OR = 1.66 ,95% CI = 1.49 – 1.85). Adolescents who used both select illicit drugs and marijuana were 1.5 times (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.46 – 1.65) more likely to be arrested than those who used only select illicit drugs. Also, adolescents who used all three substances (select illicit drugs, alcohol and marijuana) were 1.6 times (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.50 – 1.75) more likely to be arrested than those who used only select illicit drugs. The prevalence of weapon-related injuries was 7.4%. Adolescents who did not use substances were 50% less likely (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.29 – 0.75, p The odds of dating violence, criminal arrests and weapon-related were higher with polysubstance use than with either mono-substance or no substance use. Therefore, prevention of substance use may be beneficial in reducing these public health concerns.
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Tully, Erin. "Climate and Crime: Examining the Relationship Between Extreme Weather Events and Crime Rates in the United States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1924.

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This study attempts to determine whether there is a relationship between extreme weather events and crime rates. Due to the increasing effects of climate change, it is critical we understand the societal effects of extreme weather. Here, a panel data fixed effects regression was used to analyze state and year level data. It was hypothesized that there would be a relationship between crime and extreme events, but the results did not show a statistically significant relationship. Further research with increased geographic and temporal controls is encouraged.
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Losoya, Brianna J. "Examining the Role of Immigration in Crime Decline Across United States Cities." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/355.

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Despite previous research in this area, the relationship between immigration and crime in the United States remains ambiguous and surrounded by misconceptions. However, recently, scholars have suggested that, despite the claims of policy-makers and popularized sociological theories, large immigrant concentrations may be linked with lower as opposed to higher crime rates. In the past, research in this area has been imprecise due to it its implementation of cross-sectional analyses for a limited selection of geographic regions. However, through the implementation of time-series procedures and the use of annual data for metropolitan statistical areas during the 2005–2010 periods, the present study evaluates the impact of changes in immigration concentration on changes in crime rates, both violent and non-violent. These multivariate analyses specify that violent and property crime rates generally decreased as metropolitan areas experienced increases in their proportion of immigrants. These results confirm the hypothesis that the recent decline in crime is partially due to increases in the concentration of foreign-born individuals.
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Gregory, Amanda Louise. "Orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in adolescent psychopathy neuropsychological function, violent behavior, and MRI volumetrics /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3032405.

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Books on the topic "Violent crimes – United States"

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Alan, Weiner Neil, and Wolfgang Marvin E. 1924-, eds. Violent crime, violent criminals. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications, 1989.

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1957-, Welsh Wayne N., ed. Criminal violence: An introduction. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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The rise and fall of violent crime in America. New York: Encounter Books, 2015.

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Alfred, Blumstein, and Wallman Joel, eds. The crime drop in America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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E, Douglas John, ed. Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes. 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2006.

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Confronting violence: Answers to questions about the epidemic destroying america's homes and communities. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C: American Public Health Association Press, 2010.

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The social reality of violence and violent crime. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999.

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Melville, Keith. Criminal violence: What direction now for the war on crime? Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1992.

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Poverty, ethnicity, and violent crime. Boulder, Colo: WestviewPress, 1997.

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Gun policy in the United States and Canada: The impact of mass murders and assassinations on gun control. New York: Continuum, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Violent crimes – United States"

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Watts, Rob. "The United States of Exception: Crimes of the State and the War on Terror, 2001–2015." In States of Violence and the Civilising Process, 221–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-49941-7_7.

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Jensen, Michael A., Aaron Safer-Lichtenstein, Patrick A. James, and Gary LaFree. "The Link Between Prior Criminal Record and Violent Political Extremism in the United States." In Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime and Terrorism, 121–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36639-1_6.

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Bloom, Clive. "The United States of England." In Violent London, 170–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230289475_9.

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Cortese, Jeff. "Election Crimes (Fraud and Corruption)." In Public Corruption in the United States, 89–102. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003197447-11.

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Rebovich, Donald J., and George E. Curtis. "The Legitimate Treatment of Hazardous Waste in the United States." In Crimes Against the Environment, 22–31. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315380179-3.

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Greenfeld, Lawrence A., and Maureen A. Henneberg. "Youth Violence and the Backgrounds of Chronic Violent Offenders." In Juvenile Delinquency in the United States and the United Kingdom, 23–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27412-3_2.

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Rebovich, Donald J., and George E. Curtis. "Justice for All? Are We Achieving Environmental Justice in the United States?" In Crimes Against the Environment, 89–100. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315380179-8.

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Burkey, Chris Rush, Michael C. Braswell, and John T. Whitehead. "Sex Crimes and Sex Offenders in the United States." In Sexual Abuse Within the Church, 8–23. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003055754-2.

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Lo, Sonny Shiu-Hing, Steven Chung-Fun Hung, and Jeff Hai-Chi Loo. "Two Final Battles, District Elections, United States and Taiwan." In The Dynamics of Peaceful and Violent Protests in Hong Kong, 263–310. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6712-4_7.

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Medina, Richard M., Emily A. Nicolosi, Simon Brewer, and Erin Moore. "A Geographical Analysis of Socioeconomic and Ideological Drivers of Hate Crime in the United States." In Research Anthology on Modern Violence and Its Impact on Society, 290–310. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7464-8.ch016.

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Criminal activities motivated by hate are the most extreme form of bias against people. While hating a class of people and organizing in hate groups to express feelings against those people are not illegal, hate crimes, violent and non-violent, are illegal. However, there remains much to be learned about geographic patterns of hate crimes and facilitating environments. This exploratory research examines hate crime occurrences aggregated to counties in the conterminous United States and attempts to explain resulting patterns using socioeconomic and ideological correlates with traditional and spatial statistics. Geographical patterns of hate crimes in the Unites States are found to be a complicated phenomenon.
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Conference papers on the topic "Violent crimes – United States"

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Kochkarov, Ruslan, and Zulfiya Chochueva. "Legal mechanisms for countering the financing of terrorism." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.iyia7043.

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The financing of terrorism, as an illegal criminal act, was first proposed at the international level in the United Nations Declaration of 1994. The idea was further developed in United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 1373 adopted in 2001. This document obliged all member states of the UN Security Council to introduce into their criminal legislation norms governing prosecution for activities related to the provision or collection of funds to finance terrorism. This study aims to analyze the corpus delicti of terrorist financing and investigate the need to introduce this article into the legislation of the Russian Federation. Modern times are characterized by the high growth of terrorist crimes, involvement in terrorist groups, and financing this criminal activity. The problem of combating terrorism is international. Countering this phenomenon and strengthening international cooperation to maintain the rule of law and legal order has been relevant for the past few decades. The authors of the research work consider the obligations of the Russian Federation arising from the requirements of the international community and the international legal framework. International cooperation allowed to establish the official recognition of the financing of terrorism at the legislative level as criminal and punishable.
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Stepanenko, Raviya, Alena Soldatova, Yakov Soldatov, Kirill Lyagin, and Ayaz Saifullin. "Methodological problems of countering terrorism: a theoretical-legal aspect." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.rqkx5127.

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The article discusses the theoretical and methodological problems of studying terrorism and the system of measures to counter it. Traditional methodological approaches have remained the important ways of organizing legal knowledge; they do not fully provide a comprehensive, integrated and systematic analysis of the extremely destructive manifestations of terrorism. Taking into account the implicitness of the methodology of positivist jurisprudence, which assigns a dominant role to the legislative sphere in the prevention of offenses, including crimes, the authors substantiate a synergetic approach. The latter, defining social systems as open rather than closed formations, contributes to a significant expansion of ideas about the negative impact of many factors (political, economic, socio-cultural ones, etc.) on the formation and development of terrorist ideas, views, goals and ways of their implementation. Russian and foreign legislation also notes a multifactorial set of reasons that contribute to the spread of ideology and the transformation of terrorist views and ideas in different states. The interdisciplinarity of synergetics, which studies the phenomenon (system) under consideration, should contribute to the development of a unified scientific view of the nature and essence of terrorism, which is necessary to improve rule-making and law enforcement in matters of global counterterrorism.
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Petrova, Galina, and Valery Stupakov. "East-West: legal practice of countering financial “terrorism” by states." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.owvw6644.

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The article deals with topical financial-legal, criminal-legal, international legal problems of countering financial "terrorism" in Western countries and the states of the Eurasian space. The scientific approaches of scientists on the legal qualification of concepts related to countering: "financing of terrorism", "organized crime in the financial sector as financial terrorism", "information and financial terrorism", "terrorism in the financial markets" are analyzed. The author considers legal measures to counter financial "terrorism" as measures to enforce international and domestic responsibility of organized criminal groups and individuals for committing transnational financial crimes, fraudulent, corrupt and other deliberate socially dangerous acts in the financial sector. In international practice, there is no clear legal definition of organized transnational financial crime in the context of its understanding as financial "terrorism". However, financial "terrorism" is manifested in the forcible involvement of participants in banking, payment, and currency systems in illegal financial transactions. Practical approaches to the application of measures of international responsibility for acts of financial "terrorism" look like international UN measures to counter illegal operations of manipulating financial resources, markets, systems for the purpose of illicit enrichment, financing of terrorism, which caused damage and destabilization of the banking and financial systems of states, crisis phenomena in world and national markets. Financial "terrorism" is prevented both by international, criminal, administrative legal measures of coercion and preventive measures of "soft" coercion to responsible behavior in financial markets.
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Kondrakova, Inna, Liudmila Bocharnikova, Viktor Erofeev, Natalia Orlovskaya, and Marina Shepelenko. "On the issue of criminal responsibility for crimes of extremist nature among youth." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.zngh8145.

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Changes that took place at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries made extremism a global problem. The scale and nature of the extremist movements of our time indicate that the problem under consideration has turned from a private human into a general social one, and has reached the world level. At present, the issues of extremism occupy one of the key places. The ideology of extremism has a destructive effect on the future of our country, thereby undermining the territorial unity and political balance of the Russian Federation. As a result, the ideology formed among young people not only distorts the worldview, but also affects the consciousness, turns the young generation into a “time bomb”, the purpose of which is to destroy the established social order. It should be noted that the state policy of the Russian Federation is primarily aimed at identifying cases of extremism, and not at all on preventive measures to combat it, which is a huge disadvantage in working with the younger generation. Despite the difficulties in considering this issue, judicial practice demonstrates a fairly large number of examples of bringing young people to criminal responsibility for crimes of an extremist nature.
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Naydenov, Egor. "CORRUPTION CRIMES AS ONE OF THE GROUNDS FOR IMPEACHMENT IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES." In Current problems of jurisprudence. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02032-6/153-164.

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The article deals with the regulation of impeachment proceedings in foreign countries on the example of the United States and Brazil. The types of impeachment, stages and procedures, and grounds for initiating and removing officials from office are analyzed. The article compares the procedure of impeachment of the President in Russia and in these countries. Special attention is paid to the impeachment process against Rousseff, who is accused of corruption crimes.
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Taylor, Jennifer, Regan Murray, Andrea Davis, and Luren Shepler. "PA 13-8-564 Developing a systems-level checklist for the prevention of violent events against emergency medical services responders in the united states." In Safety 2018 abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprevention-2018-safety.84.

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Mitkina, Evgenia. "QIU XIAOLONG’S NOVELS: AMERICAN DETECTIVE STORIES WITH CHINESE ROOTS." In 9th International Conference ISSUES OF FAR EASTERN LITERATURES. St. Petersburg State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062049.23.

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Qiu Xiaolong is an American writer born in China, but he has been living in the United States since 1988. He wrote eleven novels about Inspector Chen, who lives in Shanghai and investigates crimes committed in that city. One of the features of Qiu Xiaolong’s work is insertions of poetry. Its main character is an educated person, he writes poetry himself, translates and actively uses the Chinese poetic heritage to express feelings. The author uses the form of a detective novel to show the various problems of modern China (the period covered is from the 1990s to the present day).
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Turanjanin, Veljko. "MIGRANTS AND SAFETY IN SERBIA DURING AND AFTER CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22437.

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The removal of internal borders and the establishment of freedom of movement are important aspects of the EU’s history, but they are not accompanied by a uniform legal system. The migrant dilemma isn’t going away, and the pattern and character of these movements have evolved dramatically over the previous six decades. The author of this article addresses the issue of migrants’ position in Serbia’s rural areas during the coronavirus pandemic. During the period of emergency, Serbia enacted policies that imprisoned migrants in detention centres, effectively depriving them of their liberty. According to the government’s reasoning, it was done to protect migrants’ health. Given the rising violence between migrants and the local people, the question is whether the state intended to safeguard migrants’ health or citizens from migrants in this manner. The author conducted a survey in these areas, explains the findings in depth, and draws a conclusion based on his findings. The paper is comprised of several units. In the first place, the author briefly explains the state of emergency in Serbia and gives an overview of migration centers in Serbia. The central part of this paper deals with the research between citizens in relation to migrants, both in their general attitude and in terms of the relationship between migrants and crime. Residents of migrants’ areas were surveyed, as the author believed thought that due to the location of migration centres, they would be most affected by waves of migrants and possibly, crimes committed by migrants. The author set two initial hypotheses and both were confirmed, and according to the research, the population has a negative attitude towards migrants. At the same time, most respondents show distrust of the state’s claim that migrants are imprisoned for their health. The author believes that this move by the state at that time was a hasty reaction in order to prevent the uncontrolled movement of migrants and the potential spread of the infectious coronavirus disease. In the same time, the author tries to answer to the question about the migrants’ position today and in the near future.
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حسين عبد الجبوري, احمد. "Forced displacement from the outskirts of Kirkuk in 2014 challenges and hopes for return." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/9.

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"Introduction: Military and political crises and conflicts have been part of the reality of many countries of the world, which are witnessing political, economic, social, intellectual, cultural and sectarian changes that have made violence and terrorism an essential material for expressing the content of the conflict and its extensions, then turning to other societies. In mid-2014, Iraq was subjected to a fierce attack by the so-called Islamic State (ISIS) on the governorates of Mosul, Kirkuk, Salah al-Din, Diyala and Anbar, which led to the occupation of some of them by the organization's forces, and thus led to the forced migration of hundreds of thousands of people to the safe provinces. Stable, the extension of this crisis and its various effects made it a strategic challenge for Iraq that requires exceptional national efforts to achieve stability and ensure the return of the displaced to their areas of residence within a legal framework of a humanitarian nature. The problem of the study: The problem of the research lies in answering several questions that were raised in the study, which are what are the reasons that led to this forced migration and mass displacement, and what are the challenges facing the displaced and displaced in Kirkuk, and how to coexist amid the charged atmosphere in the city of Kirkuk, which is threatened by invasion from Before the forces of the organization, and how to reach solutions that satisfy all parties and end this crisis and ensure the dignified return of the displaced families to their homes after the liberation of the region and the restoration of security to it. Study hypothesis: The hypothesis that the researcher starts from in order to answer the questions raised by the problematic, confirmed or denied by the data of the study. Therefore, the absence of a unified national strategy that addresses the crisis of forced displacement and mass displacement in Iraq in general and in Kirkuk in particular and responds to the requirements of their relief and return to their areas would reduce the The quality of the humanitarian response policy and achieve social justice befitting the life of the Iraqi citizen. The importance of the study: The importance of this research comes since the crisis of forced displacement and mass displacement began in mid-2014, after ISIS took control of the northern and central regions of Iraq, the humanitarian emergency in Iraq became more severe, according to United Nations estimates, as the number of displaced people in Iraq exceeded Nearly three million displaced people, while more than eight million people are in need of humanitarian assistance, and with the lack of funding by the United Nations, and the presence of the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Regional Government also under economic pressure as a result of the war on ISIS, the protection of human rights and the provision of assistance are at risk Also at great risk. Objectives of the study: 1- Getting to know the international evidence for the displaced. 2- The impact of the characteristics of the displaced in Kirkuk and the effects of the crisis. 3- Knowing the national efforts to curb the effects of the crisis. 4- Defining the general framework for the sustainable solutions required to ensure the success of return or resettlement cases. Study methodology: The study adopted the analytical method of an inductive nature based on reality, as a method in proving the hypothesis in order to reach the research objectives. Structure of the study: The study was divided into two sections. The first section included the challenges facing the displaced in Kirkuk, which included three main axes: first the political and security challenges, secondly the economic challenges, and thirdly the social challenges. The second topic dealt with the procedures used to deal with the crisis, which was divided into the situation The government from the crisis, the position of local associations and international organizations from the crisis, and finally the proposed solutions to end the crisis of forced displacement and displacement in Iraq in general and Kirkuk in particular. Results of the study: The study reached several results, including 1- The relief programs and the humanitarian response policy were unable to mitigate the economic, social and psychological impact of the displaced, which deepened the severity of the crisis and its repercussions. 2- Doubling the national and international effort is a necessity to limit the spillover effects of the crisis, provided that these efforts are linked and encapsulated by legal frameworks. 3- Returning to the liberated areas is among the most sustainable solutions. Therefore, the return of the displaced must be accompanied by achieving stability, providing services and security. Sources study: The sources of the study varied from the reports of the High Commission for Human Rights in Iraq, UNICEF, Amnesty International of the United Nations, and the reports of the International Organization for Migration and other organizations that used to issue their periodic reports and in numbers on the tragic conditions experienced by the Iraqi diaspora, including the book The Displacement Crisis in Safe Iraq. And protection issued by the Cisfire Center for Civilian Rights in London, the national report on human development in Iraq, the reports of the World Food Program, and other sources in the course of the study. "
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Gitiaux, Xavier, and Huzefa Rangwala. "mdfa: Multi-Differential Fairness Auditor for Black Box Classifiers." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/814.

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Machine learning algorithms are increasingly involved in sensitive decision-making processes with adversarial implications on individuals. This paper presents a new tool, mdfa that identifies the characteristics of the victims of a classifier's discrimination. We measure discrimination as a violation of multi-differential fairness. Multi-differential fairness is a guarantee that a black box classifier's outcomes do not leak information on the sensitive attributes of a small group of individuals. We reduce the problem of identifying worst-case violations to matching distributions and predicting where sensitive attributes and classifier's outcomes coincide. We apply mdfa to a recidivism risk assessment classifier widely used in the United States and demonstrate that for individuals with little criminal history, identified African-Americans are three-times more likely to be considered at high risk of violent recidivism than similar non-African-Americans.
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Reports on the topic "Violent crimes – United States"

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Frisancho, Veronica, Evi Pappa, and Chiara Santantonio. When Women Win: Can Female Representation Decrease Gender-Based Violence? Inter-American Development Bank, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004513.

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Every day, three women are murdered in the United States by a current or former partner. Yet policy action to prevent gender-based violence has been limited. Previous studies have highlighted the effect of female political representation on crimes against women in the developing world. This paper investigates whether the election of a female politician reduces the incidence of gender-based violence in the United States. Using a regression discontinuity design on mixed-gender races, we find that the election of a female House Representative leads to a short-lived decline in the prevalence of femicides in her electoral district. The drop in femicides is mainly driven by a deterrence effect that results from higher police responsiveness and effort in solving gender-related crimes.
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Mehra, Tanya, and Julie Coleman. The Role of the UN Security Council in Countering Terrorism & Violent Extremism: The Limits of Criminalization? RESOLVE Network, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/sfi2022.4.

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After the 9/11 attacks, a united global community entered an era which saw the proliferation of United Nations entities and organs focused on responding to terrorism. These bodies were created, at least in part, in response to the recognized need for a comprehensive multilateral counter-terrorism architecture to ensure international peace and security in the face of the growing specter of violent extremism. This response has notably also included an array of UN Security Council resolutions (UNSCRs) adopted to counter the threat of terrorism. A little over 20 years after the adoption of Resolution 1373 (2001), 52 terrorism related resolutions now exist, creating an elaborate set of measures for Member States to implement. Despite this, however, terrorism was arguably more prevalent in 2021 than in 2001. A myriad of factors have led to the continued spread of terrorism, including the increasingly transnational nature of terrorists and terrorist networks, as well as the failure to adequately address the structural factors and underlying conditions that are conducive to the spread of violent extremism. In order to explain its persistence, one must not only examine the continued appeal of terrorist groups and violent extremist ideology and propaganda, but also reflect upon where, how, and why counter-terrorism responses have often failed to reduce the threat or, in some cases, even exacerbated the factors which give rise to terrorism in the first place. This includes the response of the Security Council, whose resolutions have created the obligation or expectation for Member States to continuously expand the criminalization of terrorism, without evidence that such an approach will lead to less terrorism. This brief focuses on how some UNSCRs include measures that require Member States to criminalize conduct that has historically fallen within the pre-crime space and lacks a clear link to terrorist activities, and examines the subsequent impact this has on human rights and the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. At the same time, it explores the role that States themselves have played in the exceptionalization of terrorism in terms of criminal justice responses. Finally, it offers recommendations for both the UNSC and Members States on how to ensure that counter-terrorism architecture can both be human-rights based and simultaneously conducive to promoting peace and security.
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Lengel, Edward J. Narcotics-Fueled Violence in Mexico: Crisis for the United States? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada542913.

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Altier, Mary Beth. Violent Extremist Disengagement and Reintegration: Lessons from Over 30 Years of DDR. RESOLVE Network, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/vedr2021.1.

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Recent questions surrounding the repatriation, rehabilitation, and reintegration of those who traveled to join the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the reintegration of violent extremists in conflict zones including Somalia, Nigeria, Libya, and Mali, and the impending release of scores of homegrown violent extremists from prisons in the United States and Europe have heightened policymaker and practitioner interest in violent extremist disengagement and reintegration (VEDR). Although a number of programs to reintegrate violent extremists have emerged both within and outside of conflict zones, significant questions remain regarding their design, implementation, and effectiveness. To advance our understanding of VEDR, this report draws insights from a review of the literature on ex-combatant disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR). The literature on DDR typically adopts a “whole of society” approach, which helps us to understand how systemic factors may influence VEDR at the individual level and outcomes at the societal level. Despite the important differences that will be reviewed, the international community’s thirty-year experience with DDR—which includes working with violent extremists—offers important insights for our understanding of VEDR.
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Овчаров, Артем Валерьевич. Криминологические аспекты современных расовых конфликтов в США. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2074-1944-2021-0367.

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The article is devoted to the criminological aspect of the problem of racial conflicts in the United States of America. The author examines the concept of racial conflict and characterizes the causes of these conflicts. The article provides a brief criminological description of crime motivated by racial, national or religious hatred and enmity and analyzes the statistical data of both racial crime in the United States and crimes committed by representatives of different races
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Brink, Malia, Jiacheng Yu, and Pamela Metzger. Grading Injustice: Initial Appearance Report Cards. SMU Dedman School of Law, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/dc.9.

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Arrested people across the United States often wait in jail for days, weeks, or even months before seeing a judge or meeting an attorney. In November 2021, the Deason Criminal Justice Reform Center published Ending Injustice: Solving the Initial Appearance Crisis, a comprehensive report about this ongoing crisis in pre-trial due process. That report described the devastating consequences of delayed and uncounseled initial appearances. Now, these Initial Appearance Report Cards offer a closer look at the laws governing post-arrest procedures in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. While the Deason Center’s previous report provided an overview of the initial appearance crisis nationwide, the Initial Appearance Report Cards are a rigorous assessment of the laws in almost every jurisdiction in the country. These report cards reveal enormous gaps in the legal protections accorded to people accused of crimes, illuminating both the scope of the initial appearance crisis and our urgent need to solve it.
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Domínguez, Patricio, and Carlos Scartascini. Willingness to pay for crime reduction: evidence from six countries in the Americas. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004531.

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Crime levels are a perennial development problem in Latin America and a renewed concern in the United States. At the same time, trust in the police has been falling, and questions abound about citizens' willingness to support government efforts to fight crime. We conduct a survey experiment to elicit willingness to contribute toward reducing crime across five Latin American countries and the United States. We compare homicide, robbery, and theft estimates and find a higher willingness to contribute for more severe crimes and for higher crime reductions. In addition, we examine the role of information on the willingness to contribute by conducting two experiments. First, we show that exposing respondents to crime-related news increases their willingness to pay by 5 percent. Furthermore, while we document a 7 percent gap in willingness to pay for crime reduction between people who under- and over-estimate the murder rate, we find that this gap can be wholly eliminated by informing them about the actual level of crime. On average, our estimates suggest that households are willing to contribute around $140 per year for a 20 percent reduction in homicide. This individual-level predisposition would translate into additional investment in public security efforts of up to 0.5 percent of GDP.
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RACIALLY/ETHNICALLY MOTIVATED VIOLENT EXTREMIST (RMVE) ATTACK 28 PLANNING AND UNITED STATES FEDERAL RESPONSE, 2014-2019. George Washington University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/poe.05.2021.04.

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