Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Violence Victoria'

More recently, there has been in some quarters a theological move away from the Penal Substitution model of atonement primarily due to the concerns it raises about God’s character. This is paralleled by a desire to replace it with a less violent approach to soteriology, with the concomitant representation of a less coercive God. This thesis addresses the biblical manifestations of divine violence across both Testaments in order to present God as one for whom violence is an extrinsic, accommodated function. Divine violence is particularly manifested soteriologically, finding its fullest expression, therefore, in the atonement. The Christus Victor Model is offered as the one best able to explicate and accommodate this divine violence. The main atonement models are assessed, revealing how each has sought to engage with, or deny, divine violence. Firstly, God and violence are explored in order to provide an ideological, linguistic and epistemological foundation for understanding what violence is. Biblical examples of violence are then examined including both Testaments along with consideration of the Satan and the demonic realm; showing how God utilises violence in order to overcome these ontological enemies. Various atonement models are then examined, followed by a consideration of metaphor in the context of soteriology and God. Key scholars addressing violence are then assessed, followed by a section on the primacy of the Christus Victor atonement model; it is then presented as the only one which can fully incorporate the concomitant issues of God’s character, divine violence and an actual, evil enemy seeking to confound both God and His purposes. Further, the Christus Victor model is presented as the only one which is ontological, expressing a view of the atonement that both acknowledges God’s incontrovertible use and endorsement of extrinsic violence as well as the need to overcome an actual enemy in the Satan.

The murderess in the twenty-first century is a figure of particular cultural fascination; she is the subject of innumerable books, websites, documentaries and award-winning movies. With female violence reportedly on the increase, a rethinking of beliefs about women's natural propensity towards violent and aggressive behaviours is inevitable. Using the Victorian period as a central focus, this thesis explores the contradictory ideologies regarding women's violence and also suggests an alternative approach to the relationship between gender and violence in the future. A study of violent women in representation reveals how Victorian attitudes towards violence and femininity persist today. On the one hand, women have traditionally been cast as the naturally non-aggressive victims of violence rather than its perpetrators; on the other hand, the destructive potential of womanhood has been a cause of anxiety since the earliest Western mythology. I suggest that it is a desire to resolve this contradiction that has resulted in the proliferation of violent women in representation over the last one and a half centuries. In particular, an analysis of mid-nineteenth-century popular fiction indicates that the stronger the ideal of the angelic woman was, the greater the anxiety produced by her demonic antithesis. Wilkie Collins's Armadale and Mary Elizabeth Braddon's Lady Audley's Secret illustrate both the contradictory Victorian attitudes towards violent women and a need to reconcile the combination of good and bad femininity that the murderess represents. Revisiting the Victorian murderess in the late twentieth century provides a potential means for resolving this contradiction; specifically, it enables the violent woman to engage in a process of self-representation that was not available to her in the nineteenth century. Margaret Atwood's Alias Grace suggests that any insight into the murderess begins with listening to the previously silenced voice of the violent woman herself.

Antecedentes: Actualmente la violencia en mujeres y la obesidad son problemas de salud pública, que conllevan a deterioros físicos y psicológicos que impactan el ámbito personal, familiar y laboral de las mujeres. Por lo anterior, se debe identificar la presencia de violencia dentro del tratamiento integral del sobrepeso y la obesidad. Objetivo: Identificar la proporción de violencia en mujeres adultas con sobrepeso y obesidad de acuerdo al índice de masa corporal con la presencia de violencia en mujeres adultas que asisten al servicio de nutrición en el Hospital Municipal Guadalupe Victoria, Villa Victoria, Estado de México durante enero a marzo de 2013.+ Material y método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, transversal, observacional y descriptivo en mujeres adultas con obesidad y sobrepeso que acudieron a consulta de nutrición en el periodo de febrero a marzo de 2013 y presentaron algún tipo de violencia través de la herramienta de detección de violencia del Instituto de Salud del Estado de México, se recolectó la información se procesó y analizó para la obtención de proporciones y gráficas . Resultados: Se incluyeron en el proyecto de investigación un total de 163 mujeres de las cuales 8 de cada 10 presentaron violencia psicológica, 5 de cada 10 violencia física, 5 de cada 100 violencia sexual y 4 de cada 100 no presentaron ningún tipo de violencia. Conclusiones: El alcance de la violencia en contra de mujeres con sobrepeso y obesidad y las consecuencias que se derivan de que estas experiencias crean en las víctimas consecuencias en su salud social, psicológica y física; son pocos los estudios al respecto de la violencia en mujeres adultas. Sugerencias: Se sugiere reforzar las acciones preventivas contra la violencia a las mujeres, tratar de manera temprana la obesidad y el sobrepeso para evitar no solo problemas de salud sino también consecuencias sociales.

During the Victorian age, the law and society were in conversation with each other, and the law reflected Victorian gender norms. Nineteenth-century gender attitudes intersected with the law, medical discourse, and social customs in a multitude of ways. Abuse and gender violence occurred beneath the veneer of Victorian respectability. The models of nineteenth-century social conduct were highly gendered and placed men and women in separate social spheres. As this research indicates, the lived practices of Victorians, across social and economic strata, deviated from these accepted models of behavior. This thesis explores the ways that accepted and unaccepted standards of female behavior manifest in Victorian legal discourse and literary sources. The three tropes of female behavior analyzed in this thesis are: “the angel in the house,” “the mad woman,” and “the fallen woman.” Victorian men repeatedly failed to protect their wives, daughters, and companions and were often the sources of abuse and violence. Women, in turn, were unable to shape themselves to fit the accepted model of Victorian womanhood. This thesis suggests that widespread Victorian gender attitudes and social causes that are taken up by politicians are reflected in the legal system. This thesis unearths the voices of Victorian women, both literary and historical ones, in order to tell their stories and analyze the ways that their experiences are a result of social conventions and legal standards of the nineteenth-century.

Limited systematic research has investigated how conflict events shape the spatial-temporal variation of insurgent violence against civilians. Although previous research has investigated how degrees of territorial control relate to general levels of violence against civilians, it remains largely an open question how the dynamics within territorial control determine violence against civilians by insurgents. This study aims to address this gap by hypothesizing that (1) insurgents become more likely to commit fatal violence against civilians, and (2) kill more civilians in contested areas when they lose territorial control. The Armed Conflict Location and Event Dataset (ACLED) was used along with Peace Research Institute Oslo’s (PRIO) GRID Dataset to create a novel data frame of all territorially contested area-weeks on the African continent between 1997 and 2017 (n = 3035). Contrary to theoretical expectations, logistic regressions indicate a lower risk of insurgent violence against civilians in contested areas following an insurgent territorial loss than following a break-even. Zero-inflated negative binomial regressions moreover tentatively indicate that insurgents kill more civilians following territorial wins in the short-term, and following territorial loss in the long-term. These results suggest that proactive counterinsurgency campaigns are in the interest of civilians in civil war.

El empoderamiento político de las mujeres, se visualiza como una alternativa para afrontar las brechas de género y fomentar una participación política sustantiva; promoviendo la adquisición y desarrollo de capacidades, habilidades y aptitudes cuyo ejercicio fomentará la creación e implementación de proyectos, programas, políticas públicas, iniciativas de ley, etc. que beneficien a su agenda pública y a su comunidad. El empoderamiento político requiere que las mujeres se conviertan en ciudadanas participativas, conscientes de sus necesidades, desigualdades y desafíos como género.

There is an ongoing fascination with the Victorian era as well as the genre of horror, and the characters originating from the first 18th century Gothic tales still appear in our Western popular culture today. The Victorian Gothic novels contain elements of romanticism and violence which often results in strong undertones of heated sexuality. I argue that it is one of the reasons for the genre’s wide popularity. This thesis examines the representation of femininity and female sexuality within a Victorian horror context by a comparative analyse of illustrations from British 19th century Penny Blood publications with contemporary fashion photographs. The images are analysed by applying Erwin Panofsky’s method of Iconography and with the theoretical framework of feminist visual culture, and historical theories on sexuality, biology and violence. The thesis shows how Gothic visualisations are interpreted and appropriated photographically today, where the latter is darker and more exaggerated than the former. Symbols of sexuality, female agency, dominance and submission are equally found in the Victorian and the contemporary material. However, the Victorian aesthetic has become a platform where a nude, sexual female body in a S&M situation can offer a spectrum of meanings and even symbols of feminism. It is a visual culture where women can fight back, taking revenge on their oppressor and looking fierce when doing so.

El distrito de la Victoria ocupa el primer lugar en casos de violencia familiar en toda la región Lambayeque, en el presente año ya son más de 500 los casos denunciados ante la policía, presentándose la mayor cantidad de casos en los centros poblados de Chacupe Bajo, Chacupe Alto, Chosica del Norte, Pedro Ruiz, El Bosque, Cahuide entre otros sectores ubicadas en las zonas periféricas. Identificándose que una de las razones principales de los casos de violencia es la separación de los padres, es decir familias disfuncionales donde hay rebeldía por parte de los hijos y los menores quedan desamparados y mayormente incurren en hechos delictivos. Por lo tanto la violencia intrafamiliar es un problema social importante que afecta dramáticamente la calidad de vida de las familias que se encuentran en esa situación, sea cual fuere su condición social, cultural o económica. La finalidad del presente proyecto de desarrollo local es el “Mejoramiento de la imagen de la mujer frente a la sociedad en el Distrito de La Victoria - Chiclayo”. En la cual se incluirán acciones de promoción y prevención de violencia intrafamiliar así mismo se pondrá énfasis en la realización de talleres de fortalecimiento familiar, manejo de control de emociones, compartición de roles en la familia, parejas saludables y demostración de cariño. Al final del proyecto se habrá logrado fortalecer a las familias logrando disminuir la violencia en los hogares intervenidos en el distrito de la victoria así como también el maltrato físico y psicológico, el costo total de S/. 47,984.00.
Trabajo académico

La agenda del gobierno peruano ha incorporado políticas públicas e instrumentos de gestión para reducir, en todos los niveles, la tolerancia social frente a la violencia contra la mujer. El Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables, responsable de liderar las políticas sociales con un enfoque multisectorial y de género, ejecuta y aborda el tema promoviendo acciones concretas intersectoriales a fin de lograr cambios orientados hacia una vida libre de violencia, derecho de todas y todos. Desde el año 2002, el Programa Nacional Contra la Violencia Familiar y Sexual, a través de la Unidad de Prevención y Promoción viene realizando trabajo comunitario con el programa de facilitadores/as en acción. En el año 2016, a raíz de la sistematización realizada el año anterior, éste fue rediseñado dando surgimiento a la Intervención Comunitaria con Líderes y Lideresas de Organizaciones Sociales (ICLLOS), para ser ejecutado en Lima y provincias, en especial en zonas donde se suscitaba alto grado de violencia contra la mujer y el grupo familiar. La presente investigación, desarrollada en el distrito de La Victoria, Lima, entre los años 2016-2018, busca analizar la participación comunitaria y los resultados que han tenido estas acciones de intervención en contribución a reducir la tolerancia social de la violencia contra la mujer. Este estudio de caso permite conocer el diseño del proyecto, su implementación (tomando en cuenta los indicadores establecidos para el monitoreo) y los mecanismos utilizados por los líderes y las lideresas capacitadas en la prevención de la violencia familiar arribando, finalmente, a conclusiones y recomendaciones producto del análisis de los hallazgos. El estudio se orienta en la “Teoría del Cambio” a fin de visualizar acciones a corto y mediano plazo, definiendo las pautas necesarias a seguir en todo proyecto, para llegar a los resultados esperados. Es importante mencionar que el accionar de todo gestor social tiene que estar orientado al cambio transformativo del des aprender para soltar los pensamientos y actos que imposibilitan alcanzar una realidad justa y equitativa. El uso de las herramientas de gerencia social para el análisis, permitieron identificar que la implementación muestra dificultades reflejadas en la débil o escasa sostenibilidad del proyecto, debido a la ausencia de liderazgo para brindar un seguimiento oportuno de las estrategias y acciones, y la falta de compromiso de actores sociales claves para desarrollar un trabajo intersectorial articulado. Este análisis permite culminar el estudio con recomendaciones para la mejora del programa.
The agenda of the Peruvian government has incorporated public policies and management instruments to reduce, at all levels, social tolerance to violence against women. The Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations, which is responsible for leading social policies with a multi-sectoral and gender focus, executes and addresses the issue by promoting concrete intersectoral actions to achieve changes aimed at a life free of violence, a right for all. Since 2002, the National Program Against Family and Sexual Violence, through the Prevention and Promotion Unit, has been carrying out community work with the facilitators' program in action. In 2016, because of the systematization carried out the previous year, the program was redesigned giving rise to the Community Intervention with Leaders of Social Organizations (ICLLOS), to be implemented in Lima and provinces, especially in areas where there was a high level of violence against women and the family group. This research, developed in the district of La Victoria, Lima, between the years 2016-2018, seeks to analyze community participation and the results that these intervention actions have had in contributing to reducing social tolerance of violence against women. This case study allows us to know the design of the project, its implementation (considering the indicators established for monitoring) and the mechanisms used by the leaders trained in the prevention of family violence, finally arriving at conclusions and recommendations resulting from the analysis of the findings. The study is oriented in the "Theory of Change" to visualize short- and medium term actions, defining the necessary guidelines to follow in every project, to reach the expected results. It is important to mention that the action of every social manager must be oriented to the transformative change of unlearning to release the thoughts and acts that make it impossible to reach a fair and equitable reality. The use of social management tools for the analysis identified that the implementation shows difficulties reflected in the weak or poor sustainability of the project, due to the absence of leadership to provide timely follow-up of strategies and actions, and the lack of commitment of key social actors to develop an articulated intersectoral work. This analysis allows us to conclude the study with recommendations for the improvement of the program.

In Mexico there is an increasing lack of engagement of the Mexican government and its citizens towards resolving violence. In the 20th century alone events such as the Revolution of 1910, La Guerra Cristera, La Guerra Sucia, and most recently Los Feminicidios and Calderon’s War on Drugs are representative of an ethos of violence withstood and inflicted by Mexicans towards women, men, youth, and marginalized groups. This dissertation examines Los Feminicidios in Ciudad Juarez and the cultural production surrounding them: chronicles, novels, documentaries and films. In it I draw on Aristotle’s influential Nicomachean Ethics, Victoria Camps’ El gobierno de las emociones (2011), María Pía Lara’s Narrating Evil (2007), Vittorio Gallese’s and other scientists’ research on neuroscience empathy and neurohumanism, and socio-political essays in order to theorize how a pathos-infused understanding of ethos might engage a reading and viewing public in what has become a discourse about violence determined by a sense of fatalism. Specifically, I argue that narrative and its interpretations play a significant role in people’s emotional engagement and subsequent cognitive processes. I stress the importance of creating an approach that considers both pathos and logos as a way of understanding this ethos of violence. I argue that by combining pathos and logos in the analysis of a cultural text, we can break through the theoretical impasse, which thus far has resulted in exceptionalisms and has been limited to categorizing as evil the social and political mechanisms that may cause this violence.
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Aggression occurs frequently on many psychiatric wards; its assessment and management are crucial components of inpatient care. Consequences to inpatient aggression are profound, impacting on staff and patients, ward milieu and regime, and mental health services in general. Despite considerable research, which has primarily focussed on the assessment of demographic and clinical characteristics of aggressive patients, the nature of the relationship between mental illness, inpatient treatment and aggression remains unclear. Inconsistent risk assessment practices, management strategies and treatment plans, often derived from idiosyncratic beliefs about the causes of aggression, follow. Approaches to the assessment of inpatient aggression have been categorised as structural, which emphasise form, or functional, which emphasise purpose. Studies of inpatient aggression have primarily utilized a structural approach. These studies have resulted in the identification of demographic, clinical and situational characteristics of high-risk patients and environments. Resource allocation and actuarial assessments of risk have been assisted by this research. Conversely, functional assessment approaches seek to clarify the factors responsible for the development, expression and maintenance of inpatient aggression by examining predisposing characteristics, in addition to the proximal antecedents and consequences of aggressive behaviours. While functional analysis has demonstrated efficacy in assessing and prescribing interventions for other problem behaviours, and has been regarded a legitimate assessment approach for anger management problems, psychiatric inpatient aggression has been relatively neglected by functional analysis. Against this background, four studies focussing on the assessment of predisposing characteristics, precipitants and consequences, and purposes of aggressive behaviour, were undertaken to assist in the development of a functional analysis of psychiatric inpatient aggression. All four studies were conducted within the Thomas Embling Hospital (TEH), a secure forensic psychiatric hospital in Melbourne, Australia. The first of three initial studies involved a retrospective review of Incident Forms relating to aggressive behaviours that occurred within the first year of the hospital?s operation. The second involved a comparison of prospective assessment of aggressive behaviours with retrospective review of Incident Forms. The third involved a review of Incident Forms across two forensic psychiatric hospitals, the Rosanna Forensic Psychiatric Centre, and the TEH, to allow for the study of environmental contributors to aggression. The fourth, and main study, focussed on the assessment of patients and aggressive incidents, using a framework emphasising purpose, which was assessed using a classification system designed and validated as part of this study. Demographic and clinical information in addition to social behaviour, history of aggression and substance use were collected on the 204 patients admitted to the hospital during 2002. One hundred and ten of these patients completed an additional assessment of psychotic symptoms in addition to a battery of psychological tests measuring anger expression and control, assertiveness, and impulsivity. During 2002, the year under review, there were 502 incidents of verbal aggression, physical aggression, and property damage recorded. Staff members who observed these incidents were interviewed, and files were reviewed to record the severity, type, direction and purpose of aggression. Following 71 aggressive behaviours patients also participated in the assessment of purpose. Results from this, and the three initial studies, reinforced the contribution to aggression of a number of individual characteristics, including a recent history of substance use, an entrenched history of aggression, a recent history of antisocial behaviour, and symptoms of psychosis, including thought disturbance, auditory hallucinations and conceptual disorganisation. Somewhat surprisingly, a number of other characteristics shown through previous research to have a relationship with aggression, including anger arousal and control, impulsivity, and assertiveness did not show a relationship with aggression. Further, and perhaps a consequence of the peculiar characteristics of some patients admitted to the TEH, older patients and females were more likely to be repeatedly aggressive, yet neither age nor gender differentiated aggressive from non-aggressive inpatients. In this study acts of inpatient aggression were usually precipitated by discernible events, or motivated by rational purposes. Rarely was aggression the consequence of a spontaneous manifestation of underlying psychopathology occurring in isolation from environmental precipitants. A number of proximal environmental factors, most particularly staff-patient interactions associated with treatment or maintenance of ward regime, that were considered provocative or that threatened status, were evident in incidents of aggression perpetrated against staff. The perception of provocation and the need to enhance status were common precipitants of aggression between patients. There was little evidence to suggest that aggression was used instrumentally to obtain tangible items, to reduce social isolation, or to observe the suffering of others in the absence of provocation. Results of these four studies have implications for the prediction and prevention of inpatient aggression, and for the treatment of aggressive inpatients. These are discussed, as are the limitations of this research and suggestions for further research.
thesis (BPsychology(Hons))--University of South Australia, 2004.

Healthcare is a complex arena of multi-skilled interaction. In recent years, it has grown extensively out of the simple act of treating the sick by a noble healer to taking measures of preventing illness not only of the clients but also of the community. It is no more a deal between two persons: the sick and the healer (like a doctor). Community healthcare is regulated by several agencies including legislative agencies (like government, international health organisations), professional bodies, industrial regulators, consumer advocates and commercial entities (such as insurance companies and pharmaceuticals). Healthcare service providers or professionals are not the sole regulators rather their actions need to balance the legal obligations to the client (such as client satisfaction), to staff (such as workplace safety) and to business (to maintain competitive advantage in the industry). Current healthcare service provision is challenged by many factors including diversification of the task, diversity of workforce characteristics due to globalisation and increased service demand by knowledgeable customers searching proactive healthcare and not just curative care. To overcome these challenges along with maintaining quality service, organisations need skilled staff. This, however, is threatened by occupational hazards like occupational violence against staff (OVAS) which is well documented globally and across Australia. The impact of OVAS is not limited only to disruption of service but also to the quality of service and shortage of human resources in some cases. Regulatory agencies like the Department of Health, Comcare, Safe Work Australia and Worksafe Victoria (VAGO, 2013) are providing guidelines on OVAS management. Most healthcare providers are considering some actions, but not with any universal consensus. According to the hierarchy of control in Work Health and Safety Management System (WHSMS) a hazard could best be controlled by eliminating it, but if not then training of staff is an option. Training will always be needed whether or not other measures of hazard and risk control are implemented. This encourages research to develop effective training in terms of trainers’ perspective (in delivery), learners’ perspective (of appreciating the sessions) and management’ perspective (of the outcome of hazard control). Literature shows that the workforce training in hospitals to control OVAS lacks consistency and uniformity across Australian hospitals. ‘Management of Violence and Aggression International Training’ (MSVT) is one training programme run by the BN123 Health, Victoria, since 1990. With that background the main aim of this qualitative case study research project was to “identify the effectiveness of the existing training programme (MSVT) in prevention of occupational violence against staff (OVAS) “. Occupational violence is a part of work health and safety issue. So, the research intended to enquire: ‘Is the existing MSVT in prevention of OVAS achieving its purpose, particularly in the current WHSMS setting of the hospital?’ The literature review assisted in identifying the causes of OVAS, types, prevalence and the factors associated with it. It also helped to analyse the published incidents. Among different training evaluation methods, the Kirkpatrick’s model was found most suitable to evaluate MSVT. Analysis attempted to correlate the outcome of the training against existing objectives. Limited access to information meant that I could not perform in-depth analyses, but the findings of this study are expected to guide future research on the effectiveness of MSVT at BN123 Health with more integration to the WHSMS and other safety programmes This research used a qualitative case study with Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to fulfil the goal. The limited access to health facilities both due to obstacle in sensitive data collection and accessing busy participants of different sections of the hospital in a limited time frame. This study explored actors related to OVAS and suggested adoption of an innovative approach to improve workplace safety through the formation of new networks. It did this by looking through the lens of Actor-Network Theory (ANT). The present vision of the government in digitalising the health sector in Australia is a prime opportunity to re-align the network in the WHSMS of the hospital for better impact of training on the OVAS situation. Limited guidance from top management was an issue. MSVT was under the control of the Psychiatric Department at its inception but was then moved under Human Resources (HR), which seems to have reduced its importance and resource management ability. Hospitals are dominated by clinical priorities rather than HR issues. Being a part of the general training programme administered by HR has limited the ability of MSVT as it struggled to receive funding to recruit enough full-time trainers to undertake research on OVAS incidents, promote the programme across the whole organisation, publish materials to create awareness to all staff and develop resources to help retain the knowledge of the participants in the post-training period. Limited flow of information on OVAS was another issue. Even though BN123 Health invests in innovation like RSKSOFT, for reporting it did not purchase all the modules of that programme to improve the flow of information to the trainers of MSVT. BN123 Health demonstrated a proactive attitude in managing OVAS by procuring and trademarking MSVT but is lacking continuity of efforts in it, maybe due to its commitment to clinical aspects of the service. This could be verified by further research. The research identified scope for innovation. Firstly, the training programme could be strengthened by incorporating recent updates on organisational objectives and legislative changes and standardisation with industry practices. It could also be strengthened by incorporation of an improved audio-visual component, distance learning facilities for beginners and refreshers, updating resources including books and journals, inter-organisation exchange programmes and inclusion of regular research results in booklets and handouts. Targeted delivery would also assist, with constant vigilance on incidents and inclusion of vulnerable groups in training. Another worthwhile innovation would be to change the focus from staff only programmes to involve customer or client interest. This could include arranging training for clients and carers as they are a party in the conflict. Management training would be useful to prepare resources for the population of the catchment area, bringing together all healthcare providers (including GPs) who refer clients to the hospital. Updating real-time information collection, storage and analysis by professionals as well as information access to trainers would also be a worthwhile innovation. With the availability of mobile technology, BN123 Health has scope to improve its ability to get real-time information from the incident spot and to develop better management to control events. This could also provide arrangements for easy data entry by general staff.

Australian Rules football has been played for over 160 years. Originating in Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, the code is the most popular winter sport in the state and much of the nation. The game’s popularity has led to burgeoning historical literature of its origins, development, and expansion. Yet, the majority of these investigations have focused on metro- centric narratives of the code, overlooking the game’s prominence in many of those areas outside of major Australian cities. This thesis moves away from narratives of the game’s elite metropolitan history to explore the role Australian Rules football played in communicating, reproducing, and promulgating cultural values in a particular rural Australian context. More specifically, I analyse local newspapers from the south west of Victoria during the interwar period to begin the process of ascertaining what the game meant to rural Australian communities and to the nation more generally. While this thesis examines the general status and popularity of this code of football in a rural context, it focusses on the role that the local press and community played in promoting the game as a space that fostered the development of exemplary men and citizens. Australia’s late colonial and early twentieth century history is replete with narratives that connect Australia’s national identity with rural male figures that were revered for the idyllic manliness they embodied. Less, however, is known about the ideals of manliness in the country during the interwar period. Henceforth, this thesis analyses the multivalent perceptions of how men moulded their masculinity according to celebrated, admired, and revered characteristics of the predominantly male-oriented interwar setting of rural football competitions. Football in this rural setting was presented as a wholesome entity that nurtured attributes of congeniality, fairness, and sportsmanship. However, the memories extracted from historical sources of the period such as newspapers and monuments also illuminate some troubling aspects of football’s culture that were socially condoned and accepted as ‘a part of the game’. In particular, elements of violence, the accepted decline of Indigenous Australians, concerns about the impact of professionalisation, and the relevance of sport during periods of global crisis complicate the simplistic celebration of country football as a wholesome manly sport.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive social problem associated with increased morbidity and mortality risk. Women experiencing IPV often seek assistance from police. Such help-seeking efforts are frequently perceived as problematic by both victims and police. Legal remedies, including orders of protection and criminal charges are the focus of most policing effectiveness research, despite being utilised at only a minority of attendances. Applying a symbolic interactionist and feminist perspective and guided by a constructivist grounded theory approach, this study aimed to explore a broader range of outcomes by examining the way police and victims understand their encounter, the consequences of those understandings and the influence of victims' relationship stage on such encounters. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 police officers and 16 female victims, with 14 victims participating in follow-up interviews. Processes previously associated with victimisation such as denial, minimisation and fear, as well as diminished sense of entitlement and the need to monitor their abusive partners' behaviour were found to inhibit victims from engaging fully with police. All victims sought to stop the violence. Their help-seeing aspirations included safety, ego-support and justice, which manifested differentially according to Landenburger's (1989) relationship stage model. Victims‟ safety and recovery was found to be enhanced when police name abuse, show intolerance for all forms of IPV, assume responsibility for victims' safety, including taking prescriptive action, and support victims to attain justice. Such outcomes are more likely to occur in the presence of a mutually empowering alliance. Victims seek an alliance at all relationship stages; however, police are more likely to engage in an alliance when victims are at the disengaging phase. Police decision making is influenced by their values and the attributions they make regarding level of physical violence, victim status and the likelihood of achieving long-term change in the victim-perpetrator dynamic. The limited ability of police to respond to psychological abuse, non-injurious physical violence, and ongoing harassment was perceived as particularly problematic by victims and police alike. Legal sanctions and formal processes to overcome these problems must be implemented if police are to continue their endeavours to uphold the rights of women experiencing IPV.

Victorian England was the first empire in history to imagine itself as liberal, believing that its own power could bring law to the darkest and most unruly corners of the world. But despite covering nearly the entire period known as the Pax Britannica, Victoria's long reign did not include a single year without war.

The conceptual knots presented by England's global power forced some of the century's most canonical authors to confront, and attempt to solve, contradictions fundamental to their self-consciously liberal society. Because law was understood by many Victorian theorists as the opposite of violence, it was when metropolitan thinkers came up against the fringes of civilization's ordering power, in the empire, that the violence underwriting peace become most uncomfortably plain. "Out there," said jurist James Fitzjames Stephen, "you see real government." But if what Stephen called the liberal state's quiet but crushing force emerged most explicitly at the peripheries of law's reach, literary forms composed at the center of the imperial network --London-- reveal the problem of liberal violence as absence, as silence: as a problem. These problems became dilemmas of narrative and poetic form that I argue are legible across linked areas of Victorian literary production: from the realist masterpiece (The Mill on the Floss) and the philosophical treatise (A System of Logic) to works of political historicism (On Liberty), sensation fiction (Armadale), and apparently apolitical poetry about flowers (Poems and Ballads). Forms of Empire looks to show how the Victorian state's interrelated forms --literary and political, conceptual and historical-- expose the violence liberal theory could not see.

Forms of Empire builds on and seeks to advance work on the pairing of "liberalism and empire" in the broad area of cultural studies. To do so it works dialectically, placing Victorian liberalism's vision of perpetual peace in the context of the empire's endless war and tracking loose networks of London-based thinkers as they confronted the problem of how violence relates to law. This process exposes live debates, both explicit and implicit, about just what force secured Victorian England's so-called Age of Equipoise. What emerges is a particularly literary analysis of how linked coteries of Victorian writers, through the height and decline of a great world power, attempted to make sense of the uneasy links they saw (and did not see) between liberalism and empire, the forms of law and the disorder of violence --the vexed connection, that is, between peace and war.

The project's focus on literary structure and political theory is also historical, tracing Victorian global rule from its phase of hegemonic globalization at mid-century (the so-called Age of Equipoise) into its more openly war-torn, post-1870 decline, a structure that corresponds to the project's two halves. While reframing existing periodizations of empire in Victorian Studies, this genealogical procedure also particularizes what is often studied as a homogenous "imperial discourse." Forms of Empire is necessarily interdisciplinary, since it charts the conceptual cross-pollination among semi-autonomous fields of Victorian knowledge: political theory, anthropology, economics, philosophy, and literature, among others. But it is also focused on method, showing that theoretical debates among Victorians themselves --about the dilemmas of their hegemony-- can illuminate controversies about liberalism, violence, and method in a newer moment of empire, ours.

Dissertation

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2004.
Advisor: Dr. Fred Standley, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of English. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 16, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis includes four studies investigating the experiences of abused women. According to ecological approaches different systems should be considered when conducting research into abused women and their experiences. The first study involved women who successfully left an abusive relationship. An ecological approach was used to investigate the experiences of the women in the different phases of their relationship, including the initial attraction to the partner, the development and sustaining of the abuse and her attempts to leave until her final decision to leave permanently. An important finding was the importance of considering and investigating all systems and levels when dealing with abused women, including those who have left and those who are contemplating leaving this relationship. The second study found that women who experienced physical abuse were often hurt in anatomical locations that were indicative of impulsive violence. The abuser used any object in the heat of the moment to attack the victim and no premeditated planning was evident in the type of injuries sustained. The women further reported that medical practitioners did not investigate the causes of injuries and that they were not referred to social services or organisations dealing with abused women, although they were recognised as suffering from abuse. The intersection of abuse of women and HIV was the topic of focus of the third study. A review of the records of abused women revealed that many abused women were subjected to risk factors for contracting HIV, with counsellors focussing only on abuse issues. Longitudinal case studies, of women exposed to both conditions, revealed that they lacked social support and were often secondarily victimised by the social welfare systems. An environmental scan found that social and health care services were not accessible to these women. The final study investigated intervention strategies to combat burnout in workers at an organisation dealing with abused women. The importance and effectiveness of creative exercises and art sessions were determined in combination with debriefing and supervision sessions. The studies all considered systems that are important in service delivery to abused women. A holistic and systemic investigation and treatment of abused women is shown to be essential, as is the importance of grass roots research.
Psychology
D. Phil. (Psychology)

Violence in traditional “satisfaction” atonement theologies is addressed here. An alternative non-violent view follows in discussion with Weaver / Heim. Weaver outlines a nonviolent Jesus narrative focussing on God’s rule made visible in history. Jesus’ saving death stems not from God but Jesus’ opposing evil powers. For viability violent biblical texts are disregarded. Church history interpretation is nonconventional. Early church is nonviolent. The subsequent Constantinian “fall” births the violent satisfaction model. Weaver’s problematical violence definition receives attention. Girard’s scapegoating philosophy and Jesus’ rescuing humankind from this evil undergirds Heim’s approach. Scapegoating establishes communal peace preventing violence. The bible is antisacrificial giving victims a voice. Jesus becomes a scapegoating victim, yet simultaneously exposes and reverses scapegoating, his death stemming from evil powers not God. Nonviolent atonement influences numerous theological concepts with Incarnational theology demonstrating Jesus’ humanness impacting upon atonement. Four ways to live out transformation established by Jesus’ saving work follow.
School of Humanities
MTH (Systematic Theology)

This study explores the manner in which Anne Michaels uses figurative language, particularly metaphor, in her poetry and prose. In her first novel, Fugitive Pieces, and in certain of her poems, Michaels demonstrates the powers of language to destroy and to recuperate. For her, metaphor is not simply a literary device; it is an essential mechanism in the creation of an authentic story or poem. Moreover, in contrast to other figurative language such as euphemism, which she feels can be used to conceal the truth and make moral that which is immoral, metaphor in her view can be used to gain access to the truth and is therefore moral. Thus, as this study demonstrates, Michaels proposes as well as utilises the moral power of language. The ideas of four language theorists provide the basis of this study, and prove highly useful in application to Michaels’s work. With the aid of Certeau and Bourdieu, we examine Michaels’s participation in and literary presentation of the relationship of domination and subordination in which people seem to interact and which takes place partly through language. In the light of Ricoeur’s explication of the precise functions of metaphor, we discuss Fugitive Pieces as a novel whose engagement with the topic of the Holocaust in intensely emotive and figurative language makes it controversial in terms of what may or may not constitute the appropriate manner of Holocaust literary representation. Klemperer’s meticulous, first-hand study of the Nazis’ use of the German language during the period of the Third Reich proves illuminating in our exploration of the works of Michaels that feature themes of oppression and dispossession. In certain of her poems, Michaels stands in for real people and speaks in their voices. This is also a form of metaphor, this study suggests, as for the duration of each poem Michaels requires us to imagine that she is the real-life person who expresses him- or herself in the first person singular, which she patently is not. We could see this as appropriation and misrepresentation of those people’s lives and thoughts; however, with the aid of the notion of empathic identification we learn that Michaels’s approach is always empathic – she imaginatively places herself in various situations and people’s positions without ever losing her sense of individuality and separate identity, and her portrayal of their stories is always respectful and carefully considered.
Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
English
unrestricted