Journal articles on the topic 'Vineyard management'
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1
Williamson, Joe R., and Donn T. Johnson. "Effects of Grape Berry Moth Management Practices and Landscape on Arthropod Diversity in Grape Vineyards in the Southern United States." HortTechnology 15, no. 2 (January 2005): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.2.0232.
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Agricultural monocultures with intensive pest management practices reduce diversity and create instability in agricultural ecosystems, thereby increasing reliance upon pesticides. This study compares the influence of three insect pest management programs in vineyards on arthropod diversity as well as parasitism and control of grape berry moth (Endopiza viteana), the key pest of grapes (Vitis labrusca) in eastern North America. Vineyards in Bald Knob, Hindsville, Judsonia, Lowell, and Searcy, Ark., were managed with a range of intensity of insecticide use, a reduced insecticide program with Exosex-GBM dispensers for mating disruption, or no pesticide use in abandoned vineyards. Arthropod diversity and carabid (Carabidae) density in each vineyard was sampled with pitfall traps. Grape berry moth flight was monitored by pheromone traps. Grape berry moth–infested grapes were collected from the field and reared in the lab until parasites or moths emerged. There were significant differences in arthropod diversity between vineyard sites, with Shannon diversity index values generally higher in woods and managed vineyards with conventional sprays and/or mating disruption than in abandoned sites. Shannon index values for arthropod diversity were significantly lower at the vineyard edge in Searcy (recently abandoned), vineyard center and edge in Bald Knob (abandoned), and the vineyard edge in Hindsville (conventional sprays). In 2003, carabid density was significantly highest in the edge and center of the Hindsville vineyard (high insecticide usage) and the abandoned Bald Knob vineyard had significantly lowest carabid density. Apparently, insecticide sprays resulted in more food on the vineyard floor for carabids. The vineyard floor management was too variable among vineyards to deduce its effect on carabid density. With some exceptions, low-spray and no-spray vineyards generally showed greater diversity and parasitism of grape berry moth than high-spray vineyards. Parasitism was higher in some high-spray vineyards than in low-spray with mating disruption vineyards. Grape berry moth flight and berry damage were more dependent on spray timing than intensity. This study demonstrates that insect pest management programs impact arthropod diversity and parasitism. Further testing is needed to determine why parasitism of grape berry moth decreased in the vineyards using the mating disruption tactic.
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Seeger, Rodrigo-Comino, Iserloh, Brings, and Ries. "Dynamics of Runoff and Soil Erosion on Abandoned Steep Vineyards in the Mosel Area, Germany." Water 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 2596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122596.
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The Mosel Wine region has suffered during the last decades a decrease in productive area, mostly on steep sloping vineyards. To avoid the spread of diseases, the extraction of grapevines on abandoned vineyards is mandatory in Rhineland-Palatinate. At the same time, the organic production of wine is growing slowly, but well established in the area. We assess in this paper the degree of the land-use changes, as well as their effect on runoff generation and sediment production, depending on the age of the abandonment, as well as the type and age of the land management, whether organic or conventional. Land use data were obtained to identify land-use change dynamics. For assessment of runoff generation and soil erosion, we applied rainfall simulation experiments on the different types of vineyard management. These were organically managed, conventionally managed and abandoned ones, all of varying ages. During the last decades of the last century, a decrease of around 30% of vineyard surface could be observed in Germany’s Mosel Wine Region, affecting mostly the steep sloping vineyards. Despite a high variability within the types of vineyard management, the results show higher runoff generation, and soil erosion associated with recently installed or abandoned vineyards when compared to organic management of the vineyards, where erosion reached only 12%. In organic management, runoff and erosion are also reduced considerably, less than 16%, after a decade or more. Thus, organic vineyard management practices show to be very efficient for reduction of runoff and erosion. Consequently, we recommend to adopt as far as possible these soil management practices for sustainable land management of steep sloping vineyards. In addition, soil protection measures are highly recommended for vineyard abandonment according to the law.
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Sportelli, Mino, Christian Frasconi, Marco Fontanelli, Michel Pirchio, Michele Raffaelli, Simone Magni, Lisa Caturegli, Marco Volterrani, Marco Mainardi, and Andrea Peruzzi. "Autonomous Mowing and Complete Floor Cover for Weed Control in Vineyards." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030538.
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Enhancing vineyards sustainability and reducing herbicides usage is a crucial theme, thus alternative weed management methods are starting to be studied. Cover crops have been shown to provide for several environmental services such as performing an efficient weed control and promoting biodiversity, thus improving the sustainability of the overall management system. However, the use of cover crops is usually confined to the interrow area in order to avoid competition with vines. Under-trellis weed management in vineyards is an important challenge, conventionally fulfilled by cultivation or repeated herbicides applications. Autonomous mowers are small autonomous machines that have shown a great efficiency when employed in agricultural contexts. Due to their reduced size, they can easily prevent the excessive vertical growth of weeds both in the interrows and under trellis without the use of chemical applications. The aim of this trial was to evaluate if the combination of cover crop species and autonomous mowers management could improve vineyard sustainability. Vineyard floor cover that was managed with an autonomous mower had a shorter canopy height and a lower weed dry biomass compared to the conventionally managed vineyard floor cover. Vineyard floor management providing cover crops and autonomous mowing had a significantly lower weed cover percentage compared to conventional floor management, especially under-trellis. The results of this trial suggest that the combination of cover crops and autonomous mowers may be a sustainable and reliable technique to include in vineyards floor management.
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Cieniewicz, Elizabeth, Madison Flasco, Melina Brunelli, Anuli Onwumelu, Alice Wise, and Marc F. Fuchs. "Differential Spread of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus in California and New York Vineyards." Phytobiomes Journal 3, no. 3 (January 2019): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-04-19-0020-r.
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Limited information is available on the spread dynamics of grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV, genus Grablovirus, family Geminiviridae) in vineyards. In this study, we investigated red blotch disease progress in three vineyards with a disparate initial inoculum prevalence. Secondary spread was documented in Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet franc vineyards in California, but not in a Merlot vineyard in New York. Increase in annual disease incidence (4.8, 0.13, and 0%) was unrelated to the estimated initial source of inoculum at planting (1, 40, and 40%) in the Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot vineyards, respectively. Limited genetic diversity of GRBV populations in newly infected vines supported localized spread in California vineyards, and suggested the planting material as the primary source of inoculum. Among the community of hemipteran insects visiting two of the three study vineyards, populations of Spissistilus festinus, the vector of GRBV, were absent in the Merlot vineyard and low in the Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard. Furthermore, all cover crop samples collected from GRBV-infected California vineyards each spring of 2016 to 2018, particularly legume species which are preferred hosts of S. festinus, tested negative for GRBV, suggesting a minimal role, if any, in GRBV spread as inoculum reservoirs. Together our findings illustrate differential disease progress in distinct vineyard ecosystems, and support the elimination of virus inoculum sources as an actionable disease management strategy across vineyards.
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Terrón, J. M., J. Blanco, F. J. Moral, L. A. Mancha, D. Uriarte, and J. R. Marques da Silva. "Precision agriculture suitability to improve vineyard terroir management." SOIL Discussions 1, no. 1 (November 25, 2014): 947–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-947-2014.
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Abstract. Precision agriculture is a useful tool to assess plant growth and development in vineyards. Current study was focused in the spatial and temporal vegetation growth variability analysis; considering four irrigation treatments with four replicates; carried out in a vineyard located in the southwest of Spain during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Two multispectral sensors mounted on ATV were used in the different growing seasons/stages in order to calculate the vineyard Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Soil apparent Electrical Conductivity (ECa) was measured up to 0.8 m soil depth using a geophysical sensor. All measured data was statistically analysed by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The spatial and temporal NDVI and ECa variations showed relevant differences between irrigation treatments and climatological years.
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Cogato, Alessia, Andrea Pezzuolo, Claus Grøn Sørensen, Roberta De Bei, Marco Sozzi, and Francesco Marinello. "A GIS-Based Multicriteria Index to Evaluate the Mechanisability Potential of Italian Vineyard Area." Land 9, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110469.
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Planting criteria of new vineyards should comply with rational and sustainable criteria, taking into account the potential mechanisability of existing viticultural areas. However, an established methodology for this assessment is still lacking. This study aimed at analysing the parameters which influence the vineyard mechanisability, with the objective to propose a new mechanisability index. The mechanisability index proposed was based on GIS-analysis of landscape and management parameters such as mean slope, shape of the vineyard block, length-width ratio, headland size, training system and row spacing. We identified a sample of 3686 vineyards in Italy. Based on the above-mentioned parameters, vineyards were categorised by their level of mechanisability (l.m.) into four classes. Moreover, we analysed the correlation between l.m. and economic indicators (area planted with vineyard and wine production). Results showed that the main factors limiting the mechanisability potential of some Italian regions are the elevated slopes, horizontal training systems and narrow vine spacings. The l.m. showed a moderate positive correlation with the size of vineyards and the volume and value of production. The methodology presented in this study may be easily applied to other viticultural areas around the world, serving as a management decision-making tool.
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Bogunovic, Igor, Leon Josip Telak, and Paulo Pereira. "Experimental Comparison of Runoff Generation and Initial Soil Erosion Between Vineyards and Croplands of Eastern Croatia: A Case Study." Air, Soil and Water Research 13 (January 2020): 117862212092832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622120928323.
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Soil and water loss in agricultural fields is a global problem. Although studies about soil erosion in croplands and vineyards exist, the direct comparison between these land uses is missing, especially under continental climates in Europe. Therefore, it is needed to find control measures to the impacts of these land-use management strategies on soil properties and hydrological response. The objective of this work is to estimate and compare the impacts of croplands and vineyards under conventional management croplands and vineyards on soil properties (water holding capacity—WHC; bulk density—BD; soil water content—SWC; water stable aggregates—WSA; mean weight diameter—MWD; soil organic matter—SOM; available phosphorus—AP; total nitrogen—TN) and hydrological response (runoff—Run; sediment content—SC; sediment loss—SL; carbon loss—C loss; phosphorus loss—P loss; nitrogen loss—N loss) in Eastern Croatia. To achieve these goals, a study was set up using rainfall simulation tests at 58 mm h−1 over 30 minutes on 2 locations (Zmajevac: 45°48′N; 18°46′E; Erdut: 45°30′N; 19°01′E). In total, 32 rainfall simulations were carried out, 8 repetitions in vineyards and 8 in cropland plots of 0.876 m2, per location. Bulk density was significantly higher in cropland plots compared with the vineyard. Soil water content was significantly higher in Zmajevac cropland compared with Erdut plots. Also, SWC was significantly lower in Zmajevac vineyard than in the cropland located in the same area. Water stable aggregates and MWD were significantly higher in vineyard plots than in the cropland. Also, SOM and TN were significantly lower in Zmajevac cropland compared with the vineyard located in the same area. Available phosphorus was significantly high in Zmajevac plots than in Erdut. The rainfall simulations showed that Run was significantly higher in Erdut vineyard (8.2 L m−2) compared with Zmajevac (3.8 L m−2). Also, the Run in Erdut Cropland was significantly lower than in the vineyard. Sediment content did not show significant differences among locations. In Erdut, vineyard plots had a significantly lower SL (28.0 g m−2) than the cropland ones (39.1 g m−2). C loss was significantly higher in Zmajevac cropland than in Erdut. Also, C loss was significantly lower in Zmajevac vineyard compared with the cropland. We did not observe significant differences in P loss, and N loss also did not show significant differences. The principal component analysis showed that SOM was associated with WSA, AP, and TN. These variables were negatively related to slope, SWC, and C loss (factor 1). Also, MWD was inversely related to SL, P, and N loss (factor 2). Bulk density and SC were negatively related to Run. Overall, we conclude that noninvertive tillage practices in vineyards preserve soil structure, enhance soil quality, and reduce the extent of soil degradation.
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Rodrigo-Comino, Jesús, Christine Brings, Thomas Iserloh, Markus C. Casper, Manuel Seeger, José M. Senciales, Eric C. Brevik, José D. Ruiz-Sinoga, and Johannes B. Ries. "Temporal changes in soil water erosion on sloping vineyards in the Ruwer- Mosel Valley. The impact of age and plantation works in young and old vines." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 65, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2017-0022.
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AbstractIt is well known that rainfall causes soil erosion in sloping German vineyards, but little is known about the effect of age of plantation on soil erosion, which is relevant to understand and design sustainable management systems. In the Ruwer-Mosel valley, young (1- to 4-years) and old (35- to 38-years after the plantation) vineyards were selected to assess soil and water losses by using two-paired Gerlach troughs over three years (2013-2015). In the young vineyard, the overland flow was 107 L m-1and soil loss 1000 g m-1in the year of the plantation, and decreased drastically over the two subsequent years (19 L m-1; 428 g m-1). In the old vineyard, soil (from 1081 g m-1to 1308 g m-1) and water (from 67 L m-1to 102 L m-1) losses were 1.2 and 1.63 times higher, respectively, than in the young vineyard.
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Capello, Giorgio, Marcella Biddoccu, and Eugenio Cavallo. "Permanent cover for soil and water conservation in mechanized vineyards: A study case in Piedmont, NW Italy." Italian Journal of Agronomy 15, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1763.
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Vineyards’ soils are especially threatened by the risk of soil compaction and soil erosion, with negative consequences for wine production and provisioning of ecosystem services. The adopted inter-rows soil management influences the response of vineyard to different types of rainfall events, in terms of runoff and soil erosion. Actually, the use of cover crops in vineyards is widely considered as an effective measure for conservation of water and soil. A 3-years study was carried out in Piedmont (NW Italy) to evaluate the effectiveness of grass cover as a soil water conservation measure, compared with tillage, and particularly the influence of different types of rainfall events and tractor traffic in determining hydrological and erosive response of the vineyard. During the investigation period (November 2016 - December 2019), climate variables, runoff, and soil losses were continuously monitored along with vineyard management operations. Very different yearly precipitation characterized the observed period, including the driest and wettest year in the last 20 years. Runoff and soil erosion caused by different types of rainfall events (long-lasting, intense and normal) in two vineyard’s plots managed with permanent grass cover and tillage, respectively, have been compared. In addition, the influence of the number of tractor traffic was taken into account. Runoff volume was principally affected by soil management, while sediment yield was influenced by the type of event. Both were higher in the tilled plot than in the grassed one, for all types of events, even if differences were not always significant. Grass cover reduced by 65% the runoff, with the highest efficiency during intense events. Soil losses were reduced on average by 72%, with 74% efficiency during the most erosive intense events and the lowest protection (56%) during long-lasting rainfall. Moreover, the response of grass cover plot was less influenced by traffication. The study demonstrates the efficiency of grass cover in reducing water and soil losses also during extreme events, that are predicted to be more frequent in the climate change scenario.
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Burgio, G., E. Marchesini, N. Reggiani, G. Montepaone, P. Schiatti, and D. Sommaggio. "Habitat management of organic vineyard in Northern Italy: the role of cover plants management on arthropod functional biodiversity." Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, no. 6 (June 17, 2016): 759–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000493.
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AbstractThe effect of cover plants on arthropod functional biodiversity was investigated in a vineyard in Northern Italy, through a 3-year field experiment. The following six ground cover plants were tested: Sweet Alyssum; Phacelia; Buckwheat; Faba Bean; Vetch and Oat; control. Arthropods were sampled using different techniques, including collection of leaves, vacuum sampling and sweeping net. Ground cover plant management significantly affected arthropod fauna, including beneficial groups providing ecosystem services like biological control against pests. Many beneficial groups were attracted by ground cover treatments in comparison with control, showing an aggregative numerical response in the plots managed with some of the selected plant species. Alyssum, Buckwheat and ‘Vetch and Oat’ mixture showed attractiveness on some Hymenoptera parasitoid families, which represented 72.3% of the insects collected by sweeping net and 45.7 by vacuum sampling. Phytoseiidae mites showed a significant increase on leaves of the vineyard plots managed with ground covers, in comparison with control, although they did not show any difference among the treatments. In general, the tested ground cover treatments did not increase dangerous Homoptera populations in comparison with control, with the exception of Alyssum. The potential of ground cover plant management in Italian vineyards is discussed: the overall lack of potential negative effects of the plants tested, combined with an aggregative numerical response for many beneficials, seems to show a potential for their use in Northern Italy vineyards.
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Kovács, Barnabás, Csaba Dobolyi, Flóra Sebők, László Kocsis, and Zoltán Tóth. "Effect of Vineyard Floor Management on Seasonal Changes of Cultivable Fungal Diversity in the Rhizosphere." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110534.
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Vineyard floor management has been widely discussed for many decades, but it is still unclear how its intensity levels change the fungal community structure of grape rhizosphere. Our objective was to examine the density and rate of the habitats of fungi in three vineyards that differ only in the methods of tillage procedure applied, namely intensive, extensive and none (abandoned). The hypothesis was that in the cases of lower intensity or no soil tillage, there would be a higher level of fungal diversity with a lower ratio of pathogen strains in grape rhizosphere. In the course of this research, it has been determined that the level of fungal colonization of roots is the highest in the extensively managed vineyard, unrelated to season (spring and summer). Four of the five fungal genera detectable in all of the three sampled vineyards are registered as opportunist grape pathogens, however the fifth one, Trichoderma, is commonly used in biological plant protection. The diversity of fungal communities in grape rhizosphere, in accordance with the expectations, was the lowest in the intensively cultivated and highest in the abandoned vineyard, and it was not affected by seasons. The proportion of opportunist plant pathogen groups was higher in the intensive variant than in the other two (less-intensive variants); therefore, it is possible to conclude that soil under similar conditions but disturbed by intensive tillage methods tends to exhibit lower suppressivity.
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dos Santos, Gláucia Cecília Gabrielli, Gustavo Souza Valladares, Cleide Aparecida Abreu, Otávio Antônio de Camargo, and Célia Regina Grego. "Assessment of Copper and Zinc in Soils of a Vineyard Region in the State of São Paulo, Brazil." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/790795.
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This soil acidification may increase the bioavailability of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in soils. The objective of this study was to verify the concentrations of Cu and Zn in soils of a vineyard region, including sample acidification, to simulate acid rain. The study was developed in an area of vineyard cultivation, with an adjacent land having other crops grown, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Soil samples were collected and GPS located under different uses and coverings. The extracted solutions used to determine the available Cu and Zn forms were diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), pH 7.3, and calcium chloride 0.01 M. The total forms were obtained by HNO3digestion. The amounts of Cu and Zn extracted using DTPA were considered high in most of the samples and were greater in the areas cultivated with vineyards that had received fungicide applications for several decades. The total forms were higher in vineyard soils. The amounts of Cu and Zn extracted using CaCl2did not have good correlation with vineyards or with other metals' forms. The results confirmed that the soil was enriched with Cu and Zn due to the management of the vineyards with chemicals for several decades.
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Dortzbach, Denilson, Shirlei Almeida Assunção, Marcos Gervasio Pereira, and Eduardo Carvalho da Silva Neto. "Fractions of soil organic matter in the vineyards of altitude regions in Santa Catarina." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4 (August 4, 2017): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4p1799.
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The implementation of agricultural systems such as viticulture can quantitatively and qualitatively affect the contents of soil organic matter (SOM). These changes may modify the edaphic features of the soil as well as the soil quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical and physical fraction of SOMand to analyze changes in the carbon stock and C management index in areas of implanted vineyards in altitude regions of Santa Catarina. Four regions were selected: Region I (Urubici); Region II (San Joaquim); Region III (Campos Novos) and Region IV (Água Doce). In each region, we selected vineyards implanted between 2001 and 2005 as well as surrounding forested areas. Disturbed and undisturbed samples were collected from the 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm layers of the soil. Samples were prepared in the laboratory to obtain air-dried soft soil, which was then used for the analysis of several parameters, namely total organic carbon (TOC), carbon stock,and chemical fractionation of the soil. The chemical fractionation was then used to determine carbon content in the fulvic acid fraction (C-FAF), humic acid fraction (C-HAF), and humin fraction (C-HUM). We also analyzed particle size, quantified the levels of particulate carbon (COp) and carbon associated with clay and silt (COam), and calculated the carbon management index (CMI). We evaluated normality and homogeneity for all data. The results were evaluated with an analysis of variance and subsequent F-test. Mean values were compared using a 5% Student’s t-test and subsequently submitted to a Tukey’s test. The highest TOC levels were observed in Region II in the 0-5 cm layer in both vineyard and forested areas. Vineyard areas exhibited lower values of TOC, Cop, and COam compared to forested areas indicating that the management adopted in these areas contributed to the reduction of these fractions. Forested areas exhibited a higher proportion of Cop compared to vineyard areas. The humin fraction represented the largest portion of the TOC and comprised the highest values in both forested and vineyard areas. The carbon management index indicated a low contribution of vineyard areas or a reduction in carbon storage in their soils.
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Marín-Martínez, Antonio, Alberto Sanz-Cobeña, Mª Angeles Bustamante, Enrique Agulló, and Concepción Paredes. "Effect of Organic Amendment Addition on Soil Properties, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Grape Yield in Semi-Arid Vineyard Agroecosystems." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 25, 2021): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081477.
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In semi-arid vineyard agroecosystems, highly vulnerable in the context of climate change, the soil organic matter (OM) content is crucial to the improvement of soil fertility and grape productivity. The impact of OM, from compost and animal manure, on soil properties (e.g., pH, oxidisable organic C, organic N, NH4+-N and NO3−-N), grape yield and direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in vineyards was assessed. For this purpose, two wine grape varieties were chosen and managed differently: with a rain-fed non-trellising vineyard of Monastrell, a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard of Monastrell and a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard of Cabernet Sauvignon. The studied fertiliser treatments were without organic amendments (C), sheep/goat manure (SGM) and distillery organic waste compost (DC). The SGM and DC treatments were applied at a rate of 4600 kg ha−1 (fresh weight, FW) and 5000 kg ha−1 FW, respectively. The use of organic amendments improved soil fertility and grape yield, especially in the drip-irrigated trellising vineyards. Increased CO2 emissions were coincident with higher grape yields and manure application (maximum CO2 emissions = 1518 mg C-CO2 m−2 d−1). In contrast, N2O emissions, mainly produced through nitrification, were decreased in the plots showing higher grape production (minimum N2O emissions = −0.090 mg N2O-N m−2 d−1). In all plots, the CH4 fluxes were negative during most of the experiment (−1.073−0.403 mg CH4-C m−2 d−1), indicating that these ecosystems can represent a significant sink for atmospheric CH4. According to our results, the optimal vineyard management, considering soil properties, yield and GHG mitigation together, was the use of compost in a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard with the grape variety Monastrell.
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Novara, Agata, Valeria Favara, Amelia Novara, Nicola Francesca, Tanino Santangelo, Pietro Columba, Stefania Chironi, Marzia Ingrassia, and Luciano Gristina. "Soil Carbon Budget Account for the Sustainability Improvement of a Mediterranean Vineyard Area." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030336.
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Sustainable viticulture is suggested as an interesting strategy for achieving the objectives of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction in terms of mitigation and adaptation. However, knowledge and quantification of the contribution of sustainable vineyard management on climate change impact are needed. Although it is widely assessed by several authors that the agricultural stage has a great impact in the wine chain, very few studies have evaluated the greenhouse gas emission in this phase including the ability of soil to sequester carbon (C) or the off-farm C loss by erosion. This work aimed to provide a vineyard carbon budget (vCB) tool to quantify the impact of grape production on GHG emission including the effects of environmental characteristics and agricultural practices. The vCB was estimated considering four different soil management scenarios: conventional tillage (CT), temporary cover crop with a leguminous species in alternate inter-rows (ACC), temporary cover crop with a leguminous species (CC), permanent cover crop (PCC). The estimation of vCB was applied at territory level in a viticulture area in Sicily (2468 ha of vineyard) using empirical data. Results of the present study showed that the environmental characteristics strongly affect the sustainability of vineyard management; the highest contribution to total CO2 emission is, in fact, given by the C losses by erosion in sloping vineyards. Soils of studied vineyards are a source of CO2 due to the low C inputs and high mineralization rate, except for soil managed by CC which can sequester soil C, contributing positively to vCB. The highest total CO2 emission was estimated in vineyards under CT management (2.31 t ha−1y−1), followed by CC (1.27 t ha−1y−1), ACC (0.69 t ha−1y−1) and PCC (0.64 t ha−1y−1). Findings of vCB applied at territory level highlighted the key role of the evaluation of carbon budget (CB) on a larger scale to identify the CO2 emission in relation to climatic and environmental factors. The present study could contribute to provide suggestions to policymakers and farmers for reducing GHG emissions and promote more sustainable grape production practices.
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Mania, Elena, Fabio Petrella, Matteo Giovannozzi, Mauro Piazzi, Alena Wilson, and Silvia Guidoni. "Managing Vineyard Topography and Seasonal Variability to Improve Grape Quality and Vineyard Sustainability." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061142.
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Topography may induce variability in meteorological conditions at the meso-scale level and could influence grape quality. Understanding the impact of topography on grape ripening allows for the development of sustainable management practices that include topographical influences in their consideration. This is also important for applying proactive strategies able to counter the expected changes of climate. This study was conducted on cv. Nebbiolo vineyards in North-West Italy. The topographic traits were performed in 17 vineyards within the region, which had previously been identified as belonging to different terroir units. An analysis of historical meteorological data series was also carried out to characterize the units from the meteorological point of view. The grape composition was investigated during 2012 and 2013. Based on the topography traits, a Cluster Analysis classified the 17 vineyards into four groups. Differences among groups mainly concerned insolation and heat accumulation. Topography influenced the individual components of grape quality differently depending on the seasonal weather trend. Interactions between topography and vintage were observed for a few parameters. Better understanding the grapevine reaction to external factors/site characteristics can allow for improved site and season-specific management decision making and can contribute to improving vineyard sustainability while maintaining winery objectives and wine typicity.
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Voegel, Tanja M., and Louise M. Nelson. "Quantification of Agrobacterium vitis from Grapevine Nursery Stock and Vineyard Soil using Droplet Digital PCR." Plant Disease 102, no. 11 (November 2018): 2136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-18-0342-re.
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Current detection methodologies for Agrobacterium vitis, causing crown gall of grapevines, are time intensive and lack the ability to quantify pathogen abundance in nursery stock and soil. Information on pathogen abundance is a key component to develop management strategies. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive quantification assay for grapevine nursery stock and vineyard soil via droplet digital polymerase chain reaction targeting the virA gene. DNA isolated from roots of dormant grapevines originating from nurseries in Germany, California, and Ontario were tested for virA abundance. Bacterial numbers varied with grapevine origin; plants from California had the highest numbers. In addition, rhizosphere soil from two vineyards in the Okanagan valley in British Columbia was tested over a growing season. Sampling time during the season did not affect virA gene abundance. The older vineyard had higher soil A. vitis populations than the younger vineyard. The assay developed here has potential for use in national clean plant programs to prevent import of infected grapevine nursery stock and to test vineyard soil for abundance of the pathogen before planting.
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Marques, Cláudia Brazil, Dr Fabrício Moraes de Almeida, Carlos Alberto Paraguassú-Chaves, Carla Dolezel Trindade, Simão Aznar Filho, Simão Dolezel Aznar, Carlos Alberto Dolezel Trindade, Levi Pereira Granja de Souza, Ricardo Guanabara, and Anselmo Ruiz Rodriguez. "PRODUCTION AND DESIGN SYSTEM IN THE TERRITORY OF VITICULTURE." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss8.3279.
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The cultivation of vineyards is connected with the history of humanity and with the transformations of spaces and places that in a dynamic and harmonious way provide enchantment and the production of a secular product. With the evolution of the market and changes in natural resources, a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to the cultivation of vineyards became necessary, be it in the revision, management systems and also, particularities of each soil, relief, climate, landscape to design a system for growing vines. The aim of the study: to characterize the design of the biodynamic vineyard. To this end, a descriptive case study with qualitative analysis was carried out, interviews were conducted with two owners who use the cultivation system, biodynamic agriculture. It is concluded that the need to plan the vineyard requires holistic knowledge of the entire wine production system
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Ragasová, Lucia, Tomáš Kopta, Jan Winkler, and Robert Pokluda. "The Current Stage of Greening Vegetation in Selected Wine-Regions of South Moravian Region (Czech Republic)." Agronomy 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090541.
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Viticulture, as a large part of the agriculture sector of the South Moravian Region, represents significant erosion-prone land use in which soils face various agronomic issues, such as poor organic carbon levels, erosion, and fertility loss. Service crops providing a so-called ecosystem service can reduce erosion and runoff, regulate pests and weeds and increase soil organic matter and fertility. However, these crops may generate some disservices, such as water and nutrient competition; and thus, it is important for winegrowers to find applicable options for service crops depending on local soil, climate conditions, and the expected service. Inter-row management in the South Moravian Region varies from bare soils to grass cover to different types of cover with herbaceous (flowering) species. A total of 113 vineyard sites were evaluated during the years 2016 and 2017. This study presents the actual state of inter-row management in vineyards and comparison within six wine-growing regions. A two-year evaluation shows significant differences in prevalent greening management between regions. Bare soil in vineyards, the most erosion-prone vineyard floor management, appear from 10% (e.g., Bzenec, Valtice) to 19% (e.g., Mikulov, V. Bílovice) of vineyard area within evaluated regions. Bare soil management is mostly used in new plantations to reduce water and nutrient competition; however, the erosion and the runoff rates are generally higher on this variant compared to other types of cover crop management, especially on slopes. Although, alternate greening is the most used type occurring from 50% to 74% of vineyards area in five of the six selected regions, the type of inter-row vegetation differs considerably. While in Bzenec and Mikulov there is a higher appearance of herbaceous cover with native species in later succession stages, in Velké Bílovice and Valtice grass cover and commercial plant mixtures are more frequent. Knowledge current stage can be useful for planning new plantation or anti-erosion measures.
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Silva, Darliane Evangelho, Joseane Moreira Nascimento, Anderson De Azevedo Meira, Liana Johann, Luiz Liberato Costa Corrêa, Raúl Rodrigues, and Noeli Juarez Ferla. "Phytoseiid mites under different vineyard managements in the subregions of Lima and Cávado of the Vinho Verde region in Portugal." Systematic and Applied Acarology 24, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.24.5.13.
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Knowledge about phytoseiid species associated with vines is a preliminary step in the development and implementation of integrated management strategies against phytophagous mites such as Panonychus ulmi. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative survey of phytoseiids present in abandoned, organically managed, and conventionally managed vineyards, as well as to compare ecological indices in these production systems. Samplings were conducted between July and September 2017 in vineyards situated in the Subregions of Lima and Cávado, the Vinho Verde region. A total of 50 leaves/vineyard were collected from 12 vineyards, kept in containers at low temperature and taken to Escola Superior Agrária-Instituto Politécnico Viana do Castelo to be screened under a stereoscope microscope. A total of 3.153 phytoseiid mites were sampled, belonging to eight species distributed across the vineyards analyzed. The most common species were Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) pyri (45.7%), Kampimodromus aberrans (39%), and Phytoseius macropilis (8.7%). Higher richness occurred in abandoned vineyards, with seven species, and the most abundant were K. aberrans (46.5%) and T. (T.) pyri (28.9%). Only two predatory species were present (in similar proportions) in organically managed vineyards, T. (T.) pyri and K. aberrans, while T. (T.) pyri predominated in conventionally managed vineyards (93.8%). Kampimodromus aberrans, P. macropilis, and T. (T.) pyri were eudominant in abandoned vineyards while K. aberrans and T. (T.) pyri were eudominant in organic vineyards. Typhlodromus (T.) pyri was eudominant and T. (T.) exhilaratus was dominant in conventionally managed vineyards. Therefore, we might conclude that phytoseiid abundance significantly differs among vineyard management types, with higher ecological indices in abandoned vineyards, and lower indices in conventional managed vineyards in the northern region of Portugal.
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Schaffernicht, Martin FG. "Causal attributions of vineyard executives – A mental model study of vineyard management ☆." Wine Economics and Policy 6, no. 2 (December 2017): 107–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wep.2017.09.002.
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Uzman, Deniz, Martin H. Entling, Ilona Leyer, and Annette Reineke. "Mutual and Opposing Responses of Carabid Beetles and Predatory Wasps to Local and Landscape Factors in Vineyards." Insects 11, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110746.
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Preserving agro-biodiversity is one of the main means at the moment to counteract the global biodiversity crisis. Vineyard inter-rows offer vegetation covers which could function as foraging grounds for arthropods. Furthermore, organic management and enhanced landscape complexity often support biodiversity. Here, species richness and abundance of two groups of arthropod predators in vineyards were studied. Fifteen pairs of organically and conventionally managed vineyards were chosen along a gradient of landscape complexity in Rhine-Hesse, Germany. Carabid beetles were sampled using pitfall traps and cavity-nesting wasps with trap nests, respectively. Proportions of different land-use types surrounding the vineyards were calculated and inter-row vegetation cover was characterized. Species richness and abundances of both predator groups were not significantly affected by the management system. Likewise, increased cover of semi-natural habitats in the surrounding landscape did not promote their diversity or abundance. Instead, the increasing cover of annual crops diminished both groups. Cavity-nesting wasps profited from dense inter-row vegetation cover, while carabids were disadvantaged. The results indicate that distinct taxa within the same trophic group can respond oppositely to vineyard management. Thus, inter-row vegetation management with densely and sparsely vegetated elements might be best to support predator diversity. Overall, our results suggest that organic viticulture alone is insufficient to assist the studied insect groups, and that other local and landscape management options are needed for their protection.
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Maciejewska, M., É. Miklósy, and B. Bálo. "Wine differentiation of vineyard management regimes." Acta Alimentaria 35, no. 4 (December 2006): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aalim.35.2006.4.2.
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Brazil Marques, Cláudia, and Fabríci o Moraes de Almeida. "Decision Making in Biodynamic Vineyard Management." Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health 5, no. 5 (March 27, 2021): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asnh.2020.05.0860.
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Sáenz-Romo, María Gloria, Ariadna Veas-Bernal, Héctor Martínez-García, Sergio Ibáñez-Pascual, Elena Martínez-Villar, Raquel Campos-Herrera, Vicente Santiago Marco-Mancebón, and Ignacio Pérez-Moreno. "Effects of Ground Cover Management on Insect Predators and Pests in a Mediterranean Vineyard." Insects 10, no. 12 (November 23, 2019): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120421.
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Conservative techniques, such as ground cover management, could help promote viticulture sustainability, which is a goal of conservation biological control, by providing shelter and food sources for predatory insects. A field experiment was conducted in a Mediterranean vineyard to evaluate ground cover management impacts on predatory insect and potential grapevine pest abundance and diversity, both on the ground and in the grapevine canopy. Three different ground cover management techniques (tillage, spontaneous cover and flower-driven cover) were tested for two years (2016 and 2017). Overall, the ground cover management significantly affected the abundance of important epigeal predators, of which carabids, forficulids and staphylinids were the most captured. The carabid abundances under both the cover crop treatments were found to be approximately three times higher compared with that under the tillage treatment. In contrast, the canopy insect abundance in the vineyard was similar among the treatments for both the predators and the potential grapevine pest species. These results indicate that cover crop vegetation can be used in vineyards to enhance predatory insect abundance and may improve agroecosystem resilience.
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Bindi, Marco, and Paulo A. L. D. Nunes. "Vineyards and Vineyard Management Related to Ecosystem Services: Experiences from a Wide Range of Enological Regions in the Context of Global Climate Change." Journal of Wine Economics 11, no. 1 (May 2016): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2016.2.
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This special symposium focuses on the analysis of climate change impacts on the spatial dimension of vineyard land use. This includes the analysis of projections of current vineyard areas that are lost due to climate change, those that are retained despite climate change, and new vineyard areas that are created due to climate change. The analysis explores the use of GIS over regional and global scales. Furthermore, this symposium sheds light on the socioeconomic dimension of climate change impacts on the wine industry and viticulture by exploring the use of an ecosystem service approach. Such an economic sector is responsible for the provision of a wide range of cobenefits in addition to wine products. These include biodiversity protection and cultural services, including landscape values and ecotourism benefits (see Nunes and Loureiro, forthcoming). In this context, this symposium endorses the ecosystem service approach to the management of vineyards as a regional strategic plan to promote sustainable development. This embraces a broad range of issues including (1) the improvement of people's quality of life; (2) the increase of prospects for more jobs in rural areas; and (3) the protection of regional commons, including both biodiversity and cultural heritage–oriented commons.
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Hrabovský, Andrej, Pavel Dlapa, Artemi Cerdà, and Jozef Kollár. "The Impacts of Vineyard Afforestation on Soil Properties, Water Repellency and Near-Saturated Infiltration in the Little Carpathians Mountains." Water 12, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092550.
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Vineyards are a 7000-year-old land-use tradition and both management and abandonment have result in altered soil properties. These have a great effect on water resources and soil services, and this inspired our investigation into the effects of land-use and land-use change on soils in the Modra wine-growing region in South-western Slovakia. Ten topsoil samples were taken at each of the seven research sites (n = 70) on granite parent material in cultivated and afforested vineyards and original forest soils. Laboratory analyses included determination of soil texture, organic carbon content, soil pH, and water repellency. This was supplemented by infiltration measurements under near-saturated conditions at the vineyard and afforested study sites. Studied soils have a low clay content and a high proportion of sand. The vineyard soils have significantly higher pH than the forest and afforested soils because the naturally acidic soils have been limed. The forest and afforested soils have similar properties, with higher organic carbon content. This makes them strongly to extremely water repellent and contrasts sharply with the wettability of cultivated vineyard soils. One afforested site, however, was less acidic and therefore was considered transitional between forest and vineyard soils. Our infiltration measurements established the influence of soil water repellency on the infiltration process, and our results highlighted that the infiltration rate in the vineyard soils was significantly higher than in afforested soils. The infiltration rate also gradually increased over time in afforested soils due to decreasing water repellency. Physically impossible negative sorptivity values in afforested soils were noted because of changes in water repellency during the infiltration process. Finally, we conclude that soil afforestation results in increased soil water repellency and a subsequent reduction in the infiltration rate at the matrix scale.
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Pascuzzi, Simone, Alexandros Sotirios Anifantis, and Francesco Santoro. "The Concept of a Compact Profile Agricultural Tractor Suitable for Use on Specialised Tree Crops." Agriculture 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040123.
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This study firstly examined certain methods of vineyard management typically adopted in Apulia for both table grapes and wine grapes. In the later phenological stages, guyot or spurred cordon vineyards have extremely abundant vegetation, which drastically limits the space available between the rows for the passage of a tractor, even for a narrow-track vehicle. On the other hand, vegetation in tendone vineyards is situated at approximately 1.90 m above the soil surface, so that total tractor height must be compatible with this cultivation method. Foliage canopies in these types of vineyard cultivation system were evaluated at the times of their maximum growth in order to identify the maximum possible size of a prototype tractor that would be able to pass between vineyard rows without interfering in any way with the vegetation and fruits. Using the results of field measurements, it was established that the prototype tractor must have a maximum height of 1600 mm, with a minimum front axle track of less than 1100 mm and a back axle track of less than 1000 mm. A tractor built to these specifications is now being tested in order to compare its performance with that of other tractors commonly used in Apulia in various agricultural contexts.
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Nita, M., M. A. Ellis, and L. V. Madden. "Variation in Disease Incidence of Phomopsis Cane and Leaf Spot of Grape in Commercial Vineyards in Ohio." Plant Disease 92, no. 7 (July 2008): 1053–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-7-1053.
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A statewide survey for incidence of Phomopsis cane and leaf spot of grape (caused by Phomopsis viticola) was conducted during the 2002 to 2004 growing seasons. Over the 3 years, disease was observed in all surveyed vineyards, and mean disease incidence for leaves and internodes was 42 and 50%, respectively. A hierarchical linear mixed model was used to evaluate effects of region, farm within region, vineyard within farm, sampling site (i.e., vine) within vineyard, and shoot (i.e., cane) within vine on disease incidence. Region of the state did not have a significant effect on incidence but there was significant variation at all other levels of the hierarchy (P < 0.05); the greatest variation was at the lowest scale (shoots within vines). The potential effects of weather and management practices on disease risk at the vineyard scale were determined by using nonparametric correlation and binary logistic analyses after first classifying mean incidence per vineyard as being below or above 20% (D20 = 0,1) and 40% (D40 = 0,1). Overall results indicated that variables for predicted number of moderate infection events (DM; based on ambient temperature and hours when either there was measured rainfall or relative humidity above 90%), the extent of fungicide application (C) during early- and mid-May (M1 and M2, respectively), and the use of a dormant-period application of fungicide (DOR) were the key factors in predicting disease risk (for either D20 or D40). Accuracy (percentage of high and low disease vineyards correctly predicted) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (an overall measure of the accuracy of a model) for a generic model combining these predictor variables were 74 and 0.84, respectively, for D40 and 87 and 0.97, respectively, for D20. Models based on management practices were as accurate as those that incorporated weather variables. Although the degree of control of this disease is inadequate in Ohio, based on the survey results for incidence, the results from the risk-model analysis showed that improved management might be obtained by applying fungicide early during the growing season.
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Bramley, Robert G. V., and R. P. Hamilton. "Terroir and precision viticulture: are they compatible ?" OENO One 41, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2007.41.1.855.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: The aims of this work were to see whether the traditional regionallybased view of terroir is supported by our new ability to use the tools of Precision Viticulture to acquire detailed measures of vineyard productivity, soil attributes and topography at high spatial resolution.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and Results</strong>: A range of sources of spatial data (yield mapping, remote sensing, digital elevation models), along with data derived from hand sampling of vines were used to investigate within-vineyard variability in vineyards in the Sunraysia and Padthaway regions of Australia. Zones of characteristic performance were identified within these vineyards. Sensory analysis of fruit and wines derived from these zones confirm that contrasting wines may derive from different areas within the same, uniformly-managed vineyard.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The performance of vineyards is variable whether yield, fruit quality, wine quality, wine style or value is the measure of interest. The tools of Precision Viticulture enable both growers, winemakers and researchers to see that within vineyards deemed characteristic of a region, terroir is spatially variable at the within-vineyard scale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: Whilst precision viticulture raises questions about the utility of the concept of terroir at regional scales, it has much to offer in promoting robust understanding of the impacts of soil and land attributes on grape and wine production, and thus, how management practices might be modified to gain greater control over fruit and wine quality. Accordingly, at least some of the elements of terroir can be considered to be manageable.</p>
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Šimanský, V., and D. Bajčan. "Stability of soil aggregates and their ability of carbon sequestration." Soil and Water Research 9, No. 3 (August 6, 2014): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/106/2013-swr.
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One of the most important binding agents for forming stable aggregates is a soil organic matter (SOM), which can be retained in various size fractions of aggregates. If aggregates are water-resistant, they retain more carbon. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of aggregates and their ability of carbon sequestration in different soil types and soil management systems in Slovakian vineyards. The highest content of water-stable macro-aggregates (WSA<sub>ma</sub>) was determined in Cambisols, and the lowest in Fluvisols. The highest content of WSA<sub>ma</sub> (size fraction 0.5–3 mm) was determined in Chernozems, decreasing within the following sequence: Fluvisols > Leptosols > Cambisols > Luvisols. The soil type had a statistically significant influence on the re-distribution of soil organic matter in size fractions of water-stable aggregates. The highest content of SOM in water-stable aggregates of the vineyards was determined in grassy strips in-between the vineyard rows in comparison to intensively cultivated rows of vineyard. The highest values of carbon sequestration capacity (CSC) in WSA<sub>ma</sub> were found in Cambisols > Leptosols and the lowest values of CSC were in Fluvisols. The micro-aggregates represented a significant carbon reservoir for the intensively cultivated soils (rows of vineyard). On the other hand, increasing of macro-aggregates (size fraction 0.5–3 mm) was characteristic for grassland soils (between the rows of vineyard).
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De Salvo, Maria, Diego Begalli, Roberta Capitello, Lara Agnoli, and Efthalia Tabouratzi. "Determinants of winegrowers’ profitability: evidence from an Eastern Europe wine region." EuroMed Journal of Business 12, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/emjb-12-2016-0043.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the main determinants of winegrowers’ profitability in Eastern Europe with the ultimate purpose to improve the wine industry competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach The research is focussed on the Moldova region (Romania), a little studied wine-growing area that presents potential for the future development of the wine industry. A hierarchical approach is applied to consider the simultaneous effects of climate aspects, vineyard features, winegrowers’ characteristics and management practices on vineyards’ profitability. The model is based on data from 274 vineyards managed by 64 winegrowers, where 32 different grape varieties are cultivated in different districts. Different scenarios are simulated and alternative policies are analysed. Findings Climate aspects and human factors, particularly the educational level and type of agriculture practiced, emerge as main determinants. Farmers’ climate change perceptions also have a primary role. The grape variety affects profitability differences across vineyards at a lower extent. Research limitations/implications The study suggests an approach easily replicable to other viticultural contexts. Practical implications Results are useful for policymakers in order to forecast the impact of policies devoted to improving the wine industry competitiveness in Eastern Europe. Originality/value The study presents a micro-scale analysis in which the effects of climate aspects, vineyard features, winegrowers’ characteristics and management practices are simultaneously estimated. It also produces new knowledge in a little studied wine region.
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Delate, Kathleen, Andrea McKern, and Michelle Kirkland. "(378) Weed Management in Organic Grapes." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1068B—1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1068b.
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Iowa was the sixth largest producer of grapes in the United States in the early 1900s, with 24,000 ha under production. The rapid expansion of petrochemicals post-World War II and grape's sensitivity to 2,4-D herbicides reduced vineyard size in Iowa to 28 ha in 2001. Recent state governmental support for organic fruit research and viticulture in general has led to the expansion of the grape and wine industry in Iowa. As of 2001, 5883 ha of organic grapes were produced in the United States. Challenges to organic grape production in the Midwest include diseases and weeds. The cultivation of American grape cultivars is essential in organic viticulture in the Midwest, including cultivars that are relatively cold hardy and disease tolerant. From 2003 to 2004, we experimented on-farm at Kirkland Vineyards, Norwalk, Iowa, with methods of organically approved weed management. Three replications of plots consisting of five vines each of `Marechal Foch' were laid out in 2003 in a completely randomized design in a 1-year-old vineyard. Treatments consisted of wood chips, wood chips plus vinegar herbicide (All-Down™, Summer Set Co., Chaska, Minn.), and mowing when weeds and groundcover reached 15 cm. Wood chips decreased weed load significantly over mowing alone, but wood chips plus vinegar herbicide provided the most control over 2 years of the experiment. There was a trend toward greater plant height in the wood chip treatment, but no significant differences in plant height were observed among treatments.
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Castañeda, Luis E., and Olga Barbosa. "Metagenomic analysis exploring taxonomic and functional diversity of soil microbial communities in Chilean vineyards and surrounding native forests." PeerJ 5 (March 30, 2017): e3098. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3098.
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Mediterranean biomes are biodiversity hotspots, and vineyards are important components of the Mediterranean landscape. Over the last few decades, the amount of land occupied by vineyards has augmented rapidly, thereby increasing threats to Mediterranean ecosystems. Land use change and agricultural management have important effects on soil biodiversity, because they change the physical and chemical properties of soil. These changes may also have consequences on wine production considering that soil is a key component ofterroir. Here, we describe the taxonomic diversity and metabolic functions of bacterial and fungal communities present in forest and vineyard soils in Chile. To accomplish this goal, we collected soil samples from organic vineyards in central Chile and employed a shotgun metagenomic approach to sequence the microbial DNA. Additionally, we studied the surrounding native forest to obtain a baseline of the soil conditions in the area prior to the establishment of the vineyard. Our metagenomic analyses revealed that both habitats shared most of the soil microbial species. The most abundant genera in the two habitats were the bacteriaCandidatus SolibacterandBradyrhizobiumand the fungusGibberella. Our results suggest that the soil microbial communities are similar in these forests and vineyards. Therefore, we hypothesize that native forests surrounding the vineyards may be acting as a microbial reservoir buffering the effects of the land conversion. Regarding the metabolic diversity, we found that genes pertaining to the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides as well as genes involved in secondary metabolism were enriched in forest soils. On the other hand, genes related to miscellaneous functions were more abundant in vineyard soils. These results suggest that the metabolic function of microbes found in these habitats differs, though differences are not related to taxonomy. Finally, we propose that the implementation of environmentally friendly practices by the wine industry may help to maintain the microbial diversity and ecosystem functions associated with natural habitats.
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Capello, Giorgio, Marcella Biddoccu, Stefano Ferraris, and Eugenio Cavallo. "Effects of Tractor Passes on Hydrological and Soil Erosion Processes in Tilled and Grassed Vineyards." Water 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102118.
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Soil erosion is affected by rainfall temporal patterns and intensity variability. In vineyards, machine traffic is implemented with particular intensity from late spring to harvest, and it is responsible for soil compaction, which likely affects soil hydraulic properties, runoff, and soil erosion. Additionally, the hydraulic and physical properties of soil are highly influenced by vineyards’ inter-rows soil management. The effects on soil compaction and both hydrological and erosional processes of machine traffic were investigated on a sloping vineyard with different inter-row soil managements (tillage and permanent grass cover) in the Alto Monferrato area (Piedmont, NW Italy). During the investigation (November 2016–October 2018), soil water content, rainfall, runoff, and soil erosion were continuously monitored. Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil penetration resistance, and bulk density were recorded periodically in portions of inter-rows affected and not affected by the machine traffic. Very different yearly precipitation characterized the observed period, leading to higher bulk density and lower infiltration rates in the wetter year, especially in the tilled vineyard, whereas soil penetration resistance was generally higher in the grassed plot and in drier conditions. In the wet year, management with grass cover considerably reduced runoff (−76%) and soil loss (−83%) compared to tillage and in the dry season. Those results highlight the need to limit the tractor traffic, in order to reduce negative effects due to soil compaction, especially in tilled inter-rows.
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Morris, Justin R. "Development and Commercialization of a Complete Vineyard Mechanization System." HortTechnology 17, no. 4 (January 2007): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.4.411.
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A major research thrust of the University of Arkansas Enology and Viticulture Program for the past 37 years has been the development of a total vineyard mechanization system. This new system allows the mechanization of almost all practices in vineyard operations, including dormant and summer pruning, leaf removal, shoot and fruit thinning, canopy management, and harvesting while fruit quality is maintained or enhanced. Research efforts aimed to accomplish these tasks on the 12 major trellising systems used throughout the industry and to derive plans for the sequencing and timing of operations on each of the trellis systems. In 2002, the University of Arkansas patented the Morris-Oldridge Vineyard Mechanization System (M-O System). OXBO International Corp., Clear Lake, WI, purchased the patent and market M-O System components under the name Korvan™ Vineyard System. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanized (machine-farmed) pruning, shoot thinning, and fruit thinning using the M-O System vs. traditional methods of canopy management using hand labor (hand-farmed) in a commercial Vitis vinifera vineyard in the central coast region of California. V. vinifera cultivars evaluated included Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, and Syrah trellised on a lyre system and Merlot, Zinfandel, and Sangiovese trellised on a vertical shoot-positioned (VSP) system. Yield, fruit growth, fruit composition, wine quality, wine sensory attributes, and economics of mechanization were evaluated on machine- and hand-farmed grapes. Mechanized studies were initiated at French Camp Vineyards, Santa Margarita, CA, in 2002. French Camp Vineyards used a balanced cropping concept which incorporated three operations: 1) machine dormant pruning, 2) machine shoot thinning, and 3) machine fruit thinning. Results of research from 2002 to 2005 showed that yield and quality characteristics of machine-farmed grapes were not statistically different from those of hand-farmed grapes for the V. vinifera cultivars in this study. Wines from each cultivar and treatment were produced at a commercial winery and after appropriate aging, were sensory-evaluated by a professional wine analysis service. Few sensory differences were found between wines from the two farming systems. Further objective analyses of the wine components showed no commercially practical differences. In 2006, cost estimates were derived for the three vineyard activities necessary to achieve balanced cropping. Use of machine farming for balanced cropping operations resulted in savings over hand farming of 45% on the lyre trellis, 49% on the VSP system, and 62% on the quadrilateral trellis for the operations studied. Studies of mechanization of vineyard activities using the M-O System to achieve balanced cropping have shown that grapes and their wines were equivalent to those obtained using hand labor for these operations with the added benefit of cost savings for the operations evaluated.
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Möller, Gabriella, Tamar Keasar, Idan Shapira, Daniella Möller, Marco Ferrante, and Michal Segoli. "Effect of Weed Management on the Parasitoid Community in Mediterranean Vineyards." Biology 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10010007.
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Enriching agroecosystems with non-crop vegetation is a popular strategy for conservation biocontrol. In vineyards, the effects of specific seeded or planted cover crops on natural enemies are well-studied, whereas conserving spontaneously developing weeds received less attention. We compared parasitoid communities between matched pairs of vineyard plots in northern Israel, differing in weed management practices: “herbicide”, repeated herbicide applications vs. “ground cover”, maintaining resident weeds and trimming them when needed. Using suction sampling, we assessed the parasitoids’ abundance, richness, and composition during three grape-growing seasons. Ground cover plots had greater parasitoid abundances and cumulative species richness than herbicide-treated plots, possibly because of their higher vegetation cover and richness. Dominant parasitoid species varied in their magnitude and direction of response to weed management. Their responses seem to combine tracking of host distributions with attraction to additional vegetation-provided resources. Parasitoid community composition was mildly yet significantly influenced by weed management, while season, year, and habitat (weeds vs. vine) had stronger effects. Vineyard weeds thus support local biocontrol agents and provide additional previously demonstrated benefits (e.g., soil conservation, lower agrochemical exposure) but might also attract some crop pests. When the benefits outweigh this risk, weed conservation seems a promising step towards more sustainable agricultural management.
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Mercenaro, Luca, Giovanni Nieddu, Pietro Pulina, and Claudio Porqueddu. "Sustainable management of an intercropped Mediterranean vineyard." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 192 (July 2014): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.04.005.
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Novara, A., L. Gristina, F. Guaitoli, A. Santoro, and A. Cerdà. "Managing soil nitrate with cover crops and buffer strips in Sicilian vineyards." Solid Earth 4, no. 2 (August 9, 2013): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-4-255-2013.
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Abstract. When soil nitrate levels are low, plants suffer nitrogen (N) deficiency but when the levels are excessive, soil nitrates can pollute surface and subsurface waters. Strategies to reduce the nitrate pollution are necessary to reach a sustainable use of resources such as soil, water and plant. Buffer strips and cover crops can contribute to the management of soil nitrates, but little is known of their effectiveness in semiarid vineyards plantations. The research was carried out in the south coast of Sicily (Italy) to evaluate nitrate trends in a vineyard managed both conventionally and using two different cover crops (Triticum durum and Vicia sativa cover crop). A 10 m-wide buffer strip was seeded with Lolium perenne at the bottom of the vineyard. Soil nitrate was measured monthly and nitrate movement was monitored by application of a 15N tracer to a narrow strip between the bottom of vineyard and the buffer and non-buffer strips. Lolium perenne biomass yield in the buffer strips and its isotopic nitrogen content were monitored. Vicia sativa cover crop management contributed with an excess of nitrogen, and the soil management determined the nitrogen content at the buffer areas. A 6 m buffer strip reduced the nitrate by 42% with and by 46% with a 9 m buffer strip. Thanks to catch crops, farmers can manage the N content and its distribution into the soil over the year, can reduced fertilizer wastage and reduce N pollution of surface and groundwater.
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Romic, Marija, Monika Zovko, Davor Romic, and Helena Bakic. "Improvement of Vineyard Management ofVitis viniferaL. cv. Grk in the Lumbarda Vineyard Region (Croatia)." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 43, no. 1-2 (January 2012): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2011.638557.
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Pfingstmann, Alexandra, Daniel Paredes, Jacob Buchholz, Pascal Querner, Thomas Bauer, Peter Strauss, Sophie Kratschmer, Silvia Winter, and Johann Zaller. "Contrasting Effects of Tillage and Landscape Structure on Spiders and Springtails in Vineyards." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 8, 2019): 2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072095.
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Interactions between predatory species and their potential prey are little studied in vineyards, especially considering the surrounding landscape structure. We examined the effects of soil tillage intensities in vineyard inter-rows on the activity density and diversity of spiders (Araneae) and springtails (Collembola), their potential preys, and assessed whether these effects are altered by non-crop elements in the surrounding landscape. We collected data in 16 vineyards in Austria; eight were periodically mechanically disturbed (PMD), eight had permanent green cover (PGC). The study vineyards were embedded in landscapes ranging from structurally simple to complex. Both, spiders and springtails were collected with pitfall traps. Data analyses using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) showed different effects of soil tillage intensities on spiders and springtails and an interaction with semi-natural elements (SNEs) in the surrounding landscape. Activities of springtails were higher under PMD than under PGC while spider activity density remained unaffected. Spider family Shannon diversity was lower under PMD than under PGC, while springtail species Shannon diversity was unaffected by tillage. Under PMD, spider activity and family diversity decreased with increasing SNEs in the surroundings indicating spider emigration away from vineyards. Under PGC, spider activity density increased with increasing SNE proportions in the surroundings when springtail activity density was high. Our findings suggest that recommendations on sustainable vineyard management should include both site and landscape factors.
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de Castro, A. I., J. M. Peña, J. Torres-Sánchez, F. Jiménez-Brenes, and F. López-Granados. "Mapping Cynodon dactylon in vineyards using UAV images for site-specific weed control." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017000826.
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In Spain, the use of annual cover crops is a crop management practice for irrigated vineyards that allows controlling vineyard vigor and yield, which also leads to improve the crop quality. Recently, Cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass) has been reported to infest those cover crops and colonize the grapevine rows, resulting in significant yield and economic losses due to the competition for water and nutrients. From timely unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, the objective of this research was to map C. dactylon patches in order to provide an optimized site-specific weed management. A quadrocopter UAV equipped with a point-and-shoot camera was used to collect a set of aerial red-green-blue (RGB) images over a commercial vineyard plot, coinciding with the dormant period of C. dactylon (February 2016). Object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques were used to develop an innovative algorithm for early discrimination and mapping of C. dactylon, which had the ability to solve the limitation of spectral similarity of this weed with cover crops or bare soil. As a general result, the classified maps of the studied vineyard showed four main classes, i.e. vine, cover crop, C. dactylon and bare soil, with 85% overall accuracy. These weed maps allow developing new strategies for site-specific control of C. dactylon populations in the context of precision viticulture.
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Kirchhoff, M., J. Rodrigo-Comino, M. Seeger, and J. B. Ries. "Soil erosion in sloping vineyards under conventional and organic land use managements (Saar-Mosel Valley, Germany)." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 43, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3161.
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German vineyards are one of the land uses most prone to soil erosion. Due to their placement on mainly steep slopes and non-conservative cultivation practices, runoff and soil loss are a serious problem for wine growers. In the Saar-Mosel valley (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), there is a tendency towards organic management of vineyards with protective grass cover in the inter-rows. Since there is a lack of information about organic-conventional tillage in German vineyards related to soil erosion processes, this study presents a comparison between these two soil management practices. For this purpose, 22 rainfall simulations were performed as well as a medium-term monitoring by using 4-paired Gerlach troughs in two experimental sites in the Saar-Mosel valley. The mean simulated runoff coefficient and suspended sediment load in conventional vineyards amounted up to 23.3% and 33.75 g m-2, respectively. In the organic site, runoff and soil loss were only recorded in one out of the 11 simulations. Runoff and sediment was collected in the Gerlach troughs for 33 natural rainfall events. In the conventional vineyard, the total measured soil loss was 3314.63 g m-1 and 6503.77 g m-1 and total runoff volumes were 105.52 L m-1 and 172.58 L m-1. In the organic site, total soil losses reached 143.16 g m-1 and 258.89 g m-1 and total runoff was 21.65 L m-1 and 12.69 L m-1. When soil loss was measured without corresponding runoff or precipitation, soil erosion was activated by tillage or trampling. Finally, the conventional vineyard showed a higher variability in soil loss and runoff suggesting less predictable results.
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Šimanský, Vladimír, Ján Horák, Brent Clothier, Natalya Buchkina, and Dušan Igaz. "Soil Organic-Matter in Water-Stable Aggregates Under Different Soil-Management Practices." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 63, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agri-2017-0015.
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Abstract An experiment of different management practices in a commercial vineyard, which was established in 2006 in the locality of Nitra-Dražovce, Slovakia on Rendzic Leptosol, was used to evaluate the dynamics of soil organic-matter parameters during the years 2008–2015. The following treatments were established: 1. G (grass without fertilisation as control), 2. T (tillage), 3. T+FYM (tillage + farmyard manure), 4. G+NPK3 (grass + 3rd intensity of fertilisation for vineyards: it means 125 kg/ha N, 50 kg/ha P, 185 kg/ha K), and 5. G+NPK1 (grass + 1st intensity of fertilisation for vineyards: it means 100 kg/ha N, 30 kg/ha P, 120 kg/ha K). The results showed that the soil-management practices in the vineyard significantly influenced the soil organic carbon in water-stable aggregates (SOC in WSA). The content of SOC in WSAma increased on average in the following order: T < G < G+NPK1 < G+NPK3 < T+FYM. Intensive soil cultivation in the T treatment resulted in a statistically significant build-up of SOC in WSAma at an average rate of 1.33, 1.18, 0.97, 1.22 and 0.76 g/kg/y across the size fractions > 5 mm, 5‒3 mm, 2–1 mm, 1–0.5 mm and 0.5–0.25 mm, respectively. The content of non-labile carbon reflected the contents of SOC in WSA. The highest labile carbon (CL) in WSAma, as compared to others, was found in T+FYM. Overall, application of higher NPK doses resulted in higher content of CL in WSAma compared with the lower applications of NPK. On the other hand, lower applications of NPK to soil increased the content of CL in WSAmi, as compared to G+NPK3.
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Magni, Simone, Mino Sportelli, Nicola Grossi, Marco Volterrani, Alberto Minelli, Michel Pirchio, Marco Fontanelli, et al. "Autonomous Mowing and Turf-Type Bermudagrass as Innovations for An Environment-Friendly Floor Management of a Vineyard in Coastal Tuscany." Agriculture 10, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050189.
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The establishment of permanent cover crops is becoming a common practice in vineyard floor management. Turfgrass science may provide species and techniques with a high potential for improving the sustainability of vineyard floor management. Based on this assumption, an experiment was carried out during 2018 and 2019 at the Donna Olimpia Vineyard, Bolgheri, Italy. The trial aimed at comparing an innovative floor management system based on a turf-type cultivar of bermudagrass mown with an autonomous mower with a conventional floor management system. Ground cover percentage, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, grapevine water status, leaf nitrogen content, fruit yield and must composition have been assessed in order to perform the comparison. The innovative vineyard floor management produced an almost complete ground cover (98%) at the end of the second growing season, with the resident species reduced to a small percentage (4%). Resident species growing under-trellis were efficiently controlled without herbicide applications. A lower primary energy consumption and a reduction in CO2 emissions were observed for the innovative management system compared to the conventional management system. Grapevine water status, leaf chlorophyll content, soil–plant analyses development (SPAD), fruit yields and must composition were similar between the different soil management systems. Based on results obtained in this trial, turf-type bermudagrass and innovative mowing machines may contribute to enhance the sustainability of vineyard floor management.
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Zhang, Liang, Tingting Xue, Feifei Gao, Ruteng Wei, Zhilei Wang, Hua Li, and Hua Wang. "Carbon Storage Distribution Characteristics of Vineyard Ecosystems in Hongsibu, Ningxia." Plants 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061199.
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Given that the global winegrape planting area is 7.2 × 106 hm2, the potential for winegrape crop-mediated carbon capture and storage as an approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions warranted further research. Herein, we employed an allometric model of various winegrape organs to assess biomass distributions, and we evaluated the carbon storage distribution characteristics associated with vineyard ecosystems in the Hongsibu District of Ningxia. We found that the total carbon storage of the Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vineyard ecosystem was 55.35 t·hm−2, of which 43.12 t·hm−2 came from the soil, while the remaining 12.23 t·hm−2 was attributable to various vine components including leaves (1.85 t·hm−2), fruit (2.16 t·hm−2), canes (1.83 t·hm−2), perennial branches (2.62 t·hm−2), and roots (3.78 t·hm−2). Together, these results suggested that vineyards can serve as an effective carbon sink, with the majority of carbon being sequestered at the soil surface. Within the grapevines themselves, most carbon was stored in perennial organs including perennial branches and roots. Allometric equations based on simple and practical biomass and biometric measurements offer a means whereby grape-growers and government entities responsible for ecological management can better understand carbon distribution patterns associated with vineyards.
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Cossart, Etienne, Jessica Pic, Yoann Le Guen, and Mathieu Fressard. "Spatial Patterns of Vineyard Abandonment and Related Land Use Transitions in Beaujolais (France): A Multiscale Approach." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114695.
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While the resilience of French vineyards is currently threatened, this paper focuses on the Beaujolais terroir, where the disappearance of vineyards has been qualitatively observed by local stakeholders. A targeted survey was led at three complementary scales. First, we provide an overview of the evolution of agricultural landscapes and practices for the whole Beaujolais area since 1990 from national statistical databases. It shows that the vineyard extent reached a maximum during the 1990s and that significant bifurcation occurred in 2000. Second, we document land use evolution in relation to vineyard abandonment at a more local scale. Three case studies (lower Ardières, Marverand, Merloux) exemplify the main local settings, and the land uses are described over time from an analysis that employed multitemporal photo interpretation. The results quantified the decrease in the vineyard surface extent since 1999: approximately 30% was lost in regular terroirs and 5% was lost in high added-value terroirs. Third, at a fine scale, we explained the precise location of the abandoned parcels regarding the site characteristics (e.g., incoming solar radiation, slope gradient, terroir quality). The results showed differences in evolution patterns between southern and northern Beaujolais. In northern Beaujolais, winegrowers tended to abandon vine parcels that were considered of lower quality; while, in southern Beaujolais, the winegrowers tended to abandon vine parcels in relation to the difficulty of maintenance (remote and steep parcels were preferentially abandoned) or in relation to suburbanization (parcels close to built-up areas were preferentially abandoned).
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Mirás-Avalos, José Manuel, María Fandiño, Benjamín J. Rey, Jorge Dafonte, and Javier J. Cancela. "Zoning of a Newly-Planted Vineyard: Spatial Variability of Physico-Chemical Soil Properties." Soil Systems 4, no. 4 (October 14, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040062.
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Soil properties show a high spatio-temporal variability, affecting productivity and crop quality within a given field. In new vineyard plantations, with changes in the initial topographic profile, this variability is exacerbated due to the incorporation of soil from different origins and qualities. The aim of the current study was to characterize the variability of soil properties in a newly established vineyard, and delineating zones for site-specific management of fertilization. For this purpose, the soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) in the first 150 cm was measured with an electromagnetic induction sensor. A soil sampling was performed following a regular grid (35 × 35 m, 149 samples), collecting samples down to 40 cm depth for determining soil chemical properties. Spatial variability was assessed through semivariogram calculation and ordinary kriging. The soil properties that better represent the variability in this newly established vineyard were pH, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), carbon content, clay and ECa. The ECa was homogeneous all over the vineyard, except for the area closer to the river where a greater human intervention had occurred, with contributions of external soil at a greater depth. Soil properties showed a great spatial variability. Interpolated maps allowed for detecting areas with a lack of nutrients in which a differential fertilization could be performed in search of a sustainable and balanced production. The information provided by the maps of pH, ECEC and carbon and potassium contents allow for performing a differential management of the vineyard in terms of fertilization. In addition, the results obtained suggest that the vineyard should be divided into two sectors for a differential irrigation management. The ECa was not significantly correlated to most of the soil properties determined in the current study; however, it allowed for a low-cost mapping of the vineyard soil and established large areas of management within the vineyard.
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Poojari, S., J. Boulé, N. DeLury, D. T. Lowery, M. Rott, A. M. Schmidt, and J. R. Úrbez-Torres. "Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses in British Columbia." Plant Disease 101, no. 12 (December 2017): 2088–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-17-0497-re.
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Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is a complex associated with one or more virus species belonging to the family Closteroviridae. The majority of viruses in this complex are vectored by one or more species of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) and/or scale insects (Coccidae). Grape-growing regions of British Columbia (BC), including Okanagan, Similkameen, and Fraser valleys and Kamloops (BC central interior), Vancouver, and Gulf islands, were surveyed during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons for the presence of four major grapevine leafroll-associated viruses, including Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1), GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, and GLRaV-4. In total, 3,056 composite five-vine samples were collected from 153 Vitis vinifera and three interspecific hybrid vineyard blocks. The results showed GLRaV-3 to be the most widespread, occurring in 16.7% of the composite samples, followed by GLRaV-4 (3.9%), GLRaV-1 (3.8%), and GLRaV-2 (3.0%). Mixed infections of two or more GLRaVs were found in 4.1% of the total samples. The relative incidence of GLRaVs differed among regions and vineyard blocks of a different age. Characterization of partial CO1 region from a total of 241 insect specimens revealed the presence of Pseudococcus maritimus, Parthenolecanium corni, and other Pulvinaria sp. in BC vineyards. Spatial patterns of GLRaV-3 infected grapevines in three vineyard blocks from three different regions in the Okanagan Valley showed variable degrees of increase in disease spread ranging from 0 to 19.4% over three growing seasons. Regional differences in the relative incidence and spread of GLD underline the need for region-based management programs for BC vineyards.
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Novara, Agata, Valentina Catania, Marco Tolone, Luciano Gristina, Vito Armando Laudicina, and Paola Quatrini. "Cover Crop Impact on Soil Organic Carbon, Nitrogen Dynamics and Microbial Diversity in a Mediterranean Semiarid Vineyard." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 3256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083256.
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Cover crop (CC) management in vineyards increases sustainability by improving soil chemical and biological fertility, but knowledge on its effects in semiarid soils is lacking. This study evaluated the effect of leguminous CC management on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, soil nitrate content and microbial diversity in a semiarid vineyard, in comparison to conventional tillage (CT). SOC and nitrate were monitored during vine-growing season; soil respiration, determined by incubation experiments, microbial biomass and diversity was analyzed after CC burial. The microbial diversity was evaluated by bacterial and fungal automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and high-throughput sequencing of 16SrDNA. CC increased nitrate content and, although it had no relevant effect on SOC, almost doubled its active microbial component, which contributes to SOC stabilization. An unexpected stability of the microbial communities under different soil managements was assessed, fungal diversity being slightly enhanced under CT while bacterial diversity increased under CC. The complete nitrifying genus Nitrospira and plant growth-promoting genera were increased under CC, while desiccation-tolerant genera were abundant in CT. Findings showed that temporary CC applied in semiarid vineyards does not optimize the provided ecosystem services, hence a proper management protocol for dry environments should be set up.