Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vines'

The product of 350 years of endeavour, viticulture is pivotal in the geographies of the south-western Cape. Yet the farms where wine is made are particularly adept at disguising the violent processes of appropriation and contestation that created them. This thesis is concerned with exposing underlying forms of violence and also explores transformative initiatives on a specific wine farm. It asks how and in what ways viticulture frames colonialized and apartheid violence and then queries how this farm relates to the discourses and failures of South Africa’s contemporary reconciliation and recovery. By applying insights of spatial and decolonial theories to the field of viticulture this thesis proposes a different way of looking at violence in South Africa. It shows that vineyards are carriers not only of plant material and morphological processes but also of various terms of historical violence which contrive to impact on current viticultural practices. Here, the linked influences of property and power are dominant and relate in complex ways to various modalities and experiences of belonging. These differences create fault-lines that are ultimately generative of repercussive forms of violence that break into the charged context of land reform in South Africa today. This thesis thus extends existing empirical approaches to viticulture research into spaces of social and epistemic interactions. It proposes a move beyond conceptualizing violence as particular to any discrete political era and towards its understanding as a fluid, relational and dynamic intergenerational inheritance and haunting. Based on understandings derived from the circularity of wine, this thesis calls for a re-theorized approach to violence in a context in which the past survives in the specificities of farm space and its productive practices.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Estatística, 2015.
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Neste trabalho, estudamos a formulação da distribuição de funções de variáveis aleatórias contínuas dependentes. O mecanismo de modelagem da dependência é feita via funções cópulas. Dentre os resultados obtidos formulamos a expressão geral da distribuição da soma de n variáveis aleatórias dependentes. Expandimos a abordagem para a distribuição de outras funções de variáveis aleatórias tais como o quociente, produto e uma combinação convexa. Por meio das R-Vines Cópulas, obtivermos também a expressão da soma de n variáveis aleatórias em que cada componente é governada por um processo GARCH. A partir deste resultado, calculamos o Value-at-Risk (VaR) e Expected Shortfalls (ES) da soma dessas variáveis. Em função desta estrutura, as medidas de risco passam a adquirir um comportamento dinâmico. Ao final do trabalho exibimos algumas ilustrações numéricas via simulação de Monte Carlo. Apresentamos também uma aplicação com dados reais provenientes de bolsas de valores da América Latina.
In this thesis, we studied the distribution of function of dependents continuous random variables. The modeling dependencies structures are made via copula functions. We obtain the general expression of the distribution of the sum of n dependents random variables. This approach is expanded for other functions such as ratio, product and a convex combination. Using R-Vines Copulas, we also derive an expression of the sum of n dependents random variables, being each component governed by AR-GARCH process. From these results, we assess the Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfalls (ES) of the sum of these variables. According to this structure, the VaR takes a dynamic behavior. At the end of this thesis, we show some numerical illustrations via Monte Carlo simulation. An application with real data from Latin American stock markets is also presented.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The quality of wine is largely dependent on environmental conditions and recent studies have therefore focused on agricultural practices in terms of water, soil and biodiversity conservation. The industry aims to create sustainable practice and to protect the natural resources available. Sources of potential grape contamination include: vehicle pollution, pesticides, bushfires and wood preservatives used for trellising systems. The latter have come to the attention of the South African wine industry (e.g. creosote and Copper Chromium Arsenate (CCA) products) as they may have consequences for the environment and wine quality. Creosote is a known pollutant of soil and ground water and the volatile fraction has been monitored in air. Plants may also accumulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which constitute up to 85% of the mass of creosote, and of which some have been proven carcinogenic. Because of the health risks associated with it, creosote has therefore been restricted for use in most applications in Europe, and also in the United States, Canada and Australia. This study focussed on the sensorial and chemical analyses of environmental and wine samples taken from the area around the creosote stockyard to determine accumulation of creosote-derived compounds. Environmental samples were collected and analysed at different distances from the affected area, over two vintages. Wines were made from grapes grown in vineyard blocks adjacent to the stockyard, to determine the effect of distance and skin contact during alcoholic fermentation treatments on wine taint. A sensory panel was trained for descriptive analysis to determine the intensity of the taint. Analytical methods were developed for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The sensory results obtained showed white and rosé wines were perceived as clean, whilst the red wines were associated with burnt rubber/tar taint. The perceived taint decreased as distance from the stockyard increased. Wines made from the Cabernet Sauvignon blocks adjacent to the stockyard also showed an increase of taint with the increase of skin contact. Chemical data obtained showed that the taint consisted of a complex mixture of compounds, each with its own pattern of retention within the vineyard and wine. Only m-cresol was found above odour threshold, and only in red wines. The synergistic effect of some compounds may lead to an increase in the perceived taint. Berries and leaves had higher concentrations of volatile compounds than wines. Leaf contamination varied and followed the general trend in literature where the plants with high lipid content and exposed leaf area were the most contaminated. There may be other compounds present in creosote emissions, aside from those investigated here, with sensory attributes related to the taint found in wines. These compounds are styrene, indene, benzene, toluene, isoquinoline and quinoline and should be included in further investigations. From the PAH analysis of environmental samples and wines, it is evident that the samples closest to the stockyard were affected the most. The contamination varied with the depth of the soil: some of the heavier compounds were found in the samples taken from the deeper levels, whilst nearly all other target compounds were present in the top layer of soil. The concentrations found in the environmental samples were lower than reported in literature. Wines had few PAHs present, but at much higher concentrations than is allowed by EU legislation. From this study it is evident that the stockyard had negative effects on the surrounding environment in terms of sensory and chemical contamination. Recommendations include area rehabilitation by means of bioremediation to protect resources and ensure sustainable and safe production of crops. Industrial emissions should also be regulated and restricted in agricultural areas. Furthermore the use of creosote should be revised, and prohibited for agricultural use.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die kwaliteit van wyn is grootliks afhanklik van die omgewingstoestande. Daarom fokus verskeie onlangse studies op landbou aktiwiteite en die invloed daarvan op die omgewing in terme van water, grond en biodiversiteit bewaring. The wyn industrie se doelwitte sluit volhoubare praktyke in, wat die natuurlike hulpbronne bewaar en beskerm. Druiwe kan deur middel van die volgende bronne besoedel word: brandstof uitlaatgasse, insekdoders, veldbrande, gifstowwe wat gebruik word vir houtperservering wat dan verder aangewend word vir opleistelsels. Houtperservering (Koper chroom arsenaat (CCA) en kreosoot) het veral in die laaste paar jaar onder aandag gekom in die wynbedryf van Suid-Afrika as gevolg van die invloed daarvan op die omgewing en die uiteindelike wynkwaliteit. Kreosoot is ‘n gekende gifstof wat verantwoordelik is vir grond en grondwater besoedeling en wat gemonitor word in die atmosfeer. Plante akkummuleer ook poli-sikliese aromatiese hidro-koolstowwe (PAHs), wat to 85% uitmaak van die massa van kreosoot. PAHs is karsinogenies en dus is daar baie navorsing op die molekules reeds gedoen. Die gesondheidsrisikos gepaardgaande met kreosoot het gelei tot die streng geregulasies tans ingestel in Europa, die Verenigde State, Kanada en Australië. Hierdie studie het gefokus op die sensoriese en chemiese analises van omgewings- en wyn-monsters geneem van die omliggende area van die kreosoot palewerf om die akkumulasie van kreosoot-afgeleide-verbindings. Omgewingsmonsters was versamel en geanaliseer om verskillende afstande vanaf die bron van besoedeling (palewerf) te ondersoek oor ‘n twee jaar periode. Wyne is gemaak van die druiwe wat afkomstig is van die blok aangeplant langs die palewerf. Die wyne is ondersoek in terme van afstand vanaf die kreosoot bron asook oenologiese invloede, dopkontak gedurende alkoholiese fermentasie, op die kontaminasie beskryf in wyn. Die wyne is ook oor ‘n twee jaar periode voorberei en sluit die 2011 en 2012 seisoen in. ‘n Sensoriese paneel is opgelei om die beskrywende analises op die wyn uit te voer met die doel om die intensiteit van kontaminasie te identifiseer. Analitiese metodes is ook ontwikkel vir die analise van vlugtige organiese verbindings(VOCs) met gas chromatografie-massa spektrometrie (GCMS) en poli-sikliese aromaties hidro-koolstowwe (PAHs) met hoë druk vloeistof chromatografie. Die sensoriese resultate bekom het wit en rosé wyne as skoon laat blyk, terwyl rooi wyne meer geassosieer was met die gebrande rubber/ teer afgeur beskrywing. Die waargeneemde afgeur het afgeneem soos wat die afstand vanaf die palewerf toegeneem het. Wyne gemaak van die Cabernet Sauvignon blokke langsaan die palewerf het ook ‘n toename in die afgeur gehad met ‘n toename in dopkontak. Chemiese data bekom beeld uit dat die afgeur uit ‘n komplekse mengsel van verbindings bestaan, elk met sy eie patroon van verspreiding en verbinding in die wingerd as ook in die wyn. Net m-kresol was gevind bo die reuk drumpel, dit het ook net in rooi wyne voorgekom. Die sinergistiese effek van die verbindings mag egter bydra tot die waargeneemde afgeur. Druiwekorrels en blare het hoër konsentrasies van die vlugtige verbindings gehad as wat gemeet is in die wyne. Blaar kontaminasie het ook baie gewissel en het ooreengestem met die algemene tendens wat in literatuur beskryf is, naamlik dat plante met ‘n hoër lipid inhoud en grootter blaar oppervlak die meeste gekontamineer word. Daar mag egter nog baie ander verbindings bydra tot die waargeneemde afgeur gevind in die wyn. Spesifieke verbindings wat wel ‘n rol kan speel in kontaminasie en wat voorkom in die vlugtige gedeelte van kreosoot is styreen, indeen, benzeen, tolueen, isoquinoleen die vlugtige verbindings van kreosoot. Die verbindings moet ingesluit word vir verdere studies wat gedoen word op die kreosoot geassosieerde afgeur. Die PAHs analise op die omgewingsmonsters en wyne het gelei tot die bevestiging dat die naasliggende omgewing die meeste geaffekteer is. Die kontaminasie wissel in terme van die diepte in die grond wat die gifstowwe voorkom: die swaarder molekulêre verbindings is tot in die dieper vlakke waargeneem terwyl al die gemete verbindings in die boonste lae teenwoordig was. Die vlakke wat waargeneem is in dié studie is egter laer as wat voorheen in literatuur gevind is in ‘n kreosoot geaffekteerde omgewing. Wyn het PAHs teenwoordig gehad, alhoewel slegs twee verbindings gemeet is, het dit in hoër vlakke voorgekom as wat sekere Europese regulasies as toelaatbaar spesifiseer. Vanaf die studie resultate blyk dit, dat die palewerf se negatiewe invloed op die omliggende omgewing beide meetbaar was in sensories en chemiese kontaminasie. Voorstelle sluit onder andere die rehabilitasie van die omliggende omgewing deur middel van bioremediasie in. Om sodoende die natuurlike hulpbronne in die area te bewaar asook om volhoubare en veilige verbouing van gewasse te verseker. Industriële besoedeling en afval moet ook gereguleer word en beperk word in landbou areas. Verder moet die gebruik van kreosoot heroorweeg word en strenger regulasies moet in plek gestel word om aan internastionale standaarde te voldoen.
Financial support from Winetech, Trip and UFS

Bibliography: leaves 127-152. The aim of this work is to study viroids in grapevines, particularly their vertical transmission via seeds, during meristem culture and micropropagation. There was also an attempt to produce viroid-free vines by shoot apical meristem culture (SAMC).

This thesis contributes to research in multivariate statistics by developing regular vine copula-based models that are more flexible and provide improved model fit. The main focus of the research is on mixture pair-copula based models as they can describe a range of multivariate dependency patterns. The research makes four main contributions related to the new models and provides mathematical and numerical results that showcase the advantages of the proposed approaches.

Rosary devotion has long been considered a "female-centered" religious practice. Despite this correlation, no scholars have investigated the relationship between women and the rosary. In this thesis I attempt to fill that void by examining a range of meanings the rosary held for laywomen in late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century Northern Europe, c. 1470 to c. 1530. Using a theoretical framework informed by materialism, gender theory, and Marian theory, my thesis argues that beyond its usual associations with indulgences, the rosary also signified prayers for conception and safe childbirth. In reciting prayers to the Madonna, laywomen spiritually and mystically projected themselves into the narrative of the Virgin's pregnancy, desiring to bear a child as Mary bore Christ.To explicate the relationship between women and the rosary, my thesis considers a variety of rosary images: female donors with their prayer beads, Andachtsbilder portraying the Christ Child holding and playing with a string of beads, images of the Holy Kinship, instructive prints from rosary manuals, and early family portrait scenes. As a whole, these images suggest that the rosary symbolized a budding womb, a wife's ideal piety, the desire for children, the maternal qualities of the Virgin, and an amulet to assuage the rigor of childbirth. Lastly, my thesis considers the rosary as religious jewelry. By looking to several examples of women depicted with ornate rosaries, my thesis argues that laywomen wore beads to elevate their status and to emulate the aristocracy. Moreover, wearing rosaries and/or being painted with one's rosary allowed for a public pronouncement of one's private piety. For women, then, wearing a rosary was another way in which they could enter into the public devotional realm. In arguing that the rosary was perceived by women as a blossoming vine, as a piece of religious jewelry, and as an aid in childbirth, I hope to have contributed new ways of understanding this multivalent devotional tool, and to have opened new avenues for others to consider the rosary beyond its usual associations with prayer counting and indulgences.

Twenty-thousand years ago, the earliest known depictions of natural forms were inscribed by primitive man onto the surface of the "third wall" . . . be it cave, grotto, overhang, or alcove. Today the myriad representations of our natural world, along with the expanding cosmic narratives of 'natural history' that animate and describe such characters within an ornate epistemological framework (part-science: evolution, thermodynamics, ecology, and part-social criticism: environmental justice, sustainability, conservation) proliferate in ever-increasing mobile permutations; not only in our textbooks and living rooms, but also in our cars, on billboards, Jumbotrons, laptops, cell phones, and portable media players. Throughout history, changes in representational 'mode' (across and through new technical mediums) have ushered in significant narrative metamorphoses, formal innovations, and accompanied revolutionary transitions in symbolic language. The focus of this paper is to assess the implications of recent technological shifts, especially those characterized by the widespread contemporary adoption of digital technologies and the emergence of vast, interconnected networks of computing power, on the representation, production, and distribution of 'natural world' (both science and social) new media content. Through a detailed survey of popular case-studies, analytical research, and data trends, this paper will analyze new media models both from within and without as they relate to digital publishing, non-linear content creation, social networking, and the increasingly permeable interface between consumer and producer in our contemporary mediascape. Finally, this paper applies formative research to prescribe a more general use of 'best practices' in new technology which may facilitate a more progressive and participatory moment in post-industrial 'natural world' media-making, in concert with peers and fans, corporations and collectives, and open to interpretation, cross-pollination, and synergistic hybridity. It is no exaggeration to remark that this technological transformation will forever change the way we learn, evaluate, and participate in a global dialogue whose subject is none other than the globe itself. As our ancestors surely harnessed the power of the 'third wall' to communicate in both personal and broad strokes, so this essay seeks to re-imagine the 'digital third wall' as a place of increasing ubiquity, intimacy, contention, and epistemological power throughout the evolving realms of scientific and social natural representation.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of wineries’ attitudes towards wine tourism in New Zealand from the supply-side perspective. It is based on a survey of New Zealand national wineries’ conducted in 2010, and follows up to two previous New Zealand National Wineries’ surveys conducted by Hall and Johnson (1997) and Christensen et al. (2004). This research benchmarks changes which have taken place in the New Zealand wine industry with respect to wine tourism since 2003, as well as examining new elements of the contemporary wine tourism environment with respect to winery attitudes towards innovation, the environment, biosecurity and sustainability. The incorporation of questions from previous New Zealand National Wineries’ Surveys allows for longitudinal information to be presented between the 2010, 2003 and 1997 surveys. This comparative analysis of the survey time series provides value to the existing New Zealand wine tourism research by illustrating how wineries in New Zealand have used tourism as part of their business strategy. The findings reveal that there are many significant gaps in what is known about the character of the New Zealand wine tourist, and also of the industry itself. Biosecurity and sustainability issues are examined, and for the first time in wine tourism research anywhere in the world a section dedicated to innovation within the context of wine tourism is also included. Though the nature of wine tourism in New Zealand appears to fluctuate, the generally positive attitude of the wine industry towards tourism indicated in this study suggests that there is still unrealised potential within the industry, provided that it is both safeguarded against external threats, and is also promoted correctly through the appropriate channels in order to assure future growth.

Reducing disease and increasing fruit quality in vigorous vineyards with dense canopies is demanding of time and resources; unfortunately, vineyards of this nature are common in humid environments. This study investigated the effectiveness with which vine capacity and water status could be regulated as well as if they related to fruit quality and wine sensory perception. The treatments regulating vine size and water status were under-trellis groundcover, root manipulation, rootstocks, and irrigation. Treatments were arranged in a strip-split-split plot design before the introduction of the irrigation treatment resulted in incomplete replication in each block. Treatment levels were under-trellis cover crop (CC) compared to under-trellis herbicide (Herb); root restriction bags (RBG) compared to no root manipulation (NRM); three compared rootstocks (101-14, 420-A, riparia Gloire); low water stress (LOW) compared to high water stress (HIGH). Vines grown with RBG and CC regulated vegetative growth more so than conventional treatments, resulting in 56% and 23% greater cluster exposure flux availability (CEFA). High water stress (HIGH) and RBG reduced stem water potential and discriminated less against 13C. Vines grown with RBG and CC consistently reduced harvest berry weight by 17 and 6% compared to conventional treatments. Estimated phenolics were consistently increased by RBG and were correlated with berry weight, vine capacity and CEFA. Sensory attributes were significantly distinguishable between wines produced from vines that differed in both vine capacity and water status, amongst other responses. Treatments have been identified that can alter the sensory perception of wines, with the potential to improve wine quality.
Master of Science

Both the physiological and biochemical control of budburst in the grapevine, Vitis Vinifera L. were investigated. It was found that the accuracy of a predictive model for grapevine budburst based on ambient temperature was limited under the experimental conditions. There was a significant correlation of 4.7 ± 0.3 days between the days of maximal xylem exudation and budburst over the 3 years of investigation. The co-relationships between daily xylem exudate volume and a range of environmental parameters were considered. It was found that soil temperature was highly correlated against daily xylem exudation. Ambient temperature and soil moisture were significantly correlated with xylem exudation, however the coefficients of correlation were much lower than that of soil temperature. Rainfall showed only a very limited correlation with daily xylem exudate flow. Seasonal variations in the pH and the carbohydrate and inorganic nutrient concentrations of xylem exudate were investigated. Exudate carbohydrate concentrations fell from 660 µM before the day of maximal xylem exudation to zero levels within 4 weeks. Xylem exudate pH was found to consistently fall to a minimum at the time of maximal exudate flow. Exudate concentrations of the metallic cofactors Ca, K, Mg, Mn and Zn varied directly with daily exudate flow, suggesting some sort of flow-dependent mobilisation of these nutrients. A growth promontory oligosaccharide fraction was prepared by partial acid hydrolysis of grapevine primary cell wall material. This fraction significantly increased control growth of the Lemna minor L. bioassay over a limited ‘window’ of bioactivity. A growth inhibitory oligosaccharide fraction, similar in activity to abscisic acid was isolated from grapevine xylem exudate prior to budburst. The exudate concentration or efficacy of this substance declined after budburst such that there was no apparent growth inhibition. A model is proposed for grapevine budburst whereby an oligosaccharide growth inhibitor is gradually removed from the xylematic stream under the effects of soil temperature, allowing the surge of metabolic activity and vegetative growth that constitute budburst.

This thesis models the dependence risk profile, investment risk and portfolio allocation features of seven 20-stock portfolios from the mining, energy, retail and manufacturing sectors of the Australian market in the context of the 2008-2009 global financial crisis (2008-2009 GFC) and pre-GFC, GFC, post-GFC and full sample period scenarios revolving around it. The mining and energy portfolios are the base of the study, while the retail and manufacturing are considered for benchmarking purposes. Pair vine copula models including canonical vines (c-vines), drawable vines (d-vines) and regular vines (r-vines) are fitted for the analysis of the portfolios’ multivariate dependence and their underlying sectors’ dependence risk dynamics. Besides, linear and nonlinear optimization methods threaded with the variance, mean absolute deviation (MAD), minimizing regret (Minimax), conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) and conditional Drawdown-at-Risk (CDaR) risk measures are implemented to examine the portfolios’ investment risk and optimal portfolio allocation features. The vine copula modelling of dependence aims at examining the dependence risk profile of the portfolios in specific market conditions; studying the changes of the portfolios’ dependence structure between pairs of period scenarios; and recognizing the vine copula models that best account for the portfolios’ multivariate dependence. The multiple risk measure-based portfolio optimization seeks to identify the least and most investment risky portfolios, single out the portfolio that offers the best risk-return trade-off and recognize the stocks in the portfolios that are good candidates for investment. This thesis’ main contributions stem from the “copula counting technique” and “average model convergence” perspectives proposed to handle, analyse and interpret the portfolios’ dependence structure and portfolio allocation features. The copula counting technique aside from simplifying the analysis and interpretation of the assets’ dependence structure, it enables an in-depth and comprehensive analysis of their underlying dependence risk dynamics in specific market conditions. The average model convergence addresses the optimal stock selection and investment confidence problems underlying any type of portfolio optimization, and faced by investors when having to select stocks from a wide array of optimal investment scenarios, in a more objective manner, through model convergence and model consensus. Both, the copula counting technique and average model convergence are new concepts that introduce new theory to the pair vine copula and multiple risk measure-based portfolio optimization literatures. The research findings stemming from the vine copula modelling of dependence indicate that the each of the portfolios modelled has dependence risk features consistent with specific market conditions. Out of the seven portfolios modelled the gold mining and retail benchmark portfolios are found to have the lowest dependence risk in times of financial turbulence. The iron ore-nickel mining and oil-gas energy portfolios have the highest dependence risk in similar market conditions. Out of the energy portfolios the coal-uranium is significantly less dependence risky, relative to the oil-gas. Out of the mining portfolios the iron ore-nickel is the most dependence risky, while the gold portfolio has the lowest dependence risk. The retail benchmark portfolio is significantly less dependence risky than the manufacturing benchmark portfolio in both, tranquil periods and non-tranquil periods. In terms of investment risk, the oil-gas energy portfolio is the most risky. The “copula counting technique” is acknowledged for simplifying the analysis and interpretation of the portfolios’ dependence structure and their sectors’ dependence risk dynamics. The average model convergence provides an alternative avenue to identify stocks with large weight allocations and high return relative to risk. The research findings and empirical results are interesting in terms of theory and practical financial applications. Portfolio managers, risk managers, hedging practitioners, financial market analysts, systemic risk and capital requirement agents, who follow the trends of the Australian mining, energy, retail and manufacturing sectors, may find the obtained results useful to design investment risk and dependence risk-adjusted optimization algorithms, risk management frameworks and dynamic hedging strategies that best account for the downside risk the mining and energy sectors face during crisis periods to the pair vine copula and multiple risk measure-based portfolio optimization literatures. The research findings stemming from the vine copula modelling of dependence indicate that the each of the portfolios modelled has dependence risk features consistent with specific market conditions. Out of the seven portfolios modelled the gold mining and retail benchmark portfolios are found to have the lowest dependence risk in times of financial turbulence. The iron ore-nickel mining and oil-gas energy portfolios have the highest dependence risk in similar market conditions. Out of the energy portfolios the coal-uranium is significantly less dependence risky, relative to the oil-gas. Out of the mining portfolios the iron ore-nickel is the most dependence risky, while the gold portfolio has the lowest dependence risk. The retail benchmark portfolio is significantly less dependence risky than the manufacturing benchmark portfolio in both, tranquil periods and non-tranquil periods. In terms of investment risk, the oil-gas energy portfolio is the most risky. The “copula counting technique” is acknowledged for simplifying the analysis and interpretation of the portfolios’ dependence structure and their sectors’ dependence risk dynamics. The average model convergence provides an alternative avenue to identify stocks with large weight allocations and high return relative to risk. The research findings and empirical results are interesting in terms of theory and practical financial applications. Portfolio managers, risk managers, hedging practitioners, financial market analysts, systemic risk and capital requirement agents, who follow the trends of the Australian mining, energy, retail and manufacturing sectors, may find the obtained results useful to design investment risk and dependence risk-adjusted optimization algorithms, risk management frameworks and dynamic hedging strategies that best account for the downside risk the mining and energy sectors face during crisis periods.

Thesis (MScFoodSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Twenty five commercial Chenin blanc wines produced solely from bush vine vineyards and including three vintages, three styles and five production areas, were sourced for this study. Descriptive sensory analysis (DSA) and chemical analyses including GC-FID (gas chromatography fitted with a flame ionisation detector) and FTMIR (Fourier transform mid-infrared) spectroscopy were employed to establish the sensory and chemical characteristics, whereas consumer tests were conducted to determine consumer perception and liking of bush vine Chenin blanc wines. DSA (a profiling technique) was also compared to the sorting task (a classification technique) with a description assignment to evaluate the sorting task’s ability to profile wines. According to the results of DSA, the wines separated into two groups. One group associated with sensory attributes which can be considered indicative of the Fresh and Fruity Chenin blanc style. The other group associated with sensory attributes which can be considered indicative of the Rich and Ripe style of Chenin blanc. No separation between the wooded and unwooded Rich and Ripe styles was apparent. According to the results of the chemical analyses, the wines also separated into two groups. This separation seemed to be caused by vintage and the chemical changes associated with ageing as the wines from the youngest vintage (2010) was strongly associated with high levels of esters and malic acid. The older wines were situated farthest away from these attributes indicating low concentrations. When comparing the results from the sorting task and DSA, it could be seen that similar wine style groupings formed, indicating that DSA can also be regarded as an effective tool when categorising wines. The differences in the positioning of some of the wines and attributes on the DSA multivariate plots and the sorting task plots could be attributed to the difference in panels used. The sorting task was conducted using an expert panel with persons illustrating significant technical knowledge of Chenin blanc wines. Experience, exposure and technical knowledge tend to establish a common language amongst wine experts which could have caused the expert panel to perceive some wines differently when comparing the results of the latter panel to that of the trained panel. DSA was found to remain the most effective method for establishing a comprehensive sensory profile. Consumer analyses showed that regular white wine drinkers prefer the unwooded styles (Fresh and Fruity and Rich and Ripe unwooded) of Chenin blanc more than the wooded style. It was also found that consumers with a higher level of objective wine knowledge tend to associate the terms ‘bush vine’ and ‘old bush vine’ with the Rich and Ripe style of Chenin blanc, whereas consumers with a lower level of objective wine knowledge associated ‘old bush vine’ with the Fresh and Fruity style. Since all the wines used in the consumer analysis were produced from old bush vines, it is evident that consumer education on the impact of bush vine training system and vine age on wine quality is needed. Better understanding of these principles could lead to elevated product appraisals and consumer satisfaction.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vyf en twintig kommersiële Chenin blanc wyne, uitsluitlik van bosstok wingerde geproduseer, is bekom vir hierdie studie. Die wyne het drie style, drie oesjare en vyf produksiestreke ingesluit. Beskrywende sensoriese analise (BSA) en chemiese analises, wat GC-FID (gas chromatografie gekoppel met vlam-ioniserende deteksie) en FTMIR (Fourier-transformering mid-infrarooi) spektroskopie insluit, is uitgevoer om onderskeidelik die sensoriese en chemiese eienskappe van die wyne te bepaal. Verbruikerstoetse is ook uitgevoer om verbruikerspersepsie en -voorkeure vir bosstok Chenin blanc wyne te bepaal. BSA (‘n profilerings tegniek) was ook vergelyk met ‘n sorterings taak (‘n klassifikasie tegniek) met ‘n beskrywings opdrag, primêr om die sorterings taak se vermoë om wyne te profileer te ondersoek. Volgens die resultate van BSA, het die wyne in twee groepe verdeel. Een groep het met die sensoriese eienskappe wat op ‘n Vars-en-Vrugtige-styl dui, geassosieër. Die ander groep het met sensoriese eienskappe geassosieër wat met die Volrond-styl verband hou. Geen verdeling tussen die gehoute en ongehoute wyne binne die Volrond-styl was sigbaar nie. Volgens die resultate van die chemiese analises, het die wyne ook in twee groepe verdeel. Die verdeling blyk asof dit veroorsaak is deur oesjaar en die chemiese veranderinge wat met wynveroudering gepaard gaan. Wyne van die jongste oesjaar (2010) het ‘n sterk verband met hoë vlakke van esters en appelsuur getoon. Die ouer wyne was verder weg van hierdie eienskappe geleë, wat op laer ester en appelsuur konsentrasies dui. Wanneer die meerveranderlike resultate van die sorterings taak (met en sonder die aanduiding van sensoriese eienskappe) en dit van BSA vergelyk word, kon soortgelyke groeperings gesien word. Dit is ‘n aanduiding dat BSA ook wyne effektief kan kategoriseer. Die verskil in posisionering van sommige wyne tussen die BSA en sorterings taak resultate, kan toegeskryf word aan die verskillende panele wat gebruik is om die tegnieke uit te voer. ‘n Deskundige paneel (wynkenners) is gebruik om die sortingstaak uit te voer. Ervaring, blootstelling en tegniese kennis is geneig om te lei tot die vestiging van ‘n gemeenskaplike taal onder wynkenners. Hierdie gemeenskaplike taal kan as rede aangevoer word vir die uiteenlopende analise van sommige wyne wanneer die resultate van die deskundige paneel met dié van die opgeleide paneel (in BSA gebruik) vergelyk word. Dit is gevind dat BSA, wanneer ‘n omvattende sensoriese profiel bepaal moet word, die mees effektiefste metode bly. Verbruikerstoetse het getoon dat gereelde witwyn-verbruikers die ongehoute Chenin blanc style (Vars-en-Vrugtig en ongehoute Volrond) bo die gehoute styl verkies. Dit is ook bepaal dat verbruikers met ‘n hoër vlak van objektiewe wynkennis neig om die terme ‘bosstok’ en ‘ou bosstok’ met die Volrond-styl van Chenin blanc te assosieer, terwyl verbruikers met ‘n laer vlak van objektiewe wynkennis die term ‘ou bosstok’ met die Vars-en-Vrugtige Chenin blanc styl assosieër. Aangesien al die wyne wat in die verbruikerstoetse ingesluit is van ou bosstok wingerde geproduseer is, is dit duidelik dat verbruikeropvoeding insake die effek van die gebruik van bosstokke en ou wingerdstokke op wynkwaliteit noodsaaklik is. ‘n Beter begrip van hierdie beginsels sal lei tot verhoogde produkwaardasie, asook ‘n toename in verbruikertevredenheid.

Mestrado Vinifera EuroMaster - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The experiment with an aim to study the effect of pruning types and effect of different types of organic amendments on soil quality, vine growth, grape production and wine quality was conducted in two sites located in Vilar and Sardoal region of Portugal. The pruning treatments included manual spur (MAN) and mechanical hedge (MEC) type of pruning and types of organic amendments applied were biochar (BIOC), municipal solid waste compost (RSUC), cattle manure (ESTR), sewage sludge (ETAR) and control treatment (TEST). The treatment effects were analyzed for chemical composition, mineral content and heavy metals content and sensorial analysis of wine samples. The analysis results show that there was no significant effect of type of pruning on wine composition except pH, total acidity, alcohol content, calcium and total nitrogen content of wine sample. Similar trend was also followed with the application of organic amendments; the composition of wine remained unchanged by the use of organic amendments except some effect on pH, total acidity, volatile acidity, total anthocyanins and potassium content of wine samples. There was no significant increase in the heavy metals content of wine samples after the treatment of organic amendment. The manual pruning generally showed higher content compared to mechanical pruning due to less number of bunches retained per shoots. Wine composition was more influenced by the site specific characters and climatic conditions than the effect of treatment applied. Sensory analysis along with chemical analysis shows that mechanical pruning can be used without having much significant effect on grape composition when sufficient yield compensation is achieved. Treatment which supplied higher amount of nitrogen (ETAR and ESTR) was generally marked by more negative sensory perception such as vegetal characters in wine. On the face of climate change and increased competitive pressure use of mechanical pruning can be good strategy to reduce the cost of grape production and organic amendment can be applied to soil with an aim of increasing organic matter contents of soil. But the care should be taken to avoid excessive supply of nitrogen in order to avoid negative effect on wine composition over longer period of time. So the supply of amendment should be managed according to vine and soil nutritional status

Riassunto La qualità del vino è un concetto multidimensionale che dipende da numerosi fattori quali luogo di produzione, clima, suolo, varietà, pratiche viticole, lieviti e fermentazione, tecnologia di vinificazione, processo di invecchiamento e maturazione, imbottigliamento e conservazione. Tutti questi elementi possono influire, in maniera singola o combinata, sulle proprietà e sulle caratteristiche organolettiche del vino (flavour, colore e aroma). Alcune di queste variabili possono essere modulate e gestite in campo ed in cantina al fine di migliorare la qualità delle uve e dei vini prodotti da esse. In questo contesto, appare evidente che la corretta gestione delle variabili viti-vinicole costituisce un aspetto di primaria importanza nella produzione di vini di qualità. Pertanto l’obiettivo della tesi di dottorato è stato quello di studiare l’impatto di diverse variabili viticole, tecnologiche, di affinamento/maturazione e di packaging sulla qualità di vini rossi prodotti a partire da cultivar autoctone dell’Italia Meridionale (Aglianico, Montepulciano e Nero di Troia). L’attività di ricerca del 1° anno ha incluso una fase iniziale per la messa a punto del metodo LC-MS da utilizzare per la determinazione del profilo fenolico e l’ottimizzazione delle condizioni HPLC-ESI-MS. La tecnica è stata impiegata, insieme ad altre tecniche e metodiche durante il 2° e 3° anno di Dottorato per la valutazione degli effetti delle variabili sopra citate sulle caratteristiche di qualità dei vini studiati. Diversi composti fenolici sono stati identificati, tra cui acidi fenolici e derivati, stilbeni, flavonoli, flavan-3-oli monomeri e dimeri, e antociani. Tra gli antociani, in particolare, sono state identificate le forme glicosilate, acetilglicosilate, cumarilglicosilate e caffeoilglicosilate dei principali antociani del vino (delfinidina, cianidina, petunidina, peonidina e malvidina), alcune piranoantocianine (vitisine tipo A e B), flavanil-piranoantocianine, pinotine, e complessi antociano-tannino via acetaldeide. Nel corso del 2° anno di Dottorato, le attività di ricerca sono state focalizzate sullo studio degli effetti della sfogliatura in campo e di pratiche di affinamento/maturazione alternative quali micro-ossigenazione e trattamento con i chips sulle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche e sensoriali dei vini rossi autoctoni. Le uve (cv. Uva di Troia) defogliate presentavano un contenuto maggiore di zuccheri e minore di acidi organici. La defogliazione parziale non ha influenzato la composizione fenolica degli acini ma ha migliorato la qualità dei vini, mentre la defogliazione completa ha comportato un aumento della sostanza secca, degli zuccheri e del grado alcolico finale. Le uve sottoposte al maggior flusso di fotoni fotosintetico hanno presentato il maggior contenuto antocianico. Riguardo alle tecnologie di invecchiamento alternative alla barrique, il trattamento con oak chips ha determinato dapprima un effetto antiossidante proteggendo i composti fenolici dei vini contro l’ossidazione, e successivamente un effetto stabilizzante del colore attraverso la polimerizzazione di antociani e tannini. Il 3° anno di Dottorato è stato dedicato alla valutazione degli effetti singoli e combinati di tecnologie di vinificazione (tradizionale, criomacerazione, macerazione con enzimi, macerazione prolungata), differenti tipi di chiusura (tappi sintetici Nomacorc® in polietilene a bassa densità con bassa, media ed alta permeabilità all’ossigeno), e del trattamento con i chips su colore, evoluzione della composizione fenolica, attività antiossidante, e profilo sensoriale dei vini oggetto di studio (cv. Uva di Troia). È stata anche studiata l’influenza del momento di effettuazione del trattamento con i chips (prima o dopo la fermentazione malo-lattica). La criomacerazione ha consentito l’ottenimento di vini meno acidi, più strutturati ed alcolici, anche dopo un anno di affinamento. Inoltre, i vini criomacerati hanno mostrato una maggiore stabilità all’ossidazione rispetto alle altre tecnologie. I vini prodotti per macerazione prolungata sono risultati meno ricchi in composti fenolici e meno colorati, ma meglio apprezzati dal punto di vista sensoriale dopo un anno di affinamento. I vini prodotti per macerazione enzimatica sembrano essere quelli che meglio uniscono il miglioramento delle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche con quelle sensoriali. L’impiego di tappi sintetici a media e alta permeabilità all’ossigeno ha favorito la polimerizzazione dei pigmenti, migliorando così la stabilità del colore dei vini Nero di Troia, ha aumentato la percezione degli attributi fruttati, speziati ed aromatici, e ridotto quelli vinosi, rispetto quelli a bassa permeabilità. La scelta del tempo in cui applicare il trattamento con frammenti di rovere (prima o dopo la fermentazione malo-lattica) ha consentito di modificare la qualità dei vini Nero di Troia. Gli oak chips non hanno favorito la stabilizzazione del colore per via della differente composizione fenolica dei vini di partenza, ma hanno protetto i vini trattati dall’ossidazione (fenomeno maggiormente evidente nei vini trattati dopo la fermentazione malo-lattica). Inoltre, hanno migliorato le caratteristiche sensoriali in tutti i vini sottoposti al trattamento, attenuando le note floreali e fruttate e accentuando quelle speziate, legnose e di vaniglia. Tuttavia, i vini trattati prima della fermentazione malo-lattica hanno mostrato caratteri legnosi e speziati più attenuati, note fruttate più intense, e un carattere etereo meno pronunciato rispetto a quelli trattati dopo la fermentazione malo-lattica. Abstract The wine quality is a multidimensional concept that depends on several factors including location, climate, soil, grape variety, vineyard practices, yeasts and fermentation, winemaking technologies, aging and maturing processes, bottling and storage. All of these elements can individually or interactively influence properties and organoleptic characteristics (flavour, colour, and mouthfeel) of wines. Some of these variables can be modulated and managed in vineyard and winery, in order to improve the quality of grapes and wines derived from them. In this context, it is evident that the correct management of these variables represents an important topic in the production of high-quality wines. Therefore, the PhD thesis was focused on evaluating the effects of viticultural, technological, aging and packaging variables on the quality of native red wines from the South of Italy (Aglianico, Montepulciano, and Nero di Troia). The research activity of the 1st year of the PhD course included an initial step, consisting in the development of the LC-MS methods to be used for the analysis of the phenolic profiles and in the optimization of the HPLC-ESI-MS conditions. The technique was employed, together with other techniques, during the 2nd and 3rd PhD years, for the evaluation of the effects of the above cited variables on the quality characteristics of the wines studied. Several phenolic compounds were identified, including phenolic acids and derivatives, stilbenes, flavonols, flavan-3-ols monomers and dimers, and anthocyanins. Among anthocyanins, in particular, glycosylated, acetylglycosylated, cumaroylglycosylated and caffeoylglycosylated forms of the main wine anthocyanins (delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin), some pyranoanthocyanins (vitisin A- and B-type), flavanyl-pyranoanthocyanins, pinotins, and anthocyanin-tannin via acetaldehyde complexes have been identified. During the 2nd PhD year, the research activities were focused on the study of the effects of leaf removal and of aging practices such as micro-oxygenation and aging with oak chips on the chemical-physical and sensory characteristics of native red wines. The defoliated grapes (cv. Uva di Troia) had higher sugar content and lower organic acids. The partial defoliation did not affect the phenolic composition of the berries but it improved the quality of the wines, while the complete defoliation resulted in an increase of dry matter, sugars and alcohol content. The grapes that received the highest photosynthetic photon flux showed the greatest content of anthocyanins. Regarding the alternative aging technologies, the treatment with oak chips firstly showed an antioxidant effect by absorbing the dissolved oxygen and protecting the wine phenolic compounds against oxidation, and subsequently a colour stabilizing effect through the polymerization of anthocyanins and tannins. The 3rd PhD year was dedicated to the evaluation of the single and interactive effects of winemaking technologies (traditional, cryomaceration, maceration with enzymes, extended maceration), types of closure (low density polyethylene synthetic stoppers characterized by low, medium and high oxygen permeability), and treatment with oak chips on colour, evolution of the phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, and sensory profile of the red wines studied (cv. Uva di Troia). The effects of timing (before or after malolactic fermentation) of the treatment with oak chips were also studied. Cryomaceration enabled the obtaining of less acid, more structured and alcoholic wines, even after one year of aging. Furthermore, the cryomacerated wines showed greater oxidation stability than the other technologies. The wines produced through extended maceration were less rich in phenolic compounds and less colourful, but they were better appreciated from a sensory perspective. The wines produced through addition of pectolytic enzyme combined the improvement of chemical-physical characteristics with enhancement of the sensory properties. The use of synthetic stoppers having medium and high oxygen permeability favoured the polymerization of the pigments, thus improving the Nero di Troia colour stability, increased the perception of fruity, spicy and aromatic attributes, and reduced the vinous notes, if compared to the wines closed with low oxygen permeability devices. The choice of the time (before or after the malolactic fermentation) of application of the treatment with oak chips needed to change the wine quality characteristic. In particular, the oak chips did not lead to the colour stabilization but protected the treated wine against oxidation (especially in wines treated after malolactic fermentation). They also improved the sensory features in all the oak-treated wines by the attenuation of the floral and fruity notes and the accentuation of the spicy, woody and vanilla aromas. Nevertheless, the wines treated before malolactic fermentation showed softer oak and spicy characters, more fruity notes, and less ethereal attribute with respect to those ones treated after malolactic fermentation.

Orientador: Neusa Taroda Ranga
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Lianas são plantas que germinam no solo, mantêm-se enraizadas durante toda a vida e necessitam de suporte físico para alcançarem o dossel. Elas são membros característicos das florestas tropicais, onde contribuem com cerca de 25% da diversidade vegetal. Às vezes, dominam a vegetação, principalmente em áreas perturbadas. Lianas competem com árvores por nutrientes e luz, e influenciam a taxa de crescimento e a mortalidade de sua árvore hospedeira. Embora as lianas iniciem sua escalada a partir do chão, muitas colonizam árvores vizinhas pelo dossel da floresta, ¿amarrando-se¿ às outras, podendo ocasionar a queda de várias árvores quando uma delas cai. Devido a sua abundância e o seu impacto sobre as árvores, é de grande importância conhecer os fatores que governam a distribuição e dinâmica das lianas na floresta tropical e, assim, desenvolver estratégias de uso sustentável. Assim, os objetivos desta tese foram: (1) avaliar a riqueza e abundância das lianas e (2) a relação das lianas com as características do hospedeiro e com a estrutura da floresta. O trabalho foi realizado em um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual, com cerca de 435,73 ha, na Estação Ecológica de Paulo de Faria, SP. Foram amostradas 100 parcelas de 10 x 10 m (1 ha). As lianas com diâmetro ³ 1 cm e as árvores ³ 3 cm enraizadas nas parcelas foram medidas no DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito - 1,30m) e identificadas. Amostrou-se 1427 indivíduos de 45 espécies de lianas, pertencentes a 14 famílias, sendo as mais ricas: Bignoniaceae (14 espécies), Sapindaceae (nove) e Malpighiaceae (seis), e as mais abundantes Bignoniaceae, Sapindaceae e Apocynaceae. A riqueza de lianas foi aproximadamente igual à metade (razão 0,51) da riqueza de árvores (87 espécies). A densidade média de lianas e árvores foi semelhante, cerca de 1400 indivíduos/ha. Melloa quadrivalvis (Bignoniaceae) foi a espécie mais comum na área estudada. Do total de indivíduos de lianas amostrados, 57,6% apresentaram diâmetros entre 1 - 2,5 cm, correspondendo a 95% da riqueza total amostrada. Das 1419 árvores amostradas, 53% carregavam pelo menos uma liana. As espécies menos infestadas que a média geral foram Inga marginata, Piper amalago, Trichia catigua e T. claussenii, e somente uma, Machaerium paraguariense, foi mais infestada que a média, considerando todas as espécies. Os resultados, de modo geral, não apoiaram a hipótese de especificidade entre espécies de lianas e espécies de árvores, pois a riqueza e a diversidade de espécies de lianas aumentaram com a proporção de infestação. Se houvesse especificidade, esperar-se-ia que uma espécie de árvore fosse mais infestada por uma determinada espécie de liana. O mecanismo de escalada das lianas não influenciou o número de árvores que cada liana escalou, embora tenha ocorrido associação positiva entre árvores com casca rugosa e lianas com gavinhas. Considerando-se as características individuais do hospedeiro, as árvores com diâmetros maiores apresentaram maior densidade de lianas. Com relação às características da vizinhança, as diferenças encontradas provavelmente se devem as condições de luminosidade do ambiente. As parcelas com maior proporção de árvores com DAP > 30 cm apresentaram relação negativa significativa com a densidade de lianas. A relação foi positiva em parcelas com maior proporção de árvores com copas £ 3 m de altura. Assim, as evidências deste estudo sugerem que a distribuição das lianas foi mais influenciada por características da comunidade do que pelas características das espécies de árvores presentes
Abstract: Lianas are soil-germinating plants, perennially rooted and which need support to reach the canopy. They are characteristically from the rain forests, where they contribute with near 25% of vegetal diversity. Lianas compete with trees for nutrients and light, influencing growth and mortality rates of its host tree. Although lianas begin their life on the ground, many of them colonize vicinity trees through the forest canopy, ¿tying¿ themselves to the others, and may cause the fall of many trees. Due to their abundance and impact over other trees, it is important to know the factors governing distribution and dynamics of the lianas in order to better understand the rain forest and to develop sustainable strategies. Thus, the aims of this study were: (1) to assess the richness and abundance of lianas, and (2) to establish the relation of lianas with the characteristics of the hosts and the structure of the forest. The research was carried out in a fragment of a Semideciduous Stational Forest with 435.73 ha, at the Paulo de Faria Ecological Station. The sampling consisted of 100 plots of 10 x 10 m (1 ha), allotted in an area of 4 ha. Lianas with a diameter ³ 1 cm and trees ³ 3 cm rooted in the plots were measured in DBH (diameter at breast height ¿1.30m) e identified. In the study area, 1427 individuals were sampled from 45 species of lianas, belonging to 14 families, the richest ones being Bignoniaceae (14 species), Sapindaceae (nine) e Malpighiaceae (six), and the more abundant Bignoniaceae, Sapindaceae e Apocynaceae, adding up to 80% of the sampled individuals. The liana richness was approximately equal to half (ratio 0.51) the tree richness (87 species). Average density of lianas and trees was similar, around 1400 individuals/ha. Melloa quadrivalvis (Bignoniaceae) was the most common species in the study area. From the total number of the sampled liana individuals, 57.6% presented diameters between 1- 2.5 cm, corresponding to 95% of the total sampled richness. Only 26 individuals presented diameter higher than 10 cm. From the 1419 trees with diameter ³ 3 cm, 53% carried at least one liana, with the higher rate of infestation (79%) occurred in the individuals with diameters > 10 cm. Species less infested than the expectation were Inga marginata, Piper amalago, Trichia catigua e T. claussenii. One species, Machaerium paraguariense, was more infested than the expectation. In general, results did not support the hypothesis of species-specificity between lianas and trees, since the richness and diversity of liana species increased with the infestation rate. Climbing mechanism did not influence the number of trees climbed by each liana, although we have found positive association between wrinkled bark and tendrils. Considering the individual characteristics of the host, trees with larger diameters showed higher density of lianas. In relation to the vicinity characteristics, the plots with higher rate of big trees (DBH > 30 cm) showed significant negative relation with the density of lianas. The relation was positive in plots with higher rate of trees with small crown (£ 3 m). Thus, our study showed the association between tree and vicinity characteristics with infestation and density of lianas
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Mestre em Biologia Vegetal

La vigne est sensible à de nombreuses maladies cryptogamiques qui vont altérer la qualité des raisins et des vins. Depuis plusieurs années, l’Esca est devenue un fléau pour la viticulture moderne, car elle est responsable de la mort des pieds de vigne lorsqu’elle se présente sous forme apoplectique. Sa forme chronique est liée à la présence d’un cortège de champignons pathogènes dans le tronc et les bras, qui vont provoquer le plus souvent des symptômes foliaires. L’altération de la photosynthèse que cela provoque, va avoir des conséquences sur la maturation du fruit. Cependant, peu de travaux de recherche ont été menés pour caractériser précisément l’impact de cette maladie sur le métabolisme et la composition chimique des baies de raisin. Notre étude avait pour but d’apprécier, grâce à une approche protéomique, les conséquences de cette maladie sur la qualité des raisins. Nos travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence que l’expression de symptômes foliaires d’Esca provoque une modification d’abondance des protéines liées aux mécanismes de défense et de stress oxydatif de la pellicule du raisin. Il est également observé un changement de capacité antioxydante par modulation des teneurs en peroxyde d’hydrogène, en glutathion ou en pyridoxine. Les concentrations en molécules d’intérêt œnologique comme les acides aminés, les amines biogènes ou les tannins sont également modifiées en présence de symptômes foliaires d’Esca
The vine is susceptible to many fungal diseases that will affect the quality of grapes and wines. For several years, Esca has become the bane of modern viticulture because it is responsible for the death of the vines when presented in the form apoplectic. Its chronic form is associated with the presence of a procession of pathogenic fungi in the trunk and arms that will most often cause leaf symptoms. The alteration of photosynthesis that this causes will affect fruit ripening. However, little research has been conducted to characterize precisely the impact of this disease on the metabolism and chemical composition of grape berries. Our study aimed to assess, using a proteomic approach the disease's impact on the quality of grapes and get specific markers. Our work allowed us to demonstrate that the expression of foliar symptoms of Esca causes a change in abundance of proteins related to defense mechanisms and oxidative stress in the grape skin. It is also observed a change in antioxidant capacity by modulating levels of hydrogen peroxide, glutathione or pyridoxine. The concentrations of molecules of oenological interest such as amino acids, biogenic amines or tannins are also modified in the presence of foliar symptoms of Esca

Organic mulches and cover crops mulched in situ were assessed for their effects on B. cinerea primary inoculum and disease levels in inflorescences at flowering and/or bunches at harvest. Organic mulches were used to enhance biological degradation of vine debris to reduce levels of B. cinerea primary inoculum the following season. Four mulch types (anaerobically and aerobically fermented marc (grape pressings), inter-row grass clippings and shredded office paper) were applied under ten-year-old Riesling vines in a ten-replicate randomized block design in New Zealand over two consecutive years. Plastic mesh bags, each containing naturally infected vine debris, were placed under vines on bare ground (control) and at the soil-mulch interface, in winter (July) 2003 and 2004. In each year, half the bags were recovered at flowering (December) and the remainder at leaf plucking (February), for assessment of B. cinerea sporulation from the vine debris and debris degradation rate. Bait lamina probes, which measure soil biological activity, were placed in the soil-mulch interface three weeks before each of the two bag-recovery dates in both years and were then removed and assessed at the same times as were the bags. All mulches led to a reduction in B. cinerea sporulation. This reduction was significantly correlated with elevated rates of vine debris decomposition and increased soil biological activity. Over both years, compared with the controls, all treatments gave a 3-20-fold reduction in B. cinerea sporulation, a 1.6-2.6-fold increase in vine debris degradation and in the two marc and the paper treatments, a 1.8-4-fold increase in activity of soil organisms. The mulches also altered vine characteristics and elevated their resistance to B. cinerea through changes to the soil environment. Functional soil biological activity, as measured by Biolog Ecoplates and bait lamina probes, was increased 2-4 times in the two marc and paper treatments, compared with the control, an effect relating to the elevated soil moisture and reduced temperature fluctuations under these mulches. Soil nutrient levels and the C:N ratios were also affected in these treatments. The mulched paper lowered vine canopy density by up to 1.4 times that of the other treatments, an effect which probably led to elevated light penetration into the canopy and consequent increased canopy temperature, photosynthesis and lowered canopy humidity. These changes to soil and vine characteristics increased grape skin strength by up to 10% in the paper treatment and sugar concentrations by 1.2-1.4 °Brix in the two marc and paper treatments. The severity of B. cinerea infections in the anaerobic marc, aerobic marc and paper treatments were reduced to 12%, 3% and 2.2% of the control, respectively, in field assessments averaged over two consecutive harvests. Cover crops mulched in situ had similar effects to those of the organic mulches, increasing soil biological activity and reducing B. cinerea primary inoculum and the severity of B. cinerea infection in grapes at harvest (2006). Inter-row phacelia and ryegrass were mulched in winter 2005 and compared with a bare ground control, under 10-year-old Chardonnay vines in a ten-replicate randomized block design. Functional soil biological activity increased by 1.5-4.5 times in the two cover crop treatments compared with the control, an effect possibly related to elevated soil moisture in these treatments. This increase in soil moisture and soil biological activity increased vine debris degradation, reduced B. cinerea primary inoculum on the debris and decreased B. cinerea severity at flowering (December 2005) and harvest (April 2006). These results show the potential of organic mulches and cover crops mulched in situ to enhance soil ecosystem services and improve the sustainability of viticultural practices.

As populações de Heliconius ethilla narcaea Godart (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) diferem quanto ao uso das plantas hospedeiras (passifloráceas) no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), utilizando preferencialmente Passiflora alata Dryander, na Depressão Central. Tal aspecto pode ter conseqüências para a performance de suas larvas, bem como resultar em mudanças ecológicocomportamentais. Por exemplo, inexistem estudos correspondentes para a região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, RS, cuja flora de passifloráceas é distinta. Neste estudo, foi quantificada uma população de adultos de H. ethilla narcaea na Floresta Nacional (Flona) de São Francisco de Paula, região de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, no período de março 2006 a maio 2007. Em condições de laboratório, testou-se a influência de sete espécies de Passiflora existentes no RS (P. alata, P. actinia, P. caerulea, P. capsularis, P. edulis, P. misera e P. suberosa) sobre a sobrevivência e tempo de desenvolvimento das larvas, e tamanho dos adultos. A preferência alimentar das larvas de primeiro e quinto ínstares também foi avaliada, utilizando-se discos foliares em testes de dupla escolha, quando criadas individualmente nas diferentes passifloráceas e, múltipla, quando criadas em P. alata. A indução correspondente foi determinada testando-se a preferência daquela espécie de maracujá utilizada na criação, comparada às demais, nos testes de escolha dupla. A sobrevivência foi maior em P. alata, P. caerulea, P. actinia, P. edulis e P. misera. O tempo de desenvolvimento larval foi menor na última e, o tamanho dos adultos, foi maior em P. edulis. Nos testes de dupla escolha, as larvas preferiram as plantas nas quais foram criadas, na maioria dos casos. Nos testes de múltipla escolha, houve preferência por P. edulis, P. misera, P. actinia, as quais conferiram um menor tempo no desenvolvimento das larvas. Assim, os dados sugerem que H. ethilla narcaea desenvolve-se satisfatoriamente em diversas espécies de passifloráceas, para as quais pode apresentar indução na preferência alimentar (aprendizado no estágio de larva). Dependendo da associação da variação quanti- e qualitativa destas hospedeiras ao comportamento de escolha das larvas (alimentação) por parte dos adultos (oviposição), o qual precisa ser testado, poderá haver especializações locais. Ou seja, a existência de indução na preferência alimentar no estágio de larva, efeito de Hopkins (influência da experiência da larva na escolha do adulto) e/ou aprendizado associativo das fêmeas quanto à espécie de hospedeira poderiam levar a uma diferenciação geográfica na evolução do uso das plantas hospedeiras por este heliconíneo.
In Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil, Heliconius ethilla narcaea Godart (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) populations varies in host plants use (Passifloraceae), using preferential Passiflora alata Dryander, in Central Depression. This would have consequences for larval performance, as well as resulting in ecological and behavioral changes. Corresponding studies in the Campos de Cima da Serra region, inexist. This region has a distinct of Passifloraceae flora. In this study, it was quantified a population of adults of H. ethilla narcaea in Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, RS, region of Araucaria Forest, in March 2006 to May 2007. In laboratory conditions, it was tested the influence of seven species of Passiflora (P. alata, P. actinia, P. caerulea, P. capsularis, P. edulis, P. suberosa and P. misera) on larval performance and size of adults. Larval feeding preferences were evaluated through leaf disk, for first and fifth instars, using double choice tests, when created individually in different passion vines and, multiple, when created in P. alata. The corresponding induction was determined testing it preference of that passion vine species used in creation, compared with excessively, in double choice tests. Larval survivorship was greatest on P. alata, P. caerulea, P. actinia, P. edulis and P. misera. Development time was fewer in P. misera and, the size of adults, was better in P. edulis. In double choice tests, larvae preferred plants which they had been servants, in majority of cases. Larvae chose P. edulis, P. misera, P. actinia, on multiple choice tests, which conferred less development time. Thus, our data suggest that H. ethilla narcaea is developed satisfactorily in many species of Passifloraceae, for which can present induction of feeding preference (learning in the larval stage). Depending on association in qualitative and quantitative variation of these host plants to behavior of larval choice (feeding) on part of adults (oviposition), which need to be tested, will be able to have local specializations. The existence of induction in feeding preference in larval stage, Hopkins’ effect (influence of larval experience in the choice of adult) and/or associative learning of females in relation to host species could take a geographic differentiation in evolution of host plants use by this butterfly.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Metagenomic studies that make use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) generate large amounts of sequence data, representing the genomes of multiple organisms of which no prior knowledge is necessarily available. In this study, a metagenomic NGS approach was used to detect multiple novel mycoviral sequences in grapevine phloem tissue. Individual sequencing libraries of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) from two grapevine leafroll diseased (GLD) and three shiraz diseased (SD) vines were sequenced using an Illumina HiScanSQ instrument. Over 3.2 million reads were generated from each of the samples and these reads were trimmed and filtered for quality before being de novo assembled into longer contigs. The assembled contigs were subjected to BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) analyses against the NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information) database and classified according to database sequences with which they had the highest identity. Twenty-six putative mycovirus species were identified, belonging to the families Chrysoviridae, Endornaviridae, Narnaviridae, Partitiviridae and Totiviridae. Two of the identified mycoviruses, namely grapevine-associated chrysovirus (GaCV) and grapevine-associated mycovirus 1 (GaMV-1) have previously been identified in grapevine while the rest appeared to be novel mycoviruses not present in the NCBI database. Primers were designed from the de novo assembled mycoviral sequences and used to screen the grapevine dsRNA used for sequencing as well as endophytic fungi isolated from the five sample vines. Only two mycoviruses, related to sclerotinia sclerotiorum partitivirus S and chalara elegans endornavirus 1 (CeEV-1), could be detected in grapevine dsRNA and in fungus isolates. In order to validate the presence of mycoviruses in grapevine phloem tissue, two additional sequencing runs, using an Illumina HiScanSQ and an Applied Biosystems (ABI) SOLiD 5500xl instrument respectively, were performed. These runs generated more and higher quality sequence data than the first sequencing run. Twenty-two of the putative mycoviral sequences initially detected were detected in the subsequent sequence datasets, as well as an additional 29 species not identified in the first HiScanSQ sequence datasets. The samples harboured diverse mycovirus populations, with as many as 19 putative species identified in a single vine. This indicates that the complete virome of diseased grapevines will include a high number of mycoviruses. Additionally, the complete genome of a novel endornavirus, for which we propose the name grapevine endophyte endornavirus (GEEV), was assembled from one of the second HiScanSQ sequence datasets. This is the first complete genome of a mycovirus detected in grapevine. Grapevine endophyte endornavirus has the highest sequence similarity to CeEV-1 and is the same virus that was previously detected in fungus isolates using the mycovirus primers. The virus was detected in two fungus isolates, namely Stemphylium sp. and Aureobasidium pullulans, which is of interest since mycoviruses are not known to be naturally associated with two distinctly different fungus genera. Mycoviral sequence data generated in this study can be used to further investigate the diversity and the effect of mycoviruses in grapevine.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Metagenomiese studies, wat gebruik maak van volgende-generasie volgordebepalingstegnologie, het die vermoë om die genetiese samestelling van veelvoudige onbekende organismes te bepaal deurdat dit groot hoeveelhede data genereer. Die bogenoemde tegniek was in hierdie studie aangewend om aantal nuwe mikovirusse in die floëem weefsel van wingerd te identifiseer. Dubbelstring-RNS was gesuiwer vanuit twee druiwestokke met rolbladsiekte en drie met shirazsiekte en Illumina HiScanSQ instrument is gebruik om meer as 3.2 miljoen volgorde fragmente te genereer van elk van die monsters. Lae-kwaliteit volgordes was verwyder en die oorblywende kort volgorde fragmente was saamgestel om langer konstrukte te vorm wat met behulp van BLAST soektogte teen die NCBI databasis geïdentifiseer kon word. Ses-en-twintig mikovirus spesies, wat aan die families Chrysoviridae, Endornaviridae, Narnaviridae, Partitiviridae en Totiviridae behoort, was geïdentifiseer. Twee van die geïdentifiseerde mikovirusse, naamlik grapevine-associated chrysovirus (GaCV) en grapevine-associated mycovirus 1 (GaMV-1), was voorheen al in wingerd gekry terwyl die res nuwe mikovirusse is wat tans nie in die NCBI databasis voorkom nie. Inleiers was ontwerp vanaf die saamgestelde mikovirus basisvolgordes en gebruik om wingerd dubbelstring-RNS sowel as swamme wat vanuit die wingerd geïsoleer is te toets vir die teenwoordigheid van hierdie mikovirusse. Slegs twee mikovirusse, wat onderskeidelik verwant is aan sclerotinia sclerotiorum partitivirus S en chalara elegans endornavirus 1 (CeEV-1), kon deur middel van die inleiers in wingerd en swam isolate geïdentifiseer word. Twee addisionele volgordebepalingsreaksies, wat gebruik gemaak het van die Illumina HiScanSQ en ABI SOLiD 5500xl volgordebepalingsplatforms, was gebruik om die teenwoordigheid van mikovirusse in wingerd te bevestig. Groter hoeveelheid volgorde fragmente was geprodusser wat ook van hoër gehalte was as dié van die eerste volgordebepalingsreaksie. Twee-en-twintig mikovirus spesies kon weer geïdentifiseer word, sowel as 29 spesies wat nie in die eerste HiScanSQ basisvolgorde datastelle gevind was nie. Die wingerdstokke wat in hierdie studie ondersoek was, het hoë diversiteit van mikovirusse bevat aangesien daar tot 19 mikovirus spesies in enkele wingerdstok geïdentifiseer was. Dit is aanduiding dat volledige virus profiele van siek wingerdstokke aantal mikovirusse sal insluit. Die vollengte genoomvolgorde van voorheen onbekende endornavirus was saamgestel vanuit een van die tweede HiScanSQ volgorde datastelle. Dit is die eerste mikovirus wat in wingerd gevind word waarvan die volledige genoomvolgorde bepaal is en ons stel die naam grapevine endophyte endornavirus (GEEV) voor vir hierdie virus. Grapevine endophyte endornavirus is die naaste verwant aan CeEV-1 en is dieselfde virus wat voorheen in wingerd dubbelstring-RNS en swam isolate gevind was deur middel van die mikovirus inleiers. Swam isolate waarin GEEV gevind is, was geïdentifiseer as Stemphylium sp. en Aureobasidium pullulans. Dit is van belang dat GEEV in twee swam isolate gevind is wat aan verskillende genusse behoort aangesien hierdie verskynsel nog nie voorheen in die natuur gevind is nie. Mikovirus nukleiensuurvolgordes wat in hierdie studie bepaal was kan gebruik word in toekomstige studies om die verskeidenheid en impak van mikovirusse in wingerd verder te ondersoek.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
Stellenbosch University

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 82 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Good grapes are required to make good wine. Quality wines start in quality vineyards. Vineyard design, installation, and operation, including site location, trellis options, vine selection, and canopy management, along with when to harvest are discussed. While winemaking is the final phase in the pursuit of the winemaker's passion, it is but a simple formula. The beginning of a good wine is in a good vineyard. This study includes a financial projection for a 10-acre vineyard as well as for starting an onsite, complementary sized winery. Even though many small-to-medium vineyards-to-wineries have started over the last decade, the reason to enter into this type of business is not profit, but passion. Profits are relatively small for the time and labor investment, but the unique wine creations that result are amazing, for the winemaker and the one who enjoys the result.

In diets for broiler rabbits alfalfa hay figure as the most cost ingredient. In this way, replace it with agricultural residues cheapens the rabbits products. In addition, the use of residues reduces liabilities in the environment and improves the sustainability of the production chain. Two experiments were conducted at the Cuniculture Laboratory of Department of Animal Science of the Federal University of Santa Maria, where he studied the influence of different substrates replacing alfalfa hay in diets for broiler rabbits. The aim of the first study was to evaluate the feasibility of using the carrot tops (CT) replacing alfalfa hay in diets for broiler rabbits. To this end, we used 30 rabbits of New Zealand kind, weaned at 35d, divided into 3 groups subjected to the following treatments: T0CT control treatment without including CT; T25CT - diet with 25% CT replacement alfalfa hay and T50CT diet with 50% CT replacement alfalfa hay. The biological assay lasted 49 days. The parameters evaluated were: weight gain, feed conversion, feed intake and economic viability of diet. It was found that the average daily weight gain of the animals was 23.93g in T0CT, 22.65g in T25CT and 22:16 in T50CT. The daily feed intake was 86.71g in T0CT, 88.43g in T25CT and 89.57g in T50CLS. The cost per kg of diet linearly reduced with the inclusion of CT to replace alfalfa hay, and the T0CT diet the most expensive (R $ 0.74 / kg) and T50CT (R $ 0.60) the most economical. It follows that the CT can replacement 50% alfalfa hay in diets for growing rabbit diet optimizing the cost without sacrificing performance of the animals. The purpose of the second study was to determine the effect of replacing alfalfa hay for sweet potato vines (SPV) on performance, carcass and liver metabolism parameters broiler rabbits. To this end, twenty-seven rabbits, New Zealand kind were weaned at 35d and divided into three treatments: 0SPV diet without the inclusion of SPV; 10SPV- diet with 10% alfalfa hay replaced by SPV; and 15SPV diet with 15% alfalfa hay replaced by SPV. The trial lasted 49 days. The daily feed intake ranged from 73.17 to 78.02g; daily weight gain, 22.32 to 23.17g; and feed conversion of 3.16 to 03.49 and the final live weight, from 1839.44 to 1880.55g. None of these performance parameters were significantly affected by dietary treatments. As for the post-slaughter data treatments did not differ in carcass weight and heart. However, the liver weight was significantly lower in animals 10SPV treatment. The glucose present in the liver ranged from 1.62mg/g-1 in 10SLP group to 5.02mg/g-1 in 15SPV and 5.6 mg/g-1 in the control group (0SPV). The glucose released into the tissue showed concentration 2,35μmol, 2,13μmol and 2,59μmol released / g tissue in the treatment 0SPV, 10SPV and 15SPV respectively. Therefore concluded that the SPV can be included in up to 15%, replacing alfalfa hay without adversely affecting the performance of the animals.
Em dietas para coelhos de corte, o feno de alfafa figura como o ingrediente de maior custo. Desta forma, substituí-lo por resíduos agrícolas reduz os custos dos produtos cunículas. Além disso, o uso de resíduos reduz passivos no meio ambiente e melhora a sustentabilidade da cadeia produtiva. Dois ensaios foram realizados no Laboratório de Cunicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, onde se estudou a influência de diferentes substratos, em substituição ao feno de alfafa, em dietas para coelhos de corte. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso de topos de cenoura (CT), em substituição ao feno de alfafa, em dietas para coelhos de corte. Para tal, utilizou-se 30 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, desmamados aos 35 dias de idade, divididos em três grupos, submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: T0CT - dieta controle sem inclusão de TC; T25CT dieta com 25% de substituição do feno de alfafa por CT e T50CT dieta com 50% de substituição do feno de alfa por CT. O ensaio biológico teve duração de 49 dias. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, consumo de ração e viabilidade econômica da dieta. Verificou-se que o ganho médio diário de peso dos animais foi de 23,93g no T0CT, 22,65g no T25CT e 22,16 no T50CT. Já o consumo diário de ração foi de 86,71g no T0CT, 88,43g no T25CT e 89,57g no T50CT. Ainda o custo por kg de dieta reduziu linearmente com a inclusão dos TC em substituição ao feno alfafa, sendo a dieta T0CT a mais onerosa (R$0,74/kg) e a T50CT (R$0,60) a mais econômica. Concluiu-se que os CT podem substituir até 50% o feno de alfafa em dietas para coelhos em crescimento, otimizando o custo da dieta sem prejudicar o desempenho dos animais. O objetivo do segundo estudo foi determinar o efeito da substituição do feno de alfafa por baraço de batata-doce (SPV) sobre o desempenho, a carcaça e parâmetros de metabolismo hepático de coelhos de corte. Para tal, 27 coelhos Nova Zelândia (variedade branca) foram desmamados aos 35 dias e divididos em três tratamentos: 0SPV dieta sem a inclusão de SPV; dieta 10SPV com 10% de feno de alfafa substituído por SPV; e 15SPV dieta com 15% de feno de alfafa substituído por SPV. O ensaio durou 49 dias. O consumo diário de ração variou entre 73,17g e 78,02g; com ganho de peso diário entre 22,32g e 23,17g; e a conversão alimentar entre 3,16 a 03,49 e o peso vivo final entre 1839,44g e 1880,55g. Nenhum desses parâmetros de desempenho foi significativamente afetado pelos tratamentos dietéticos. Quanto aos dados pós-abate, os tratamentos não diferiram em peso da carcaça e do coração. No entanto, o peso do fígado foi significativamente menor nos animais do tratamento 10SPV. A glicose presente no fígado variou de 1,62mg/g-1 no grupo 10SLP a 5,02mg/g-1 no 15SPV e 5,6 mg/g-1 no grupo de controle (0SPV). A glicose liberada no tecido apresentou concentração de 2,35μmol, 2,13μmol e 2,59μmol liberado/g de tecido nos tratamentos 0SPV, 10SPV e 15SPV, respectivamente. Por conseguinte, concluiu-se que o SPV pode ser incluído em até 15% em substituição ao feno de alfafa, sem afetar negativamente o desempenho dos animais.

La demande chinoise de vins a profondément marquée le marché du vin depuis la dernière décennie. Cette demande est surtout analysée jusqu'à présent de maniére macro-économique et macro-géographique. Notre thèse s'attache a décrire plus finement cette demande en s'appuyant sur des enquêtes et observations participantes la constitution de la demande chinoise à partir essentiellement de la province du Liaoning. Enfin, un aspect peu connu jusqu'à aujourd'hui est abordé, toujours dans le Liaoning, la place de l'imaginaire du vin dans l'aménagement régional, tant rural qu'urbain
The thesis is for the object to show that the Chinese demand that has wine in the French vineyard. Geographical analysis distinguishes the diversified demands and enter at a time of social and cultural geography of the appropriation of wine in China and different effects in the vineyards

El present treball aborda l'estudi de com es poden pal•liar els efectes del canvi climàtic en l'elaboració de vins escumosos i en vins negres mitjançant les eines que actualment la biotecnologia ens ofereix. Per això en primer lloc aquesta tesis estudia l'efecte de la maduresa del raïm sobre les propietats escumants dels vins escumosos per arribar a la conclusió de que una excessiva maduració del raïm perjudica les característiques escumants. A continuació s'aborda l'estudi dels efectes de l’ús de llevats No Saccharomyces mitjançant inoculació seqüenciada amb Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre les característiques de vins base per a Cava, arribant-se a la conclusió de que l’ús del llevat Torulaspora delbrueckii pot ésser molt útil per a millorar les propietats escumants. Finalment, s’aborda l’estudi de l’efecte de un llevat altament productor de polisacàrids i de la suplementació amb llevats secs inactius sobre la composició i qualitat del vi negre arribant-se a la conclusió de que tots dos procediments comporten un enriqueixement del vi en polisacàrids i una certa disminució de la seva concentració en proantocianidinas, especialment de les de alt grau de polimerització.
El presente trabajo aborda el estudio de cómo se pueden paliar los efectos del cambio climático en la elaboración de vinos espumosos y de vinos tintos mediante las herramientas que actualmente la biotecnología nos ofrece. Para ello en primer lugar esta tesis estudia el efecto de la madurez de la uva sobre las propiedades espumantes de los vinos espumosos para llegar a la conclusión de que una excesiva maduración de la uva perjudica las características espumantes. A continuación se aborda el estudio de los efectos del uso de levaduras No Saccharomyces mediante inoculación secuenciada con Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre las características de vinos base para Cava, llegándose a la conclusión de que el uso de la levadura Torulaspora delbrueckii puede ser muy útil para mejorar las propiedades espumantes. Finalmente, se aborda el estudio del efecto de una levadura altamente productora de polisacáridos y de la suplementación con levaduras secas inactivas sobre la composición y calidad del vino tinto, llegándose a la conclusión de que ambos procedimientos conllevan un enriquecimiento del vino en polisacáridos y una cierta disminución de su concentración en proantocianidinas, especialmente de las de alto grado de polimerización.
This paper deals with the study of how to mitigate the effects of climate change on the production of sparkling wines and red wines using the tools of biotechnology currently offers. With this aim, this thesis studies the influence of the maturity level of the grapes on the foaming properties of sparkling wines to conclude that excessive ripening of the grapes affects negatively. The work continues with the study of the effects of No-Saccharomyces yeasts on the composition of base wine of Cava, leading to the conclusion that the use of the yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii can be very useful to improve foaming properties. Finally, this work studies the effect of a yeast with a high polysaccharide releasing capacity and of the supplementation with inactive dry yeast on the composition and quality of red wine. The results indicate that both procedures enrich the wine on polysaccharides and decrease its concentration in proanthocyanidins, especially those with high degree of polymerization..

Un phénomène récent consiste à introduire dans le droit des notions peu juridiques et d’une grande élasticité qui donnent au juge un pouvoir d’appréciation large. Tel est le cas de la notion de vulnérabilité. Si elle n’a jamais été tout à fait absente de notre droit, plus étonnant est la prise en considération de cette notion dans la jurisprudence relative aux vices du consentement car sa place est en contradiction avec les textes du Code civil. Si ce terme a pu être utilisé, c’est que la jurisprudence a depuis longtemps détournée le sens des textes. Afin de mieux cerner cette notion, un détour par les autres institutions permettra de déterminer quel est son devenir en matière de vices du consentement. Les divers projets de réforme européens ou français du droit des obligations font également place à cette notion. Les manières envisagées démontrent cependant que son introduction dans les textes relatifs aux vices du consentement n’est pas sans poser certaines difficultés
A recent phenomenon is the introduction in the law of less legal concepts with higher elasticity, which give the judge a broader discretion. This is the case for the concept of vulnerability. Although vulnerability was never completely absent from our law, more amazing is the fact that this notion is taken into consideration in the jurisprudence relating to defects of consent even if in contradiction with the texts of the Civil Code. If this term has been used it is because the Jurisprudence has since a long time distorted the meaning of the texts. To better understand this concept, a detour by other institutions will determine its future concerning defects of consent. The different French or European projects of contract law reform are also considering this notion. However, these discussions demonstrate that its introduction in the texts relating to the defect of consent is challenging

Los enturbiamientos causados por las proteínas que se producen durante el almacenamiento y transporte de los vinos blancos es una constante preocupación de los enólogos. La brillantez de estos vinos es una de los principales aspectos de calidad y estos enturbiamientos pueden producirse fácilmente en vinos embotellados con leves cambios de la temperatura. Las uvas Sauvignon blanc desarrollan durante su maduración los aromas típicos de la variedad. En ese momento también aumenta el contenido de proteínas que influye en las futuras características organolépticas y estabilidad del vino. Debido a las condiciones climáticas del oasis vitícola cuyano (sobre todo radiación solar y temperatura) lograr un buen contenido de aromas en Sauvignon blanc no es tarea fácil. Por eso resulta importante encontrar métodos que logren estabilidad proteica sin modificar, o al menos no en forma significativa, el perfil aromático de estos vinos. Los vinos elaborados en estas regiones tienen una alta cantidad de proteínas derivadas de la uva lo que requiere mayores dosis de bentonita para su estabilización en comparación con otras variedades. Para evitar los problemas de enturbiamientos los vinos se clarifican con elevadas dosis de bentonita lo que lleva la pérdida de gran parte de los aromas varietales. En este trabajo se estudió la aplicación de tratamientos alternativos a la bentonita con el objetivo de reemplazar su uso para la eliminación de las proteínas. Se utilizaron manoproteínas, agregadas o liberadas de las paredes celulares de las levaduras y taninos enológicos. Se hicieron estudios de la estabilidad de los vinos con el test de calor, técnica muy utilizada por la industria. Además se estudiaron los pesos moleculares de las proteínas encontradas por electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida, después de los diferentes tratamientos. Se observó que el único tratamiento eficaz para estabilizar los vinos respecto de las proteínas fue la bentonita. La aplicación de otros productos no elimina por completo las proteínas causantes de los enturbiamientos. Sin embargo, en combinación con bajas dosis de bentonita, se obtienen vinos estables, lo que haría que los vinos Sauvignon blanc conserven la mayoría de los aromas provenientes de la uva.
The formation of protein haze in white wines during storage and transportation is a constant concern of the winemakers. Clarity of these wines is one of the prior quality aspects. This type of haze can occur easily with in bottled wines which are exposed to changes of temperatures. Sauvignon blanc grapes develop during ripening the characteristic aromas of the variety. At this time also increases the content of proteins that influence in the future stability and organoleptic characteristics of the wine. Due to the climate conditions of the viticulture oasis of Cuyo (solar radiation and temperature) achieve a proper content of aromas in Sauvignon blanc is not an easy task. This leads to find fining methods that respect the majority aromatics compounds of these wines. The wines produced in this region have a lot amount of protein derived from grapes, they requires higher doses of bentonite in comparison to other varieties. To avoid these problems, the wines are clarified with high doses of bentonite which leads to the loss of the majority varietal aromas. In this paper the application of alternative treatments to bentonite was studied with the objective of replacing its use for the removal of proteins. Mannoproteins, added or released from the cell walls of yeasts were used and oenological tannins. The study of stability in wines was the heat test, technique widely used by the wine industry. Also the estimation of the molecular weights of the proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique was made. It was observed that the only effective treatment for preventing the protein haze was the use of bentonite. The application of other products does not remove completely the proteins that cause the haze. However, in combination with low doses of bentonite, stables wines were obtained. It would make Sauvignon blanc wines keep the aromas coming from the grape.
Fil: Pereira, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias.

Thesis (D.M.A.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 97 p.: ill., music. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Caroline Hong, School of Music. Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-97).

Philanthropy is often considered an unproblematic way for individuals (and especially the rich) to benefit recipients and society by "giving their money away." But philanthropy also gives donors influence and authority, and these powers can be subject to criticism on democratic and egalitarian grounds. This dissertation frames philanthropy as one way in which private money can shape public options and the choices open to individuals. In light of this, it asks what kinds of regulation of philanthropy are appropriate for states committed both to liberal rights and to some vision of equality.
Government

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan designfaktorer och prisklass på rödvinsetiketter. För att kartlägga förekommande designfaktorer har en visuell innehållsanalys gjorts inom tre olika prisklasser hämtad från Systembolagets hemsida. Utifrån den visuella innehållsanalysens resultat designades tre vinetiketter för varje prisklass. För att ta reda på om dessa designfaktorer hade ett samband med den tänkta prisklassen testades vinetiketterna mot konsumenter genom en webbenkät. Slutsatsen var att det fanns vissa generella drag som skiljer prisklasserna åt även om många designfaktorer var vanligt förekommande för alla prisklasser. Utifrån respondenternas svar visade sig vissa av designfaktorerna vara mer eller mindre tydliga för den tilltänkta prisklassen.
This study aims to examine whether there is a connection between design factors and price on wine labels for red wines. To identify occurring design factors, a visual content analysis was made from three different price ranges brought from the Swedish Alcohol Retailing Monopoly’s website. Based on the visual content analysis results three wine labels for each price range was designed. To find out if these design factors were associated with the intended price range, the wine labels were tested on consumers with a web survey. The conclusion was that there was some general features that distinguish price range classes, although many design elements were common for all price ranges. Based on the respondents answers it turned out that some of the design factors were more or less clear to the intended price range.

El presente trabajo consta principalmente de un análisis comparativo de las exportaciones de vino argentino versus las exportaciones de vino chileno a los principales mercados asiáticos: China y Japón. Como conclusión se desprende que Asia tiene un gran atractivo para los vinos sudamericanos y que Chile ha sabido aprovechar esta oportunidad mucho mejor que Argentina. Las características de Chile y Argentina en cuanto a la aptitud de sus tierras para la vitivinicultura son muy similares. Ambos países cuentan con la última tecnología tanto para el manejo de los viñedos como para la elaboración de vinos. Excelentes agrónomos, enólogos y profesionales de todas las áreas se encuentran de ambos lados de la cordillera. Los críticos han dado excelentes puntajes tanto a vinos argentinos como chilenos, o incluso tal vez los vinos argentinos hayan sido más premiados. Por tanto, el éxito del país vecino, si bien se ve inserto en un contexto político-económico un tanto diferente al de nuestro país, se ha debido principalmente a la decisión firme de poner el foco en esos mercados. Es deseo del autor es que las bodegas argentinas en particular y las instituciones que las aglutinan, como es el caso de Wines of Argentina y Bodegas de Argentina, tomen conciencia de esa situación y establezcan planes de acción concretos para aumentar las exportaciones de Argentina a estos países
Fil: Comadrán, María Paula. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.

Vinea is a traditional Slovak brand of grape-flavoured non-alcoholic beverage. It is owned by one of the largest producers of soft beverages in Central Europe - Kofola Group. Kofola is expected to launch the brand in the Czech market in the near future. This thesis deals with identification of Kofola's current position on the market and with formulation of an advisable launch strategy for Vinea. An online survey was used in order to acquire information necessary to formulate the strategy. The survey results can be found in the thesis. The theoretical part of the thesis contains a description of the most commonly used theoretical concepts related to situation analysis, strategies and brandbuilding.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo
A partir de los documentos revisados para la elaboración de la presente monografía es posible señalar que la poda mecánica de vides surge hace más de 60 años, con el fin de reducir los costos de producción y aumentar la rentabilidad de viñedos. Si bien la poda mecánica permite podar vides a menor costo que la poda manual tradicional, lo hace en forma menos precisa. Esto se traduce en un aumento del número de yemas retenidas por planta, lo que activa una serie de respuestas fisiológicas que, de no ser abordadas, pueden complicar el manejo del viñedo y perjudicar la calidad de la uva y del vino. En la actualidad existen diversas experiencias que validan la correcta adecuación a la poda mecánica bajo ciertas condiciones agroecológicas. Sin embargo, la complejidad del análisis ha conducido a generar una resistencia a su implementación, siendo posible encontrar muchos casos donde, a pesar de las presiones económicas, la poda mecánica es aun parcial o definitivamente no se aplica. La recopilación de antecedentes realizada indica que entender el comportamiento de la vid y los factores que interactúan al imponer algún tipo de poda mecánica es clave para lograr una adecuada adaptación a dicho sistema y de ese modo rentabilizar la producción de uva para elaboración de vino.

Cette thèse vise à rendre compte de la postérité littéraire de Gilles de Rais, personnage historique qui vécut dans la France du XVe siècle. Compagnon de Jeanne d'Arc, il fut assimilé à Barbe-Bleue. Il s'agit ici de suivre le devenir littéraire de cette figure du XVe siècle à nos jours afin de déterminer le statut littéraire du maréchal de Charles VII. Ce faisant, cette étude envisage le problème du rapport entre Histoire et littérature ainsi que les conditions d'élaboration d'une figure héroïque, voire d'un mythe littéraire
This work tries to understand the literary becoming of Gilles de Rais, historical character who lived in France during the Fifteenth Century. Comrade-in-arms to Joan of Arc, he was assimilated to Bluebeard. It is about to following Gilles's progress in literature from the Fifteenth Century until these days to determinate what kind of character he really was. That's why the link between History and literature is considered as well as the process, which enables of a hero, or even a literary myth

Les recherches ont porté sur la composition polyphénolique des raisins et des vins des cépages Merlot, Cabernet-Sauvignon et Tannat provenant de vignobles situés dans le sud de l'Uruguay. Différentes situations culturales et environnementales ont été considérées; elles comprennent des vignes conduites en Lyre et en Espalier pour les trois cépages, des modalités d'éclaircissage de grappes à la véraison pour le Merlot et le Cabernet-Sauvignon, et des vignes en Lyre taillées en cordon de Royat ou en Guyot pour le Tannat. Les raisins de Tannat ont été les plus riches en sucres, acidité totale, polyphénols totaux, anthocyanes totales et extractibles, anthocyanes non-acylées et coumaroylées. De plus, les vins de Tannat ont été les plus riches en alcool, acidité totale, extrait sec, polyphénols totaux, anthocyanes totales et libres, catéchines et proanthocyanidines. Ils ont été les plus intensément colorés, les plus rouges et les plus obscurs, tandis qu'ils ont eu aussi les plus hautes proportions d'anthocyanes ionisées, et les tanins les plus polymérisés et les plus condensés. Les profils anthocyaniques moyens obtenus pour les vins des trois cépages ont été proches de ceux obtenus pour les extraits de pellicules correspondants. Les raisins et les vins de Tannat ont eu les proportions les plus élevées de glucosides non-acylés, de pétunidine et de delphinidine; ceux de Cabernet-Sauvignon ont présenté les proportions les plus élevées de glucosides acétylés et de malvidine, tandis que ceux de Merlot ont présenté les proportions les plus hautes de glucosides coumaroylés et de péonidine. Dans le cas du Merlot, la conduite en Lyre a permis d'obtenir les plus fortes productions de raisin mais en même temps elle a donné les baies les plus riches en sucres et en anthocyanes. Par conséquent, les vins de Merlot issus de la vigne en Lyre ont été plus riches en alcool, en polyphénols et en anthocyanes que ceux issus de l'Espalier. L'effet millésime a été très marqué, notamment en ce qui concerne la composition polyphénolique des raisins et des vins, pour les trois cépages et les différentes situations concernées. La définition de la durée de la macération pour chaque cépage, grâce aux indices déterminés pour les raisins à la maturité, grâce aux essais faits à l'échelle du laboratoire et grâce au suivi des extractions de polyphénols dans les moûts lors de la vinification, a permis d'établir des corrélations très hautes entre d'un côté le potentiel polyphénolique du raisin et de l'autre la couleur et la composition polyphénolique du vin. La connaissance de la richesse en anthocyanes et en tanins du raisin et celle de leur extractibilité permettent d'améliorer la gestion de la vinification et de faire une prédiction sur certaines caractéristiques des vins, comme leur couleur et leur composition polyphénolique
The study takes into account the polyphenolic composition of Meriot, Cabernet-Sauvignon and Tannat grapes and wines fTom vineyards located in the South of Uruguay. Different cultural and environmental situations were considered, including vines conducted in lyre and trellis in the three varieties, cluster thinning in veraison in Meriot and Cabernet-Sauvignon and cordon Royat pruning and Guyot pruning in Tannat lyre. Tannat grapes presented the highest contents of sugar, total polyphenols, total and extractable anthocyanins, non-acylated and coumarylic anthocyanins. Tannat wines presented the highest contents of alcohol, total acidity, dry extract, total polyphenols, total and ftee anthocyanins, catechins and proanthocyanidins. They also were the most coloured, the reddest and darkest wines and those with the highest proportions of ionised anthocyanins and the most polymerised and condensed tannins. The average anthocyanic profiles of the wines of the three varieties were similar to those obtained in the respective skin extracts. Tannat grapes and wines had the highest non-acylated glucosides, petunidin and delphinidin proportions; Cabernet-Sauvignon presented the highest acetylated glucosides and malvidin proportions, whereas Meriot presented the highest coumarylic glucosides and peonidin proportions. Lyre conduction in Meriot allowed to obtain the highest yields and the grapes with the highest sugar and anthocyanin contents. Consequently, wines of this variety conducted in lyre had the highest alcohol, polyphenols and anthocyanins contents than those ftom trellis. Ln aIl the situations studied, the "year" effect was very significant, especially in relation to the polyphenolic composition of grapes and wines of the three varieties. The definition of the duration of the maceration for each variety, on the basis of the indices determined for the grapes in the maturity, the assays in the laboratory and the follow up of the polyphenols extractions in the vinification, allowed to establish extremely high correlations between the polyphenolic potential of the grapes and the colour and the phenolic composition of the wine. The knowledge of the anthocyanic and tannins richness of the grapes and its extractability allow to improve the management of the vinification and the prediction of some of the wines characteristics, such as its colour and phenolic composition

Nous avons etudie les glycosides precurseurs d'aromes contenus dans les vins d'alsace en vue d'evaluer leur specifite comme marqueurs de cepage, leur evolution avec le vieillissement, ainsi que le potentiel en aromes de differents cepages. Ce travail a d'abord requis la mise au point d'une methode d'extraction reproductible, puis d'une separation chromatographique optimisee permettant l'analyse de la nature et de la quantite des glycosides dans chaque vin. Leur caracterisation par cg-sm-sm (ie, ic) a permis de mettre en evidence la presence de glucosides et de diglycosides (arabinosyl-, apiosyl- et rhamnosyl-glucosides). Les aglycones identifies sont des alcools a chaine courte, des composes monoterpeniques, des norisoprenoides a 13 atomes de carbone, des composes benzeniques et phenoliques. De plus, la detection de triglycosides, non encore identifies dans les vins, pourrait expliquer l'evolution dans le temps des quantites de diglycosides dans un vin jeune. Quinze glycosides ont ete isoles par hplc, puis caracterises par rmn 1d et 2d. Huit d'entre eux ont ete pour la premiere fois identifies dans les vins, voire dans la nature. Il s'agit de glycosides d'alcools en c#5, de norisoprenoides, de composes benzeniques et phenoliques. L'etude des glycosides dans 47 vins d'alsace (gewurztraminer, riesling, tokay-pinot gris et pinot blanc) a montre que la distribution et la quantite des precurseurs d'aromes etaient liees au cepage et permettaient de differencier les varietes de raisin. Plusieurs glycosides specifiques d'un cepage ont ainsi ete caracterises. L'analyse de quelques phenols a mis en evidence une concentration elevee des cis- et transresveratrols, qui peut atteindre des teneurs de 1mg/l, equivalentes a celle de certains vins rouges, et qui semble dependre des methodes vinicoles et des facteurs climatiques.

"Ramon Vinyes i el teatre (1904-1939)" investiga la trajectòria d'aquest escriptor català (Berga, 1882, Barcelona, 1952), consagrat en "El sabio catalán", personatge de la novel.la Cien años de soledad de Gabriel García Márquez. L'estudi se centra en la faceta de dramaturg, amb atenció a l'etapa 1925-1939 en què destacà a Catalunya. En els primers capítols s'estudien els seus orígens dins la cultura de la Renaixença i l'entorn polític, social i ideològic de la seva ciutat de naixement. Des de 1904 en què es projectaren les seves primeres peces, s'analitza la seva producció en connexió amb les teoritzacions teatrals defensades per les darreres fornades del modernisme i el noucentisme naixent. Dins d'aquesta transició, Vinyes optà per una tragèdia inspirada en els models teatrals del modernisme -Ibsen, D'Annunzio, Hauptmann, Maeterlinck-, en visió oposada a la major part de les directrius estètiques i comercials de l'escena i la crítica de Barcelona cap a 1910.
L'estudi apunta tot seguit els condicionaments literaris que determinaren l'emigració de Vinyes a Colòmbia el 1913, on s'establí a Barranquilla des de 1914. L'autor de la tesi aprofundeix en el paper com a teòric i orientador exercit en aquell país durant la seva estada entre 1913 i 1925. Bona part de l'apartat és ocupat per l'estudi de la revista Voces de Barranquilla (1917-1920), de la qual fou el principal impulsor i que representà una de les principals plataformes de l'avantguarda a Hispanoamèrica. Hi adquireixen relleu les posicions que sobre estètica literària i art dramàtic hi adoptà Vinyes. Malgrat la distància colombiana, es trobava en ple seguiment de la cultura catalana i europea: es destaca el paper revulsiu de Voces en autors colombians contraris a tota restricció acadèmica, estètica o moral damunt del fet literari.
El nucli de la tesi, desenvolupat en els capítols 5 i 6, analitza la producció i recepció de les peces estrenades, editades o inèdites de Vinyes durant el fecund període 1926-1939, en connexió amb els seus nombrosos posicionaments crítics. Aquesta panoràmica s'insereix dins el context literari català, singularment després de l'estrena de Llegenda de boires (1926), que significà el reingrés a l'escena barcelonina amb una polèmica recepció. Hom subratlla el seguiment respecte de revulsius models foranis: l'expressionisme alemany -Bertolt Brecht- o la via lírica de Jean Giraudoux, per exemple. Les expectatives desvetllades per les seves conferències i escrits de 1928-1929, resten confirmades en obres com Viatge (1927 ), Qui no és amb mi...(1929), Peter's Bar. (1929) o Ball de titelles (1936), farsa antiburgesa que representa a parer de Lladó una de les seves vies més consolidades en el camp creatiu. Durant el període de la Segona República, la tesi incideix en les orientacions polítiques de la seva obra, amb èmfasi en el compromís de les seves posicions durant els anys de la Guerra Civil. L'avinentesa dels seus articles com a crític de rereguarda atent als posicionaments d'Erwin Piscator o l'estrena d'obres com Comiats a trenc d'alba (1938) i Fum sobre el teulat (1939), confirmen la implicació dins el moment històric, coherent amb els plantejaments antiburgesos d'anys precedents.
Lladó recalca en les conclusions el paper de Vinyes en el teatre català, a mig camí dels principis tràgics d'inicis de segle i l'expectativa de modernització que significaren les seves propostes durant els anys 20 i 30. L'estudi és coronat amb un apèndix ampli que conté significatius textos teoricocrítics redactats entre 1917 i 1939 i una vasta bibliografia que fixa i data el conjunt de la producció literària de l'autor: s'hi inclouen nombrosos escrits inèdits classificats en el Fons Ramon Vinyes de l'Arxiu Comarcal de Berga, fruit d'una donació dels hereus de l'escriptor a la qual contribuí l'autor de la tesi.
"Ramon Vinyes and the Theater (1904-1939)" studies the trajectory of this Catalan writer (Berga, 1882-Barcelona, 1952) who was immortalized as "The Wise Catalan", one of the characters in Gabriel García Márquez' novel One Hundred Years of Solitude.The study focuses on his activity as a playwright, paying special attention to the period from 1925 to 1939, during which he was a prominent figure in Catalonia.The first chapters examine his origins against the background of the "Renaixença" (Catalonia's nineteenth century literary renaissance) and the social, political and ideological environment of Berga, his hometown. Starting in 1904 when his first plays were staged, came into light his work is analyzed in connection with the theatrical theories defended by the last generations of Catalan Modernism and the first ones of the movement that followed it: the"Noucentisme". In this period of transition Vinyes chose a style of tragedy inspired by Ibsen, D'Annunzio, Hauptmann, Maeterlink..., which were models to the Modernists, defying thereby many of the esthetic and commercial guidelines followed by the theatrical community and the critics in Barcelona around 1910.
Next, the study delves into the literary climate that determined Vinyes' emigration to Colombia in 1913, where he settled in Barranquilla the following year. The thesis deepens on the leading role as a theoretician that Vinyes played in that country between 1913 and 1925. This section devotes mainly to the study of the Barranquilla's magazine Voces (1917-1920), which he promoted and which became one of the main platforms for the avant-garde in Latin America. Vinyes' positions regarding literary esthetics and dramatic arts are emphasized. Despite the geographical distance Vinyes followed Catalan and European culture very closely. The study points out the thought-provoking impact that Voces had on Colombian authors opposed to any academic, esthetic or moral restriction on the literary act.
The core of the thesis, developed in chapters 5 and 6, analyzes the production and reception of Vinyes' staged, edited and unpublished plays, during the productive 1926-1939 period, establishing links with his numerous critical positions. This survey is placed in the context of Catalan Literature, particularly after the opening of Llegenda de boires (1926), which represented his controversial return to Barcelona's theater scene.The study emphasizes the influence on his work of groundbreaking foreign models: German Expressionism -Bertolt Brecht- or Jean Giraudoux' lyrical mode, for instance. The expectations aroused by his talks and writings of 1928-29 are fulfilled in plays such as Viatge (1927), Qui no és amb mi...(1929), Peter's Bar (1929), or Ball de titelles (1936), an anti-bourgeois farce which is deemed to be one of his strongest suits in the creative field. In the Spanish Republican period, the thesis delves into the political leanings of Vinyes' work, emphasizing his commitment during the years of the Civil War. The timeliness of his articles as a critic behind the lines who was paying attention to Erwin Piscator's perspectives besides the opening of plays such as Comiats a trenc d'alba (1938) and Fum sobre el teulat (1939), confirm his implication in the historical moment, consistent with anti-bourgeois stance of preceding years.
Lladó emphasizes in his conclusions Vinyes's role in Catalan theater, midway between the tragical principles of the beginning of the century and the expectations of modernization that his literary proposals represented during the 20's and 30's. The study concludes with an extensive appendix featuring significant theoretical and critical texts written between 1917 and 1939, as well as a vast bibliography that catalogues the author's entire literary production. The bibliography includes the unpublished writings archived in the "Ramon Vinyes Foundation" at the "Arxiu Comarcal de Berga" (Berga's regional records), the result of a donation by the writer's heirs to which the author of this thesis also contributed.