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Journal articles on the topic 'Vinyl ester'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

A.B., Parmanov, Nurmanov S.E., Tomash Maniecki, Ziyadullayev O.E., and Abdullayev J.U. "HOMOGENEOUS VINYLATION OF 2-HYDROXY-2 PHENYLETHANICAL ACID." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 11 (November 30, 2018): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i11.2018.1138.

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Homogeneous-catalytical vinylation of 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethanical acid was carried out. Influence of catalylists nature, temperature and duration reaction on yield of synthesized vinyl ester has been investigated. basis of natural raw materials. Based on vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, their polymers and copolymers with unsaturated compounds of the ethylene series, emulsifiers for emulsion paints have been obtained; compounds that improve the viscosity of lubricating oils and are used as crosslinking agents in the rubber industry. Synthesis of vinyl esters based on monobasic aliphatic acids has been studied by the example of acetic acid by many researchers. In this respect, the aromatic carboxylic acids remain unexplored. Goal: Synthesis of vinyl ester of mandelic acid by it’s reaction with acetylene in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, investigation of the influence of the nature of catalysts and the reaction temperature on the yield of obtained product. Methodology: Catalytic systems based on AlCl3∙6H2O or zinc salt of mandelic acid with dimethylsulfoxide were prepared and heterogeneous catalytic vinylation of mandelic acid with acetylene was carried out and it’s vinyl ether was obtained. Scientific Novelty. The synthesis of vinyl ester of mandelic acid with it’s reactions with acetylene using the catalytic systems AlCl3∙6H2O-DMSO and (C6H5CH(OH)COO)2Zn-DMSO was carried out. Obtained Data: The vinyl ester of mandelic acid was synthesized by it’s vinylation in stationary heterogeneous conditions. The influence of the nature of the catalyst (AlCl3∙6H2O, (C6H5CH(OH)COO)2Zn), temperature and duration of the reaction on the yield of the product was investigated. Features: vinylation of hydroxy carboxylic acid was investigated; the catalytic systems AlCl3∙6H2O-DMSO and (C6H5CH(OH)COO)2Zn-DMSO are used; factors influencing the yield of vinyl ester of mindalic acid and optimal conditions of it’s synthesis were found.

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2

Sun, Jia Ying, Yan Qing Li, Wei Tian, and Cheng Yan Zhu. "Study on the Resin Curing Time and the Mechanical Properties of the Composites." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.33.

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In order to study the curing characteristics of common resins including bisphenol-A epoxy vinyl ester resin, phenolic epoxy vinyl ester resin and unsaturated polyester resin, the curing time of three resins was tested using cobalt naphthenate as accelerator and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide as curing agent. The results showed that the resin curing time reduces with the experimental temperature rising; in order to control the curing time at about 25 minutes when the experimental temperature is 23°C, the curing agent adding proportion of bisphenol-A epoxy vinyl ester resin, unsaturated polyester resin and phenolic epoxy vinyl ester resin are respective about 0.7%, 0.5% and 1.8%. The composites made by bisphenol-A epoxy vinyl ester resin have excellent tensile strength and composites made by phenolic epoxy vinyl ester resin have best bending strength.

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3

SEGAWA, Sadao, Norio INOUE, and Yoshimi NAGAI. "Determination of vinyl ester in vinyl chloride/vinyl ester copolymers by pyrolysis-ion exchange chromatography." Bunseki kagaku 35, no. 5 (1986): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.35.5_471.

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4

Sepet, Harun, and Necmettin Tarakçıoğlu. "Effect of nanoclay addition on mechanical and thermal behavior of vinyl ester based nanocomposites obtained by casting." World Journal of Engineering 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.11.1.1.

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This paper presents the experimental study of mechanical and thermal properties of organically modified montmorillonite clay (Nanoclay) (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt.%) in the vinyl ester matrix by ultrasonic stirrer. The changes in mechanical properties are investigated by using tensile and impact testing machine. It was found that the addition of nanoclay particles significantly improved tensile properties of pure vinyl ester, but impact properties of pure vinyl ester were affected negatively with the nanoclay content in the nanocomposite. It was found that the absorbed energy and impact resistance of the nanocomposites decreased with increasing the nanoclay content. DSC curves showed the glass transition temperature change in the nanoclay reinforced vinyl ester nanocomposites as compared to the pure vinyl ester. XRD analysis was performed to identify the structure of nanocomposites. SEM results showed the change in fracture surface morphology of nanoclay reinforced vinyl ester nanocomposite. Also, homogeneous distribution of nanoclays in the matrix was showed by SEM micrographs. This observation helped in identifying the morphology of the nanocaly in the vinyl ester matrix.

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5

Mahesh, K. R. Vishnu, H. N. Narasimha Murthy, B. E. Kumara Swamy, N. Raghavendra, and M. Krishna. "Organomodified Clay and its Influence on Thermal and Fire Behaviors of Clay/Fire Retardant/Poly Vinyl Ester Composites." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.468.

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The objective of this research was to examine the synergistic effect of organomodified nanoclay and fire retardants on the thermal decomposition, glass transition temperature and fire retardation behaviour of nanoclay/Poly vinyl ester composites. The two nanoclays such as Cloisite-15A and Cloisite-Na are used along with two fire retardants as Aluminium Tri Hydroxide (ATH) and Magnesium Hydroxide (MH) in the present study. The nanoclay/fire retardants were dispersed in poly vinyl ester using twin screw extrusion. TEM and AFM of nanoclay/Poly vinyl ester specimens revealed that 4 wt% Cloisite-15A/Poly vinyl ester exhibited exfoliation and distribution of nanoclay which were superior to that of Cloisite-Na/Poly vinyl ester. The synergistic effect of Cloisite-15A and 30 % ATH increased glass transition temperature by 18 % and reduced thermal degradation by 47 % and Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) by 52 % when compared with that of Poly vinyl ester after the curing process in all the cases.

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6

Jebrane, Mohamed, and Ivo Heinmaa. "Covalent fixation of boron in wood through transesterification with vinyl ester of carboxyphenylboronic acid." Holzforschung 70, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2015-0118.

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Abstract Vinyl ester of 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid has been synthesized and tested as reactive reagent for permanent fixation of boron in wood based on an improved approach described previously. The essence of the method is a covalent incorporation of the boron compound via transesterification between wood hydroxyl groups and vinyl ester containing boron. The synthesis of this vinyl ester was accomplished by exchange reaction of vinyl acetate with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid. The obtained vinyl ester of carboxyphenylboronic acid was characterized by FTIR and 1H-, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The covalent fixation of boron to wood’s hydroxyl groups was achieved through potassium carbonate (K2CO3) catalyzed transesterification of the vinyl ester containing boron. The transesterification was confirmed by weight percentage gain (WPG) calculation, curcumin staining, FTIR, and 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy. The efficiency of the reaction improved with increasing temperature and reaction time.

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7

Ranjan, Jagesh Kumar, Raghu Raja Pandiyan Kuppusamy, and Sudipta Goswami. "Studies on Viscoelastic, Thermal and Morphological Properties of Vinyl Ester – Mixed Diluents System." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 1845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0279.

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Abstract Vinyl ester resin networks formed by using mixture of diluents were prepared. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) diluent was mixed in various proportions with vinyl ester resin which was already premixed with styrene diluent (45 wt. %). Weight ratios e.g. 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 of VE resin: MMA diluents were studied. Viscoelastic properties of the cross-linked resin were studied by dynamic mechanical analyzer in terms of storage modulus and tanδ. Thermal analysis was performed using non-isothermal mode of Differential scanning calorimetry. The samples with mixed diluents, showed higher modulus, and glass transition temperature in comparison to that of the pure vinyl ester-styrene resin cross-linked in presence of styrene only. The difference in thermal stability between vinyl ester-styrene and vinyl ester-MMA-styrene was checked. Vinyl Ester - 20 wt. % MMA-Styrene samples have the best thermal property among all other prepared samples. Multiphase morphology was formed for the thermoset crosslinked with mixed diluents in contrast to that formed with single diluent. With increase in MMA content in the resin dispersed domain size increased.

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8

Suresha, B., T. Jayaraju, P. R. Sadananda Rao, Mohammed Ismail, and Kunigal N. Shivakumar. "Three-Body Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites." Solid State Phenomena 136 (February 2008): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.136.99.

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Fiber reinforced polymer composites are generally known to possess high strength and attractive wear resistance in dry sliding conditions. The behaviour of such composites performing in abrasive wear situations needs a proper understanding. Hence, in the present work of the three-body abrasive wear behaviour of two dimensional stitched carbon fabric, E-glass woven fabric and three dimensional E-glass woven fabric reinforced vinyl ester composites was investigated. Three-body abrasive wear tests were conducted using rubber wheel abrasion tester (RWAT) under different abrading distances at two loads, wherein the wear volume loss were found to increase and that of specific wear rate decrease. The results indicate that the type of fabric in vinyl ester have a significant influence on wear under varied abrading distance/loads. Further, it was found that carbon fabric reinforced vinyl ester composite exhibited lower wear rate compared to E-glass woven fabric reinforced vinyl ester composites. The worn surface features, as examined through scanning electron microscope (SEM), show higher levels of broken glass fiber in two dimensional glass woven fabric reinforced vinyl ester composite compared to carbon fabric and three dimensional glass fabric reinforced vinyl ester composites.

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9

Park, Hyun Bum. "Experimental Test of Compressive Strength after Impact Damage of Natural Composite Laminate." Key Engineering Materials 713 (September 2016): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.713.277.

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In this study, structural design and analysis of the automobile bonnet is performed. The flax/vinyl ester composite material is applied for structural design. The Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) manufacturing method is adopted for manufacturing the flax fiber composite bonnet. A series of flax/vinyl ester composite panels are manufactured, and several kinds of specimens cut out from the panels are tested to obtain mechanical performance data. Based on this, preliminary structural design of the automobile bonnet is performed. Finally, this study is to investigate the residual compressive strength of the flax/vinyl ester laminate due to impact damages. Through investigation on compressive strength, design allowable of flax/vinyl ester laminate is determined by the experiment to address design criteria of the composite structure.

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10

Rao, B. S., P. J. Madec, and E. Marechal. "Synthesis of vinyl ester resins." Polymer Bulletin 16, no. 2-3 (1986): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00955485.

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11

Pajarito, Bryan B., Masatoshi Kubouchi, Hiroyuki Tomita, and Saiko Aoki. "Microstructural Dependency of Diffusion in Glass Flake-Reinforced Vinyl Ester Resins." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 12, no. 1 (August 6, 2012): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.49751.

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Vinyl ester resins are utilized for long-term corrosion protection of metal, alloy, and concrete substrates against concentrated acids, alkalis, and solvents at high temperature. Glass flakes are usually added as fillers to reduce chemical diffusion within the vinyl ester matrix. A common industry practice is to use glass flakes with large aspect ratio, high volume fraction, and in parallel alignment to surface in chemical contact for barrier applications. During processing and curing of glass flake-filled vinyl ester resins, irregular microstructures such as reduced flake aspect ratio and random orientation of flakes are commonly observed. Such microstructures can affect the overall chemical diffusion, resulting to barrier properties less predictable by simple diffusion models. Therefore, in this study, a simple 2D random walk simulation procedure is used in attempt to estimate the microstructural dependency of diffusion in glass flake-reinforced vinyl ester resins. While the random walk simulations are in good agreement with the tortuosity-based diffusion models in terms of microstructural effects, in most cases the simulation results are inconsistent with the experimental measurements of acid diffusion in glass flake-filled vinyl ester resins. A possible cause for this is the poor adherence of vinyl ester resin to glass flakes. Osmotic cracks are also formed during immersion which also influences overall diffusion through the material.

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12

Obaid, A. Abu, A. Gokce, S. Yarlagadda, and S. G. Advani. "Enhancement of adhesion between copper and vinyl ester in glass fiber–vinyl ester composites." Composite Interfaces 14, no. 2 (January 2007): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855407779819008.

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13

Mohaddespour, Ahmad, Seyed J. Ahmadi, Hossein Abolghassemi, Seyed M. Mahjoub, and Saeid Atashrouz. "Irradiation of poly(vinyl ester)/clay nanocomposites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 1 (April 4, 2017): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317701999.

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The effect of electron beam irradiation on pristine poly(vinyl ester) and cured poly(vinyl ester)/clay nanocomposite with different clay contents is studied at irradiation doses ranging from 100 to 1000 kGy at room temperature. Poly(vinyl ester)/clay nanocomposites were prepared with different amounts of organically modified montmorillonite (1, 3, and 5 wt.%) by in situ polymerization method. Morphology properties of synthesized nanocomposites were studied by X-ray diffraction and transition electron microscopy. The irradiation dose up to 500 kGy yields an increase in Young’s modulus and tensile strength of nanocomposites while further irradiation deteriorates the mechanical strength of samples. Irradiation has no considerable influence on the surface hardness of synthesized nanocomposites. Thermogravimetric analysis results reveal the thermal stability of poly(vinyl ester), and its nanocomposites is improved with irradiation up to 500 kGy. However, similar to mechanical perdition at 1000 kGy irradiation, thermal resistance of nanocomposites decreases. The enhancement in mechanical and thermal properties of synthesized nanocomposites is attributed to the cross-linking effect as bonds can be formed directly between the neighbouring chains.

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14

Cotet, Adrian, Marian Bastiurea, Gabriel Andrei, Alina Cantaragiu, and Anton Hadar. "Mechanical And Thermal Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes/Vinyl Ester Nanocomposites." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.4.5261.

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Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)/ vinyl ester nanocomposites with three different contents of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been prepared by the simple melt-compounding method. A fine and homogeneous dispersion of CNTs throughout vinyl ester resin has been noticed by SEM images. Two mechanical tests (compression and three point bending test) show that, compared to neat vinyl ester resin, compression modulus and compression strength of the nanocomposites have been significantly improved by about 9% and 14%, respectively, when incorporating only 0.15 wt.% MWCNTs. Furthermore, thermal behavior of SWCNT and MWCNT/ vinyl ester nanocomposites has been investigated and discussed based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo- mechanical analysis (TMA). Glass transition temperature (Tg) and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) have been increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing of CNTs content.

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15

Shenai, Bhaskar R., Belinda J. Lee, Alejandro Alvarez-Hernandez, Pek Y. Chong, Cory D. Emal, R. Jeffrey Neitz, William R. Roush, and Philip J. Rosenthal. "Structure-Activity Relationships for Inhibition of Cysteine Protease Activity and Development of Plasmodium falciparum by Peptidyl Vinyl Sulfones." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 1 (January 2003): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.1.154-160.2003.

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ABSTRACT The Plasmodium falciparum cysteine proteases falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 appear to be required for hemoglobin hydrolysis by intraerythrocytic malaria parasites. Previous studies showed that peptidyl vinyl sulfone inhibitors of falcipain-2 blocked the development of P. falciparum in culture and exerted antimalarial effects in vivo. We now report the structure-activity relationships for inhibition of falcipain-2, falcipain-3, and parasite development by 39 new vinyl sulfone, vinyl sulfonate ester, and vinyl sulfonamide cysteine protease inhibitors. Levels of inhibition of falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 were generally similar, and many potent compounds were identified. Optimal antimalarial compounds, which inhibited P. falciparum development at low nanomolar concentrations, were phenyl vinyl sulfones, vinyl sulfonate esters, and vinyl sulfonamides with P2 leucine moieties. Our results identify independent structural correlates of falcipain inhibition and antiparasitic activity and suggest that peptidyl vinyl sulfones have promise as antimalarial agents.

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16

Alkhader, Maen, Xuedong Zhai, and Fu-Pen Chiang. "Experimental investigation of the synergistic effects of moisture and freeze-thaw cycles on carbon fiber vinyl-ester composites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 7 (June 19, 2017): 919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317715703.

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Carbon fiber-reinforced vinyl-ester polymer composites are increasingly used as structural members in applications (e.g., marine crafts and offshore structures) where they can be frequently exposed to the environmental elements of moisture and cold temperature fluctuations that cause freeze-thaw cycles. These harsh elements can individually and possibly synergistically damage carbon fiber-reinforced vinyl-ester composites. More importantly, their damage can accumulate over time and significantly degrade the structural properties, long-term integrity and durability of carbon fiber-reinforced vinyl-ester composites. This work experimentally investigates the individual and cooperative degrading effects of moisture and freeze-thaw cycles on the structural properties of carbon fiber-reinforced vinyl-ester composites, particularly on their flexural stiffness and strength. Results show that the combined damaging effects of moisture and freeze-thaw cycles are more significant than their individual effects, confirming the synergy between the damage mechanisms of the two elements.

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17

Wonderly, Christopher, Joachim Grenestedt, Göran Fernlund, and Elvis Cěpus. "Comparison of mechanical properties of glass fiber/vinyl ester and carbon fiber/vinyl ester composites." Composites Part B: Engineering 36, no. 5 (July 2005): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.01.004.

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18

Yong, Virginia, and H. Thomas Hahn. "Monodisperse SiC/vinyl ester nanocomposites: Dispersant formulation, synthesis, and characterization." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 4 (April 2009): 1553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0176.

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A novel dispersant “mono-2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl succinate” was formulated for dispersing 30-nm SiC nanoparticles in vinyl ester resin. The eight carbon rule was used as the guideline to achieve a particle–particle separation of 20 to 60 nm for colloid stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to characterize the SiC particle surfaces. Only a negligible amount of oxidized layer was observed; which illustrates that the SiC surface is basic. Thus, the Lewis base-Lewis acid reactions make the functional group –COOH an effective adsorbate to the SiC nanoparticle surface. The organofunctional group “methacrylates,” which exhibits the best wet strength with polyester copolymerizes with styrene monomers in the vinyl ester during cure. Hence, this novel dispersant also acts as an efficient coupling agent that reacts with both SiC and vinyl ester. The monolayer coverage dosage of 62 fractional wt% of the dispersant was used to attain the minimum filled resin viscosity. The multicomponent compositional imaging using atomic force microscopy confirmed the monodisperse SiC nanoparticles in vinyl ester. The 3 vol% SiC reinforced vinyl ester achieved a 75% increase in modulus, 42% increase in strength, and 75% increase in toughness as compared with the neat resin without nanofiller reinforcement.

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19

Jin, Nan Ji, Kyu-Seok Yeon, Seung-Ho Min, and Jaeheum Yeon. "Using the Maturity Method in Predicting the Compressive Strength of Vinyl Ester Polymer Concrete at an Early Age." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4546732.

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The compressive strength of vinyl ester polymer concrete is predicted using the maturity method. The compressive strength rapidly increased until the curing age of 24 hrs and thereafter slowly increased until the curing age of 72 hrs. As the MMA content increased, the compressive strength decreased. Furthermore, as the curing temperature decreased, compressive strength decreased. For vinyl ester polymer concrete, datum temperature, ranging from −22.5 to −24.6°C, decreased as the MMA content increased. The maturity index equation for cement concrete cannot be applied to polymer concrete and the maturity of vinyl ester polymer concrete can only be estimated through control of the time interval Δt. Thus, this study introduced a suitable scaled-down factor (n) for the determination of polymer concrete’s maturity, and a factor of 0.3 was the most suitable. Also, the DR-HILL compressive strength prediction model was determined as applicable to vinyl ester polymer concrete among the dose-response models. For the parameters of the prediction model, applying the parameters by combining all data obtained from the three different amounts of MMA content was deemed acceptable. The study results could be useful for the quality control of vinyl ester polymer concrete and nondestructive prediction of early age strength.

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20

Nasrulhaq-Boyce, A., W. T. Griffiths, and O. T. G. Jones. "The use of continuous assays to characterize the oxidative cyclase that synthesizes the chlorophyll isocyclic ring." Biochemical Journal 243, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2430023.

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A continuous spectroscopic assay has been developed for magnesium protoporphyrin monomethyl ester oxidative cyclase, which records either the dark formation of both free and protein-bound magnesium phaeoporphyrin or, following flash illumination, its corresponding chlorin. The properties of the enzyme were studied in wheat etioplasts. When plastids were pre-illuminated in the presence of NADPH all endogenous protochlorophyllide was converted into chlorophyllide and the product of dark incubation with magnesium protoporphyrin monomethyl ester was protein-bound magnesium 2-vinyl phaeoporphyrin a5 monomethyl ester with either a vinyl or an ethyl group at position 4 of the macrocycle alone. Rates of chlorin production from magnesium protoporphyrin monomethyl ester (up to 1240 pmol/h per mg of protein) were adequate to support known rates of plant chlorophyll synthesis. The enzyme required NADPH and O2 and had an approximate Km of 0.5 microM for magnesium protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester. Lipid-soluble metal-complexing agents inhibited enzyme activity: hydrophilic agents were ineffective. The strong inhibition of mycobactin suggested the involvement of iron ions. Zinc protoporphyrin monomethyl ester, but not copper or nickel or metal-free protoporphyrin monomethyl esters, was a substrate; magnesium protoporphyrin dimethyl ester was inhibitory. The activity of the enzyme was unchanged by prior greening of the plants. The activity in isolated etioplasts was very dependent upon intactness of the plastid structure.

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21

Bassyouni, Mohamed, Shereen M. S. Abdel-Hamid, Mohamed H. Abdel-Aziz, and M. Sh Zoromba. "Characterization of Vinyl Ester/Jute Fiber Bio-Composites in the Presence of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." Key Engineering Materials 730 (February 2017): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.730.221.

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In this study, vinyl ester –Jute fiber biocomposites were prepared using vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process. Woven Jute fibers were used with mass fraction 0.68. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are added to the resin with weight ratio 0.5: 99.5 to investigate the thermo-mechanical properties of bio-composites. Storage and loss modulus of vinyl ester bio-composites were investigated in the presence MWCNTs over a range of temperature (25 to 160 oC) to measure the capacity of bio-composite to store and dissipate energy. Damping properties of vinyl ester bio-composites were studied in terms of tan (d). Viscoelastic test using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that the glass transition temperature increases with the addition of MWCNTs up to 112.4 oC. Addition of jute fiber reinforcements improves the storage modulus value of vinyl ester more than 65% at room temperature. Significant improvement in storage modulus was found in the presence of MWCNTs.

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22

Oeser, Petr, Jakub Koudelka, Hana Dvořáková, and Tomáš Tobrman. "Formation of trisubstituted buta-1,3-dienes and α,β-unsaturated ketones via the reaction of functionalized vinyl phosphates and vinyl phosphordiamidates with organometallic reagents." RSC Advances 10, no. 58 (2020): 35109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra07472a.

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23

Gaur, Bharti, and J. S. P. Rai. "Rheological Behavior of Vinyl Ester Resin." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 45, no. 2 (March 2006): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602550500371489.

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24

Patel, R. D., J. R. Thakkar, R. G. Patel, and V. S. Patel. "Glass-reinforced Vinyl Ester Resin Composites." High Performance Polymers 2, no. 4 (August 1990): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095400839000200406.

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25

Lee, Tai Yeon, Neil B. Cramer, Charles E. Hoyle, Jeffrey W. Stansbury, and Christopher N. Bowman. "(Meth)acrylate vinyl ester hybrid polymerizations." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 47, no. 10 (April 8, 2009): 2509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.23327.

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26

Messori, Massimo, Francesco Pilati, Maurizio Toselli, Leno Mascia, and Claudio Tonelli. "Vinyl Ester Resins modified with Perfluoropolyethers." International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering 2, no. 3/4 (2008): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsurfse.2008.020501.

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27

Ku, H., S. F. Ang, C. Snook, and D. Baddeley. "Micrographs of Fractured Vinyl Ester Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 26, no. 11 (July 2007): 1111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684407079778.

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28

Liu, Di, and Christopher W. Bielawski. "Post-polymerization modification of poly(vinyl ether)s: a Ru-catalyzed oxidative synthesis of poly(vinyl ester)s and poly(propenyl ester)s." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 1 (2016): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01409c.

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29

Huo, Shanshan, Venkata S. Chevali, and Chad A. Ulven. "Study on interfacial properties of unidirectional flax/vinyl ester composites: Resin manipulation on vinyl ester system." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 128, no. 5 (September 28, 2012): 3490–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.38565.

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30

Ku, H., Mohan Trada, and V. C. Puttgunta. "Mechanical Properties of Vinyl Ester Composites Cured by Microwave Irradiation: Pilot Study." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.537.

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Composite components made from vinyl ester resins by Centre of Excellence in Engineered Fiber Composites (CEEFC), University of Southern Queensland (USQ) suffer considerable shrinkage during hardening. Currently, CEEFC solves the shrinkage problem by breaking a large composite component into smaller composite parts because smaller parts tend to have less shrinkage. These smaller parts are then joined together to form the overall structure. The shrinkage of vinyl ester particulate composites has been reduced by curing the resins under microwave conditions. The reduction in the shrinkage of the resins by microwaves will enable the manufacture of large vinyl ester composite items possible. This project investigates the difference in impact strength, tensile strength and Young’s modulus of 33 percent by weight of fly-ash particulate reinforced vinyl ester composite, VE/FLY-ASH (33%) cured under microwave and ambient conditions. Drop weight impact tests were used to find out the impact strength of the composite, while tensile tests were used to find out the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the composite. The power levels of microwaves used were 180 and 360 W; the duration of exposure of the composite samples to microwave irradiation varied from 20 to 50 seconds. The difference in impact strength and Young’s modulus between microwave cured vinyl ester particulate composites and those cured under ambient conditions had been found to be minimal. However, the tensile strength of the composite samples cured under microwave conditions can be higher than those cured under ambient conditions.

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Pramanik, Brahmananda, and P. Raju Mantena. "Strain Rate Dependent Ductile-to-Brittle Transition of Graphite Platelet Reinforced Vinyl Ester Nanocomposites." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/765698.

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In previous research, the fractal dimensions of fractured surfaces of vinyl ester based nanocomposites were estimated applying classical method on 3D digital microscopic images. The fracture energy and fracture toughness were obtained from fractal dimensions. A noteworthy observation, the strain rate dependent ductile-to-brittle transition of vinyl ester based nanocomposites, is reinvestigated in the current study. The candidate materials of xGnP (exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets) reinforced and with additional CTBN (Carboxyl Terminated Butadiene Nitrile) toughened vinyl ester based nanocomposites that are subjected to both quasi-static and high strain rate indirect tensile load using the traditional Brazilian test method. High-strain rate indirect tensile testing is performed with a modified Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). Pristine vinyl ester shows ductile deformation under quasi-static loading and brittle failure when subjected to high-strain rate loading. This observation reconfirms the previous research findings on strain rate dependent ductile-to-brittle transition of this material system. Investigation of both quasi-static and dynamic indirect tensile test responses show the strain rate effect on the tensile strength and energy absorbing capacity of the candidate materials. Contribution of nanoreinforcement to the tensile properties is reported in this paper.

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32

Degueil-Castaing, M., B. De Jeso, S. Drouillard, and B. Maillard. "Enzymatic reactions in organic synthesis: 2- ester interchange of vinyl esters." Tetrahedron Letters 28, no. 9 (January 1987): 953–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)95884-2.

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33

Zhang, Hua Yong, Hua Xu, and Cong Sheng Guan. "Effecting Factors on Conductivity of EG/VER Conductive Composite." Advanced Materials Research 833 (November 2013): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.833.322.

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Vinyl ester resin (VER) has excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and lower viscosity before curing. In this article low filled conductive composites were fabricated with expanded graphite (EG) and vinyl ester resin (VER). The influences of soaking time, rabbling intensity, the EG content and the coupling agent dosage on the electric conductivity were investigated. The results can provide good reference for the following bipolar plate researches.

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34

Taha Tijerina, José Jaime, Laura Peña Parás, Antonio Sánchez Fernández, Demófilo Maldonado Cortés, Pablo Sarmiento Barbosa, and Jesús Rolando Adán López. "Synergistic effect of nanocoatings for corrosion and wear protection of steel surfaces." Ingeniería Investigación y Tecnología 20, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fi.25940732e.2019.20n4.040.

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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the corrosion and wear protection of a steel substrate by epoxy vinyl ester nanocomposite coatings with Zn and TiO2 nanoparticle fillers. Steel substrates were coated with epoxy vinyl ester nanocomposites, varying Zn and TiO2 nanofiller concentrations and combinations of both nanoparticles. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by salt spray fog test during 480h, according to ASTM B-117. The degree of damage was obtained quantitatively by measuring the enhancement in corroded area compared to the scribe mark. Tribological evaluation was performed with a ball-on-disk tribotester, according to ASTM G-99. Results showed that the combination of Zn and TiO2 nanofillers in an epoxy vinyl ester coating provide a synergistic effect, enhancing corrosion protection due to their combined corrosion and tribological reducing mechanisms.

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35

Khalili, Amirali, Abdul Razak Rahmat, Alireza Fakhari, and Zyad Salem Alsagayar. "Mechanical Properties of Vinyl Ester Resin/Epoxidized Plam Oil/Nanoclay Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (June 2014): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.165.

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The aim of this study is to develop vinyl ester resin (VE) with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. Nanocomposites vinyl ester resin (VE)/ epoxidized palm oil (EPO)/ clay were prepared at different amount of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) (5, 7.5 and 10 wt%) in presence of various ratio of clay (1,2 and 3 phr) by free radical polymerization. The curing agent for polymerizing nanocomposites was methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP). Studies on their mechanical and physical properties were carried out by tensile and flexural tests. The results obtained revealed interactions between the vinyl ester resin (VE) and epoxidized palm oil (EPO). Based on the results of tensile strength, the optimum loading content for EPO and clay was 5wt% and 1 phr, respectively. When the concentration of EPO increased, the ductility was improved, indicated higher toughness.

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36

Repollet-Pedrosa, Milton H., Ryan L. Weber, Andrew L. Schmitt, and Mahesh K. Mahanthappa. "Poly(vinyl acetate-b-vinyl alcohol) Surfactants Derived from Poly(vinyl ester) Block Copolymers." Macromolecules 43, no. 19 (October 12, 2010): 7900–7902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma1014116.

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37

Fakhari, Alireza, Abdul Razak Rahmat, Mat Uzir Wahit, Siti Noor Hidayah Mustapha, and Wan Nurhayati Wan Tajulruddin. "Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Thermosets from Vinyl Ester Resin and Acrylated Epoxidized Palm Oil (AEPO)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.73.

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A series of green hybrid thermosetting resins composed of acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) and vinyl ester (VE) were prepared via free radical polymerization. The AEPO/VE ratio was varied between 5/95 and 20/80 wt.%. The mechanical properties of resulting hybrid systems were investigated by tensile and flexural tests. The results revealed that these hybrids exhibit mechanical properties comparable to those of commercial vinyl ester resins.

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38

Makino, Hiroshi, Tsuyoshi Nishikawa, and Makoto Ouchi. "Vinylboronic acid pinacol ester as a vinyl alcohol-precursor monomer in radical copolymerization with styrene." Chemical Communications 57, no. 60 (2021): 7410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc02603h.

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Radical copolymerization of vinylboronic acid pinacol ester (VBpin) with styrene allowed the syntheses of vinyl alcohol–styrene copolymers, which have been inaccessible with a typical precursor monomer, vinyl acetate.

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39

Ai, Xiaoqing, Jiansen Pan, Qingyi Xie, Chunfeng Ma, and Guangzhao Zhang. "UV-curable hyperbranched poly(ester-co-vinyl) by radical ring-opening copolymerization for antifouling coatings." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 31 (2021): 4524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00810b.

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UV-curable hyperbranched poly(ester-co-vinyl) has been prepared by radical ring-opening copolymerization of cyclic monomers and vinyl monomers, and it exhibits tunable degradation and fouling resistance.

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40

Zhang, Weiwei, Zhaolu Qin, Yanhua Lan, Xin Zhang, Wenchao Zhang, Yetang Pan, and Rongjie Yang. "Flame retardant composites of ladder phenyl/vinyl polysilsesquioxane-reinforced vinyl ester." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 1 (September 18, 2020): 457–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05281-3.

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41

Bakar, Norliana, and Siew Choo Chin. "Performance of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Composites: Mechanical Properties." Key Engineering Materials 879 (March 2021): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.879.284.

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Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) made from synthetic fiber had been widely used for strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in the past decades. Due to its high cost, detrimental to the environment and human health, natural fiber composites becoming the current alternatives towards a green and environmental friendly material. This paper presents an investigation on the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced composite (BFRC) with different types of resins. The BFRC specimens were prepared by hand lay-up method using epoxy and vinyl-ester resins. Bamboo fiber volume fractions, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% and 50% was experimentally investigated by conducting tensile and flexural test, respectively. Results showed that the tensile and flexural strength of bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composite (BFREC) was 63.2% greater than the bamboo fiber reinforced vinyl-ester composite (BFRVC). It was found that 45% of bamboo fiber volume fraction on BFREC exhibited the highest tensile strength compared to other BFRECs. Meanwhile, 40% bamboo fiber volume fraction of BFRVC showed the highest tensile strength between bamboo fiber volume fractions for BFRC using vinyl-ester resin. Studies showed that epoxy-based BFRC exhibited excellent results compared to the vinyl-ester-based composite. Further studies are required on using BFRC epoxy-based composite in various structural applications and strengthening purposes.

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42

Chen, Hong Yan, Zhen Xing Kong, and Ji Hui Wang. "Cure and Dynamic-Mechanical Behaviors of Vinyl Ester Resinfilled with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 1413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1413.

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The cure kinetics of Derakane 411-350, a kind of vinyl ester resin, and its suspensions containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes( MWCNTs) were investigated via non-isothermal dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The results showed that incorporation of MWCNTs into vinyl ester resin excessively reduces polymerization degree and crosslinking density of vinyl ester resin. For suppressing the negative effect caused by nanotubes, the higher temperature initiator combined with the initiator MEKP was used. Dynamic-mechanical Behavior testing was then carried out on the cured sample in order to relate the curing behavior of MWCNTs modified resin suspensions to mechanical response of their resulting nanocomposites. It was revealed that nanocomposites containing MWCNTs possessed larger storage modulus values as well as higher glass transition temperatures (Tg) as compared to those without MWCNTs after using mixed intiators system to improve the degree of cure.

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43

Sun, Ying, and Guo Jun Wang. "Compressive Response of UHMWPE/Vinyl Ester 3D Orthogonal Woven Composites at High Strain Rates." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.522.

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The high strain rate compressive properties of UHMWPE/ vinyl ester 3D orthogonal woven composites are investigated experimentally. The composites are made from UHMWPE fiber 3D orthogonal woven preforms impregnated with vinyl ester resin by resin transfer molding. The samples are subjected to dynamic loading through the thickness direction using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar at three kinds of strain rate. The testing results are compared with the results of quasi-static tests on specimens with the same fiber volume fraction. The stress-strain relationships of UHMWPE/vinyl ester 3D orthogonal woven composites are rate dependent. It is found that the yield stress, strain at yield stress and modulus increased with the increased the strain rates. Additionally, the predominant failure mode of the composites under dynamic loading shear fracture from the optical microscopic images of fracture surfaces.

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44

Gilsdorf, Reid A., Matthew A. Nicki, and Eugene Y. X. Chen. "High chemical recyclability of vinyl lactone acrylic bioplastics." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 30 (2020): 4942–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00786b.

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Biomass-derived vinyl lactone acrylic bioplastics not only exhibit higher thermostability but also depolymerize more selectively to monomers with higher yield and purity compared to their petroleum-based vinyl ester acrylic counterpart.

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45

Vimalathithan, PK, and CT Vijayakumar. "Characterization of cenosphere-reinforced vinyl ester composites." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 50, no. 2 (May 11, 2017): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244317708591.

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46

Marsh, George. "Vinyl ester –the midway boat building resin." Reinforced Plastics 51, no. 8 (September 2007): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-3617(07)70248-5.

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47

Amendola, E., M. Giamberini, C. Carfagna, and V. Ambrogi. "Self-toughening liquid crystalline vinyl ester adhesives." Macromolecular Symposia 180, no. 1 (March 2002): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200203)180:1<153::aid-masy153>3.0.co;2-1.

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48

Yong, Virginia, and H. Thomas Hahn. "Rheology of silicon carbide/vinyl ester nanocomposites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 102, no. 5 (2006): 4365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.24962.

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49

Stone, M. A., B. K. Fink, T. A. Bogetti, and J. W. Gillespie. "Thermo-chemical response of vinyl-ester resin." Polymer Engineering & Science 40, no. 12 (December 2000): 2489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.11380.

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50

Li, Ling, Xiudong Sun, and L. James Lee. "Low temperature cure of vinyl ester resins." Polymer Engineering & Science 39, no. 4 (April 1999): 646–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.11454.

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