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1
Tyson, Danielle, Deborah Kirkwood, and Mandy Mckenzie. "Family Violence in Domestic Homicides." Violence Against Women 23, no. 5 (July 9, 2016): 559–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216647796.
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This article examines the impact of legislative reforms enacted in 2005 in Victoria, Australia, on legal responses to women charged with murder for killing their intimate partner. The reforms provided for a broader understanding of the context of family violence to be considered in such cases, but we found little evidence of this in practice. This is partly attributable to persistent misconceptions among the legal profession about family violence and why women may believe it necessary to kill a partner. We recommend specialized training for legal professionals and increased use of family violence evidence to help ensure women’s claims of self-defense receive appropriate responses from Victorian courts.
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Kirkwood, Deborah. "Female Perpetrated Homicide in Victoria Between 1985 and 1995." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 36, no. 2 (August 2003): 152–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.36.2.152.
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This article presents findings of research on women who kill. All cases in which a woman was investigated by police as a perpetrator in a homicide in Victoria,Australia,between 1985 and 1995 were examined.The aim was to investigate the range of circumstances in which women kill. Seventy-seven cases were identified.The primary source of data was the Victorian Coroner 's office.Initially it was expected that most women would have killed a partner as a result of the experience of long-term violence. However,the findings of the study show that the situation with respect to women and those they kill is more complex.Three primary relationship categories were identified:women who kill their partners,women who kill their children and women who kill non-intimates.The third category primar- ily involved women who killed friends and acquaintances.This paper will argue that the homicide literature fails to provide a conceptual framework for understanding women who kill and hence contributes to the cultural stigmatising of violent women as “mad” or “bad”.
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MacIsaac, Michael B., Lyndal Bugeja, Tracey Weiland, Jeremy Dwyer, Kav Selvakumar, and George A. Jelinek. "Prevalence and Characteristics of Interpersonal Violence in People Dying From Suicide in Victoria, Australia." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 30, no. 1 (November 26, 2017): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539517743615.
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Victims of interpersonal violence are known to be at increased risk of suicidal ideation and attempts; however, few data exist on the impact that violence has on the risk of death from suicide. This study examined 2153 suicides (1636 males and 517 females) occurring between 2009 and 2012. Information was sourced from the Coroners Court of Victoria’s Suicide Register, a detailed database containing information on all Victorian suicides. Forty-two percent of women who died from suicide had a history of exposure to interpersonal violence, with 23% having been a victim of physical violence, 18% suffering psychological violence, and 16% experiencing sexual abuse. A large number of men who died from suicide had also been exposed to interpersonal violence, many of whom had perpetrated violence within the 6 weeks prior to their death. Targeted prevention, particularly removing barriers for men to seek help early after perpetrating violence is likely to have benefits in preventing suicide in both men and women.
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Healey, Lucy, Cathy Humphreys, and Keran Howe. "Inclusive Domestic Violence Standards: Strategies to Improve Interventions for Women With Disabilities?" Violence and Victims 28, no. 1 (2013): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.28.1.50.
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Women with disabilities experience violence at greater rates than other women, yet their access to domestic violence services is more limited. This limitation is mirrored in domestic violence sector standards, which often fail to include the specific issues for women with disabilities. This article has a dual focus: to outline a set of internationally transferrable standards for inclusive practice with women with disabilities affected by domestic violence; and report on the results of a documentary analysis of domestic violence service standards, codes of practice, and practice guidelines. It draws on the Building the Evidence (BtE) research and advocacy project in Victoria, Australia in which a matrix tool was developed to identify minimum standards to support the inclusion of women with disabilities in existing domestic violence sector standards. This tool is designed to interrogate domestic violence sector standards for their attention to women with disabilities.
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Bruton, Crystal, and Danielle Tyson. "Leaving violent men: A study of women’s experiences of separation in Victoria, Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 51, no. 3 (December 7, 2017): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865817746711.
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Despite decades of feminist efforts to educate the community about, and improve responses to, domestic violence, public attitudes towards domestic violence continue to misunderstand women’s experiences of violence. Underlying such responses is the stock standard question, ‘Why doesn’t she leave?’ This question points to a lack of understanding about the impacts and threat of violence from an abusive partner on women’s decisions to leave the relationship. Moreover, it places sole responsibility for ending the relationship squarely upon women, assuming women are presented with numerous opportunities to leave a violent relationship and erroneously assumes the violence will cease once they do leave. This study explores women’s experiences of separating from an abusive, male partner through women’s narratives (n = 12) in Victoria, Australia. Findings reveal that fear was a complex influencing factor impacting upon women’s decision-making throughout the leaving process. The findings show that women seek to exercise agency within the context of their abusers’ coercively controlling tactics by strategically attempting to manage the constraints placed on their decision-making and partner’s repeated attempts to reassert dominance and control.
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Adams, Catina, Leesa Hooker, and Angela Taft. "Threads of Practice: Enhanced Maternal and Child Health Nurses Working With Women Experiencing Family Violence." Global Qualitative Nursing Research 8 (January 2021): 233339362110517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23333936211051703.
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Family violence is a serious public health issue with significant health consequences for women and children. Enhanced Maternal and Child Health nurses (EMCH) in Victoria, Australia, work with women experiencing family violence; however, scholarly examination of the clinical work of nurses has not occurred. This qualitative study explored how EMCH nurses work with women experiencing abuse, describing the personal and professional challenges for nurses undertaking family violence work. Twenty-five nurses participated in semi-structured interviews. Using interpretive description methodology has enabled an insight into nurses' family violence work. Threads of practice identified included (1) Validating/Reframing; (2) Non-judgmental support/Safeguarding and (3) Following/Leading. The nurses highlighted the diversity of experience for women experiencing abuse and nurses' roles in family violence nurse practice. The research contributes to understanding how EMCH nurses traverse threads of practice to support women experiencing family violence.
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Ebobo Urowoli, Christiana. "Comparative analysis of domestic violence between illiterate and educated families in ETI-OSA LGA, Lagos State." Reality of Politics 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop2021402.
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Universally, men and women suffer in relationships before or after marriage which is detrimental to health. This paper examined the percentage of intimate partner violence in both the highly educated and not educated families to assertain which one has a higher percentage of violence than the other. It also aimed to investigate variations in causes of intimate partner violence in both family types and to examine the effects of violence on both families. The study adopted purposive sampling among market women and civil servants on Eti-Osa Local Government Area, Victoria Island, Lagos. The techniques of enquiry are questionnaire and interview among these chosen classes of people. The sample size is 200; 100 men and 100 women. The paper concluded that the percentage of domestic violence is higher in the illiterate families, though the causes and effects are slightly different. The paper recommended education to curb domestic violence in the society.
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Saeed, Nadia, Muhammad Ali Shaikh, Stephen John, and Kamal Haider. "Thomas Hardy: A Torchbearer of Feminism Representing Sufferings of Victorian Era Women." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 9, no. 3 (May 31, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.9n.3p.55.
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The purpose of this paper was to highlight the miserable plight of women during the Victorian era, the age of social reforms, political improvements, collective welfare, and material prosperity. During this age, Queen Victoria worked on various issues that had remained the cause of unrest among the people. Her efforts, in this regard, were indeed commendable, but she took no interest to resolve issues of women who had been suffering terribly under patriarchy. The subject of women remained ignored for many years, then some writers started to highlight the miserable state of these passive creatures who were the constant victims of social, political and economic injustices, inequalities, deprivations, and domestic violence. Of all the feminists, Thomas Hardy stood unique as he brought to light almost all areas of life where women were suffering awfully and their voices were suppressed under the male-dominated system. Hardy took serious note of the long-ignored subject of society and provided a vivid and realistic picture of Victorian society through his extraordinarily brilliant novels. Thomas Hardy’s famous masterpiece ‘Tess of the d’Urbervilles: A Pure Woman” is one of the best novels depicting women-related issues that shook the minds of the people to proceed towards this delicate matter. The contents or events described in the novel confirmed that women were the disadvantaged section of society who were deprived of their due rights and respect in society. They were objectified and preferred to a man in each sphere of life.
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Thompson, Chrissy. "Skirting Around the Issue: Misdirection and Linguistic Avoidance in Parliamentary Discourses on Upskirting." Violence Against Women 26, no. 11 (September 10, 2019): 1403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219870606.
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Discourses on men’s violence against women have long been associated with linguistic avoidance and communicative strategies that obscure the responsibility of male perpetrators. Linguistic avoidance does not only obfuscate the responsibility of male perpetrators; such strategies also hide the norms and attitudes that underpin much of men’s violence against women. Such techniques represent a form of misdirection: communicative strategies that draw attention away from the true causes or nature of an issue. To demonstrate misdirection in action, I conduct a feminist critical discourse analysis of Australian parliamentarians’ speech acts during the criminalization of upskirting in Victoria in 2007.
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Parkinson, Debra. "Investigating the Increase in Domestic Violence Post Disaster: An Australian Case Study." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 11 (March 20, 2017): 2333–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517696876.
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Interviews with 30 women in two shires in Victoria, Australia, confirmed that domestic violence increased following the catastrophic Black Saturday bushfires on February 7, 2009. As such research is rare, it addresses a gap in the disaster and interpersonal violence literature. The research that exists internationally indicates that increased violence against women is characteristic of a postdisaster recovery in developing countries. The relative lack of published research from primary data in developed countries instead reflects our resistance to investigating or recognizing increased male violence against women after disasters in developed countries. This article begins with an overview of this literature. The primary research was qualitative, using in-depth semistructured interviews to address the research question of whether violence against women increased in the Australian context. The sample of 30 women was aged from 20s to 60s. Recruitment was through flyers and advertisements, and interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and checked by participants. Analysis was inductive, using modified grounded theory. Seventeen women gave accounts of new or increased violence from male partners that they attribute to the disaster. A key finding is that, not only is there both increased and new domestic violence but formal reporting will not increase in communities unwilling to hear of this hidden disaster. Findings are reported within a framework of three broad explanations. In conclusion, although causation is not claimed, it is important to act on the knowledge that increased domestic violence and disasters are linked.
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Carrington, Kerry, Natacha Guala, María Victoria Puyol, and Máximo Sozzo. "How Women’s Police Stations Empower Women, Widen Access to Justice and Prevent Gender Violence." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 42–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i1.1494.
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Women’s police stations are a distinctive innovation that emerged in postcolonial nations of the global south in the second half of the twentieth century to address violence against women. This article presents the results of a world-first study of the unique way that these stations, called Comisaría de la Mujer, prevent gender-based violence in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. One in five police stations in this Province was established with a mandate of preventing gender violence. Little is currently known about how this distinctive multidisciplinary model of policing (which includes social workers, lawyers, psychologists and police) widens access to justice to prevent gender violence. This article compares the model’s virtues and limitations to traditional policing models. We conclude that specialised women’s police stations in the postcolonial societies of the global south increase access to justice, empower women to liberate themselves from the subjection of domestic violence and prevent gender violence by challenging patriarchal norms that sustain it. As a by-product, these women’s police stations also offer women in the global south a career in law enforcement—one that is based on a gender perspective. The study is framed by southern criminology, which reverses the notion that ideas, policies and theories can only travel from the anglophone world of the global north to the global south.
The article has been kindly translated into Spanish by one of the authors María Victoria Puyol - and can be viewed in both English and Spanish
Cómo las Comisarias de la Mujer empoderan a las mujeres, amplían el acceso a la justicia y previenen la violencia de género
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Dunn, James A. "Charlotte Dacre and the Feminization of Violence." Nineteenth-Century Literature 53, no. 3 (December 1, 1998): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2903042.
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Charlotte Dacre's relatively neglected fictions create a unique space in the dialectic of violence that characterizes so much of British Romanticism. Her simultaneous attraction to and repulsion from violence is reflective of an era that apotheosized the sublime, which formed its imagination on the bloody Revolution in France and the increasingly visible brutalities of industrialism, and that made the Gothic its most popular literary commodity. But Dacre's peculiar contribution to this hermeneutic is to build through her four major novels a mythology by which violence emerges, most of all, from feminine libidinous drives. This essay, therefore, begins by contrasting Dacre's approach to feminine sexual desire with that of two other notable women writers of the period, Letitia Elizabeth Landon and Mary Tighe. The essay continues to explore Dacre's most purely Gothic expression, Zofloya (1806), particularly through the scene in which Victoria stalks, attacks, and murders a girl whom she perceives to be her sexual rival. And it concludes with an analysis of a lesser-known novel, The Passions (1811), and its vibrant anti-heroine, Appollonia Zulmer. Troped as noble hunter, ferocious goddess, social critic, and scorned woman, Appollonia is Dacre's most complex vision of the meaning of feminine violence. Still, Dacre's ultimate inclination is toward tragic irony: though she vigorously rewrites the conventional Gothic script (where women are the victims of demonic men), she does not envision anything like the comic release dreamed of, more than a century later, in Hélène Cixous's "The Laugh of the Medusa."
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Vos, Theo. "Measuring the impact of intimate partner violence on the health of women in Victoria, Australia." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 84, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.06.030411.
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Richardson, Cathy, and Allan Wade. "Islands of Safety: Restoring Dignity in Violence-Prevention Work with Indigenous Families." First Peoples Child & Family Review 5, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069070ar.
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Islands of Safety is a model and process designed in conjunction with Métis Community Services in Victoria, B.C. Based on a focus of human dignity and resistance, safety knowledges of women and Indigenous peoples, Islands of Safety was created by Métis family therapist Cathy Richardson and developer of response-based therapy Allan Wade. The initial stages of project design, pilot project implementation were funded by the Law Foundation of B.C. Resembling family group conferencing on the surface but rooted in different philosophical terrain, the Islands of Safety process is based on the understanding that people resist violence and prefer respect.
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Bauleni, Esther M., Leesa Hooker, Hassan P. Vally, and Angela Taft. "Intimate-partner violence and reproductive decision-making by women attending Victorian Maternal- and Child-Health services: a cross-sectional study." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 5 (2018): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py17183.
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The reproductive years are a critical period where women experience greater risk of intimate-partner violence (IPV). Most studies investigating the association between IPV and reproductive health have been completed in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to examine the relationship between IPV and women’s reproductive decision-making in Victoria, Australia. We analysed secondary data from a cluster-randomised trial of IPV screening that surveyed new mothers attending Maternal- and Child-Health centres in Melbourne. Survey measures included the experience of partner abuse in the past 12 months using the Composite Abuse Scale and four reproductive decision-making indicators. Results showed that IPV affects reproductive decision-making among postpartum women. Women who reported abuse were less likely to plan for a baby (adjusted Odds Ratio 0.48, 95% CI: 0.31–0.75) than were non-abused women, significantly more likely to have partners make decisions for them about contraception (Risk ratio (RR) 4.09, 95% CI: 1.31–12.75), and whether and when to have a baby (RR 12.35, 95% CI: 4.46–34.16), than they were to make decisions jointly. Pregnant and postpartum women need to be screened for partner violence that compromises women’s decision-making power regarding their reproductive rights.
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Parkinson, Debra, Alyssa Duncan, Jaspreet Kaur, Frank Archer, and Caroline Spencer. "Gendered aspects of long-term disaster resilience in Victoria, Australia." January 2022 10.47389/37, no. 37.1 (January 2022): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47389/37.1.59.
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Research conducted in 2018 documented the disaster experiences of 56 women and men in Australia aged between 18 and 93 years. This paper draws out the gendered factors that affected their resilience, and in so doing, begins to address the dearth of research related to gendered aspects of long-term disaster resilience. It is unique in capturing the voices of survivors who spoke of events 9 years after the 2009 Black Saturday fires and of earlier fires and floods in Victoria more than 50 years ago, including the 1983 Ash Wednesday fires. Over decades, gendered expectations of men and women significantly hindered resilience. Men spoke of the long-term cost to them of demands to ‘be strong’ in the worst of disasters and reasons they were reluctant to seek help afterwards. Women spoke of their contributions holding a lesser value and of discrimination. Discussions of violence against women and children after disaster, and suicide ideation in anticipation of future disasters offered critical insights. Protective factors identified by informants were not wholly intrinsic to their character but were also physical, such as essential resources provided in the immediate aftermath, and psychological and community support offered in the long-term. Factors that helped resilience departed from the ‘masculine’ model of coping post-disaster by moving away from a refusal to admit trauma and suffering, to community-wide resilience bolstered by widespread emotional, social and psychological support. Genuine community planning for disasters before they strike builds trust and offers insights for emergency management planners.
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Levine, Philippa, and Shani D'Cruze. "Crimes of Outrage: Sex, Violence, and Victorian Working Women." Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 31, no. 4 (1999): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053171.
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Clark, Anna. "Crimes of outrage: sex, violence, and victorian working women." Women's History Review 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612020000200484.
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Thom, Deborah, and Shani D'Cruze. "Crimes of Outrage: Sex, Violence and Victorian Working Women." American Historical Review 105, no. 1 (February 2000): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652576.
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Hegarty, Kelsey L., Lorna O'Doherty, Jill Astbury, and Jane Gunn. "Identifying intimate partner violence when screening for health and lifestyle issues among women attending general practice." Australian Journal of Primary Health 18, no. 4 (2012): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py11101.
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Intimate partner violence is a common but under-recognised issue for women attending primary care. There is a lack of studies looking at women’s comfort to discuss and openness to getting help for health issues, including fear of a partner, in primary care. Female patients (aged 16–50 years) attending 55 general practitioners (GPs) in Victoria, Australia were mailed a brief survey that screened for health and lifestyle issues, comfort to discuss these issues and intention to get help in primary care. Needing physical activity and smoking were the issues women were most comfortable to discuss; followed by difficulty controlling what and/or how much is eaten, feeling down, depressed, hopeless or worried, and use of drugs or alcohol. Women were least comfortable to discuss fear of a partner and least likely to seek help for it from the GP or primary care nurse. However, as with the other issues, acceptability of being asked in a survey was high. All health and lifestyle issues predicted fear of a partner. Primary care practitioners should be aware of this complex major public health issue especially when carrying out preventive health care.
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de Brouwer, Anne-Marie, and Eefje de Volder. "International Criminal Court (ICC): Dominic Ongwen." Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 2, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/266644721x16239186251251.
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On 4 February 2021, the ICC's Trial Chamber IX found Lord Resistance Army's Commander Dominic Ongwen guilty for a total of 61 crimes comprising crimes against humanity and war crimes, including many conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence crimes, committed in Northern Uganda between 1 July 2002 and 31 December 2005. On 6 May 2021, Dominic Ongwen was sentenced to 25 years imprisonment for these crimes.<br/> In this Q&A we discuss this case with three renowned experts, namely Victoria Nyanjura (Survivor, Founder Women in Action for Women Uganda), Joseph Manoba (lawyer and Legal Representative for victims in the Ongwen case) and Lorraine Smith van Lin (independent victim's rights expert). By answering 11 questions, they provide insight in the complexity of this case, including how it is perceived by LRA victims and survivors in Uganda.
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Savage, Gail. "Crimes of Outrage: Sex, Violence and Victorian Working Women (review)." Victorian Studies 43, no. 3 (2001): 511–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2001.0075.
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Hegarty, Kelsey, Jane Gunn, Patty Chondros, and Rhonda Small. "Association between depression and abuse by partners of women attending general practice: descriptive, cross sectional survey." BMJ 328, no. 7440 (March 11, 2004): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7440.621.
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AbstractObjective To explore the association between depression and physical, emotional, and sexual abuse by partners or ex-partners of women attending general practice.Design Descriptive, cross sectional survey.Setting 30 general practitioners in Victoria, Australia.Participants 1257 consecutive female patients.Main outcome measures Some type of abuse in an adult intimate relationship (composite abuse scale), depression (Beck depression inventory or Edinburgh postnatal depression scale), and physical health (SF-36).Results 18.0% (218/1213) of women scored as currently probably depressed and 24.1% (277/1147) had experienced some type of abuse in an adult intimate relationship. Depressed women were significantly more likely to have experienced severe combined abuse than women who were not depressed after adjusting for other significant sociodemographic variables (odds ratio 5.8, 95% confidence interval 2.8 to 12.0). These variables included not being married, having a poor education, being on a low income, being unemployed or receiving a pension, pregnancy status, or being abused as a child.Conclusion Physical, emotional, and sexual abuse are strongly associated with depression in women attending general practice. Doctors should sensitively ask depressed women about their experiences of violence and abuse in intimate relationships. Research into depression should include measures of partner abuse in longitudinal and intervention studies.
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Wake, Nicola. "Battered Women, Startled Householders and Psychological Self-Defence: Anglo-Australian Perspectives." Journal of Criminal Law 77, no. 5 (October 2013): 433–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2013.77.5.868.
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This article provides a timely and critical reappraisal of the interconnected, but discrete, doctrines of loss of self-control, under ss 54–56 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, and self-defence within s. 76 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. The loss of control conceptualisation renders it difficult for defendants to claim the partial defence where exculpatory self-defence has been rejected, and fear of serious violence is adduced. This doctrinal incoherence has been exacerbated by the fact that s. 43 of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 effectively legitimises the use of disproportionate force in self-defence, but only in ‘startled householder’ cases. A more appropriate avenue of reform is provided by developments in Australian jurisdictions. This comparative extirpation engages the introduction of a new partial defence of self-preservation/psychological self-defence predicated on the notion of excessive utilisation of force in self-defence as in New South Wales, supplemented with a ‘social framework’ provision, akin to that in Victoria. The new defence would avoid the problems associated with requiring the abused woman to establish a loss of self-control and/or affording an affirmative defence in ‘startled householder’ cases.
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August, Andrew. "“A Horrible Looking Woman”: Female Violence in Late-Victorian East London." Journal of British Studies 54, no. 4 (September 2, 2015): 844–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2015.116.
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AbstractScholars have attributed a steep decline in violent crime in nineteenth-century England to a “civilizing offensive” launched to discipline violent masculinities. In East London, however, a significant minority of those brought before summary courts on charges of violent offenses were women. Newspaper accounts of these cases show that some women committed assaults that resembled the violent actions of men. The courts and newspapers evaluated defendants against standards of femininity. Those women who successfully performed dominant versions of femininity received lenient treatment in the courts and approval in the newspapers. The courts harshly punished those who did not conform. These accounts reveal a campaign against disorderly femininities that paralleled the civilizing offensive directed against unruly masculinities.
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Pedro, Dina. "Fictionalising the unspeakable: Guillermo del Toro’s Crimson Peak (2015) as a trauma narrative." Revista de Filología de la Universidad de La Laguna, no. 43 (2021): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.refiull.2021.43.11.
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Neo-Victorian narratives of trauma display a temporal duplicity in addressing nineteenthcentury traumas that still prevail at present, including natural catastrophes, wars, or more personal and insidious traumas, such as domestic violence and oppression, or child and sexual abuse. In this article, I argue that Guillermo del Toro’s neo-Victorian film Crimson Peak (2015) is constructed as a trauma narrative that exploits the trope of «the uncanny» (Freud 1919) and its main representations –i.e. the double, the return of the dead and repetition compulsion– to address the traumatic experience of gender violence and its impact on both Victorian and contemporary women. Furthermore, I contend that the film functions as a symbolical space where the audience can bear witness to and reflect on the multitemporal trauma of gender violence. That way, viewers can bear witness and develop empathy towards survivors of this traumatic experience.
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Mandal, Shubha Kamana, Leesa Hooker, Hassan Vally, and Angela Taft. "Partner violence and postnatal mental health: cross-sectional analysis of factors associated with depression and anxiety in new mothers." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 5 (2018): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py17174.
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Intimate-partner violence and poor mental health are common, harmful issues for women of childbearing age. Although the prevalence and correlates of postpartum depression are well established, far less is known about postpartum anxiety. We aimed to investigate the association between postnatal depression and anxiety, and intimate-partner violence among women attending Victorian Maternal and Child Health services, using data from a randomised control trial: Improving Maternal and Child Health care for Vulnerable Mothers (MOVE). These data included postnatal women who had given birth between May and December 2010. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the association between intimate partner violence (using the Composite Abuse Scale) and postnatal depression and anxiety (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale), controlling for participant socio-demographic characteristics. Findings showed that abused women were more likely to report postnatal depressive and anxiety symptoms. There was an almost two-fold (odds ratio (OR) 1.76, 95% CI 1.03–3.01) and three-fold (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.58–4.28) increase in the odds of reporting depressive and anxiety symptoms respectively, among abused compared with non-abused women. Abused women are at a higher risk of mental health problems. This study validated findings that intimate-partner violence is strongly associated with an increased risk of postnatal depression and highlighted the previously under-reported relationship with postnatal anxiety.
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Alberola Crespo, Nieves, and Vicent F. Zuriaga Senent. "Entre el cielo y la tierra. Naturaleza antropomórfica en la obra de Victoria Cano." IMAGO. Revista de Emblemática y Cultura Visual, no. 10 (February 4, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/imago.10.13290.
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ABSTRACT: In 2016, an anthological exhibition of the work of the painter Victoria Cano was held at the Centro del Carmen in Valencia. The exhibition was entitled Ecos y huellas.Desde el Trastevere al Carmenand it was sponsored by the Consorci de Museusde la GeneralitatValenciana. It brought recognition to the long and distinguished career of one of the best contemporary Spanish artists. Victoria Cano's talent allowed her to enjoy a two-year research scholarship at the Academia Española de Bellas Artes de Roma in the early 80's. During her stay (1981-1983), Victoria Cano was the only woman to be awarded the scholarship, the rest of students were all men. Cano earned a PhD in Fine Arts (1988) and shortly after was named Professor at the School of Fine Arts in Valencia. Since 1988 her career trajectory has included a multitude of national and international shows. Her works have been exhibited in China, South Korea, New York, Murano, Milan, Rome, Berlin and Bangladesh. We met the artist at her studio, interviewed her and studied her work. This article aims at reviewing the fundamental milestones of her artistic itinerary and revealing the essence of her artistic production.
KEYWORDS: Victoria Cano; Footprints; Senses; Nature; Environment; New Technologies; Human Beings; Gender Violence; Profiles; Roots; City.
RESUMEN: En 2016 tuvo lugar una exposición antológica de la obra de la pintora Victoria Cano en el Centro del Carmen de Valencia titulada Ecos y huellas. Desde el Trastévereal Carmen. Promovida por elConsorci de Museus de la Generalitat Valenciana, la exposición supuso el reconocimiento a la larga trayectoria de una de las mejores artistas españolas contemporáneas. El talento y la labor de producción e investigación de Victoria Cano le permitió disfrutar a principios de los 80 de una beca de pensionado de dos años en la Academia Española de Bellas Artes de Roma. Destacar que durante su estancia (1981-1983) fue la única mujer pensionada, el resto de compañeros eran hombres. Doctora (1988) y Profesora titular de la Facultad de Bellas Artes de Valencia, desde 1988 su trayectoria se ha consolidado por multitud de exposiciones nacionales e internacionales con obra en instituciones públicas y privadas de medio mundo. El presente artículo es fruto de una larga entrevista en la que, en diálogo con la artista, repasamos los hitos fundamentales de su trayectoria artística y la esencia de sus creaciones.
PALABRAS CLAVES: Victoria Cano; huellas; sentidos; naturaleza; medio ambiente; nuevas tecnologías; ser humano; violencia de género; perfiles; raíces; ciudad.
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Lamb, Katie, Kirsty Forsdike, Cathy Humphreys, and Kelsey Hegarty. "Drawing upon the evidence to develop a multiagency risk assessment and risk management framework for domestic violence." Journal of Gender-Based Violence 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 173–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/239868021x16366281022699.
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Domestic violence poses a threat to the health, safety and wellbeing of women internationally and is associated with a range of physical injuries, chronic mental and physical health issues and death. In recognition of the serious consequences and to guide the allocation of resources, multiple countries have invested in efforts to measure domestic violence risk. This study aimed to determine whether there was an existing validated risk assessment tool with an actuarial element, or a common set of evidence-based risk factors that could be implemented in Victoria, Australia. A tool was sought which would effectively predict risk of severity, lethality and re-assault and support risk management strategies. The tool needed to be suitable for administration by a variety of professionals. Through an audit and analysis of existing tools, the study found an absence of universal standards or guidance for weighting actuarial tools and clear insight into how risk assessments currently inform risk management practice and multidisciplinary responses. However, the literature provides clarity around the key evidence-based risk factors that most commonly form a validated tool for adult victim survivors. The evidence was less definitive in terms of assessing risk of lethality and re-assault for children and young people.
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Stevens, Valerie L. "Embodied Violence Towards Nonhuman Animals in Anne Brontë’s Agnes Grey." Society & Animals 29, no. 7 (December 23, 2021): 679–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-bja10056.
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Abstract Aware of her pupil’s plans to torture and kill a nest of birds, and with no authority to stop him based on her class, gender, and professional positions, the governess-heroine of Anne Brontë’s (2010/1847) Agnes Grey kills the nonhuman animals to keep them from needless suffering. Building on Brontë scholarship as well as animal studies understandings of violence and embodiment, this article considers expectations that Victorian sympathy will be a simplistic and pretty play on reader emotions to argue that nineteenth-century sympathetic feeling was more theoretically and ethically complex than we might imagine. Agnes Grey demonstrates how human-animal violence was thought to be an acceptable expression of middle- and upper-class masculinity, while proper women were expected to be complicit with this treatment of nonhumans. By looking at the close relationship between wanton and merciful embodied violence, the article shows how grotesque Victorian human-animal sympathy could be.
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Purcell, Rosemary, Michele Pathé, and Paul E. Mullen. "The Prevalence and Nature of Stalking in the Australian Community." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36, no. 1 (February 2002): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00985.x.
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Objective: This study examines the extent and nature of stalking victimisation in a random community sample. Method: A postal survey was distributed to 3700 adult men and women selected from the electoral roll in the State of Victoria. Outcome measures included the lifetime and annual cumulative incidence of stalking, the duration and methods of harassment, rates of associated violence and responses to victimisation. Results: Almost one in four respondents (23.4%;432) had been stalked, the unwanted behaviour they were subjected to being both repeated and fear-provoking. One in 10 (197) had experienced a protracted course of stalking involving multiple intrusions spanning a period of at least one month. Women were twice as likely as men to report having been stalked at some time in their lives, though the rates of victimisation in the 12 months prior to the study did not differ significantly according to gender. Younger people were significantly more likely than older respondents to report having been stalked. Victims were pursued by strangers in 42% of cases. The most common methods of harassment involved unwanted telephone calls, intrusive approaches and following. Associated threats (29%) and physical assaults (18%) frequently arose out of the stalking. Significant social and economic disruption was created by the stalking for 63% of victims. Most sought assistance to manage their predicament (69%). Conclusions: The experience of being stalked is common and appears to be increasing. Ten percent of people have been subjected at some time to an episode of protracted harassment. Assaults by stalkers are disturblingly frequent. Most victims report significant disruption to their daily functioning irrespective of exposure to associated violence.
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Tomsen, Stephen, and Gail Mason. "Engendering homophobia: violence, sexuality and gender conformity." Journal of Sociology 37, no. 3 (September 2001): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078301128756337.
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The links between social constructions of sexuality and gender are theoretically and politically problematic. A contemporary social movement understanding of violence against gay men and lesbians as ‘homophobic’ suggests a solid basis for coalitionist action. But important aspects of the imposition of gender conformity are a common thread in the experience of female, male and transsexual victims and the motives of perpetrators. Detail of violent and hostile incidents is drawn from two Australian studies: Victorian research on the experiences of 75 lesbians and a New South Wales study of 74 homicides with anti-homosexual motives. Violent acts commonly reflect the hatred and stigma felt towards women and men whose sexuality falls outside of acceptable gendered boundaries. Additionally, this research signals the importance of violence and harassment for the attainment and protection of a masculine identity among perpetrators, and the significance of gender in ways that call for a new understanding of ‘homophobia’ as a socially widespread phenomenon.
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Williams, A. "70. A NEW SPIN ON 'FOOTY TRAINING' - TAKING SEXUAL ASSAULT TALKS TO THE AFL." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab70.
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RESPECTFUL BEHAVIOURS: PEOPLE IN SPORT - ADULT SEXUAL ASSAULT - was a presentation that was developed by Dr Angela Williams and Patrick Tidmarsh in conjunction with the Statewide Steering Committee to Reduce Sexual Assault, (established by the Chief Commissioner of Police in Victoria, Christine Nixon), to address the issue of sexual assault in the broader community. The education package was the first element to be implemented of a broader policy to be announced later this year. The package was designed to best educate men in our community whilst identifying specific needs of AFL elite players. It aimed to air the topics of sexual assault, violence against women and respectful behaviours. The education package was delivered to every club from May through to August 2005. Education of our community on these issues is extremely important and essential to cultural change. This discussion will address one effective way of educating our community as it looks more specifically at educating men on these topics. Style and content of education package What the education package covers Identifiable risk factors and scenarios Assessments and evaluations WHERE TO FROM HERE?
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Ehnenn, Jill R. "From “We Other Victorians” to “Pussy Grabs Back”: Thinking Gender, Thinking Sex, and Feminist Methodological Futures in Victorian Studies Today." Victorian Literature and Culture 47, no. 1 (December 7, 2018): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150318001298.
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Although this essay is about reading texts from the past, I begin with the present, with a US president who was elected despite widespread knowledge that he had infamously boasted about how he often starts kissing beautiful women without consent. “I don't even wait,” he crowed. “When you're a star they let you do it. You can do anything. Grab ’em by the pussy. You can do anything.” The internet was soon flooded with angry feminist responses to his crass admission of sexual violence, retorts that appropriated his use of vulgar language with wit and resistance, the most prevalent being the meme “Pussy Grabs Back!” (see fig. 1). The Pussy Hat Project soon followed. As we know, the pussy hat phenomenon offended some who felt it was racist (not all vulvas are pink) and/or transphobic (not all women have pussies). Nevertheless, a sea of pink pussy hats, worn by persons of many embodiments and identity categories, would be seen in protest, worldwide, at the record-breaking post-inauguration Women's Marches across the globe. If “Grab ’em by the pussy” rightly offended, “Pussy Grabs Back!” gained traction.
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Tromp, Marlene. "GWENDOLEN’S MADNESS." Victorian Literature and Culture 28, no. 2 (September 2000): 451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150300282120.
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Grandcourt threw himself into a chair and said, with undertoned peremptoriness, “Sit down.” She, already in the expectation of something unpleasant, had thrown off her burnous with nervous unconsciousness, and immediately obeyed . . . “Oblige me in future by not showing whims like a mad woman in a play.” (502; ch. 36; emphasis added)NOVELISTIC HEROINES, like Gwendolen in George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda, become trapped in a complex network of social contradictions when they face the threat of marital violence in a world where such violence was thought not to exist — the middle and upper classes. Though increasing attention was paid to violence in the Victorian home as the century progressed, pamphlets, studies, and legislative inquiry significantly ommited sustained or systematic scrutiny of violence in the home that existed beyond the bounds of the working classes. Frances Power Cobbe’s important essay, “Wife Torture in England,” sought to raise public awareness about marital violence and to stimulate interest in protective legislation for the victims. Yet, in spite of Cobbe’s willingness to consider the possibility that some “gentlemen” might be guilty of abuse, she presents the phenomenon of wife abuse as safely distant from the comfortable quarters of the middle and upper classes, asserting that “the dangerous wife-beater belongs almost exclusively to the artisan and labouring classes” (55). In the debates surrounding the passage of the Divorce Act of 1857, Parliament repeatedly made apparent their belief that middle- and upper-class men could not be a danger to their wives by focusing exclusively on marital violence as a working-class issue. Only in “the humbler ranks of life [was] some prompt remedy” necessary; only “poor women” were conceived of as sufferers of violence at the hands of their husbands (Hansard Parliamentary Debates, 3rd ser., 145 [25 May 1857], col. 801–02).
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MARCUS, SHARON. "Contracting Female Marriage in Anthony Trollope's Can You Forgive Her?" Nineteenth-Century Literature 60, no. 3 (December 1, 2005): 291–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2005.60.3.291.
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This essay demonstrates that Anthony Trollope was one of several Victorians aware of"female marriage," a term that Elizabeth Barrett Browning used to describe committed unions between women. After establishing that Trollope knew women in female marriages at the time that he was composing his novel Can You Forgive Her? (1864-65), the essay analyzes how female marriage inscribes itself within the form of the marriage plot. Trollope's novel aligns female marriage with contractual marriage, associated with feminist demands to make unions between men and women more egalitarian as well as dissoluble. The novel works to discredit contractual forms of marriage and to celebrate indissoluble hierarchical marriage by associating the first with primitive savagery, the second with an ideal of civilization that can accommodate male violence.
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Cleere, Eileen. "Rape in Public: Overlooking Child Sexual Assault in Charlotte Mary Yonge's The Daisy Chain." Victorian Literature and Culture 50, no. 1 (2022): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150320000352.
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Charlotte Mary Yonge's Victorian novel The Daisy Chain (1856) is not a text that has been discussed in terms of sexual violence. A “family story” that apparently inspired Alcott's Little Women (1869), The Daisy Chain has been most often considered a novel about the conflict between female vocation and religious duty. However, in this essay I argue that The Daisy Chain is also a novel that grapples openly with the problem of child sexual assault and features violence against women and girls as an accepted custom of what Berlant and Warner call the “heterosexual life narrative” (“Sex in Public”). Our postmodern abstraction of rape and the terminology surrounding rape have made sexual assault harder to “see” in both reality and representation, but in the context of the #MeToo movement, this essay pushes for an understanding of rape in The Daisy Chain as an event that happens in plain sight. Toggling between the two meanings of the word “overlook,” I argue that rape is a normalized custom of heterosexual belonging that can only be seen in the novel by girls with bad vision. Ethel May's myopia allows her to see what the rest of her family overlooks: rape in public.
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Clover, Darlene. "Animating ‘The Blank Page’: Exhibitions as Feminist Community Adult Education." Social Sciences 7, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7100204.
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Public museums and art galleries in Canada are highly authoritative, and trusted knowledge and identity mobilising institutions, whose exhibitions are frequently a ‘blank page’ of erasure, silencing, and marginalisation, in terms of women’s histories, experiences, and contributions. Feminist exhibitions are a response to this, but few in Canada have been explored as practices of feminist community adult education. I begin to address this gap with an analysis of two feminist exhibitions: In Defiance: Indigenous Women Define Themselves, curated by Mohawk-Iroquois artist, Lindsay Katsitsakatste Delaronde, at the Legacy Gallery, University of Victoria; and Fashion Victims: The Pleasures & Perils of Dress in the 19th Century, curated by Ryerson Professor Alison Matthews David, at the Bata Shoe Museum, Toronto. Although dissimilar in form, focus, and era, these exhibitions act as powerful intentional pedagogical processes of disruption and reclamation, using images and storytelling to animate, re-write and reimagine the ‘blank pages’ of particular and particularised histories and identities. Through the centrality of women’s bodies and practices of violence, victimization, and women’s power, these exhibitions encourage the feminist oppositional imagination, dialogic looking, gender consciousness, and a visual literacy of hope and possibility. Yet, as women’s stories become audible through the very representational vehicles and institutional spaces used to silence them, challenges remain.
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Martel, Joane. "Femme battue et mari « batteur » : une reconstruction médiatique dans La Presse au XIXe siècle." Criminologie 27, no. 1 (August 16, 2005): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017351ar.
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We would assume that mass newspaperdom which is slowly introduced by the end of the XlXth century was tributary to the dominant conception of liberties which attributed rights to the householder and garanteed the privacy of the home. The evocation of these rights would then give rise to hesitations to intervene publicly in family quarrels. But, a documentary research of the Quebec daily La Presse reveals, on the contrary, that it proceeded to expose virulently cases of domestic violence in such a way that husbands became the main target of sarcasm. Therefore, unlike the ideological positions generally conceded to the Victorian project, the general tendancy to reduce the Victorian moralism to two main angles — being the purification of sexual behaviors and the promotion of a holy, asexual and family image of women — is questioned. The social project of the XlXth century appears more complex than what is generally thought since it proceeds not only to subject women but looks concurrently to “civilize” and moral-he the conduct of men.
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Akcesme, Banu. "Fighting Back Against the Encroachment of Patriarchal Power on Female Domains in Wuthering Heights." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 5 (July 6, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.5p.27.
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Wuthering Heights can be read as a novel of warfare against women and women-associated spaces to be conquered to prove male superiority, authority and power. This paper aims to discuss how Emily Bronte challenged not only the established Victorian literary traditions but also the prevailing ideals of the Victorian society by subverting the hierarchically constructed power and gender relations with an emphasis on various strategies employed by Heathcliff and Edgar in the war they launch against nature, property and women to conquer, possess and control domestic households, external nature and female body. Their strategies include reductionism which includes the commodification and objectification of female body, separation of women from their female bond, family and female spaces, physical and emotional uprooting which causes the loss of independence, self-confidence and positive self-image, masculinization of nature and home, brutalization through which the female characters are exposed to male violence and oppression and destruction of a sense of security, commitment and resistance. The female characters are disconnected not only from their domestic households and nature but also from female bonds. The sense of placelessness and homelessness along with the lack of female solidarity is aggravated by transforming home and the natural world into an imprisoning, dominating and tyrannical web for women. Bronte ends the novel with a hope that subjugation and subordination does not have to be the inevitable destiny for women who can fight back to restructure the existing power relations and reclaim their bodies and home along with nature turned against them.
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Reinikainen, Patrick J. "Forgotten Crime Victims: The Need for a Comprehensive and Focused Reform Effort in Response to Domestic Violence in American Indian Communities." International Human Rights Law Review 1, no. 2 (2012): 349–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00102006.
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Those working on behalf of victims of domestic violence crimes in the United States have struggled for decades to create an effective response to victim needs. This movement has achieved some significant victories with respect to legal reform and the creation of effective resources at the local and national level. Yet, all victims are not the same. This article adds to the current discussion regarding American Indian victims of domestic violence by encouraging a more comprehensive and focused approach to reform. Academics and advocates have written on the statutory barriers currently in place and certain problems with United States Supreme Court jurisprudence regarding jurisdiction over crimes committed on Indian land against American Indian women. While an important and recognized part of reform, these issues are not the sole pitfalls in the response thus far. This article posits that, at the same time, any reform must also foster the development of Native prosecutorial resources and guidelines, as well as financial and educational opportunities for Native women. Moreover, a more culturally informed approach to solving the domestic violence plight in American Indian communities is needed and would ideally take into account other factors. By considering the unique social, historical, and cultural circumstances of American Indian victims, advocates and policymakers can create more well-tailored solutions to a complex problem. This article offers many of the factors that should ideally inform the debate surrounding recent legislation in the United States with a hope of spurring more comprehensive action on behalf of victims; however, this article does not represent a complete solution to a uniquely sensitive and complicated issue. More must be accomplished for all victims of domestic violence crimes in the United States and abroad with regard to creating culturally informed solutions.
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Jeong, Bok Gyo, and Sara Compion. "Characteristics of women’s leadership in African social enterprises: The Heartfelt Project, Bright Kids Uganda and Chikumbuso." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-11-2019-0305.
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Learning outcomes This trio of cases is appropriate for upper-level undergraduate classes or for postgraduate programs in non-profit management, leadership and community development, international development, global studies, women’s and gender studies and social entrepreneurship. It allows the instructors and students to engage with classical leadership tenets and emerging social entrepreneurship literature. Upon completion of the case study discussion and assignments, students will be able to: identify diverse obstacles that African women face in starting social enterprises; understand the ways that African women leaders build a social dimension to their enterprise; and identify characteristics of women’s leadership and critique the value of women’s leadership for establishing sustainable social enterprises. Case overview/synopsis The case stories of the three African social enterprises portray how female leaders have fostered sustainable organisations through prioritising social, over economic and governance investments. Martha Letsoalo, a former domestic worker, founded the Heartfelt Project in South Africa, which now employs fifteen women, ships products all around the world and enriches the community of Makapanstad with its workshop, training and education centre. Victoria Nalongo Namusisi, daughter of a fisherman in rural Uganda, founded Bright Kids Uganda, a thriving care facility, school and community centre that educates vulnerable children, empowers victims of gender-based violence and distributes micro-loans to female entrepreneurs. Gertrude, abandoned in Lusaka, Zambia, founded Chikumbuso, a home of resilience and remembrance to educate children and offer women employment in a cooperative business. Each case documents the founding years of the social enterprise and outlines some of the shared women’s leadership approaches. The case dilemma focuses on why and how women start social enterprises in socially and economically difficult contexts. Complexity academic level This trio of cases is appropriate for undergraduate or graduate-level programs in non-profit management, leadership and community development, international development, global studies and social entrepreneurship. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only.
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Savage, Gail. "BOOK REVIEW: Shani D'Cruze.CRIMES OF PASSION: SEX, VIOLENCE AND VICTORIAN WORKING WOMEN. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998." Victorian Studies 43, no. 3 (April 2001): 511–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/vic.2001.43.3.511.
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Fisher, Jane, Tuan Tran, Stanley Luchters, Thach D. Tran, David B. Hipgrave, Sarah Hanieh, Ha Tran, et al. "Addressing multiple modifiable risks through structured community-based Learning Clubs to improve maternal and infant health and infant development in rural Vietnam: protocol for a parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (July 2018): e023539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023539.
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IntroductionOptimal early childhood development is an international priority. Risks during pregnancy and early childhood have lasting effects because growth is rapid. We will test whether a complex intervention addressing multiple modifiable risks: maternal nutrition, mental health, parenting capabilities, infant health and development and gender-based violence, is effective in reducing deficient cognitive development among children aged two in rural Vietnam.Methods and analysisThe Learning Clubs intervention is a structured programme combining perinatal stage-specific information, learning activities and social support. It comprises 20 modules, in 19 accessible, facilitated groups for women at a community centre and one home visit. Evidence-informed content is from interventions to address each risk tested in randomised controlled trials in other resource-constrained settings. Content has been translated and culturally adapted for Vietnam and acceptability and feasibility established in pilot testing.We will conduct a two-arm parallel-group cluster-randomised controlled trial, with the commune as clustering unit. An independent statistician will select 84/112 communes in Ha Nam Province and randomly assign 42 to the control arm providing usual care and 42 to the intervention arm. In total, 1008 pregnant women (12 per commune) from 84 clusters are needed to detect a difference in the primary outcome (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Cognitive Score <1 SD below standardised norm for 2 years of age) of 15% in the control and 8% in the intervention arms, with 80% power, significance 0.05 and intracluster correlation coefficient 0.03.Ethics and disseminationMonash University Human Research Ethics Committee (Certificate Number 20160683), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and the Institutional Review Board of the Hanoi School of Public Health (Certificate Number 017-377IDD- YTCC), Hanoi, Vietnam have approved the trial. Results will be disseminated through a comprehensive multistranded dissemination strategy including peer-reviewed publications, national and international conference presentations, seminars and technical and lay language reports.Trial registration numberACTRN12617000442303; Pre-results.
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Hegarty, Kelsey, Jodie Valpied, Angela Taft, Stephanie Janne Brown, Lisa Gold, Jane Gunn, and Lorna O'Doherty. "Two-year follow up of a cluster randomised controlled trial for women experiencing intimate partner violence: effect of screening and family doctor-delivered counselling on quality of life, mental and physical health and abuse exposure." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e034295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034295.
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ObjectivesThis was a 2-year follow-up study of a primary care-based counselling intervention (weave) for women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). We aimed to assess whether differences in depression found at 12 months (lower depression for intervention than control participants) would be sustained at 24 months and differences in quality in life, general mental and physical health and IPV would emerge.DesignCluster randomised controlled trial. Researchers blinded to allocation. Unit of randomisation: family doctors.SettingFifty-two primary care clinics, Victoria, Australia.ParticipantsBaseline: 272 English-speaking, female patients (intervention n=137, doctors=35; control n=135, doctors=37), who screened positive for fear of partner in past 12 months. Twenty-four-month response rates: intervention 59% (81/137), control 63% (85/135).InterventionsIntervention doctors received training to deliver brief, woman-centred counselling. Intervention patients were invited to receive this counselling (uptake rate: 49%). Control doctors received standard IPV information; delivered usual care.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTwenty-four months primary outcomes: WHO Quality of Life-Bref dimensions, Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) mental health. Secondary outcomes: SF-12 physical health and caseness for depression and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale), post-traumatic stress disorder (Check List-Civilian), IPV (Composite Abuse Scale), physical symptoms (≥6 in last month). Data collected through postal survey. Mixed-effects regressions adjusted for location (rural/urban) and clustering.ResultsNo differences detected between groups on quality of life (physical: 1.5, 95% CI −2.9 to 5.9; psychological: −0.2, 95% CI −4.8 to 4.4,; social: −1.4, 95% CI −8.2 to 5.4; environmental: −0.8, 95% CI −4.0 to 2.5), mental health status (−1.6, 95% CI −5.3 to 2.1) or secondary outcomes. Both groups improved on primary outcomes, IPV, anxiety.ConclusionsIntervention was no more effective than usual care in improving 2-year quality of life, mental and physical health and IPV, despite differences in depression at 12 months. Future refinement and testing of type, duration and intensity of primary care IPV interventions is needed.Trial registration numberACTRN12608000032358.
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Davies, A. "'These viragoes are no less cruel than the lads': young women, gangs and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford." British Journal of Criminology 39, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/39.1.72.
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Cavanagh, Sarah. "The 'Invasion of the Yellow Race': Anti-Asian Discourse in Early Twentieth Century Niagara." General: Brock University Undergraduate Journal of History 7 (April 11, 2022): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/tg.v7i1.3697.
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In the early twentieth century, Chinese entrepreneurs in Niagara were subjected to racist attacks in the media, experienced discriminatory treatment from local authorities, and even became the targets of mob violence in downtown St. Catharines. Using newspaper accounts from the period, this essay illustrates how late Victorian moral reform ideologies influenced anti-Asian discourse and behaviour. ‘Foreigners’ were seen to threaten the virtue of the nation’s women and girls, and by extension, the purity of the Anglo-Saxon race. In March 1918, an inflammatory front-page editorial in Grimsby’s weekly newspaper urged citizens to stop a Chinese restaurant from opening in their community, using provocative rhetoric to incite moral panic about Asians. Nativist government measures such as the federal head tax and provincial legislation prohibiting white women from working in Chinese restaurants, attempted to shield white Canadians from Chinese entrepreneurs by curbing their economic viability. Despite the xenophobia, Chinese immigrants embraced western culture and melded into community life through everyday encounters with Niagara residents in public spaces like restaurants, laundries, and grocers, contradicting a narrative positioning them as undesirable malfeasants.
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Bates, Victoria. "Forensic Medicine And Female Victimhood In Victorian And Edwardian England*." Past & Present 245, no. 1 (August 4, 2019): 117–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz019.
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Abstract Mistrust of women has been an enduring feature of trials for sexual offences, both historically and in the present day, but is not a transhistorical phenomenon. This article explores the late-Victorian and Edwardian courts, in which there was a renewed tendency to question female respectability and to judge complainants for failing adequately to resist a man’s sexual advances. Scholars have identified broad social trends that led to greater interrogation of female sexual behaviour during this period, but there remains limited understanding of the mechanisms by which these concerns entered the courtroom. This article focuses on the rise of a medico-legal framework for investigating sexual violence as one such mechanism. Drawing upon newspaper reports and court cases from Middlesex, Somerset, Gloucestershire and Devon in the period 1850–1914, it shows that medical witnesses often implicitly reinforced social models of ‘real’ victimhood — which excluded many complainants — through their testimony on female chastity and resistance. Forensic medicine operated as an important, and increasingly unique, bridge between English social change and local courts.
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Downey, Dara. "The “Irish” Female Servant in Valerie Martin’s Mary Reilly and Elaine Bergstrom’s Blood to Blood." Humanities 9, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9040128.
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This article examines two neo-Victorian novels by American writers—Valerie Martin’s Mary Reilly (1990) and Elaine Bergstrom’s Blood to Blood (2000)—which “write back” to Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) and Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897), respectively. Both novels ostensibly critique the socio-cultural inequalities of Victorian London, particularly for women, immigrants, and the working class, and the gender and class politics and structures of the original texts. However, as this article demonstrates, the presence of invented Irish female servants as key figures in these “re-visionary” narratives also undermines some aspects of this critique. Despite acting as gothic heroines, figures who traditionally uncover patriarchal abuses, these servant characters also facilitate their employers’ lives and negotiations of the supernatural (with varying degrees of success), while also themselves becoming associated with gothic monstrosity, via their extended associations with Irish-Catholic violence and barbarity on both sides of the Atlantic. This article therefore argues that Irish servant figures in neo-Victorian texts by American writers function as complex signifiers of pastness and barbarity, but also of assimilation and progressive modernization. Indeed, the more “Irish” the servant, the better equipped she will be to help her employer navigate the world of the supernatural.
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Falk, Joern, Björn Globisch, Martin Angelmahr, Wolfgang Schade, and Heike Schenk-Mathes. "Drinking Water Supply in Rural Africa Based on a Mini-Grid Energy System—A Socio-Economic Case Study for Rural Development." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 9458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159458.
Full textAbstract:
Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, growing food, and personal hygiene. As a key infrastructure of public services, access to clean and safe drinking water is an essential factor for local socio-economic development. Despite various national and international efforts, water supply is often not guaranteed, especially in rural areas of Africa. Although many water resources are theoretically available in these areas, bodies of water are often contaminated with dangerous pathogens and pollutants. As a result, people, often women and children, have to travel long distances to collect water from taps and are exposed to dangers such as physical violence and accidents on their way. In this article, we present a socio-economic case study for rural development. We describe a drinking water treatment plant with an annual capacity of 10,950 m3 on Kibumba Island in Lake Victoria (Tanzania). The plant is operated by a photovoltaic mini-grid system with second-life lithium-ion battery storage. We describe the planning, the installation, and the start of operation of the water treatment system. In addition, we estimate the water prices achievable with the proposed system and compare it to existing sources of drinking water on Kibumba Island. Assuming a useful life of 15 years, the installed drinking water system is cost-neutral for the community at a cost price of 0.70 EUR/m3, 22% less than any other source of clean water on Kibumba Island. Access to safe and clean drinking water is a major step forward for the local population. We investigate the socio-economic added value using social and economic key indicators like health, education, and income. Hence, this approach may serve as a role model for community-owned drinking water systems in sub-Saharan Africa.