Academic literature on the topic 'Vilma Almendra'

En el proceso de construcción de la categoría de ciudadano en Colombia han primado prácticas constitutivas excluyentes, fundadas en una división sistemática entre individuos considerados dignos de ser ciudadanos e homines sacri (Agamben), es decir, hombres marginados y sacrificables. Dichas prácticas han contribuido a la formación de espacios de tolerancia de dinámicas de dominación necropolítica (Mbembe). El nororiente del Cauca es un caso de territorio en donde se ha sido permitido un ejercicio constante de necropolíticas, manifestadas tanto en el actuar de los centros de poder como en sus construcciones discursivas. Sin embargo, en una región históricamente capaz de generar epicentros de resistencias, ¿las comunidades locales se piensan en tanto marginadas?, ¿cuáles imaginarios de disidencia se están produciendo en el territorio? La propuesta del presente artículo se orientó a la indagación de las respuestas más actuales que se están elaborando en la comunidad nasa del Cauca. El proceso investigativo se centró en el análisis de la configuración y del uso de nuevas prácticas discursivas en el texto Entre la emancipación y la captura (2017) de la escritora Vilma Almendra, quien, a través de un trabajo de textura de voces comunitarias, se propuso replicar a las marginalizaciones impuestas por medio de un replantamiento descolonizador de la función de la palabra, con el fin de proteger el “territorio del imaginario” de las intervenciones estatales.

Las excavaciones realizadas en la villa tardorromana de Almenara de Adaja a finales del siglo XX y comienzos del XXI y la fotografía aérea han documentado la existencia en sus inmediaciones de estructuras de un balneum y de las partes rustica y urbana de una fase anterior. En este trabajo se analiza el importante papel desempeñado por dos lagunas endorreicas en la distribución funcional y espacial de esas estructuras entre los siglos III y V d. C. Se trata luego del abastecimiento mediante pozo y de sondeos para captación en las instalaciones del siglo III y sobre los sistemas de evacuación, sobre un depósito de agua en la zona de recepción y acerca de las letrinas de la villa de los siglos IV-V. También se estudian las soluciones técnicas empleadas en las principales estancias de la residencia señorial tardía para aislar los mosaicos de la humedad del subsuelo.

Árið 2009 voru gerðar breytingar á vændisákvæði Almennra hegningarlaga. Samkvæmt breytingunni eru kaup á vændi og hagnaður þriðja aðila af vændissölu refsiverð en sala á vændi er refsilaus. Fyrir gildistöku laganna var lítið vitað um aðstæður fólks í vændi og engar rannsóknir hafa verið gerðar hér á landi eftir gildistöku þeirra sem kannar reynslu þeirra sem eru í vændi. Tilgangur þessarar rannsóknar er að bæta úr því. Rannsóknin beinir sjónum sérstaklega að úrræðum til útgöngu úr vændi. Framkvæmd voru 14 eigindleg viðtöl við konur sem verið hafa í vændi og eitt viðtal við forsvarsmanneskju samtakanna Rauðu regnhlífarinnar sem vilja styðja við kynlífsverkafólk. Helstu niðurstöður eru þær að konunum mætti úrræðaleysi í aðdraganda vændis. Þær upplifa vantraust í garð fagaðila og lögreglu. Þær kalla eftir fjölþættum úrræðum fyrir þau sem vilja hverfa úr vændi, harðari refsingum fyrir vændiskaup og að þekking um vændi og afleiðingar þess verði aukin og miðlað til samfélagsins.

Las micorrizas son una asociación mutualista fundamental para el desarrollo tanto de las plantas como para los hongos que la establecen. Son comunes en bosques y existen muchas especies de hongos que realizan esta asociación. Las ectomicorrizas son hifas de un hongo que penetran las raíces secundarias de la planta para desarrollarse, rodeando las células de la corteza de las raices. En este trabajo se reporta el hallazgo de la ectomicorriza Scleroderma citrinum en un predio con almendros en la ciudad de Villa Alemana, Quinta región de Chile, lugar donde no había sido descrita. Tanto las condiciones ambientales, como las características del suelo del lugar no son las más favorables para el desarrollo de esta especie.

International Journal of Statistics and Probability wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Statistics and Probability publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 2   Abdullah A. Smadi, Yarmouk University, Jordan Felix Almendra-Arao, UPIITA del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México Gane Samb Lo, University Gaston Berger, SENEGAL Man Fung LO, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Noha Youssef, American University in Cairo, Egypt Pablo José Moya Fernández, Universidad de Granada, Spain Philip Westgate, University of Kentucky, USA Vilda Purutcuoglu, Middle East Technical University (METU), Turkey Vyacheslav Abramov, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Wei Zhang, The George Washington University, USA Weizhong Tian, Eastern New Mexico University, USA Wojciech Gamrot, University of Economics, Poland

International Journal of Statistics and Probability wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Statistics and Probability publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 6   Carla J. Thompson, University of West Florida, USA Douglas Lorenz, University of Louisville, USA Felix Almendra-Arao , UPIITA del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México Gane Samb Lo, University Gaston Berger, SENEGAL Gerardo Febres, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela Jiannan Lu, Microsoft Corporation, U.S.A. Kassim S. Mwitondi, Sheffield Hallam University, UK Luiz Ricardo Nakamura, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Marcelo Bourguignon, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil Maryam Eskandarzadeh, Persion Gulf Boshehr University, Iran Nahid Sanjari Farsipour, Alzahra University, Iran Olusegun Michael Otunuga, Marshall University, USA Pablo José Moya Fernández, Universidad de Granada, Spain Philip Westgate, University of Kentucky, USA Qingyang Zhang, University of Arkansas, USA Shatrunjai Pratap Singh, John Hancock Financial Services, USA Vilda Purutcuoglu, Middle East Technical University (METU), Turkey Vyacheslav Abramov, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Weizhong Tian, Eastern New Mexico University, USA   Wendy Smith On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Statistics and Probability Canadian Center of Science and Education

International Journal of Statistics and Probability wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Statistics and Probability publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 1 Abdullah A. Smadi, Yarmouk University, Jordan Afsin Sahin, Gazi University, Turkey Ali Reza Fotouhi, University of the Fraser Valley, Canada Anna Grana, University of Palermo, Italy Carla J. Thompson, University of West Florida, USA Felix Almendra-Arao, UPIITA del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México Gabriel A. Okyere, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana Gerardo Febres, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela Hui Zhang, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, USA Ivair R. Silva, Federal University of Ouro Preto – UFOP, Brazil Krishna K. Saha, Central Connecticut State University, USA Man Fung LO, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Olusegun Michael Otunuga, Marshall University, USA Philip Westgate, University of Kentucky, USA Qingyang Zhang, University of Arkansas, USA Sajid Ali, Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan Samir Khaled Safi, The Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine Shatrunjai Pratap Singh, John Hancock Financial Services, USA Sohair F. Higazi, University of Tanta, Egypt Subhradev Sen, Alliance University, India Vilda Purutcuoglu, Middle East Technical University (METU), Turkey Vyacheslav Abramov, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Wei Zhang, The George Washington University, USA Weizhong Tian, Eastern New Mexico University, USA Zaixing Li, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), China Wendy Smith On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Statistics and Probability Canadian Center of Science and Education

International Journal of Statistics and Probability wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Statistics and Probability publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 3 Abdullah A. Smadi, Yarmouk University, Jordan Carla J. Thompson, University of West Florida, USA Carolyn Huston, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Australia Faisal Khamis, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Canada Felix Almendra-Arao, UPIITA del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México Gane Samb Lo, University Gaston Berger, SENEGAL Gennaro Punzo, University of Naples Parthenope, Italy Gerardo Febres, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela Jacek Białek, University of Lodz, Poland Kassim S. Mwitondi, Sheffield Hallam University, UK Krishna K. Saha, Central Connecticut State University, USA Man Fung LO, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Marcelo Bourguignon, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil Mingao Yuan, North Dakota State University, USA Mohieddine Rahmouni, University of Tunis, Tunisia Nahid Sanjari Farsipour, Alzahra University, Iran Noha Youssef, American University in Cairo, Egypt Pablo José Moya Fernández, Universidad de Granada, Spain Philip Westgate, University of Kentucky, USA Shatrunjai Pratap Singh, John Hancock Financial Services, USA Sohair F. Higazi, University of Tanta, Egypt Vilda Purutcuoglu, Middle East Technical University (METU), Turkey Vyacheslav Abramov, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Wei Zhang, The George Washington University, USA Zaixing Li, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), China   Wendy Smith On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Statistics and Probability Canadian Center of Science and Education

Nel corso degli ultimi cinquant’anni (1970-2020), le comunità indigene nasa del Dipartimento del Cauca (Colombia) si sono confrontate con processi necropolitici di segregazione territoriale e di violenza sistemica (Mbembe, 2006; Rozental, 2017), alimentati dalla secolare problematica del mancato riconoscimento delle terre ancestrali, dal conflitto armato interno colombiano, dall’attività delle transnazionali estrattiviste che operano nella regione e dalla proliferazione della problematica del narcotraffico (Peñaranda Supelano, 2012; Navia Lame, 2013; Peñaranda Supelano, 2015; CRIC, 2020). Per fronteggiare questi radicati dispositivi di espropiazione, violenza e silenziamento etnico, la popolazione nasa ha progressivamente riconfigurato le strategie di difesa della propria autonomia culturale e politica (Wilches-Chaux, 2005; Valero Gutiérrez, 2016). Nel quadro continentale del consolidamento organizzato delle rivendicazioni indigene, culminato nell’ultimo decennio del XX secolo nella cosiddetta emergencia indígena (Bengoa, 2007; Bengoa, 2009), le comunità nasa hanno plasmato modalità di resistenza multidimensionali, dove la tradizionale difesa pacifica dei confini territoriali è stata accompagnata da impulsi alla tutela dei propri spazi del sapere. Nel corso degli ultimi due decenni si sono strutturate strategie di salvaguardia dell’identità culturale comunitaria fondate sull’idea della custodia del “territorio dell’immaginario” (Almendra, 2017) dai dispositivi di invasione discorsiva e simbolica propri del necropotere (López Barcenas, 2007; Walsh, 2010): un meccanismo di protezione di epistemologie, cosmovisioni, lingua e spiritualità nasa, attuato a partire dalla delineazione di una nuova concezione autonoma della parola, tanto nell’esperienza dell’oralità come nelle sue espressioni scritte (Escobar, 2016). In questo contesto di studio, la tesi investiga un corpus di scritture realizzate da membri delle comunità indigene nasa in epoca contemporanea (1970-2020). La ricerca propone un’interpretazione della nozione-pratica del palabrandar, elaborata nell’ambito delle epistemologie nasa, come strumento ermeneutico centrale per la comprensione delle scritture analizzate e degli attuali immaginari di resistenza della popolazione caucana. La proposta del palabrandar si configura nel testo Entre la Emancipación y la Captura (2017) della scrittrice di etnia nasa-misak Vilma Almendra Quiguanás come una modalità autonoma di riflessione sull’esercizio della parola, concepita in una relazione di interdipendenza ontologica con l’azione di beneficio per la comunità (Almendra, 2017). La ricerca è strutturata in due tappe. Nei primi due capitoli si propone uno sguardo di analisi diacronico del processo di costituzione del prisma epistemologico della nozione-pratica del palabrandar, a partire dallo studio della produzione scritta di due autori nasa: Álvaro Ulcué Chocué (1943-1984) e Vilma Almendra Quiguanás (1979). Gli scritti del sacerdote cattolico di etnia nasa Ulcué Chocué, parzialmente inediti, sono interpretati come antecedente fondamentale della concezione autonoma della parola configurata nel testo Entre la Emancipación y la Captura di Vilma Almendra Quiguanas. Nel corso dell’analisi, si suggerisce una collocazione delle connotazioni epistemiche del palabrandar all’interno di una cartografia gnoseologica dei saperi indigeni dell’Abiayala, intesa qui nella sua integralità di pluriverso di enunciazione ed espressione delle conoscenze ancestrali in una dimensione di futuralità (Escobar, 2016; Rocha Vivas, 2017; Escobar, 2018). Nella seconda parte della tesi si elabora un’analisi orientata a delineare le forme semantiche e simboliche attraverso cui la nozione del palabrandar si traduce in pratica di scrittura. Si propone uno studio delle produzione scritte di alcuni membri della comunità nasa, interpretate nella loro dimensione di testualità oralettegrafiche (Rocha Vivas, 2017), ovvero scritture conformate da codici multidimensionali che possono trovare la loro espressione finale in un libro o in altri spazi di trasmissione del sapere nasa, come le pietre o le pareti (Faust, 2001; Rappaport, 2004; Rappaport, 2008; Perdomo, 2013). In questa prospettiva, il corpus di analisi si compone di alcuni passaggi testuali del volume Entre la Emancipación y la Captura di Vilma Almendra Quiguanás e di una serie di scritture (graffiti) realizzate da membri della comunità nasa nello spazio pubblico del territorio di Toribío, decodificato attraverso la contestualizzazione alle epistemologie nasa degli strumenti teorico-metodologici forniti dagli studi sul Paesaggio linguistico in aree di tensione sociale (Shoamy y Gorter, 2008; Delgado, 2011; Rubdy, 2015; Woldemariam, 2016). La traiettoria esegetica elaborata si struttura metodologicamente a partire dall’inquadramento delle scritture contemporanee del popolo nasa in uno spazio ontologico del sapere autonomo, inserito in un processo di dialogo con alcune proposte delle scienze sociali e umane che riproduce la dimensione interculturale delle attuali dinamiche di negoziazione del sapere nelle comunità nasa (Rappaport, 2003; Bengoa, 2009). Categorie come ‘scrittura’, ‘resistenza’ e ‘territorio’ si interpretano quindi a partire dalle significazioni assunte nell’universo epistemologico nasa (Rappaport, 2004; Wilches-Chaux, 2005; Perdomo, 2013; G. Ulcué, 2015; Sanabria Monroy, 2016; Muñoz Atillo, 2018). Il percorso ermeneutico adottato è sostentato da un lavoro sul campo presso diverse comunità nasa del settore nordorientale del Cauca, realizzato attraverso cinque viaggi nel territorio tra il settembre del 2018 e il settembre del 2020. Oltre alla realizzazione di una ricerca di archivio presso la Biblioteca Parrocchiale di Toribío, il lavoro sul campo è consistito in conversazioni, interviste e intercambi con membri della comunità nasa, partecipazione in assemblee e rituali, nell’intento di dialogare con gli spazi del sapere indigeno caucano in ogni sua dimensione di espressione: l’oralità, la ritualità, l’incontro collettivo e la scrittura (Garzón Lopez, 2013; Rocha Vivas, 2017).
In the last fifty years (1970-2020), indigenous Nasa communities in the Cauca Department (Colombia) have faced necropolitical processes of territorial segregation and systemic violence (Mbembe, 2006; Rozental, 2017), fomented by the century-old problem of the failure to acknowledge their ancestral homelands, by the internal Colombian armed conflict, by the activity of the transnational extractive industries operating in the region, and by the proliferation of narcotraffic (Peñaranda Supelano, 2012; Navia Lame, 2013; Peñaranda Supelano, 2015; CRIC, 2020). To face these entrenched devices of expropriation, violence, and ethnic silencing, Nasa people have progressively reconfigured the strategies in defence of their cultural and political autonomy (Wilches-Chaux, 2005; Valero Gutiérrez, 2016). In the framework of the organised strengthening of indigenous claims in the continent, culminating in the so-called emergencia indígena in the last decade of the 20th century (Bengoa, 2007; Bengoa, 2009), Nasa communities have forged multidimensional modalities of resistance, in which the traditional pacific conservation of territorial boundaries combines with the need to safeguard their own knowledge space. In the last two decades, Nasa communities have developed strategies to safeguard their communal cultural identity. These strategies are based on the idea of the defence of the “territory of the imagination” (Almendra, 2017) from the devices of discursive and symbolic invasion typical of necropower (López Barcenas, 2007; Walsh, 2010): a protective mechanism of Nasa epistemologies, cosmovisions, language, and spirituality, whose starting point is represented by the outline of a new autonomous conception of the word, in both the oral experience and its written expressions (Escobar, 2016). In this context, the present thesis investigates a corpus of writings realized by members of the indigenous Nasa communities in contemporary times (1970-2020). The research proposes an interpretation of the know-how of palabrandar, conceptualised in Nasa epistemologies, as the central hermeneutic tool for an understanding of the selected writings and of the actual images of resistance of the Cauca people. The proposal of palabrandar is defined in the text Entre la Emancipación y la Captura (2017) by the Nasa-Misak writer Vilma Almendra Quiguanás as an autonomous modality of reflection on the word, which is understood in a relationship of ontological interdependence with the action of benefit for the community (Almendra, 2017). The research is structured in two phases. The first two chapters propose a diachronic analysis of the founding process of the epistemological prism of the know-how of palabrandar, starting from an investigation of the written production of two Nasa authors: Álvaro Ulcué Chocué (1943-1984) and Vilma Almendra Quiguanás (1979). The writings, some of them unpublished, of the Catholic priest of Nasa ethnicity Ulcué Chocué are interpreted as a fundamental antecedent to the word’s autonomous conception as defined in the text Entre la Emancipación y la Captura by Vilma Almendra Quiguanas. The analysis seeks to discuss a positioning of the epistemic connotations of palabrandar within a gnosiological cartography of the indigenous knowledge of Abiayala, interpreted in its integrality of pluriverse of enunciation and expression of ancestral knowledge in a futural dimension (Escobar, 2016; Rocha Vivas, 2017; Escobar, 2018). The second part of the thesis aims to outline the semantic and symbolic forms through which the notion of palabrandar translates into written expressions. The writings of some members of the Nasa community are discussed taking into account their dimension of oralitegraphic textualities (Rocha Vivas, 2017), that is textual productions shaped by the confluence of multidimensional codes, which can be expressed through books or other spaces where Nasa knowledge is transmitted, such as stones or walls (Faust, 2001; Rappaport, 2004; Rappaport, 2008; Perdomo, 2013). In this perspective, the analysed corpus consists of some textual passages from the volume Entre la Emancipación y la Captura by Vilma Almendra Quiguanás and of a series of written productions (graffiti) realised by members of the Nasa community in the public space of the Toribío territory. The latter has been decoded by contextualising and applying to Nasa epistemologies the theoretical-methodological tools of linguistic landscape research in areas of social tension (Shoamy y Gorter, 2008; Delgado, 2011; Rubdy, 2015; Woldemariam, 2016). The exegetic trajectory developed in the thesis is structured methodologically by inserting the contemporary Nasa written productions in an ontological space of autonomous knowledge, which dialogues with proposals from the social and human sciences. This dialogical process reproduces the intercultural dimension of the actual dynamics of the negotiation of knowledge in Nasa communities (Rappaport, 2003; Bengoa, 2009). Consequently, categories such as ‘writing’, ‘resistance’, and ‘territory’ are interpreted according to the signification they possess in the epistemological Nasa universe (Rappaport, 2004; Wilches-Chaux, 2005; Perdomo, 2013; G. Ulcué, 2015; Sanabria Monroy, 2016; Muñoz Atillo, 2018). The adopted hermeneutic path is supported by fieldwork in different Nasa communities in the North-East Cauca region, and in particular by five research trips between September 2018 and September 2020. Fieldwork has consisted of archival research at the Parish Library in Toribío, conversations, interviews and interchanges with members of the Nasa community, the participation in meetings and rituals in the attempt to dialogue with the spaces of Cauca indigenous knowledge in every dimension of its expression: orality, rituality, collective gathering, and writing (Garzón Lopez, 2013; Rocha Vivas, 2017).