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Journal articles on the topic 'Vinyl ester / cenosphere composites'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Vimalathithan, PK, and CT Vijayakumar. "Characterization of cenosphere-reinforced vinyl ester composites." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 50, no. 2 (May 11, 2017): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244317708591.

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2

Breunig, P., V. Damodaran, K. Shahapurkar, S. Waddar, M. Doddamani, P. Jeyaraj, and P. Prabhakar. "Dynamic impact behavior of syntactic foam core sandwich composites." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 4 (November 10, 2019): 535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319885000.

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Sandwich composites and syntactic foams independently have been used in many engineering applications. However, there has been minimal effort towards taking advantage of the weight saving ability of syntactic foams in the cores of sandwich composites, especially with respect to the impact response of structures. To that end, the goal of this study is to investigate the mechanical response and damage mechanisms associated with syntactic foam core sandwich composites subjected to dynamic impact loading. In particular, this study investigates the influence of varying cenosphere volume fraction in syntactic foam core sandwich composites subjected to varying dynamic impact loading and further elucidates the extent and diversity of corresponding damage mechanisms. The syntactic foam cores are first fabricated using epoxy resin as the matrix and cenospheres as the reinforcement with four cenosphere volume fractions of 0% (pure epoxy), 20%, 40%, and 60%. The sandwich composite panels are then manufactured using the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process with carbon fiber/vinyl ester facesheets. Dynamic impact tests are performed on the sandwich composite specimens at two energy levels of 80 J and 160 J, upon which the data are post-processed to gain a quantitative understanding of the impact response and damage mechanisms incurred by the specimens. A qualitative understanding is obtained through micro-computed tomography scanning of the impacted specimens. In addition, a finite element model is developed to investigate the causes for different damage mechanisms observed in specimens with different volume fractions.

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3

Padhi, Suvendu, Dipika Priyadarsini Jena, and Nimai C. Nayak. "Dielectric behaviour of ethylene vinyl acetate/cenosphere composites." Materials Today: Proceedings 30 (2020): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.693.

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4

Ayers, S. R., and G. M. Van Erp. "Characterization of new structural core materials based on vinyl ester and hollow ceramic microspheres." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 217, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146442070321700304.

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A new class of structural core material has been developed at the University of Southern Queensland for applications of composite materials in civil and structural engineering. These materials combine polymer resins with hollow ceramic microspheres to produce core materials with high structural capacity at low cost. A number of prototype structural elements using these materials have displayed significant potential for application in civil engineering structures. An ongoing research programme has been initiated to improve fundamental understanding of these materials and to provide the knowledge required for broad utilization. This current study has investigated the behaviour of core material formulations based on vinyl ester resins and hollow ceramic cenospheres. Investigations have focused on identifying key relationships between the constituent materials and resulting mechanical properties of the core material. A variety of matrix and filler characteristics have been examined. This work has shown that, at the type of filler levels considered feasible for structural engineering applications (vf > 30 per cent), the behaviour of the material is largely determined by the filler particles, with only minimal influence from the matrix material. Further investigations are continuing to quantify these effects and to develop predictive models for key relationships.

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5

Patel, R. D., J. R. Thakkar, R. G. Patel, and V. S. Patel. "Glass-reinforced Vinyl Ester Resin Composites." High Performance Polymers 2, no. 4 (August 1990): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095400839000200406.

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6

Ku, H., S. F. Ang, C. Snook, and D. Baddeley. "Micrographs of Fractured Vinyl Ester Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 26, no. 11 (July 2007): 1111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684407079778.

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7

Obaid, A. Abu, A. Gokce, S. Yarlagadda, and S. G. Advani. "Enhancement of adhesion between copper and vinyl ester in glass fiber–vinyl ester composites." Composite Interfaces 14, no. 2 (January 2007): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855407779819008.

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8

Roy, Aashis S., S. Saravanan, Kishore, Praveen C. Ramamurthy, and Giridhar Madras. "Dielectric impedance studies of poly(vinyl butyral)-cenosphere composite films." Polymer Composites 35, no. 8 (December 18, 2013): 1636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.22817.

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9

Wonderly, Christopher, Joachim Grenestedt, Göran Fernlund, and Elvis Cěpus. "Comparison of mechanical properties of glass fiber/vinyl ester and carbon fiber/vinyl ester composites." Composites Part B: Engineering 36, no. 5 (July 2005): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.01.004.

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10

Zhang, Weiwei, Zhaolu Qin, Yanhua Lan, Xin Zhang, Wenchao Zhang, Yetang Pan, and Rongjie Yang. "Flame retardant composites of ladder phenyl/vinyl polysilsesquioxane-reinforced vinyl ester." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 1 (September 18, 2020): 457–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05281-3.

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11

Sun, Jia Ying, Yan Qing Li, Wei Tian, and Cheng Yan Zhu. "Study on the Resin Curing Time and the Mechanical Properties of the Composites." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.33.

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In order to study the curing characteristics of common resins including bisphenol-A epoxy vinyl ester resin, phenolic epoxy vinyl ester resin and unsaturated polyester resin, the curing time of three resins was tested using cobalt naphthenate as accelerator and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide as curing agent. The results showed that the resin curing time reduces with the experimental temperature rising; in order to control the curing time at about 25 minutes when the experimental temperature is 23°C, the curing agent adding proportion of bisphenol-A epoxy vinyl ester resin, unsaturated polyester resin and phenolic epoxy vinyl ester resin are respective about 0.7%, 0.5% and 1.8%. The composites made by bisphenol-A epoxy vinyl ester resin have excellent tensile strength and composites made by phenolic epoxy vinyl ester resin have best bending strength.

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12

Patil, Amol N., Pravin R. Kubade, and Hrushikesh B. Kulkarni. "Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Glass Micro balloons/Fly Ash Cenosphere Filled Vinyl Ester Matrix Syntactic Foams." Materials Today: Proceedings 22 (2020): 1994–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.165.

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13

Ku, H. "Curing Vinyl Ester Particle-reinforced Composites using Microwaves." Journal of Composite Materials 37, no. 22 (November 2003): 2027–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998303036266.

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14

Huo, Shanshan, Venkata S. Chevali, and Chad A. Ulven. "Study on interfacial properties of unidirectional flax/vinyl ester composites: Resin manipulation on vinyl ester system." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 128, no. 5 (September 28, 2012): 3490–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.38565.

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15

Suresha, B., T. Jayaraju, P. R. Sadananda Rao, Mohammed Ismail, and Kunigal N. Shivakumar. "Three-Body Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites." Solid State Phenomena 136 (February 2008): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.136.99.

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Fiber reinforced polymer composites are generally known to possess high strength and attractive wear resistance in dry sliding conditions. The behaviour of such composites performing in abrasive wear situations needs a proper understanding. Hence, in the present work of the three-body abrasive wear behaviour of two dimensional stitched carbon fabric, E-glass woven fabric and three dimensional E-glass woven fabric reinforced vinyl ester composites was investigated. Three-body abrasive wear tests were conducted using rubber wheel abrasion tester (RWAT) under different abrading distances at two loads, wherein the wear volume loss were found to increase and that of specific wear rate decrease. The results indicate that the type of fabric in vinyl ester have a significant influence on wear under varied abrading distance/loads. Further, it was found that carbon fabric reinforced vinyl ester composite exhibited lower wear rate compared to E-glass woven fabric reinforced vinyl ester composites. The worn surface features, as examined through scanning electron microscope (SEM), show higher levels of broken glass fiber in two dimensional glass woven fabric reinforced vinyl ester composite compared to carbon fabric and three dimensional glass fabric reinforced vinyl ester composites.

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16

Balaji, R. "Characterisation of Hollow Glass Fibre Reinforced Vinyl-Ester Composites." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i48/107921.

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17

Udaya Kumar, P. A., Ramalingaiah, B. Suresha, and R. Hemanth. "Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Vinyl Ester Hybrid Composites." Tribology in Industry 40, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24874/ti.2018.40.02.12.

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18

Pagnoncelli, Marlova, Vanessa Piroli, Daiane Romanzini, Iaci M. Pereira, Rafael Rodrigues Dias, Sandro C. Amico, and Ademir J. Zattera. "Mechanical and ballistic analysis of aramid/vinyl ester composites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 3 (April 20, 2017): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317705976.

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This study focused on evaluating mechanical and dynamic-mechanical properties of polyaramid/vinyl ester composites, as a function of the fiber content. Furthermore, split Hopkinson pressure bar technique and V50 Ballistic limit tests were performed. Composites were prepared by resin transfer molding (RTM) with different fiber content, samples being identified as AD4, AD5 and AD6 (with 4, 5 and 6 polyaramid layers, respectively). Initially, fiber, void and matrix contents were calculated and statistically analyzed, in different regions of the composites. Mechanical and dynamical mechanical properties of the composites were improved by using higher fiber content. For example, impact strength of AD6 composite was 35% higher than AD4. Moreover, increase in the fiber content promoted an increase in tenacity and stress of the composites, in the same strain rate. Velocity limit in AD6 sample was estimated in ballistics tests and it was concluded that the composite obtained could accomplish the level I requisites of ballistic protection with V50 of 304 m.s−1.

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19

Kumar, S., S. R. Chauhan, P. K. Rakesh, I. Singh, and J. P. Davim. "Drilling of Glass Fiber/Vinyl Ester Composites with Fillers." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 27, no. 3 (March 2012): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2011.585489.

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20

Mahesh, K. R. Vishnu, H. N. Narasimha Murthy, B. E. Kumara Swamy, N. Raghavendra, and M. Krishna. "Organomodified Clay and its Influence on Thermal and Fire Behaviors of Clay/Fire Retardant/Poly Vinyl Ester Composites." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.468.

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The objective of this research was to examine the synergistic effect of organomodified nanoclay and fire retardants on the thermal decomposition, glass transition temperature and fire retardation behaviour of nanoclay/Poly vinyl ester composites. The two nanoclays such as Cloisite-15A and Cloisite-Na are used along with two fire retardants as Aluminium Tri Hydroxide (ATH) and Magnesium Hydroxide (MH) in the present study. The nanoclay/fire retardants were dispersed in poly vinyl ester using twin screw extrusion. TEM and AFM of nanoclay/Poly vinyl ester specimens revealed that 4 wt% Cloisite-15A/Poly vinyl ester exhibited exfoliation and distribution of nanoclay which were superior to that of Cloisite-Na/Poly vinyl ester. The synergistic effect of Cloisite-15A and 30 % ATH increased glass transition temperature by 18 % and reduced thermal degradation by 47 % and Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) by 52 % when compared with that of Poly vinyl ester after the curing process in all the cases.

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21

Bakar, Norliana, and Siew Choo Chin. "Performance of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Composites: Mechanical Properties." Key Engineering Materials 879 (March 2021): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.879.284.

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Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) made from synthetic fiber had been widely used for strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in the past decades. Due to its high cost, detrimental to the environment and human health, natural fiber composites becoming the current alternatives towards a green and environmental friendly material. This paper presents an investigation on the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced composite (BFRC) with different types of resins. The BFRC specimens were prepared by hand lay-up method using epoxy and vinyl-ester resins. Bamboo fiber volume fractions, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% and 50% was experimentally investigated by conducting tensile and flexural test, respectively. Results showed that the tensile and flexural strength of bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composite (BFREC) was 63.2% greater than the bamboo fiber reinforced vinyl-ester composite (BFRVC). It was found that 45% of bamboo fiber volume fraction on BFREC exhibited the highest tensile strength compared to other BFRECs. Meanwhile, 40% bamboo fiber volume fraction of BFRVC showed the highest tensile strength between bamboo fiber volume fractions for BFRC using vinyl-ester resin. Studies showed that epoxy-based BFRC exhibited excellent results compared to the vinyl-ester-based composite. Further studies are required on using BFRC epoxy-based composite in various structural applications and strengthening purposes.

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22

S. Jahagirdar, Muneerabibi, and Shreenidhi R. Kulkarni. "Biodegradable Composites: Vinyl Ester Reinforced With Coconut Fibers and Vinyl Ester Reinforced With Coconut Fibers and Rubber Particles." International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 3, no. 8 (August 15, 2014): 15486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15680/ijirset.2014.0308057.

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23

Alkhader, Maen, Xuedong Zhai, and Fu-Pen Chiang. "Experimental investigation of the synergistic effects of moisture and freeze-thaw cycles on carbon fiber vinyl-ester composites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 7 (June 19, 2017): 919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317715703.

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Carbon fiber-reinforced vinyl-ester polymer composites are increasingly used as structural members in applications (e.g., marine crafts and offshore structures) where they can be frequently exposed to the environmental elements of moisture and cold temperature fluctuations that cause freeze-thaw cycles. These harsh elements can individually and possibly synergistically damage carbon fiber-reinforced vinyl-ester composites. More importantly, their damage can accumulate over time and significantly degrade the structural properties, long-term integrity and durability of carbon fiber-reinforced vinyl-ester composites. This work experimentally investigates the individual and cooperative degrading effects of moisture and freeze-thaw cycles on the structural properties of carbon fiber-reinforced vinyl-ester composites, particularly on their flexural stiffness and strength. Results show that the combined damaging effects of moisture and freeze-thaw cycles are more significant than their individual effects, confirming the synergy between the damage mechanisms of the two elements.

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24

Ku, H., Mohan Trada, and V. C. Puttgunta. "Mechanical Properties of Vinyl Ester Composites Cured by Microwave Irradiation: Pilot Study." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.537.

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Composite components made from vinyl ester resins by Centre of Excellence in Engineered Fiber Composites (CEEFC), University of Southern Queensland (USQ) suffer considerable shrinkage during hardening. Currently, CEEFC solves the shrinkage problem by breaking a large composite component into smaller composite parts because smaller parts tend to have less shrinkage. These smaller parts are then joined together to form the overall structure. The shrinkage of vinyl ester particulate composites has been reduced by curing the resins under microwave conditions. The reduction in the shrinkage of the resins by microwaves will enable the manufacture of large vinyl ester composite items possible. This project investigates the difference in impact strength, tensile strength and Young’s modulus of 33 percent by weight of fly-ash particulate reinforced vinyl ester composite, VE/FLY-ASH (33%) cured under microwave and ambient conditions. Drop weight impact tests were used to find out the impact strength of the composite, while tensile tests were used to find out the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the composite. The power levels of microwaves used were 180 and 360 W; the duration of exposure of the composite samples to microwave irradiation varied from 20 to 50 seconds. The difference in impact strength and Young’s modulus between microwave cured vinyl ester particulate composites and those cured under ambient conditions had been found to be minimal. However, the tensile strength of the composite samples cured under microwave conditions can be higher than those cured under ambient conditions.

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25

Bassyouni, Mohamed, Shereen M. S. Abdel-Hamid, Mohamed H. Abdel-Aziz, and M. Sh Zoromba. "Characterization of Vinyl Ester/Jute Fiber Bio-Composites in the Presence of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." Key Engineering Materials 730 (February 2017): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.730.221.

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In this study, vinyl ester –Jute fiber biocomposites were prepared using vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process. Woven Jute fibers were used with mass fraction 0.68. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are added to the resin with weight ratio 0.5: 99.5 to investigate the thermo-mechanical properties of bio-composites. Storage and loss modulus of vinyl ester bio-composites were investigated in the presence MWCNTs over a range of temperature (25 to 160 oC) to measure the capacity of bio-composite to store and dissipate energy. Damping properties of vinyl ester bio-composites were studied in terms of tan (d). Viscoelastic test using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that the glass transition temperature increases with the addition of MWCNTs up to 112.4 oC. Addition of jute fiber reinforcements improves the storage modulus value of vinyl ester more than 65% at room temperature. Significant improvement in storage modulus was found in the presence of MWCNTs.

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26

Aviles, F., J. V. Cauich-Rodriguez, J. A. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, and A. May-Pat. "Oxidation and silanization of MWCNTs for MWCNT/vinyl ester composites." Express Polymer Letters 5, no. 9 (2011): 766–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2011.75.

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27

Lee, Dong-Woo, Byung-Jin Park, and Jung-Il Song. "A Study on Fire Resistance of Abaca/Vinyl-ester Composites." Composites Research 30, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7234/composres.2017.30.1.059.

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28

Ku, H., V. Kota, and M. Trada. "Optimum Percentage of Fly Ash Reinforcement in Vinyl Ester Composites." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 22, no. 1 (January 2010): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2010)22:1(104).

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29

Brody, John C., and John W. Gillespie. "Reactive and non-reactive binders in glass/vinyl ester composites." Polymer Composites 26, no. 3 (2005): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20068.

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30

Mouritz, A. P., A. Kootsookos, and G. Mathys. "Stability of polyester- and vinyl ester-based composites in seawater." Journal of Materials Science 39, no. 19 (October 2004): 6073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jmsc.0000041704.71226.ee.

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31

Mandhakini, Mohandas, Subramani Devaraju, MuthuKumarasamy R. Venkatesan, and Muthukaruppan Alagar. "Linseed vinyl ester fatty amide toughened unsaturated polyester-bismaleimide composites." High Performance Polymers 24, no. 3 (May 2012): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008311436263.

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32

Kim, Ho Sung, and Jianping Zhang. "Fatigue Damage and Life Prediction of Glass/Vinyl Ester Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 20, no. 10 (July 2001): 834–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168401772678959.

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33

Kim, Ho Sung, and Jianping Zhang. "Fatigue Damage and Life Prediction of Glass/Vinyl Ester Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 20, no. 10 (July 2001): 834–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15307964-01020010-03.

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34

Shivakumar, Kunigal N., Gowthaman Swaminathan, and Mathew Sharpe. "Carbon/Vinyl Ester Composites for Enhanced Performance in Marine Applications." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 25, no. 10 (May 4, 2006): 1101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684406065194.

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35

Shunmugasamy, Vasanth Chakravarthy, Dinesh Pinisetty, and Nikhil Gupta. "Thermal expansion behavior of hollow glass particle/vinyl ester composites." Journal of Materials Science 47, no. 14 (April 11, 2012): 5596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6452-9.

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36

Mahato, Kalpana, Sudipta Goswami, and Apoorva Ambarkar. "Morphology and mechanical properties of sisal fibre/vinyl ester composites." Fibers and Polymers 15, no. 6 (June 2014): 1310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-014-1310-9.

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37

Sun, Ying, and Guo Jun Wang. "Compressive Response of UHMWPE/Vinyl Ester 3D Orthogonal Woven Composites at High Strain Rates." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.522.

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The high strain rate compressive properties of UHMWPE/ vinyl ester 3D orthogonal woven composites are investigated experimentally. The composites are made from UHMWPE fiber 3D orthogonal woven preforms impregnated with vinyl ester resin by resin transfer molding. The samples are subjected to dynamic loading through the thickness direction using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar at three kinds of strain rate. The testing results are compared with the results of quasi-static tests on specimens with the same fiber volume fraction. The stress-strain relationships of UHMWPE/vinyl ester 3D orthogonal woven composites are rate dependent. It is found that the yield stress, strain at yield stress and modulus increased with the increased the strain rates. Additionally, the predominant failure mode of the composites under dynamic loading shear fracture from the optical microscopic images of fracture surfaces.

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38

Zhang, Xiuping, Liu Liu, Ming Li, Yanjie Chang, Lei Shang, Jinglong Dong, Linghan Xiao, and Yuhui Ao. "Improving the interfacial properties of carbon fibers/vinyl ester composites by vinyl functionalization on the carbon fiber surface." RSC Advances 6, no. 35 (2016): 29428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra00829a.

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39

Amarababu, B., and V. Pandu Rangadu. "Synthesis and Characterization of Mineral Wollastonite Particulate Filled Vinyl-Ester Resin Composites." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 37 (August 2014): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.37.91.

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In the present research presents influence of coupling agent 1 % triethoxymethyl silane sprayed on to the wollastonite particulate powder before it dispersed into the vinylester/composites. Firstly two different composites were developed in which wollastonite is filled with vinylester resin and same wollastonite was sprayed with coupling agent 1 % triethoxymethyl silane then filled with vinylester resin. The particle functionalization with a bi-functional coupling agent 1 % triethoxymethyl silane was observed to have a significant effect on the curing process and subsequent physical properties of the composites. Wollastonite functionalization favors the composite fabrication with a lower curing temperature as compared to the as-received particle filled vinyl ester resin composites. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an increased thermo-stability in the particles functionalized filled vinyl ester resin composites as compared to the unmodified particle filled counterparts. The uniform particle dispersion and the chemical bonding between filler and vinyl ester resin matrix were found to contribute to the increased thermal stability and enhanced tensile strength and modulus.

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40

Fairuz, A. M., S. M. Sapuan, E. S. Zainudin, and Che Nor Aiza Jaafar. "Optimization of Pultrusion Process for Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 761 (May 2015): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.761.499.

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In pultrusion process, one of the major decisions to be made by the manufacturing engineer is about the setting of manufacturing process parameters such as pulling speed, gelation temperature, curing temperature and CaCo3 filler loading before the manufacturing process is commenced. The objective of this paper is to report on the optimization of the manufacturing process parameters during pultrusion process of kenaf fibre reinforced vinyl ester composites. Besides, the paper reveals the best combination parameter and the most contributed parameter in process of pultruded kenaf reinforced vinyl ester composite through analysis of variance (ANOVA).

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41

Sun, Zu Li, Ming En Guo, and Zhi Ning Yu. "Research on VARTM Technology for Fabricating Basalt Fiber/Vinyl Ester Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.19.

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Basalt fiber has good sea water resistance, heat resistance and sound insulation. This shows that, basalt fiber is ideal material for ship manufacturing. Because of the bad fiber permeability, using VARTM process to produce large basalt fiber marine components still has deficiency. Taking basalt fiber/vinyl resin composite shell as object, research was taken to find the method of improving resin flow velocity and suitable resin injection strategy system in VARTM process. The results show that air release additive contributes to the resin’s flow in preform body, and the tensile strength and flexural strength of components increase with the increase of air release additive’s quantum when the quantum less than 0.5%. The resin flow’s frontier of the components made by sequence injection strategy is always keeping the same and its velocity is uniform, which makes its quality is better than that made by embranchment injection strategy.

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42

Ku, H., M. Trada, V. C. Puttgunta, and V. Kota. "Yield and Tensile Strength of Vinyl Ester Composites Cured by Microwaves." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 21, no. 4 (January 1, 2007): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156939307780616847.

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43

Robertson, M. A. F., M. B. Bump, K. E. Verghese, S. R. McCartney, J. J. Lesko, J. S. Riffle, I. C. Kim, and T. H. Yoon. "Designed Interphase Regions in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester Matrix Composites." Journal of Adhesion 71, no. 4 (December 1999): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218469908014550.

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Anand Chairman, C., D. Pritima, V. Dhinakaran, B. Stalin, M. Ravichandran, and M. Balasubramanian. "Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Basalt Powder filled Vinyl Ester Composites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 988 (December 16, 2020): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/988/1/012094.

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Saidpour, S. H., and M. O. W. Richardson. "Glass fibre coating for optimum mechanical properties of vinyl ester composites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 28, no. 11 (January 1997): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(97)00071-7.

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Zhong, Yang, and Jianren Zhou. "Study of Thermal and Hygrothermal Behaviors of Glass/Vinyl Ester Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 18, no. 17 (November 1999): 1619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168449901801706.

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Ogah, A., and Timothy James. "Mechanical Behavior of Agricultural Waste Fibers Reinforced Vinyl Ester Bio-composites." Asian Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences 5, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajopacs/2018/35841.

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Wirti, Marilu, Gabriel Roman Ros Biondo, Daiane Romanzini, Sandro C. Amico, and Ademir J. Zattera. "The effect of fluorination of aramid fibers on vinyl ester composites." Polymer Composites 40, no. 5 (October 17, 2018): 2095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.24992.

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Tang, Yuming, William Hartt, Richard Granata, Hui Yu, and Muhammad U. Farooq. "Degradation of carbon/vinyl ester composites under cathodic polarization in seawater." Journal of Composite Materials 46, no. 25 (February 15, 2012): 3115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998312436989.

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Narasimha Murthy, H. N., M. Sreejith, M. Krishna, S. C. Sharma, and T. S. Sheshadri. "Seawater Durability of Epoxy/Vinyl Ester Reinforced with Glass/Carbon Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 29, no. 10 (June 23, 2009): 1491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684409335451.

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